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Wireless Heterogeneous Networks Universita` degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Elettronica Informatica e Sistemistica, DEIS Dottorato di Ricerca in Ingegneria Elettronica, Informatica e delle Telecomunicazioni XIX Ciclo Wireless Heterogeneous Networks Coordinatore: Tesi di: Chiar.mo Prof. Ing. Paolo Bassi Ing. Claudio Gambetti Relatore: Chiar.mo Prof. Ing. Oreste Andrisano Settore scienti¯co-disciplicare: ING-INF/03 TELECOMUNICAZIONI Contents Introduction 1 1 TD-SCDMA System Simulator design 9 1.1 TD-SCDMA air interface . 11 1.2 TD-SCDMA System Simulator . 14 1.2.1 Link Level simulator . 15 1.2.2 Link-to-Network level Interface module . 17 1.2.3 Network Level simulator . 19 1.2.4 Upper Layer simulator . 22 1.3 How to convert the TD-SCDMA system simulator to the UTRA FDD option 24 2 Performance of TD-SCDMA in mixed CS/PS tra±c scenarios 31 2.1 Packet scheduler . 32 2.2 Power control . 33 2.3 Scenario and propagation environment . 34 2.4 Performance Metrics . 37 2.5 Simulation results . 38 2.5.1 Circuit switched services . 38 2.5.2 Packet and circuit switched services . 40 2.5.3 CS/PS performance enhancements . 41 3 Link Level aspects modelling in the simulation of packet switched wire- less networks 47 3.1 Wireless system simulations . 47 3.2 Link and Network Level Analysis . 48 3.2.1 Network level simulator with a large simulation step . 49 3.2.2 Network level simulator with small value of simulation step . 50 3.3 An Example on how to interface Link and Network Levels . 53 3.3.1 Link Level to Interface Module communication . 54 i ii Contents 3.3.2 Interface Module to Network Level communication . 54 3.4 An experiment for the validation of the proposed link-to-network interface method . 57 4 Architectures for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks 61 4.1 Service interworking . 62 4.2 Proposed architectures . 63 4.3 Architectural and implementation issues . 65 4.3.1 System Architecture . 65 4.3.2 Implementation issues . 67 5 Common Radio Resource Management UMTS & WLAN 71 5.1 The CRRM challange . 72 5.2 Interactions between CRRM and RRMs . 73 5.2.1 Network topology information . 74 5.2.2 Network load report . 75 5.2.3 RRM report . 76 5.2.4 CRRM decision . 77 5.3 Local RRM functions . 78 5.4 CRRM Algorithm . 79 5.4.1 CRRM "Service Based" . 79 5.4.2 CRRM "Coverage Based" . 81 5.4.3 CRRM "QoS Based" . 82 5.5 Software simulation platform settings . 84 5.5.1 Upper Layers Simulator-ULS . 84 5.5.2 UMTS LLS . 85 5.5.3 WLAN LLS . 87 5.6 Performance measurements . 90 5.7 Tra±c scenario . 93 5.7.1 Network topology . 94 5.7.2 Tra±c distribution . 95 5.8 Numerical results . 97 Conclusions 107 A SHINE: Simulation platform for Heterogeneous Interworking Networks109 A.1 Simulation platform Structure . 110 A.1.1 Flexibility. 110 Contents iii A.1.2 Time e±ciency. 112 A.2 ULS and LLSs main tasks . 112 A.3 Time axis management . 114 A.4 ULS-LLSs communications . 115 Bibliography 119 Acknowledgments 125 iv Contents List of Tables 1.1 3GPP modes: FDD, TDD 3.84 Mcps, TDD 1.28 Mcps . 25 2.1 System parameters ¯xed in the numerical results . 36 2.2 Packet switched session parameters for web browsing services . 37 2.3 Default values for (Eb=I0) ........................... 42 3.1 De¯nition of quantities exchanged between the interface module and the network simulator . 57 5.1 Initial-RAT selection algorithm in the hotspot. 80 5.2 Set of parameters adopted for IEEE 802.11e . 89 5.3 Tra±c distribution and arrival rates . 95 5.4 Adopted tra±c classes: parameters and requirements for satisfaction . 96 v vi Contents List of Figures 1 Scenarios for wireless heterogeneous networks . 4 1.1 TD-SCDMA physical channel signal format . 12 1.2 Structure of the TD-SCDMA sub-frame . 13 1.3 TD-SCDMA System Simulator: block diagram . 15 1.4 TD-SCDMA Link Level simulator: block diagram . 16 1.5 Link-to-Network level Interface module: block diagram . 18 1.6 Main functional blocks of the TD-SCDMA simulator . 20 1.7 event 1G for TD-SCDMA: a P-CCPCH RSCP becomes better than the previous best P-CCPCH RSCP . 28 1.8 W-CDMA basic handover algorithm . 29 2.1 The considered network scenario . 35 2.2 Voice satisfaction rate (Tsat) vs. cell radius . 39 2.3 Areas of user satisfaction in the scenario . 39 2.4 Voice satisfaction rate (Tsat) vs. downlink data packet tra±c (TPS), for di®erent values of voice o®ered tra±c (TCS) . 40 2.5 Downlink active session throughput (AST ) vs. downlink data packet tra±c (TPS), for di®erent values of voice o®ered tra±c (TCS) . 41 2.6 Network Performance as a function of (Eb=Io)UL¡CS . 42 2.7 Network Performance as a function of (Eb=Io)DL¡CS . 43 2.8 Network Performance as a function of (Eb=Io)UL¡PS . 44 2.9 Network Performance as a function of (Eb=Io)DL¡PS . 45 3.1 Link and Network levels in operation . 49 3.2 Example of data collection of Nbit¡err of the transmitted blocks . 52 3.3 Link tool-to-interface module communication: block diagram . 54 3.4 Interface module-to-network simulator communication: block diagram . 55 3.5 Validation experiment: block diagram . 58 3.6 BER as a function of h(Eb=Io)i and h(Eb=Io)iTB. 59 vii viii Contents 4.1 Loose coupling . 63 4.2 Gateway approach . 64 4.3 Tight coupling . 64 4.4 UMTS - WLAN Inter-working architecture: proposed logical scheme . 66 4.5 Node-B and WLAN integration: implementation . 68 4.6 Evolved multi-standard (UMTS & WLAN) NodeB communicating to the Common Radio Resource Management (CRRM) . 68 5.1 RRM & CRRM relations . 74 5.2 Flow diagram of interactions between CRRM and RRMs . 77 5.3 CRRM Service Based . 80 5.4 Flow diagram of CRRM Service Based . 81 5.5 CRRM Coverage Based . 81 5.6 CRRM QoS Based . 83 5.7 Flow diagram of CRRM QoS Based . 83 5.8 Simulation platform architecture. 84 5.9 Investigated scenario: WLAN APs in hotspot of high density tra±c . 93 5.10 Simulated scenario. The grey square indicates the area considered for nu- merical results . 94 HS 5.11 fa(t): voice call arrival rate Voice in the hotspot . 96 5.12 Voice QoS in the investigated 100x100 m2 area: users' Satisfaction Rate SatR ....................................... 98 5.13 Speech Service Access QoS in the investigated 100x100 m2 area: users' Call Setup Success Rate CSSR ........................... 99 5.14 Speech Service Retainability QoS in the investigated 100x100 m2 area: users' Drop Call Rate DCR . 101 5.15 Speech Service Integrity QoS in the investigated 100x100 m2 area: users' Outage Rate OutR ...............................102 5.16 Number of Intersystem Handover procedures per voice call . 103 5.17 Distribution of voice call users in the two networks covering the hotspot (k = 0:5).....................................104 5.18 Distribution of voice call users in the two networks covering the hotspot (k =1)......................................104 5.19 Ftp sessions in the hot spot: average perceived throughput . 105 A.1 Simulator platform global architecture. 111 A.2 Simulation platform architecture. Access networks side. 112 Contents ix A.3 ULS-LLS communications. 115 A.4 ULS-LLSs communications scheme (cellular network notation) implemented in SHINE . 116 Introduction In the last years, mobile communications have become pervasive to all activities of soci- ety; the number of mobile phones and wireless Internet users has increased signi¯cantly. Changing private and professional lifestyles has created a surging demand for communi- cations on the move, reachability and wireless broadband. In fact, latest industrial surveys1 reveal 2.255 billion subscriptions in the family of all fully open standard cellular technologies GSM, GPRS, EDGE and WCDMA-HSDPA (31.12.2006); 511 million of these subscriptions were just added in 2006, corresponding to a growth of 29% in 2006. The third generation networks (WCDMA-HSDPA) now count almost 100 million subscriptions (31.12.06), with an average monthly growth in 2006 of over 4 millions and an annual growth of more than 100% in 2006; the forecast is that by end-2009, WCDMA-HSxPA subscriptions will be half billion. Mobile networks evolution Among all these di®erent mobile technologies, traditionally, ¯rst generation (in Italy it was TACS - Total Access Communication System) and second generation (GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications) wireless networks were primarily targeted at voice communications and ¯nally at data communications occurring at low data rates. The ¯rst- phase GSM speci¯cations provided only basic transmission capabilities for the support of 1GSA - Global mobile Suppliers Association - representing GSM/EDGE/WCDMA suppliers globally; mobile subscribers data source: Informa Telecoms & Media. 1 2 Introduction data services, with the maximum data rate in these early networks being limited to 9.6 Kbps.
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