Technical Glossary

Adaptive Technology Resource Centre Faculty of Information University of Toronto Accessible Online Learning Tools ...... 6 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for Accessible Online Learning Tools - Online Education Sources ...... 6 Solutions ...... 6 Web Resources ...... 8

Alternative Keyboards ...... 9 Points to Ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for an alternative keyboard ...... 9 Non-Keyboard Based Enhancements: ...... 9 Other Free Enhancements - Windows ...... 10 Other Free Enhancements - Macintosh ...... 10 Alternative Keyboards ...... 10 Miscellaneous Keyboard Enhancers ...... 11 Resources ...... 12

Alternative Mouse Systems ...... 13 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for an alternative mouse system ...... 13 Mouse Devices - ...... 13 Mouse Control Software ...... 15

Animated Signing Characters (also called Signing Avatars) ...... 16 Points to Ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for Animated Signing Characters ...... 16 Windows Solutions ...... 16

Braille Embosser ...... 17 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a braille embosser ...... 17 Embossers ...... 17 Braille Translation Software ...... 18 Miscellaneous Braille Computer Based Products ...... 18

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) ...... 20 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a Closed Circuit Television ...... 20 In-Line CCTV's ...... 20 Out-of-line CCTV's ...... 21 CCTVs that use Computer Monitors ...... 22 Hand Held CCTV's ...... 23 Portable CCTVs ...... 24

2 Display-based Personal Data Assistants ...... 26 Points to Ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a display- based personal data assistant ...... 26 Mainstream PDAs and their associated operating systems ...... 26 Other portable notetaking devices ( keyboard based ) ...... 27 Accessibility add-ons for mainstream PDAs: ...... 27 PDAs designed specifically for users with disabilities ...... 28 Resources ...... 28

Electronic Aids to Daily Living Systems ...... 29 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for an Electronic Aid for Daily Living ...... 29 Products ...... 29

Haptic Devices ...... 32 Two Dimensional Devices ...... 32 Three Dimensional Devices ...... 32 Resources ...... 33

Linux Accessibility ...... 34 Screen Readers ...... 34 Alternative Input ...... 34 Screen Magnification ...... 34 On-screen Keyboard ...... 34 Braille Support ...... 34 Optical Character Recognition ...... 35 Voice Recognition ...... 35 Resources ...... 35

Non-Display based Personal Digital Assistant ...... 36 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a personal data assistant ...... 36 Note Takers for People with Visual Disabilities ...... 36 Electronic Dictionaries ...... 37 Personal Organizers ...... 38 E-Text Readers ...... 38

On-Screen Keyboards ...... 39 Points to Ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for or choosing an onscreen keyboard ...... 39 Windows Solutions ...... 39 Macintosh Solutions ...... 40

3 Unix/Linux Solutions ...... 41 Resources ...... 41

Optical Character Recognition / Reading Software ...... 41 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for an optical character recognition device ...... 41 Products: ...... 42 Traditional OCR equipment ...... 42 Non-Roman Language OCR equipment ...... 42 Commercial OCR equipment ...... 42 Alternative Scanning Devices ...... 43 Tutorials ...... 43 eText Resources ...... 43

Refreshable Braille Display ...... 44 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a refreshable Braille display ...... 44 Refreshable Braille Displays ...... 44

Screen Magnifiers ...... 46 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for screen magnification software ...... 46 Screen Magnification Software - Windows 95/98/ME and Windows NT/2000 ...... 46 Screen Magnification Software - Macintosh ...... 47 Screen Enhancement Software ...... 47 Resources ...... 48

Screen Readers and Talking Browsers ...... 49 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a screen reader or talking browser ...... 49 Screen Readers ...... 49 Talking Browsers ...... 50

Speech Synthesizer ...... 51 Hardware Synthesizers ...... 51 Software Synthesizers ...... 52

Switches ...... 53 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for switches ... 53 Switches and their manufacturers ...... 53 Accessories ...... 54

4 Talking Browsers and Email software ...... 55 Text to Speech ...... 55 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for text-to- speech software ...... 55 Windows Based Software ...... 55 Macintosh Based Software ...... 57 Stand Alone Text to Speech Tools ...... 57 Resources ...... 58

Voice Output Communication Aids ...... 59 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a Voice Output Communication Aid ...... 59 Communication Aids ...... 59 Hand-Held Communication Aids ...... 61 Resources ...... 62

Voice Recognition ...... 63

Word Prediction ...... 67 Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for word prediction software ...... 67 Windows ...... 67 Macintosh ...... 68 Resources ...... 69

5 Accessible Online Learning Tools

These are not only online education sources, but also other resources and programs related to online learning tools and accessible learning resources in general.

The Internet is not only a vast storehouse of information on most conceivable subjects, but also an interactive environment in which users can request and obtain information from each other, regardless of their location or circumstances. More importantly, the Internet's capability to operate in different modalities ensures that if sites are correctly designed, users with disabilities will not be left out; they will be able to access information effectively and efficiently, in a forum adapted especially for their needs. Internet classes are often more accessible than traditional classroom settings, removing barriers typically faced by those with disabilities. The following is a list not only of online education sources, but also of other resources and programs related to online learning tools and accessible learning resources in general.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for Accessible Online Learning Tools - Online Education Sources

• What is the cost, and is it calculated by program or course? • Are the credits transferable to your place of education? • What is the time commitment necessary for the class or classes? • Is the curriculum geared specifically toward users with disabilities? • If not, are special allowances made? • How easy (and fast) is it to get in touch with a live person?

Solutions

Blackboard

o Blackboard is a leading provider of e-Education enterprise software applications and services. Consisting of five software applications bundled in two suites, the Blackboard Academic Suite and the Blackboard Commerce Suite, these products are licensed on a renewable basis.

WorldWideLearn

6 o WorldWideLearn: The World's Directory of Online Courses, Online Learning and Online Education- - the world's 'largest directory of online courses, accredited online degrees, continuing education, online training, and online education.' This site has links to courses, accredited degree programs, certificates, professional continuing education and learning resources in 144 subject areas, and allows you to find workshops and tutorials in addition to regular course material.

Apex Learning

o Apex Learning - Online Learning Solutions for K-12 Institutions - Not only offers courses in a virtual school environment, but also provides teachers with online teaching resources and evaluation methodology, researches the schools' funding status and assists in the online registration policy, among other things.

EASI (Equal Access to Software and Information)

o The 'premier provider of online training on accessible information technology for persons with disabilities,' EASI not only has links to online education sites, but also offers captioning and transcription services, e-textbooks and more. o From EASI - Equal Access to Software & Information

Barrier-free e-Learning

o This course is offered by EASI, and taught by Professor Norman Coombs, its CEO. The course deals with inclusivity and accessibility in an online education setting, and how to avoid barriers by choosing the correct e-learning system. o From EASI - Equal Access to Software & Information eCollege

o eCollege 'partners with colleges, universities, K-12 school districts and corporate training organizations to design, build and support eLearning communities.' On this site is a searchable database of programs and courses, resources for educators, upcoming conference listings, and more. o From eCollege

Online-Learning.com

o Offers 'instructor-led, assignment-based online courses for technical writers, information designers and web authoring professionals,' free previews of actual course materials, and consultation with experts. o Contact Online-Learning.com

ATutor

7 o ATutor is an Open Source Web-based Learning Content Management System (LCMS) designed with accessibility and adaptability in mind. ATutor is the first inclusive LCMS, complying with the W3C WCAG 1.0 accessibility specifications at the AA+ level. ATutor has also adopted the IMS/SCORM Content Packaging specifications, allowing content developers to create reusable content that can be swapped between different e-learning systems

Web Resources

• Classes in Special Education - These inexpensive online courses instruct people in matters of special education and disabilities. • 'The Work of Education in the Age of E-College,' by Chris Werry - - On the website First Monday, a peer-reviewed Internet journal. The article 'outlines some of the main players and positions involved in debates about online education, and suggests some strategies that academic groups ought to explore.' First Monday: http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/index • VNU Business Media website: has changed to http://www.trainingmagevents.com • ' An Overview of Online Learning,' by Saul Carliner - at Google Book Search. This book best suits those with prior education training who seek to expand their knowledge base. However, it still provides a general outline of the purposes and features of online education, for those interested. • IMS Guidelines for Developing Accessible Learning Applications - These guidelines were designed to 'provide a framework for the distributed learning community. This framework will set the stage for what solutions currently exist, what the opportunities and possibilities are for implementing them, and the areas where more development and innovation are still needed in educational technologies to ensure education that is truly accessible to anyone, anytime, anywhere.' • Training Conference and Expo - This annual conference takes place only in Febuary, but this site has links to certificate programs that can be obtained online, links to other conferences, and more. • SofDesign Dyslexia Training - From this site you can order an instructional supplemental videotape series for students with dyslexia, or a specially adapted keyboard. Also available is software specifically designed for improving academic skills. • Edmark - Developer of children's educational software. This site has many free downloads available, as well as some online educational games. • Little Fingers Software Online - Online educational software for children, and CD-ROM Classroom series. (Note: Not Windows XP- compatible) • Online Learning Update - This site lists online learning news and research, as well as papers on the subject of online learning.

8 Alternative Keyboards

Alternative keyboard layouts and other enhancements allow people who experience difficulty with conventional keyboard designs to use computers.

Alternative keyboard layouts and other enhancements allow people who experience difficulty with conventional keyboard designs to use computers. The products available range from keyguards that prevent accidental key activation, to alternative keyboards with differing layouts, sizes, etc. for people who have specific needs. Additionally, there are alternative input systems which require other means/methods of getting information into a computer (e.g. on-screen keyboards, switches or speech based input).

Points to Ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for an alternative keyboard

• Is it compatible with your computer's platform? (and does it require a separate interface to work?) • Is it programmable? • What kind of connection is it? (USB, keyboard port, PS2, etc) • Is it QWERTY, ABC or Dvorak layout? (can it be adjusted?) • Is the keyboard design fixed, split or adjustable? • Is a keyguard needed? Is it available? • Are the keys recessed or do they protrude? • Is it handheld? • Is the angle of the keyboard adjustable? • Does it have its own mount? • Does it have different overlays? • How much force is required for key activation?

Non-Keyboard Based Enhancements:

Windows 95/98/ME and Windows NT 4.x/2000 (since 1995), as well as Apple operating systems (since 198?), come with accessibility features most people are unaware exist. Not only do they help those people with a disability or injury to access the vast resources of a computer, but they can help anyone interact quickly and more easily. Windows Operating Systems (Win98-XP): To open the "Accessibility Options" folder : From the Start menu choose "Settings" then select "Control Panel" from the sub-menu, you will be prompted with a new window displaying control panel options. The Accessibility Options folder is represented by an accessibility icon. With computers using Windows operating systems the

9 Accessibility Options are usually pre-installed. Additional information is available from the Microsoft Accessibility Site. Windows Vista: The Accessibility Options have been renamed the "Ease of Access Centre". Full instructions on the new accessibility features may be found on the Microsoft Accessibility Site. MAC (Apple) Operating Systems: Select "Control Panel" from the main menu the "Easy Access" folder is represented by an accessibility icon. As it is the first icon in this Window, pressing the Home key should take you to it if your focus is not already on it by default. Full information on Apple's approach to accessibility may be found on the Apple Accessiblity Site.

Other Free Enhancements - Windows

• AccessDOS for DOS o provides features including Stickykeys, Repeatkeys, Slowkeys and Serial Keys o download AccessDOS from the Trace centre. • Access Pack 2.0 for Windows 3.x o provides the same features as AccessDOS (listed above) o developed by the Trace "centre" for The Microsoft Corporation o download Access Pack from the Trace "centre"'s site.

Other Free Enhancements - Macintosh

• The MAC OS X Physical/Motor Accessibility page has a complete list of OS X keyboard features e.g. Slow Keys, Sticky Keys, Keyboard Navigation and Keyboard Settings.

Alternative Keyboards

• BAT Personal Keyboard one handed keyboard o includes ChordEasy software for creating macros o call Infogrip Inc. • Big Keys standard size computer keyboards with very large keys. o The keys are one-inch square -- 4 times bigger than the keys on standard computer keyboards o from the Big Keys Company • Comfort Keyboards o Provider of various assistive technology products for people with special needs and for preventing computer related injuries. • DataHand Ergonomic Keyboard by DataHand Systems, Inc. o The Ergonomic Keyboard is shaped to cradle the palm of your hand to reduce the stresses to your hands o Features QWERTY key layout, an onboard mouse, and is available in three different models and in various sizes. o Fingers remain on home-row keys to eliminate alignment errors • FlexiBoard - customizable alternative keyboard. o customized overlay program is included o call Zygo Industries, inc.

10 • Freedom Of Speech o Provides a list of keyboards according to one's need • FrogPad - a one-handed keyboard o can be used with USB Keyboard compatible PDA's, Pocket PCs, Tablet and Wearable PC's, and other mobile applications, such as portable laptops • Intellikeys for PC or Macintosh computers. o expanded keyboard comes with a selection of keyboard layouts o customized overlay program is separate • Lomak - a Light Operated Mouse and Keyboard that works with using a head based laser that is only activated while pointed at the keyboard. • Magic Wand Keyboard for PC or Macintosh computers o Pen-touch keyboard with mouse functions from In Touch Systems • 100% Touchless Keyboard

A unique keyboard that tracks any pointing device optically using infrared sensors. Keyboards are available in a variety of keyboard sizes. Connects via a PS2 cable.

• Maltron Ergonomic Keyboard Specialists

The Maltron company manufactures a wide variety of molded keyboards targetted to those with keyboarding injuries.

• Datalux offers a variety of alternative and reduced sized keyboards

Jumbo XL Keyboard

o keyboard and educational software designed specifically for kids. o Durable, colour coded keys, easy to use • Kinesis offers alternate keyboards for Windows, Macintosh, Sun and USB systems • TypeMatrix ergonomic and dvorak keyboards • USB Mini from Tash Inc. - smaller one handed keyboard and uses membrane surfaces rather than actual keys.

Miscellaneous Keyboard Enhancers

o Fentek Systems . key caps, key labels, "Happy Hacking Mini Keyboard," "Mini TouchPad Keyboard," "Mini Keyboard with full size keys," or "Mini Keyboard with full size keys and built in TouchPad" ; also a "Left Handed Keyboard/modular keyboard" and other keyboard related products. o IBM Space Saver II Keyboard . Keyboard - 6 pin mini-DIN (PS/2) . from IBM - search for Space Saver Keyboard on their web site for different models o My First Keyboard by Kidtech Inc. . allows only one response per touch, not a Qwerty layout

11 o Step-On-It Keyboard Controls by Bilbo o MiniMorse . there is no web information on this product, contact the Bloorview-MacMillian Centre directly . Morse code based input system for Windows and Macintosh computers . from Bloorview-MacMillian Centre

Resources

o Intellikeys Activity Exchange is a searchable archive of intellikeys overlays.

12 Alternative Mouse Systems

Alternative pointing devices, trackballs and keypads are used to replace the mouse.

Alternative pointing devices are used to replace the mouse. The keyboard keypad can function as a mouse using Mousekeys. Many of the alternative keyboards have Mousekeys built in, so the keys on the keyboard can toggle between text input or mouse input. A Trackball separates the movement of the pointer from the mouse clicks, especially useful for those who have less fine motor control and for those who find a sustained grip on the traditional mouse uncomfortable. Many trackballs offer the left and right mouse buttons plus one or two more which can be programmed to be a double click or 'click and drag' functions. Many local computer vendors stock trackballs--the programmable ones are also available from assistive technology vendors. For those unable to use a traditional mouse or trackball, one to 5 switches may be programmed to allow the user to move the pointer and 'click'. Finally, mouse input can also be given by high tech pointing devices, which transmit the location of a transmitter or reflective dot on the user's head to the computer system, or follow the movement of the users eye. Separate switches or just dwelling on a location are used for mouse clicks and drags. These devices are frequently used with on-screen keyboards for text input by people with limited movement due to quadriplegia or muscular dystrophy.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for an alternative mouse system

• Is it compatible with your computer's platform? • Does it use eye/head tracking, foot pedals, or sip and puff, or is it handheld? • If handheld, is it a mouse, joystick, trackball, touch screen or pen? • Does it allow tactile feedback? • Does it have voice input control?

Mouse Devices -

• Kensington - a large company that produces many mice and trackball solutions. One long standing favorite is the Expert Mouse trackball. The expert mouse uses a large trackball and supports four programmable buttons.

13 • Smart Nav for PC or Mac o Hands-Free mouse replacement tracks motion of dot made of special material o Dot can be attached to glasses, a headset, or the skin o Can be calibrated so that very little head movement is required o Mouse clicks accomplished through dwell, switch activation, or speech commands. • "HeadMouse" for PC's or Macs • o Head motion controlled functions with or without wired headset o Includes on-screen keyboard software o From Origin Instrument Corporation • "Tash Mouse Mover" by Synapse Adaptive o This device is suitable for people who cannot control the standard computer mouse, but can use single or multiple switches for access • "TouchWindows," o TouchWindows for Windows or Mac o Controls mouse functions, and emulates mouse clicks o From Edmark Corporation • "Tracker" and " Wireless/Wired Switch Interface " from Madentec for Mac or PC o Tracks head movement to control mouse functions with on- screen keyboard o Small base unit can use head movements for mouse button activation • "Cross Scanner" o Software for single switch control of mouse pointer o From R. J. Cooper and Associates • ERICA o After a quick calibration, users have complete control over the system with their eye • Rollermouse by Contour Design o an innovative new alternative to the traditonal computer mouse. The RollerMouse can be controlled with thumb or fingertip motion using either hand. Programmable buttons and a scroll wheel speed up repetitive functions, and optical technology ensures precise control of cursor movement. • Cirque Corporation features other pointing devices such as the Easy Cat o Glide your finger over the small track pad surface to control cursor movement with the GlidePoint • "Gus! Dwell Cursor" for Windows o For anyone who can move the cursor but has difficulty pressing buttons. o Download a trial version from Gus Communications, Inc . • "Jouse 2" o Joystick based system for head/mouth control of mouse and keyboard for PC's • "Joystick-To-Mouse" and "JAMBOX" for PC's o "Joystick-To-Mouse" lets any off-the-shelf joystick run Windows like a mouse

14 o "JAMBOX" allows any type of external switch to activate or over-ride joystick buttons o Contact: Innovation Management Group, Inc. • Logitech o Logitech produces a broad range of mice, trackball and pen based devices for mouse control. o A wide variety of 3-button mice and trackballs, each with unique features o From Logitech • "Quick Glance System" o Eyetracker. Place the cursor anywhere on the screen by looking at the desired location. o Perform mouse clicks with a slow eye blink or hardware switch. o Contact EyeTech Digital Systems . o • GO Optical Air Mouse o Cordless mouse you can use on or off the desktop o Contact Gyration

Mouse Control Software

• Point 'n Click Virtual Mouse - a FREE stand-alone on-screen virtual mouse designed for anyone with a disability that makes it difficult or impossible to click a physical computer mouse. • Microsoft provides information regarding installation of Alternative Mouse pointers for Windows 95/NT o This page summarizes the use and instructions of the Microsoft Alternative Mouse Pointers, which are easy to see mouse pointer.

15 Animated Signing Characters (also called Signing Avatars)

Animated signing characters are a technology for displaying signed communication without the necessity of displaying a digitized video of a human signer.

Animated signing characters are a technology for displaying signed communication without the necessity of displaying a digitized video of a human signer. Instead, the systems use 3D animated figure, which can be stored more efficiently than video. The characters can produce movement of the fingers, hands, facial gestures, body movements, and co-signs, in which two different words or ideas are signed at the same time. The characters can be programmed to communicate in either a sign language (e.g. ASL) or a signed communication systems (e.g. Exact Signed English). Advances in graphics capabilities mean that personal computers are able to produce this animation with much great clarity than in the past, when transitions between the signs were rough and the hands had to return to a central position between each sign.

Points to Ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for Animated Signing Characters

• Is your material suited to a personal or an impersonal medium? (Human signers are usually best suited to communicating personally, while animated characters may be best suited to communicating impersonally) • Are there storage and/or bandwidth limitations for your material? (When Animated Signing Characters are encoded by markup, they use less storage and bandwidth than digitized videos of human signers) • Will your material be periodically updated? (Animated signing character systems may be easier to update than video material that must be re-shot with a human signer) • Will the appeal of an animated character add to the effectiveness of your material? (e.g. Children may find the animation appealing)

Windows Solutions

• Sign Smith by VCom3D o An educational software program for signers focused on English literacy, reading comprehension, and vocabulary. o Is used to add sign language to curriculum materials. • Vcommunicator ® Authoring Suite by VCom3D o Allows customers to develop 3D characters and animations.

16 o Files are exportable to a variety of applications across multiple platforms including mobile devices. • Signing Science by TERC • o A set of online educational materials for elementary and intermediate school science classes. o Much of the material is presented by both text and an animated signing character. o Requires a plug-in from VCom3D. Braille Embosser

A Braille Embosser is a hardware device for "printing" a hard copy of electronic text documents in Braille.

A Braille Embosser is a hardware device for "printing" a hard copy of a text document in Braille. A Braille translation software program is required to translate the text from the computer into Braille. Most Braille translation software programs can translate material into several grades or versions of Braille. There is also a new Music Braille software program as well as scanning software to scan Braille into a computer and have it displayed or translated into text.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a braille embosser

• Is it compatible with your computer's platform? • How does it connect to your computer? • What is its embossing speed (measured in characters per second, or CPS)? • Is the height of the characters adjustable? • Is it stationary or portable? • How loud is it? Do you need a soundproof case? • Does it print single-sided or double-sided? • Does it allow you to work in both print and Braille?

Embossers

• Enabling Technologies manufacture the following Braille Embossers: o Romeo 25 - 40 characters of Standard Braille per line, 25 characters per second, ET Speech and single sheet tractors are no longer available on the Romeo 25 o Romeo Pro 50 - 50 characters per second, includes ET Speech, single sheet tractors

17 o Thomas - single side Braille embossing, 40 characters per second o Juliet Classic - double sided printing, up to 55 characters per second, extra wide Braille line [up to 56 characters per line] o Juliet Pro - comes with ET Speech and single sheet tractors, up to 55 characters per second, extra wide Braille line [up to 56 characters per line] o Juliet Pro 60 - 40 characters per line, 60 characters per second • Freedom Scientific offers the Braille Blazer and VersPoint Duo Braille Embosser along with a variety of accessories for use with computers and their line of Notetakers • The Mountbatten Brailler is available from Quantum Technologies • Sighted Electronics, Inc. , Email: [email protected] • Index Braille whose primary focus is industrial Braille Embossing machines, do have a few "personal" models and the WinBraille translation software [see Braille Translation software below] (to access the websites for all Index Braille products you must follow the links from their homepage & for Embossers click on the 'Embosser Products' link) o Everest - industrial Braille embosser double sided Braille printer for cut sheet paper. o Index 4x4 Pro - another industrial Braille embosser o Basic S/D [more personal size embosser] - high speed double sided embossing in a smaller size • View Plus Technologies Inc - manufacturers of: TigeR Braille Embosser Series and Emprint TM the full colour Braille printer.

Braille Translation Software

• Duxbury Braille Translation software from Duxbury o also from Duxbury is MegaDots Braille Translation for DOS o Duxbury Braille Board for easy translation and making of signs o TGD Pro (Tactile Graphics Designer) Pro o A few Braille freeware downloads • BRLTTY - Access Software for Unix for a Blind Person Using a Soft Braille Terminal o provides access to the Linux console • WinBraille Braille editor based on Windows drivers - comes with the Basic S Embosser but will work with all modern Index Embossers (to access the websites for all Index Braille products you must follow the links from their homepage & for WinBraille click on the 'software products' link)

Miscellaneous Braille Computer Based Products

• Enabling Technologies "TransSend" puts Braille and print together on the same page • GOODFEEL Braille Music program from Dancing Dots who also make: • CakeTalking a CakeTalk tutorial with scripts for JAWS for Windows to be used with the CakeWalk application • Tack-Tiles - English, French, German, Italian and Spanish literary braille code, and Music, Nemeth math and Computer braille code sets are available

18 • Repro-Tronics Inc. (rti) o Tactile Image Embosser - use photocopier or China marker and then one-pass through the embosser produces tactile images o Total Graphics Solution - integrated system of hardware and software for design and output of audio-tactile graphics o Hungry Fingers - An educational tool for explaining the relation between 3 dimensional models and 2 dimensional drawings. Easily transforms models of different objects into tactile outlines, helping a blind learner understand what happen when a 3 dimensional object is represented as graphics on a flat sheet of paper."

19 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)

Closed Circuit Televisions (CCTV's) allow users to quickly magnify any objects placed under a camera unit. CCTV's vary in size from portable pocket-sized units to stationary cameras with large displays.

A Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a video magnification system consisting of a video screen interfaced with a video camera. Video magnification is achieved in two ways: 1) the electronic conversion from the small camera image to the larger display screen and 2) the optical effect of the cameras zoom lens. The stand mounted CCTVs can be configured with either television receivers, video monitors, or computer monitors. The image magnified on the CCTV's display may provide enhanced contrast and brightness, inverse video display, gray scale, false colours, and natural colours.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a Closed Circuit Television

• Do you need a portable, or stationary unit? Portable units generally have much smaller displays making lengthy reading tasks more difficult. • What display features are needed? Is it easier to read standard or reversed polarity text? Are certain colour contrasts easier to read, or is there the need for seeing true colours (such as when reading maps and pie charts) • Is it an "in-line" or "out-of-line" model? Does it connect to your computer? • What size and resolution is the screen? • If it connects to your computer, does it have split screen capabilities? • Is it portable? • If portable, does it have its own power supply and built in display?

In-Line CCTV's

These are the "traditional" models of CCTVs. The monitor or video display is mounted over the camera. Some people consider these kinds of CCTVs if space is an issue, or if they do not need a 21" video display/television. If you are shopping for a CCTV, take a look at your needs and the configuration of the CCTV. Also take into consideration whether you will be able to write comfortably using a particular type of CCTV.

20 • Optelec offers a number of "in-line" models with colour displays, LCD and standard CRT monitors and other display options. o Clearview+ 19" colour TFT monitor o Clearview+ 17" colour TFT monitor o Clearview+ 17" colour CRT monitor o Clearview+ 17" black/white CRT monitor • Clarity Solutions offers the Clarity Tablemate in-line CCTV. This CCTV accommodates a variety of monitor sizes. Also available in optional 15" or 20" flat LCD screen. • HumanWare - offers a broad range of in-line CCTV models with LCD and CRT monitors and other display options. o SmartView Xtend [colour] - offers 19" adjustable flat screen monitor; brightness control; basic black and white to full colour option; and upgradeable to suite your needs . Module 1 - enhances the usability of the SmartView Xtend giving you more viewing options through a remote control; includes line markers and masking and magnification preset. . Module 2 - allows users to perform simple equations and keep track of the day, date and time. Plus all the features of module 1. . Module 3 - All the features of module 1 and module 2 plus all the power of being connected to a PC. Includes SmartView/PC toggle, SmartView/PC split screen and multiple video modes. o SmartView 5000 [colour] - accommodates a variety of monitor sizes (15"-21"); pre-set magnification control; and sixteen colored background/foreground combinations. o Smartview 5000KP - same features of SmartView 5000 plus the Smart KeyPad, which allows you to display windowing and linemarkers, the time, day, date and a four function calculator in large print on your screen at the touch of a button. Optional Smart PC access kit allows you to share functions with your existing computer monitor – alternate between objects you are viewing on your SmartView and computer. • TeleSensory International offers the Aladdin series of in-line CCTV's with various display configurations. o Classic [black and white] - white text on black and black text on white; 14" CRT display o Ultra [black and white] - white text on black and black text on white; 17" CRT display o Sunshine [colour] - white text on black and black text on white; 3 colour select mode; 14" CRT display o Rainbow Elite [colour] - white text on black and black text on white; 3 colour select mode; line markers and shadow masking; 14" CRT display; o Apex [colour] - adjustable 17" or 20" flat panel monitor, 24 colour select options, line markers and shadow masking

Out-of-line CCTV's

These models have a camera unit and generally use a television as their display. They are not "portable" in the sense that the camera unit is a full

21 size camera and the devices are meant to be used on a desk. The camera unit would sit beside the monitor, or "out of line." You can have a wooden bridge made for the video display/monitor to make it "in-line" as generally the camera unit will not support the weight of a 21" television monitor.

• Ash Technologies o Prisma [colour] - offers white text on black and black text on white; focus and brightness control; and folds into a compact, transportable configuration. • HumanWare offers the SmartView 7000 colour CCTV. This CCTV features black text on white and white text on black; automatic focus; pre-set magnification control; hand-held zoom control; and sixteen colored background/foreground combinations. • TeleSensory International makes the following out-of-line models - all have reverse polarity [colour and black text on white or white text on black]: o Genie Pro - offers twenty-four background/foreground color combinations; vertical or horizontal line markers and shadow masking; and computer compatible o Atlas 610 - simple and easy to use controls; and auto focus • OVAC Incorporated makes the following out-of-line models - all have reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black] o ZACC - [colour] - offers a small keypad with 4 simple push buttons; and automatic focus o ZACC B&W - [black and white] - offers a small keypad with 3 simple push buttons; and automatic focus

CCTVs that use Computer Monitors

These CCTVs connect to a computer monitor. They are not interchangeable with a television, they are made for integration with a computer monitor. They offer access to either the print material, the computer application, or both using a split screen function.

• HumanWare makes the following models to use with your computer - all have reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black]: o SmartView 3000 [colour] - manual focus; vertical and horizontal line markers and blinds; sixteen colored background/foreground combinations; displays PC and camera images alternately o SmartView 8000 [colour] - vertical and horizontal line markers and blinds; pre set magnification control; sixteen colored background/foreground combinations; split screen allows you to display SmartView images and computer images independently or simultaneously either vertically or horizontally; o SmartView Xtend: Module 3 upgrade - see above for product description • TeleSensory International makes the following models that use your computer monitor - all have reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black]: o Aladdin Genie Pro [colour] - see above for product description

22 o Atlas 710 [colour] - offers black text on white and white text on black; 3 colour select modes; • Optelec offers the Clearview+ Computer Compatible colour CCTV. It features a one button control system; an easy glide platform with electronic brake; and an optional Advanced Feature Pack.

Hand Held CCTV's

A "hand-held" CCTV is not always "portable." The models below depend on the use of a television. While this may appear to be portable, some hotels will not allow you to disconnect their cable systems to use the device or you may not always have access to a television when you need to read print material. You also need to check and make sure you can write under a handheld CCTV if this is one of your needs. Generally, the ability to write using a hand held or portable CCTV is not as functional as with in-line or out- of-line models - make sure you do your research before you buy!

• Ash Technologies o TV i Color - features a hand-held electronic magnifier with black text on white and white text and black modes. • Clarity Solutions offers various products that all offer colour, black and white and inverse modes, auto focusing, a flexible arm as well as distance viewing. These include: o Flex Mate - desktop viewing on a 14" arm o Clarity Deskmate - connects to 17" display o Clarity Deskmate Plus - combines the Deskmate with an intergrated 4 hour battery • Enhanced Vision Services makes the following colour models - all have reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black] o MAX - uses a hand-held portable device to magnify images on any straight or curved surface; 4 viewing modes with a push of a button; and computer compatible as well. o Flipper - distance, intermediate and near viewing capabilities; features 4 viewing modes; 225 degree camera rotation; computer compatible as well • Magni-Cam products from Magni-Cam - black and white and colour o can be used with either a Head Mounted Display system or a Flat Screen Display system o [from their web site: Each Portable system requires the basic Magni-Cam electronic magnifier. Either a 25 ounce portable monitor, or a 7 ounce head mounted display can be plugged directly into the Magni-Cam's video processor, eliminating the need for a television set. A specially designed battery power supply makes either system independent of external power.]black and white or colour models o for use with a television • OVAC Incorporated makes the following models that use your computer monitor - all have reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black] o Color-Eye - [colour] for use with the Flex Arm Mount or without, connects to television, weighs 8 ounces on its own, 2 pounds with Flex Arm and carrying case

23 o Golden-Eye - [black and white] for use with the Flex Arm Mount or without, connects to television, weighs 8 ounces on its own, 2 pounds with Flex Arm and carrying case

Portable CCTVs

These CCTVs can be considered "portable" in that you do not have to use a television with them. You can purchase a display that will allow you more independence of use. For example, you may be able to take them to a library, conference, or to a classroom environment and use them when you need to access print information. • Ash Technologies o Liberty Solo - [full colour and black & white modes] with a 12" display; various display modes; various magnification modes, up to 30x the original size; monitor leans and slides for viewing at different angles; handwriting stand included; weighs over 2 kg. o Eclipse - [full colour and black & white modes] with a 17" monitor that collapses on to a reading table for portability; 3X to 30X continuous zoom. o Quicklook Zoom [full colour] - includes a 4.3" LCD screen; 3x- 18x magnification range; high contrast with 56 colour options; 4 - 7 hours batter life; and free frame capabilities. • Clarity Solutions makes the following models o Clarity Junior - includes a 4" LCD screen; 3 hour battery life; 3x - 9x magnification; and offers colour, black and white, inverse and colour select mode. o Clarity Carrymate - 9 hours of battery life with a 11" viewable display. Offers same features of Flex Mate series (see above). • Enhanced Vision Services makes the following in-line models - all have reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black] o MaxPort - glasses interface for displaying magnified information, no need for a television or other display, completely portable, three viewing options o FlipperPort - [colour] glasses interface for displaying magnified information, 4 ounce glasses, 225 degree camera rotation, multiple contrast options, 3 hours of use with battery o Flipper Panel - integrates Flipper's rotating camera with a 12" LCD screen and a 5 hour battery life. o Jordy - [colour] can be worn "like a pair of glasses" [from their website], weighs under 10 ounces, CCTV capabilities with docking stand o Nemo - 4" anti-glare LCD screen, 3 hour batter life, 6 viewing modes and freeze frame capabilities o Amigo - 6.5" viewable display, 1 lb, 6 viewing modes and freeze frame capabilities • Optelec offers the following "hand held" or "semi-portable" models:

24 o Optelec Traveller - [colour and black & white modes] 4-16X magnification on a 6.4" color screen, weighs 2 lbs, connects to a television o Optelec Compact - Portable Electronic Magnifier [full colour and black & white modes] 4X and 8X magnification modes on a 4" LCD screen, weighs 10 ounces. • HumanWare makes the following models to use with your computer - all have reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black]: o PocketViewer - [colour] - has reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black];portable and hand-held; battery operated. o Mono PocketViewer - has reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black]; weighs 10 oz.; 1.5 hr batter life • TeleSensory International makes the following portable models - all have reverse polarity [black text on white or white text on black]: o Pico - [colour] weighs 10 ounces (0.28 kg), with different viewer modes (positive & negative black and white or yellow on blue). o Olympia - [colour] weighs 12.5 lbs. (1.14 kg) (you achieve greater magnification levels by connecting the portable unit to any compatible T.V. monitor. o MiniViewer (no longer available from the Telesensory site but is still on the market) - [black and white] weighs 1.76 lbs. (0.8 kg), can get a battery pack, carrying case • Wat-Cam by Sight Enhancement Systems is a versatile, high performance camera for class, work & home. o A very rugged, self contained camera unit with up to 40x magnification and freeze frame capabilities. The Wat-Cam will hook up to your pc, monitor or television. o Weighs only 650g

25 Display-based Personal Data Assistants

Display-based Personal Data Assistants (or PDAs) are handheld computers. PDAs were originally used mainly for organizational purposes and acted as electronic day planners, but new technology has led to their increased usage in many different tasks that were formerly only possible with a home computer.

Display-based Personal Data Assistants (or PDAs) are handheld computers like the Palm or iPAQ. PDAs were originally used mainly for organizational purposes such as acting as electronic day planners, but new technology has led to their increased usage in many different tasks, formerly only possible with a home computer. The organizational capabilities of a PDA alone may be helpful for users with learning or cognitive disabilities, but there is also a whole host of programs that make the PDA a useful device for users with other disabilities. Mainstream PDAs are generally inaccessible for people with visual disabilities, but they may be used by people with other disabilities; there is an ever-growing range of software and add-on hardware that can help make the devices more universally accessible. There are also portable devices designed specifically for individuals with disabilities or impairments, and those running Palm OS or Windows CE are listed in this section. For other mobile devices designed for users with disabilities, our technical glossary has two additional sections: Non-display-based Personal Data Assistants and Voice Output Communication Aids.

Points to Ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a display-based personal data assistant

• Is it compatible with your home computer's platform? • Does it have expandable memory? • Does it have multi-language support? • Does it have an adjustable display? • Is there a range of accessibility add-ons available for the particular model you are considering?

Mainstream PDAs and their associated operating systems

• The Palm Pilot uses the PalmOS as its operating system, and is compatible with both Windows and Macintosh computers. • Casio 's portable PCs use a range of operating systems, but none of them are Mac compatible.

26 • HP offers their HP iPAQ Pocket PC's series in a few different models. There is also an HP iPAQ Pocket PC Buying Guide on the HP website.

Other portable notetaking devices ( keyboard based )

• AlphaSmart is a provider of technology solutions for education and productivity, focused on reducing the cost and complexity of computing. AlphaSmart manufactures two products: o Neo - a rugged, low-cost, lightweight, non-stop, power-writing notepad that provides quick and easy writing access from any location. o Dana - It is the combination of a full-size keyboard, the wide screen and Palm OS, which provides much of the functionality of a laptop. • QuickPAD by QuickPAD Technology Corporation. QuickPAD IR and QuickPAD PRO are designed to make mobile computing easy when it comes to data entry tasks. Simple technology coupled with notebook applications let you efficiently word and data process, manage and organize your contacts, schedule appointments and more. • Perfect Solutions has produced LaserPC6, a simple and inexpensive notetaking device. It has a large switchable display and 8 built-in programs including a typing tutor and word prediction, plus a Text-to-Speech option.

Accessibility add-ons for mainstream PDAs:

• TealPoint has designed a number of accessibility programs for palm devices. These are all compatible with the Palm OS, but please note that you should test these products on a palm device before you purchase either. Also, TealMagnify has limited capabilities for magnification and may not magnify in the manner you are used to on a PC. o TealScript - fully configurable text recognition system, replacing the standard Graffiti system of text input o TealPaint - allows you to draw and manipulate images on your palm device o TealMagnify - allows you to magnify parts of your palm device screen -you have to activate it by touching a small magnifying glass on the screen, so it may not be the solution for people with visual disabilities. o TealGlance - automatically shows you the time, current appointments and other commonly used information, on start up o TealAgent - formats local, network, and web-resident data for viewing with Palm handhelds These products are shareware and are available for a nominal charge. • The Nuance hardware compatibility feature allows you to find all the Display Based PDA's and Mobility Devices that are compatible with any Nuance Voice Recognition Software. • Matias has produced a half keyboard for use with a Palm OS PDA, PC or Mac. This device may be useful for people with mobility in only one hand. • The AlphaPad, released by Input Technologies, is a Palm OS- compatible program that utilizes both finger touch communication (using an

27 on-screen keyboard of only 12 keys) and word prediction software. This could be useful for low-mobility users, although the touch-screen requires fine motor skills. • WordLogic has developed "advanced text input software" for handheld PDAs which is compatible with Windows CE. The WordLogic keyboard has word prediction capabilities, adapts to new words, and customizes itself according to most commonly used words. Its touch-screen means that it is accessible only by users with fine motor skills, and the colour scheme of the WordChunking feature may be similarly inaccessible for users with vision impairment. • Textware Solutions has produced the FitalyStamp, an overlay that covers the bottom of the Handspring Visor's screen. It replaces Graffiti as a text input system; it also uses sliding (across keys) as a method of capitalizing lowercase letters, which is a much faster and accessible method than pressing Shift at the same time. It may take a while to become familiar with this system, but it generally speeds rate of text input. • Thumbscript is a text entry system that uses a 9-button grid and is compatible with Palm-based devices, telephones, television controllers and eight-sided joysticks. Simple key combinations correspond to all characters and functions on a standard keyboard. Using Thumbscript codes, e-mail can be sent from any touch-tone phone (with paid Thumbmail service), and a 9- button Feather-Touch Input Device can be purchased separately for your home computer. For purchasing information, see the Yahoo! Thumbscript store. To try the Thumbscript code for yourself to test its usability, try this demo (Java required).

PDAs designed specifically for users with disabilities

• DynaVox makes a line of portable communication devices. The latest models, the iChat3 and Palmtop3 provide a small, lightweight portable device with powerful communication abilities. The feature- rich Impact® communication software and sleek styling combine to appeal to augmented communicators of all ages. • Dynavox also offers the Dynamo, a touch-screen portable communication device, which has a built in universal remote control, integrated microphone and speech output capability.

Resources

• Are personal data assistants (PDAs) accessible? , from the National Center on Accessible Information Technology in Education in Washington • The PDA Buyer's Guide: A good resource containing reviews of mainstream PDAs. • PDAGeek: Message boards, reviews, tips and tricks and more concerning PDAs.

28 Electronic Aids to Daily Living Systems

Electronic Aids for Daily Living (EADL) are simply devices, or systems, that allow individuals to control facets of their environment.

Electronic Aids for Daily Living (EADL), formerly "Environmental Control Units (ECU)", are simply devices, or systems, that allow an individual to control facets of their environment. EADL's systems are available as stand alone units, or as integrated software using a personal computer. EADL/ECU systems can be controlled by the user in a variety of ways. Some EADL/ECU systems are voice activated, and others are switch activated.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for an Electronic Aid for Daily Living

• Do you need a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)? • Do you require remote or indirect access to your EADL (something other than your computer, radio-linked to the necessary appliances)? • Do you require voice activated access?

Products

 Tongue Touch Keypad

• fits into your mouth like an orthodontic retainer, and allows you to control various electronic devices by tongue movement inside the mouth. It is used by a variety of people that include: Quadriplegia from spinal cord injury (C5 and above), Cerebral palsy, MD, MS and other severely debilitating neuromuscular diseases. • from newAbilities System Inc. Phone: (800) 829-8889

 Voice Activated ECU, Switch Activated ECU, Voice & Switch Activated ECU, Voice Mouse/Keyboard Controller

•  these ECU (Environmental Control Unit) are designed for accessing one or more electrical devices via switches, voice activation, remote control, computer interface, and other technological adaptations. • from Quartet Technology Incorporated Email: [email protected]

29  Tash Inc offers a number of Environmental Control Unit (ECU) Products Packages -

• appliance control for access to appliances and any switch-adapted device. • Email: [email protected]

 ActiveHome

• works with your computer to run customized home lighting and appliance routines • from X10 Wireless Technology, Inc.

 First Aide Kit

• provides an immediate, independent communication link after a serious injury. • from ZYGO Industries, Inc. Email: [email protected]

 GEWA PROG III

• this small hand-held transmitter enables the user to operate and control everything electrical in his/her environment. • from ZYGO Industries, Inc. Email: [email protected]

 Speaker-Telephone

• achieve independence with hands-free telephone access. • from ZYGO Industries, Inc. Email: [email protected]

 Elevator Control

• Enables physically disabled individuals to access the elevator, open the door, select the floor level • from ZYGO Industries, Inc. Email: [email protected]

 CINTEX3

• works with voice recognition systems (such as DragonDictate) or any other keyboard replacement for operating your phone, electronics, and switches. • from NanoPac, Inc. Email: [email protected]

 ERICA  gives users the ability to communicate and to control a fully functional computer  users have complete control over the system with their eye

30  Sicare Pilot

• is a portable device used to control and operate numerous appliances and devices and is activated totally hands free! You can use your voice or an eyewink switch or similar technology to control your TV, VCR, stereo, CD player, dial and answer the telephone, and more. • from NanoPac, Inc. Email: [email protected]

 REACH (Remote Electronic Access & Control – Hands-Free)

• is a system that will allow you to control dozens of products in your home • a large, but not bulky, screen so that you can actually see all the commands available rather than memorizing the entire menu

31 Haptic Devices

A haptic interface is a device which allows a user to interact with a computer by receiving tactile feed back. This feedback is achieved by applying a degree of opposing force to the user along the x, y, and z axes.

The word "haptic" means "of or relating to or proceeding from the sense of touch" (http://www.dict.org). A haptic interface is a device which allows a user to interact with a computer by receiving tactile feed back. This feedback is achieved by applying a degree of opposing force to the user along the x, y, and z axes. These devices can be used by people with disabilities or people who learn best through tactile or kinesthetic experiences. The use of haptic devices that once were cost prohibitive but now are incorporated into mainstream devices such as the iFeel Mouse and the IFeel Mouseman, promote inclusion and acceptance of "adaptive" technology into the "daily computer experience" of people with and without disabilities. There are two main types of haptic devices:

• glove or pen-type devices that allow the user to "touch" and manipulate 3-dementional virtual objects • devices that allow users to "feel" textures of 2-dementional objects with a pen or mouse-type interface

The 3-demensional haptic devices can be use for applications such as surgical simulations and remote operation of robotics in hazardous environments.

The 2-demensional haptic devices can be used to aid computer users who are blind or visually disabled; or who are tactile/Kinesthetic learners, by providing a slight resistance at the edges of windows and buttons so that the user can "feel" the Graphical User Interface (GUI). This technology can also provide resistance to textures in computer images which enables computer users to "feel" pictures such as maps and drawings.

Two Dimensional Devices

• The WingMan Force Feedback Mouse and the iFeel mouse are some of the haptic devices produced by Logitech.

Three Dimensional Devices

• The Phantom Product Line - 3-dimensional pen-style haptic device that "makes it possible for users to touch and manipulate virtual

32 objects (website)" - comes in five different models. From SensAble Technologies. • CyberGrasp is a glove-style haptic interface that allows users to touch computer-generated objects and experience realistic force feedbacks.

Resources

• Haptic Applications to Virtual Worlds provides information about haptic devices and how they relate to Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). • The Haptics Community Web Page is an excellent resource for information and links to research projects. Also worth checking out is their Photo Gallery. • Immersion Technologies is a good resource for information on haptic technology. • Jerry Isdale's Haptic Links has numerous links to other resources and research projects.

33 Linux Accessibility

Linux is a free, open-source Operating System distributed under the Free Software Foundation's GNU General Public License(GPL) that has grown in popularity in the past few years. Because of the non-commercial nature of Linux, the accessibility options can be hard to find. These links are a starting point for Linux accessibility.

Linux is a free, open-source Operating System distributed under the Free Software Foundation's GNU General Public License(GPL) that has grown in popularity in the past few years. Because of the non-commercial nature of Linux, the accessibility options can be hard to find. These links are a starting point for Linux accessibility.

Screen Readers

• Emacspeak is a speech interface that allows visually impaired users to interact independently and efficiently with the computer.

Alternative Input

• Morse All is a Morse code interface for Linux that allows the user to interact with the computer by entering Morse code through the buttons of a mouse.

Screen Magnification

• XVI Terminal from BEAM - screen magnification and screen reading software for Linux • GMag - screen magnification for the GNOME environment o requires GNOME development environment to compile. o Offers continuous magnification while you work • Gnopernicus - an integrated screen reader and magnifier for Gnome and compatible applications

On-screen Keyboard

• GOK The GOK (GNOME On-screen Keyboard) project is an open source software development project designed to create advanced alternative input solutions for the linux/ unix environment.

Braille Support

• BRLTTY - Access Software for Unix for a Blind Person Using a Soft Braille Terminal

34 o provides access to the Linux console

Optical Character Recognition

• Ocrad - "The GNU OCR" - based on a feature extraction method • Clara OCR - Windows X-based character recognition software designed for large projects. *The Linux ClaraOCR website is presently not working. It appears that the interface is being updated. Only the 2003 version is available for download, from the Clara geocities site • GOCR/JOCR - character recognition software designed to allow easy porting to many Operating Systems. o supports a large variety of image formats o also available for free download in MS-DOS and Windows versions o still in development, not all features are fully supported

Voice Recognition

• IBM's Via Voice for Linux (Beta version)

Resources

The ATRC also hosts the Linux Accessibility Resource Site: http://larswiki.atrc.utoronto.ca/wiki/Software • The Linux Access HOW TO A very complete but dated resource for adding accessibility to Linux. • Speakups Webpage documents speech output for Linux. • BLinux [Blind + Linux] - dedicated to improving access for Linux users with visual disabilities • Screen Magnifiers List page for resources for Unix and Linux • GNOME Accessibility Project - A useful resource for news about accessibility projects for GNOME. Includes some downloads.

35 Non-Display based Personal Digital Assistant

Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) are portable computers that are designed to act as organizers, note takers and/or communication devices.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are portable computers that are designed to act as organizers, note takers and/or communication devices. Due to the small physical size of these devices they often possess the latest and most compact user interfaces such as touch screens, hand writing recognition, or miniature keyboards [both on-screen and attached to the device]. There are also a group of PDAs that are designed to be used by users with disabilities. These PDAs use aural output, Braille displays and Braille keyboards to comprise their user interface. This page focuses on proprietary accessiblity devices, particularly those for the blind. For more information on accessiblity on mainstream PDA devices, we have a seperate page: Display-Based Personal Digital Assistants

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a personal data assistant

• Does it have expandable memory? • Is there add-on software available for it? • Do you require multi-language support? • Do you require a Braille output option? • Do you require a one-handed option?

Note Takers for People with Visual Disabilities

Most of these devices have Braille input or output. There are some generic note takers like the Alpha Smart that can be used by people who do not have visual disabilities. Some portable note takers may act as refreshable Braille displays for a computer systerm. • Freedom Scientific Blind , has the PACmate series to support portable notetaking needs: o These products have features such as calendars, scientific calculators, multilingual support, word processing, address book, some have Internet capabilities, can be connected to Braille embosser or printer, and have accessories like external disk drives to transfer data to your desktop PC

36 o Discontinued models of notetaking devices manufactured by Freedom Scientific (such as the Type Lite and Braille Lite) may be purchased from their Factory Reconditioned centre o For more information e-mail [email protected] • Artic Technologies has the following Braille note takers: o Ergo Braille - web page says it is the smallest Braille computer device - Grade 2 Braille input and synthesized speech output o Braille Pad - slightly larger than the Ergo Braille but it has additional style keys - also Grade 2 Braille input and synthesized speech output o Braille Desk 2000 - again, slightly larger than the Braille Pad because it has a numeric keypad - also Grade 2 Braille input and synthesized speech output • The BrailleNote Product line by HumanWare: features include o Bluetooth and WiFi, e-mail, webbrowsing and online help o Wordprocessing and personal organizing features o Media Player and Visual Display for video connection in real- time. o Book Reader - E-Books in Standard braille (in any grade braille) o ActiveSync for syncing info with your PC. • The PacMate by FreedomScientific - offers both QWERTY and braillle input, and output via synthesized speech and/or braille.

Electronic Dictionaries

These dictionaries were chosen because they have speech output. This means that not only can they be used by people with visual disabilities, but also by people with learning disabilities or people who are aural learners. • Franklin Speaking Language "Master" by Franklin Electronic Publishers o Franklin makes portable spellcheckers, grammar checkers, thesauruses, and dictionaries. These devices are useful to individuals with learning or visual disabilities, due to its visual and auditory output. Franklin products are also useful for children, as it contains a variety of educational games which develop spelling, typing, and word identification skills. o Other Franklin products include: Homework Wiz, Speaking Homework Wiz • Language Teacher from Ectaco o Talk to your classmates via the infrared port - includes my first diary, my first organizer and scheduler plus learning games - wide variety of languages and dictionaries • Miriam Webster Speaking Dictionary - definitions, thesaurus, learn a word, games and crossword puzzles

37 Personal Organizers

There are many personal organizers on the market. These two products have synthesized speech support.

• "Voice Diary" from Voice Diary Ltd o Voice Diary includes a calculator, appointment calendar, memo pad, daily to do list, address book o It is hand held, about the size of a glasses case

E-Text Readers

These devices allow you to take print material and access it either through synthesized speech or in an audio format. they are not technically the "eBooks" we have all heard about.

• E-BookMan by Franklin Electronic Publishers

• There are three versions of the product with different features and price ranges • The eBooks for Download site supports eBookMan, Palm OS and Windows CE • The following information is from the Franklin web site and is for the lower priced model of the eBookMan: o Download books to read or listen to audio books - thousands of titles available now o Large display for a great reading experience o Download and enjoy your favorite music (supports MP3) o Organize with Date Book, Address Book, To-Do Book o 8MB RAM with MultiMediaCard expansion slot for additional memory o Synchronize with MS Outlook 2000 using Intellisyncô technology o Record and Playback voice memos o Built-in Microphone, Speaker, and Headphone Jack o Take notes in your own handwriting or use pop-up keyboard o Includes protective cover, stylus, and USB connection (serial cradle sold separately)

• The Bookworm by Handy Tech

• Weighs 14 oz., is a portable Braille reading device and walkman, runs for more than 20 hours on batteries, has 8 cell display, for reading eText, has only 4 keys

38 On-Screen Keyboards

An onscreen keyboard generally appears on the same display used for programs and will remain permanently visible. The keyboard can then be accessed using pointer devices. In the simplest sense a pointer is a standard mouse, but through the use of alternative pointer devices or switches a large number of disabilities can be accommodated.

A great number of people are unable, for various reasons, to use a standard keyboard. These reasons can range from limited degree of movement or motor control to low strength in the hands and fingers. For many people an alternative physical keyboard can solve these problems, but for others the best solution is to use a virtual or onscreen keyboard. An onscreen keyboard generally appears on the same display used for programs and will remain permanently visible. The keyboard can then be accessed using the pointer device. In the simplest sense this means a standard mouse, but through the use of alternative mouse devices or switches a large number of disabilities can be addressed.

Points to Ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for or choosing an onscreen keyboard

• Does it support a large variety of input devices, including switches? • Have you considered whether it is an onscreen keyboard or an alternative physical keyboard which will best suit your needs? • Is the layout customizable?

Windows Solutions

• Windows XP On-screen Keyboard o Windows XP actually has a very robust onscreen keyboard built directly into it. o The link above details how to access and use it. • Onscreen Virtual Keyboard o A fully customizable commercial onscreen keyboard for Windows 98(or more recent versions). o Available for a free 30-day trial • SofType o An onscreen keyboard for Windows 95(or more recent versions). o A free demo is available. • Visual Dynamic Keyboard (VDK) o An onscreen keyboard developed by the Adaptive Technology Resource Centre. o Not currently available as a standalone technology. o Integrated as part of Web-4-All.

39 • OnScreen o Onscreen is a graphical onscreen keyboard. o It provides word completion and word prediction. o It is fully customizable and supports macros. o A free demo is available from their website. • WiVik o Wivik is an onscreen keyboard that has existed for quite a long time. o It is customizable and supports word prediction and abbreviation expansion. o Wivik is available in 22 languages. o A free demo can be downloaded from their website • Click-n-Type o This is a free onscreen keyboard for Windows 95(or more recent versions). o It is customizable and provides foreign language support. • Virtual On-Screen Keyboard by MiloSoft o A free onscreen keyboard for Windows • Reach Interface Author o A customizable onscreen keyboard for Windows o Provides macro support o A free demo can be downloaded from the website. • Onscreen Keyboard o A simple open source onscreen keyboard for Windows NT. o Designed particularly with pen-based computing in mind o Extremely minimalist in terms of features • Grid o A customizable onscreen keyboard o Provides predictive typing o Provides smart menu scanning for faster program access • ERICA Keyboards o Allows you to type messages and enter text into any program running on your computer

Macintosh Solutions

• Discover: Envoy for Mac o Fully customizable onscreen keyboard with audio feedback o Supports switch access as well as a variety of specialized hardware. • Keystrokes 2 (Mac OS 7.1 to OS 9.2) and Keystrokes 3 (Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X) o Support customization, word prediction and multiple languages • SwitchXS (Mac OSX 10.2 or 10.3) o Offers full mouse and keyboard emulation where user can move the cursor, click, and type into all standard Mac applications. o Advanced control over features such as audio-cueing, speech- cueing, key repeat, scanning speed and cycling, mouse speed and movement o Works with any HID compliant USB gamepad, joystick, keyboard and also USB switch interfaces • Virtual Keyboard (Mac OS X)

40 o Offers point-and-click typing using pointing devices such as head pointer, mouse,trackball, etc

Unix/Linux Solutions

• GOK The GOK (GNOME On-screen Keyboard) project is an open source software development project designed to create advanced alternative input solutions for the linux/unix environment.

Resources

• A Comparative Overview of On-screen Keyboards o A very useful chart detailing exactly which features are provided by which on-screen keyboards • Introducing On-Screen Keyboards Optical Character Recognition / Reading Software

Optical character recognition (OCR) is the process of converting an image of text, such as a scanned paper document or electronic fax file, into computer-editable text.

Optical character recognition (OCR) is the process of converting an image of text, such as a scanned paper document or electronic fax file, into computer-editable text. The text in an image is not editable: the letters are made of tiny dots (pixels) that together form a picture of text. During OCR, the software analyzes an image and converts the pictures of the characters to editable text based on the patterns of the pixels in the image. After OCR, you can export the converted text and use it with a variety of word- processing, page layout and spreadsheet applications. OCR also enables screen readers and refreshable braille displays to read the text contained in images.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for an optical character recognition device

• Is it compatible with your computer's platform? • Do you require screen reading capabilities in addition to the OCR? • Do you require a handheld pen scanner, as opposed to a flatbed scanner? • Do you require Braille output?

41 Products:

This list of products is for reference purposes only and does not reflect endorsement by the ATRC.

Traditional OCR equipment

• Kurzweil 1000 is an advanced reading tool for people who are blind and are visually impaired, which works on a PC in conjunction with a flatbed scanner. Kurzweil 3000 provides both auditory and visual presentation of scanned text and images. • WYNN and Open book are two OCR programs that include text to speech speech engines available from FreedomScientific • OCR Shop is an OCR, Imaging Software, package by Vividata for Linux Operating Systems and UNIX. They also have a version for SunOS. • Ocrad is an open source OCR engine that works with the scanning program Kooka and KDE (which also work with the OCR engines GOCR and KADMOS ) - for GNU/Linux Operating Systems and UNIX. TextBride Pro 11 is OCR software produced by Nuance. Nuance also produces OmniPage ProX for Macintosh. • Premier Assistive Technology offers various OCR software packages as well as other assistive software including Universal Reader Plus and Scan Read Pro. • Typereader is an OCR package by Expervision. Perhaps one of the most exciting things about this package is that they offer a completely free on-line version called WebOCR. • VIP and ezVIP are OCR packages that include text to speech speech engines available from JBliss Imaging Systems, Inc. that read scanned documents and allow you to adjust their font attributes. • ABBYY FineReader 8.0 Professional Edition is an OCR and PDF File Conversion software that is produced by and available from ABBYY - for Windows. • Readiris Pro 11 is OCR software with Windows and Macintosh ( Mac version ), produced by I.R.I.S.

Non-Roman Language OCR equipment

• Presto! DanChing , produced and offered from NewSoft performs OCR on Chinese, Japanese and Roman characters - for Windows XP or 2000. • ABBYY Finereader OCR XIX performs OCR on Fraktur and Old European Script, produced and available from ABBYY.

Commercial OCR equipment

• PrimeOCR is a more expensive OCR software with better accuracy for large volumes of text, produced and available from Prime Recognition. • ABBYY Finereader 8.0 Corporate Edition is OCR software designed specifically for businesses. A version for very large corporations, the Site License Edition is also available - from ABBY for Windows.

42 • OmniPage Pro 15 is commercial OCR software from Nuance, which is accessible using screen magnifying and screen reading software.

Alternative Scanning Devices

• Optical Braille Recognition (OBR) software enables the user to scan text and output (print) the text to braille - for windows based systems. • The C Pen from C Technologies is a handheld scanner pen that scans text line by line and has the ability to perform OCR functions - for windows based systems. • Reading Pen and Quicktionary which include text to speech speech engines, (QuickLink Pen Elite can scan English, German, Swedish, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, French) and InfoScan which has a larger storage capacity, are handheld scanner pens available from Wizcom Technologies - for windows-based systems.

Tutorials

A series of tutorials is available for Kurzweil 3000. eText Resources

• Project Gutenberg over 13,000 eBooks available to download and read for free. • The Online Books Page • The Etext Archives eTexts including fiction, poetry, politics, and Religion. • University of Virginia Library Scholars' Lab A compilation of various online eText resources in thirteen languages

43 Refreshable Braille Display

Refreshable Braille Displays are electronic devices that are used to read text that a computer sends to the monitor. The device is connected to the computer by a serial cable and produces Braille output on the Braille display. Refreshable Braille displays only read one line of text at a time.

Refreshable Braille Displays are electronic devices that are used to read text that a computer sends to the monitor. The device is connected to the computer by a serial cable and produces Braille output on the Braille display. Refreshable Braille displays only read one line of text at a time. These displays generally include directional keys which allow the user to navigate through a document. Larger displays (80 cells) also include a cursor routing function. Each cell contains eight small pins, allowing eight dot computer Braille rather than the six dot Braille we are used to seeing. Some portable note takers that have refreshable Braille can also be used as a refreshable Braille display for a PC computer.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a refreshable Braille display

• Is it compatible with your computer's platform? • How many Braille cells are active on the display? • Does it have its own power source? • Does it have extra keys that can be programmed with additional commands?

Refreshable Braille Displays

These products are true refreshable Braille displays. They connect to your computer and generally sit under a regular keyboard with the Braille cells nearest to you, along the front of the keyboard.

• From Freedom Scientific Blind/Low Vision Group o PowerBraille displays : PowerBraille 40, PowerBraille 65 and the PowerBraille 8 o The numbers after the product name indicate the number of Braille cells active; 80 cells would give the computer user one line of information on the computer screen - 40 and 65 would give partial lines [but the information wraps so you do eventually have access to all of it] • Braille Windows Display from Freedom of Speech inc. o Powerful tool with either an 85 cell desktop model or a 45 cell portable model o for use with Windows 95 or 3.x

44 • Braille Voyager comes in two versions Voyageur 44 and Voyageur 70 (longer life) - has its own power, can be used independent of a screen reader, uses logical Braille keys, new Tieman Braille Cell Technology • ALVA Delphi Braille Terminals - there are two models available the first with 43 braille cells (Version 440) and the second with 85 (Version 480) braille cells. Both versions have eight-dot Braille cells. • ALVA Satellite Series - the battery operated model (ALVA Satellite 544) has 44 Braille cells • Handy Tech with web pages in German or English have the following Braille displays: o The Modular System - available in configurations for 85, 44 or 24 Braille cells and offers a unique and flexible approach to Braille displays o Braille Star 40 - specially designed to be used with a laptop computer, to operate the Reading Keys you do not have to move your hands from the display o Braille Wave - slim line Braille display with built-in note taker, weighs only 35 oz. • From F.H. Papenmeier GmbH & Co., Schwerte, Germany o Braillex EL2D 80 - 80 cell Braille and 20 cell vertical display [providing feedback on your cursor, page breaks, etc], wide variety of OS use - DosDOTS Screen reader for DOS (optional for Windows 95/98, Windows NT, Linux, and OS/2), has either serial port or USB connection o Braillex EL 80 - 80 cells plus 2 status cells, serial port connection [not USB] - DosDOTS Screen reader for DOS (optional for Windows 95/98, Windows NT, Linux, and OS/2) o Other models include the Braillex EL 66, Braillex EL 40

45 Screen Magnifiers

Screen magnification software enlarges the information on the screen by pre-determined incremental factor. Magnification programs run simultaneously and seamlessly with the computer's operating system and applications.

Screen magnification software is used by people with visual disabilities to access information on a computers screen. The software enlarges the information on the screen by pre-determined incremental factor [for example, 1x magnification, 2x magnification, 3x magnification, etc,]. Magnification programs run simultaneously and seamlessly with the computer's operating system and applications. Most screen magnification software has the flexibility to magnify the full screen, parts of the screen or provide a magnifying glass view of the area around the cursor or pointer. These programs also often allow for inverted colours, enhanced pointer viewing and tracking options.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for screen magnification software

• Is it compatible with your computer's platform? • Does it include cursor enhancements? • What is its maximum magnification? • Does it include screen reading software? • Is it compatible with your printer - can you print enlarged material? • Does it allow for inverted colours?

Screen Magnification Software - Windows 95/98/ME and Windows NT/2000

Although screen magnification products now include "screen readers" if you are using the magnification software on 6x magnification on any size monitor, it is generally recommended that you should be looking at moving to a full screen reader. You can use full screen readers in combination with your magnification software. Be sure you look at both options when purchasing screen magnification software.

• Ai Squared screen magnification software o Big Shot Magnifier - software specifically designed to help with eye strain, can magnify in fractions of magnification [for example, 1.5x times] o ZoomText 9.0 - magnifies text up to 32x, reads most electronic text aloud, and provides cursor and mouse enhancements.

46 o ZoomText Large Print Keyboard - in addition to providing high contrast letters, the keyboard features 16 buttons dedicated to access features of the ZoomText software. • Dolphin Computing Systems o Lunar Screen Magnifier and Lunar Plus Enhanced Screen Enlarger software - includes speech output, usable with a wide variety of Windows applications, magnification up to 32x o SuperNova - combines speech output, screen magnification and Braille support in one product, magnifies up to 32x • Freedom Scientific Blind/Low Vision Group offers: o MAGic - MAGic 8.x adds screen reading to the existing magnification, although it is not JAWS [their screen reading product]. MAGic also has option for inverted colour and cursor enhancements - it does not use a DocReader like ZoomText does for screen reading documents • Galileo for NT by BAUM [European company, prices in Euro Dollars] • o company also has the VISIO PC integrated CCTV and flatscreen tool for people with visual disabilities • ION Systems, Inc o WebEyes - Enlarge or decrease the font size (4 - 144 pt) in Internet Explorer and choose the "Read Like a Book" option to eliminate scrolling • Reader's Pal o Simple, free, easy to use software which displays text files and web pages in magnified fonts and high contrast colors. o Also supports Text-to-Speech Capabilites. • Magnifying Glass Pro o An inexpensive screen magnification program with various magnification modes. o Uses a magnifying lens view that magnifies text and graphics on your computer monitor, attached television screen, or projected onto a larger media during a presentation (e.g., using an application such as PowerPoint).

Screen Magnification Software - Macintosh

• Built in Mac OS Zoom features - accessed through the Universal Access feature • VisioVoice o VisionVoice manufactured by Assistiveware, adds multilingual support to Apple's excellent VoiceOver screen reader technology for a number of languages, as well as providing several other speech and vision related features to enhance access to Mac OS X.

Screen Enhancement Software

• Biggy Light in both Macintosh and Windows versions, magnifies cursors and hard to see items such as iBeams to 32x32 or even

47 32x36 times, more information can be found at the R J Cooper web site

Resources

• The Screen Magnifiers homepage -Reviews of various screen magnification and speech synthesis software

48 Screen Readers and Talking Browsers

Screen readers are used to replace the visual display traditionally viewed on a monitor for those with visual disabilities. Hardware and software produce synthesized voice output for text displayed on the computer screen, as well as for keystrokes entered on the keyboard.

A Screen Reader is the commonly used name for Voice Output Technology used by individuals unable to read the standard text displayed on screen. Screen readers produce synthesized speech output for text displayed on the computer screen, as well as for keystrokes entered on the keyboard. Talking browsers, such as IBM's Home Page Reader, use the same technology as screen reading software, but the reading functions are limited to Internet use.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a screen reader or talking browser

• Is it compatible with your computer's platform? • Which file formats can it read? • Can it output to a refreshable Braille display? • Can the size of the reading chunks be varied? • For talking browsers, does it allow telephone-based web access?

This list of products is for reference purposes only and does not reflect endorsement by the ATRC.

Screen Readers

Free OS Enhancements

• Dr. Charles (Chuck) Hallenbeck: Information on Screen Readers and Software for DOS and Linux • Narrator for Windows XP & Voice Over for Mac OS X are software features included in their Operating Systems, respectively. Please note that neither offer the functionality of a commercial screen reading program. • Simply Web 2000 by EconoNet International Speech Series - a free talking web browser • WINKLiNE for Windows from Speech Systems for the Blind

Windows

49 • HAL by Dolphin Systems • Window-Eyes o From GW Micro, Inc. Fort Wayne, Il • JAWS for Windows o Windows screen reader with multiple synthesizer support o From Freedom Scientific Blind/Low Vision Group • Lookout by Choice Technology (UK) Ltd. • Browsealoud from Texthelp - supports: Dutch, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian) and works with HTML/Alt Tags/Java/Flash/PDF for Windows and Mac • OutSpoken for Windows, brailleOUT for Windows, Key Note Gold Speech Synthesizer from ALVA Access Group Inc. • VIRGO4 for Windows o From BAUM Products, Wiesenbach, Germany o Will be replaced in 2007 by Cobra for Windows Vista • Brookestalk Developed by Oxford Brookes University, focuses on facilitating intelligent web-searching - free download • WinVision o Screen Reader for Windows & DOS o From Artic Technologies, Troy, MI

Macintosh

• VoiceOver from Apple o Will be integrated into OS X with the release of Mac OS X v 10.4 Tiger • Browsealoud from Texthelp - supports: Dutch, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian) and works with HTML/Alt Tags/Java/Flash/PDF • OutSpoken for Macintosh from ALVA Access Group Inc. o works with OS 9 and below. o ALVA discontinued supporting Outspoken for OS X and above

Talking Browsers

• Home Page Reader from IBM o This accessible web browser offers spoken internet/web access for blind and visually impaired users, and is compatible with other screen readers.

50 Speech Synthesizer

An external speech synthesizer is a hardware device used for speech output. Typically, they are used with screen readers or OCR/scanning software [Optical Character Recognition] programs for people who are blind or visually disabled.

An external speech synthesizer is a hardware device used for speech output. Typically, they are used with screen readers or OCR/scanning software [Optical Character Recognition] programs for people who are blind or visually disabled. External speech synthesizers were used exclusively before the advent of sound cards in computers. Now, with multi-channel sound cards people who use screen readers or other speech output software can have both the "voice" of the computer and the system sounds audible at the same time. Some people who require the system sounds, or who prefer to leave their sound cards to perform other functions may want to use an external speech synthesizer instead of the internal sound card. For example, if they want to listen to a CD, watch a DVD, or do some audio/video conferencing, they might want to leave the sound card channels free to do so. An external speech synthesizer may also be a critical piece of equipment for people who are also composing music or using audio editing programs. There are also "software speech synthesizers."

Hardware Synthesizers

• from Artic Technologies International Inc. email: [email protected] o Sqwerty - combines speech synthesizer and keyboard in one device o Artic also makes the TransPort, a classic speech synthesizer; the Ergo Braille [2 products in one tiny package: a synthesizer and a grade 2 Braille note-taker]; Braille Desk [2 products in one package: a synthesizer and an advanced grade 2 Braille note-taker - it is slightly larger than the Ergo Braille]; TransType 2000 [again, 2 products in one, a speech synthesizer and a note taker]; • Double Talk LT o External connection to your computer, and it works well with Macs, PCs, or laptops. o From RC Systems • The following are other hardware synthesizers for which there are no manufacturer web pages - ask your vendor about using them with your system o Accent PC o Apollo 2 o Artic 215

51 o Audapter o Braille 'n Speak o DECtalk Express o DECtalk PC/Express o Infovox o Keynote Hardware/SSIL o Reading Edge o Multi Voice

Software Synthesizers

• Elan Text to Speech Technology has a variety of text to speech products: o Speech Cube for use in Windows NT, Unix SCO, Unix Solaris, Linux o Proverbe Speech Platform is a multilingual text to speech system and is often used by people using screen readers who also need access to multilingual documents [used as a speech syntheisizer] o Proverbe Speech Unit "forms a link between your information technology system and the telephone networks" [from the web page] o Dial and Play is designed to "liberate you from your PC in terms of e-mail access" [paraphrased from web site] o E-language tools "bring meaning and emotion to the spoken word" [from the web site] o Elan also has multimedia tools in the form of the Speech Engine SDK-DLL version, Speech Engine SAPI and Speech Engine for use on OS/2 - all of which are multilingual • o DECAccess 32 (latest update DECAccess 32 update) is an internal/software synthesizer that can be used with the PC sound cards. • The following are other software synthesizers for which there are no manufacturer web pages - ask your vendor about using them with your system o Eloquence for JFW - comes with JAWS for Windows o Accent SA o Doubletalk PC o FlexTalk Software o Keynote Multi Media Software o Microsoft Text-to-Speech Engine o ext Assist/Sound Blaster o Sounding Board o Tripple Talk PCI

52 Switches

Switches are a common solution for users with mobility disabilities who need to use computers or other electronic devices, but have difficulty with the physical interface.

Switches are a common solution for users with mobility disabilities who need to use computers or other electronic devices, but have difficulty with the physical interface. To allow easier manipulation than a standard keyboard or joystick, a specially-designed switch may be composed of a single button, merely a few buttons, a sensory plate, or another of the whole host of adaptive switches available; it may also be touch-free, relying instead on motion sensors, brain activation, or a sip and puff mechanism. Aside from simplifying input devices, switches can also be used as developmental aids, teaching children (or adults) how to interact with their external environment.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for switches

• What is the switch modality? (one-touch, variable pressure, hands- free, etc) • What is its power source? • Is it compatible with your computer's platform? • Does it come with a mount? • Is it compatible with the software you'll be using? If not, are there plug-ins available that will ensure it is?

Switches and their manufacturers

• Tash Inc. makes a wide variety of switches, which can be ordered through their online catalog. Not only do they produce switches of different sensitivity and trigger-type, but they also sell mounting devices and other accessories, like a switch that can be used to turn on toys, among other things. • AbleNet Inc. specializes in adaptive technology for the classroom, and carries switches, environmental control systems, switch-adapted toys and more. Visit their Switches and Accessories catalog for more information. • GPK Inc. manufactures products for users with quadriplegia, including the QuadTrac, a two-piece, trackball-switch combination for quadriplegics with some upper body movement but no movement in their hands or fingers.

53 • Zygo Industries has a wide variety of switches and switch kits, as well as mounting trays and mounting systems ranging from light to heavy duty. • Crestwood Communication Aids, Inc. produces a variety of switches in different modalities, including the Control Center Switch, which can control three items at once, the Converter Switch, and various switch accessories. • The Adaptivation Incorporated website includes online instruction manuals for each of their products, which include flexible switches, switch skins, vibration switches and more. An interesting feature of their website is their Application Photo Album, (click on the product catalogue link), showcasing many different applications of the technology provided. • Words+ manufactures a variety of switches (including the Eyebrow Switch and the Microswitch), found on their Input/Speech Devices page; also, they produce the Infrared/Sound/Touch Switch, which is operated by "virtually any kind of body motion."

Accessories

• Enabling Devices , a division of Toys for Special Children, Inc., is "dedicated to providing affordable learning and assistive devices for the physically challenged." They design switch-adapted plush toys and switches specifically designed for children, among many other things, including switch mounting accessories, switches that aid development, and biofeedback devices. • Crestwood's Adapted Toys include a variety of modalities; a toy may act as a switch itself, activated by a tap on the head, or a separate switch can be used to control the toy.

54 Talking Browsers and Email software

Talking browsers and email software converts text from a document like a web page or an email message into audible speech. This software is ideal for people who have visual, cognitive, or physical impairments that need assistance with reading the content of their web pages and/or email. Text to Speech

Text-to-Speech software is used to convert words from a computer document (e.g. word processor document, web page) into audible speech spoken through the computer speaker.

Text-to-Speech software is used to convert words from a computer document (e.g. word processor document, web page) into audible speech spoken through the computer speaker. This software would be helpful to people who need or want aural verification of what they are seeing in print. Text-to-speech technology can be integrated with OCR systems. Text to Speech software is different from Screen Reading technology in that it does not read any system information (such as file structure or alt boxes) Note that with software that produces a "sound" or voice output, you also need a PC compatible sound card [which usually comes with Pentium based computers]

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for text-to-speech software

• Is it compatible with your computer's platform? • Can it save to .wav or .mp3 formats for later listening? • What file formats does it support? • Is it Internet-compatible? • Can it scan from a printed page (optical character recognition)? • Does it have multi-language support? • Can the reading voice be adjusted and/or trained?

Windows Based Software

• WordTalk is a free plug-in developed for use with all versions of Microsoft Word (from Word 97 upwards), which can help people with reading difficulties use Microsoft Word more effectively. It will speak

55 the text of the document and will highlight it as it goes. It contains a talking dictionary to help decide which word spelling is most appropriate. It sits neatly in your toolbar and is highly configurable, allowing you to adjust the highlight colours, the voice and the speed of the speech. • ReadPlease 2003 is a free text to speech package for Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP. o The ATRC has a tutorial on Downloading and Installing ReadPlease 2003 available. link: tutorial o There is also a version for the web called ReadingBar 2 • Sayz Me is a free text-to-speech reader for Windows. Text is typed in or copied from the clipboard and then read aloud. Words are highlighted as they are spoken. • TextAloud MP3 converts any text into spoken words and MP3 files o Files may be listened to immediately, or save to .wav or MP3 files to hear later at your convenience o TextAloud can be tried for 15 days free by downloading a fully functional demo at the Next Up Technology Home Page • NaturalReader is a Text to Speech software with natural sounding voices. This easy to use software can convert any written text such as MS Word, Webpage, PDF files, and Emails into spoken words. NaturalReader can also convert any written text into audio files such as MP3 or WAV for your CD player or iPod. • Acapela Group has a variety of text to speech products: • o BrightSpeech TTS - part of Acapela's "High Quality text to speech" line o Elan Sayso TTS - part of Acapela's "High Quality text to speech" line o Babil TTS - part of Acapela's "High Density text to speech" line o Elan Tempo TTS - part of Acapela's "High Density text to speech" line • Text-To-Speech Systems by Lucent Technologies is available in the following Languages- English(American) , German , Chinese(Mandarin) , Spanish , French and Italian • Clip&Talk for Windows 3.1x/95/98/NT, Windows compatible sound card o Add speech capability to Windows applications. Designed to work with any application that can put text on the 'clipboard'. o Free downloadable trial version which reads up to 600 words • WinSpeech for Windows 3.1x) / 3.0N (for Windows 95/98/NT) is also available from PC WholeWare. o Will read in text files and convert each word to a phonetic equivalent for more natural sounding speech. o Supports DDE so that other Windows applications can send text to it for reading. Expandable dictionary. o Free downloadable trial version. • "Help Read" from The Hawaii Education Literacy Project o Will automatically read clipboard text or .txt documents. o Supports both English and Hawaiian Language. o The ATRC has a tutorial on Downloading and Installing "HELP Read" available. link: tutorial. • TextHelp Systems Inc. •

56 o Read&Write Series o Read&Write Standard - includes speech feedback, phonetic spell checking, word prediction & homophone support, customizable 'floating' toolbar, study skills, teacher toolkit and Daisy Reader Application. o Read&Write GOLD - all the features of Standard plus an intergrated toolbar and some other features - supports Windows Vista o Read&Write GOLD Mobile - Gold Edition on a portable smart drive that allows you to use Read&Write GOLD on any computer without installation - for Windows 2000/XP o Read&Write GOLD Deluxe - Gold Edition plus two features for teachers and staff: Testmaker and PDF Accessibility Editor. o Read&Write Product Comparsion Matrix o Lexiflow - publishing tool for generating Flash pages from PDF Files (multiple languages) - for Windows and Mac • AT&T Text-to-Speech web site. o A demo of text-to-speech o Definition and vision of text-to-speech application • TextSound 1.0 by ByteCool Software o Converts text files to wav format o Handles batch conversions o Recognizes voices from a number of other text to speech software packages o Free trial download available from web site • "AspireREADER 4.0 " - enhanced version of the Cast E-Reader 3.0 from Cast • DECtalk for Linux *move link to Linux Accessibility page in Technical Glossary

Macintosh Based Software

• Read&Write GOLD for Mac : includes speech feedback, phonetic spell check, word prediction & homophone support, study skills tool, Safari (Web) Reader and Daisy Reader Application. • Proloquo 1.1 from AssistiveWare - multi-lingual text-to-speech software, with a wide variety of voices and languages • Plaintalk 1.5.4 shareware, (download page @ tucows.com), also see the Apple page for Plaintalk • Mary Text-to-Speech System is an open source text-to-speech software that includes English and Tibetan • Lexiflow - publishing tool for generating Flash pages from PDF Files (multiple languages) - for Windows and Mac

Stand Alone Text to Speech Tools

• QuickLink-Pen and QuickLink-Pen Elite by WizCom Technologies USA o This "reading pen" is a portable pen shaped device that can scan a word and read it to the user o The Quick Link scans English, German, Swedish, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and French • DECtalk 5.0 text-to-speech synthesizers from Fonix Speech

57 • DECtalk 5.0 is a multi-lunguli text-to speech technology- for Windows, Linux, Solaris and some "no OS" implementations. • DECtalk 4.6.4 - the "classic DECtalk" re-released with improved text- to-speech and comptability with additional operating systems.

Resources

• Dyslexic.com has a good reference page for books and software tools that you might find helful • The LD Resources website is a repository of resources for people with learning disabilities. A recent site overhaul has significantly added to the resources and organization of the content. • Bell Labs Text-to-Speech site. o Allows you to enter text online and explore text-to-speech. o links to some of the other text to speech and voice recognition products at Bell labs.

58 Voice Output Communication Aids

Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCA) / Speech Generating Devices (SGD) are electronic devices that are able to generate printed and/or spoken text. They aid individuals who are unable to use natural speech to meet all of their communication needs.

Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCA)/ Speech Generating Devices (SGD) are electronic devices that are able to generate printed and/or spoken text. VOCA aid individuals who are unable to use natural speech to meet all of their communication needs. There are many different products available. Some products are dedicated for communication purposes only while others are software programs in lap-top computer systems. Some have additional features built in such as appointment schedules and reminders, simple environmental control units, alternative access methods, dual displays, and abbreviation expansion programs.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for a Voice Output Communication Aid

• Is it a piece of software or separate hardware? • Is the communication aid used via direct (touching with a body part) or indirect selection (a joystick, for instance)? • Does it offer both text and symbols, for the benefit of those who can't read? • Does it have a dynamic or a static display? • Can it be used for both simple and complex use? • Does it provide feedback (whether it be tactile, visual or auditory)?

Communication Aids

• Prentke Romich International has a number of augmentative communication products including: o ChatBox and ChatBox DX are products designed as a communication tool with the DX model adding features for people who have visual disabilities or motor skill issues o Pathfinder Plus Comes set up with vocabulary, pictures and sounds • Zygo Industries o Optimist II - [from their web page] "direct selection on an 8.4 inch screen or scanning using the dynamic display, light weight, and its audio amplifier/speaker module provides exceptionally loud, clear output"

59 o Polyana - [from their web site] "pocket Windows CE device, small and lightweight, are instant-on, the unit is always in standby, have long battery life on each charge and are relatively inexpensive., modified for AAC use" • Words + o Makers of TuffTalker - "Finger touch screen, rugged magnesium case, shock-mounted hard drive, spill-resistant LCD" [from their web pae] o Freedom 2000 ToughBook - [from their web page] "Now with a Pentium III 500MHz Processor, a 10GB hard drive, magnesium- alloy protected LCD display, shock-mounted components, 3- Year Warranty, multiple-access modes, E Z Keys and Talking Screen, Windows Operating System o Also a Freedom 2000 Extreme machine or a Freedom 2000 Lite version available • Intellitools o IntelliKeys, "the keyboard with the changing face", IntelliTalk II (text-to-speech software), IntelliPics (interactive creativity tool for teachers, parents or students), Overlay Maker for use with IntelliKeys, (solutions for switch users), or Intellitools Math are just some of the products • Mayer-Johnson Company o MagicTouch Screens - mounts on your computer monitor to give you touch access to functions on the screen [ie: moving objects] - the Kidmark version of this is more durable for those who tend to hit rather than touch • Adaptivation Has a communication catalog page which includes: o Chipper - [from their web site] "Play pre-recorded messages with a touch of the Chipper's surface or connect an external switch, message length of 20 seconds, relay/switch output capabilities for cause effect skill building, external switch jack and adjustable volume, the Chipper comes with a black base and is available in five colors-red, yellow, green, blue, and purple, threaded base (large triangle pattern) makes the Chipper extremely easy to mount to Adaptivation's Magic Arm or other mounting systems o Sequencer - [from their web page] "This device will allow the user to have a series of messages. You can record as many phrases as needed up to 60 second maximum. Pressing the switch once causes message 1 to play. Pressing it again activates message 2, then 3, and so on. This allows individuals to carry on a conversation with a single switch. It also works well for reading a story, conducting a class report, or participating in a school play,. o VoicePal 8 , 8k and VoicePal Levels - lightweight, customizable personal communication aid, both can adapt to the growing skills of the user • Able Net, Inc o Has a communication catalog page which includes the BigMack, Quick Start Communicator, Talk Trac, and SpeakEasy Communicator • Dynavox Technologies o Dynavox and its' sister company Mayer-Johnson offer a broad range of communication aid solutions.

60 • The Great Talking Box Company

Manufacturers affordable dedicated hardware and software based communication aids as well as accessories and mounting systems.

Hand-Held Communication Aids

• Words +, Inc. o MessageMate - [from their web page] "Easy to use, available with a variety of Levels and recording times, durable construction, long-lasting battery, keyboard or switch operation, scanning capability, simple to record o Accessories include: keyguards, carrying case, Mayer-Johnson PCS stickers, Imaginart Pick N' Stick stickers, or an extra AC adaptor o QuickPage - [from their web page] "ready-made communication displays in a convenient, easy-to-use software program., provides customized communication displays, organizes language, builds phrases quickly, helps develop literacy skills, encourages social interaction" • Mayer-Johnson Company o Hand-Held Voice - [from their web page]" Custom communication boards are dynamically linked., recorded speech with good volume, Base unit has 8 minutes of recording - 24 expansion card, rugged, lightweight and compact (1.5 lbs - .68 kg), touchscreen-only a light touch required, monochrome LCD provides excellent clarity, runs for weeks on AA batteries" • Crestwood Communication Aids offers Talking Pictures and Crespeaker (which Crestwood no longer directly sells) but is still available. • Saltillo o ChatPC - [from their web site] "ChatPC combines the latest in electronic technology with ease of use and powerful language capabilities. Built upon a new Casio EM-500 PocketPC computer, ChatPC offers a brilliant, color dynamic display along with both synthesized and digitized speech output. ChatPC is the product of a collaborative effort between Saltillo Corporation and Enkidu Research, Inc. " o ChatBox - [from their web site] "ChatBox and ChatBox-DX, voice output communication devices, combine the use of meaningful pictorial images with the latest technology to enable people who cannot speak to communicate easily and quickly with their families, friends and others. The newly enhanced ChatBox is designed for use by any individual who experiences cognitive and language limitations, brain disorders, cerebral palsy or conditions that result in temporary loss of speech. The addition of a deluxe model, ChatBox-DX, opens up a world of capabilities to individuals with visual difficulty or very poor motor skills." o VocaFlex - [from their web site] "With an hour of recorded speech capacity, 51 overlays can be stored into VocaFlex at once. The overlays have bar-codes that are read by VocaFlex.

61 When a different overlay is placed on the device, the VocaFlex automatically changes the keyboard configuration and vocabulary to match the overlay." o Other communication aids on the Saltillo site

Resources

• AAC Terminology - by the Barkley Augmentative and Alternative Communication Center • AAC Glossary - from Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Second Edition, by David R. Beukelman, Ph.D., and Pat Mirenda, Ph.D. • AAC Resources - includes organizations and manufacturer information • The ACE Centre [Aiding Communication in Education - North] - serving North England, North Ireland and North Wales, e-mail: [email protected] o More specifically, the ACE Centre's VOCA information page will help you select and order a VOCA.

62 Voice Recognition

Voice Recognition allows a user to use his/her voice as an input device. Voice recognition may be used to dictate text into the computer or to give commands to the computer (such as opening application programs, pulling down menus, or saving work).

Voice Recognition allows a user to use his/her voice as an input device. Voice recognition may be used to dictate text into the computer or to give commands to the computer (such as opening application programs, pulling down menus, or saving work). Older voice recognition applications require each word to be separated by a distinct space. This allows the software to determine where one word begins and the next stops. This style of dictation is called discrete speech. Many people (especially those with learning disabilities) prefer these systems to the newer continuous speech. Continuous speech voice recognition applications allow a user to dictate text fluently into the computer. These new applications can recognise speech at up to 160 words per minute. While these systems do give the user system control they are not yet hands-free. Voice recognition uses a neural net to "learn" to recognize your voice. As you speak, the voice recognition software remembers the way you say each word. This customization allows voice recognition, even though everyone speaks with varying accents and inflection. In addition to learning how you pronounce words, voice recognition also uses grammatical context and frequency of use to predict the word you wish to input. These powerful statistical tools allow the software to cut down the massive language data base before you even speak the next word. While the accuracy of voice recognition has improved over the past few years some users still experience problems with accuracy either because of the way they speak or the nature of their voice.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for voice recognition software

• Is it compatible with your computer's platform? • What is the learning curve of the software? • Does it integrate with existing word processing software? • Does it ship with its own microphone? • Does it have macro compatibility (that is, can you program simple commands that can be used to execute more complicated series of operations)? • How fast is it? • Do you need a remote model?

63 • Will you need a USB microphone (since it comes with its own sound card)?

Voice Recognition for Windows

• Dragon NaturallySpeaking 9 (DNS) produced by Nuance is available in two versions: Personal and Home - Preferred and Standard Editions and Business and Professional - Professional, Legal and Medical Editions. DNS 9 is also offered in a SDK Edition for Windows developers and systems integrators. A product feature comparison matrix of the Professional, Prefered and Standard editions. DNS is available in Language Versions ('other then U.S. and Canadian)', including Australian English, Asian English, Indian English, UK English, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese and Spanish. • Specialized Medical Language Model for DragonNaturally Speaking from Trigram • IBM Via Voice from Nuance - available in three different editions: Pro USB Advanced, Standard, Advanced and Personal. • Metroplex Voice Computing, Inc (MVC) has developed hands/mouse free programs which utilize Dragon Systems speech recognition engines to dictate math.

Voice Recgonition for Macintosh

• IBM ViaVoice from Nuance - available in two different editions: Mac OSX and Simply Dictation • MacSpeech has a line of speech recognition products (which enable the user to control the operating system) called Dictate . • MAC OS X Leopard comes with Apple Speech Recognition , which allows the user to control their operating system. OS X Leopard also comes with VoiceOver, part of the 'universal access' within the Mac operating system, a screen reader that describes onscreen activity and a speech control feature for the keyboard. • For interest or reference: The MAC OS X Accessibility page has a complete list of OS X Accessibility features.

Commercial Speech Recognition Software (Speaker Independent Voice Recgonition) • Automatic Speech Recgonition from Loquendo • icommunicator Voice Recgonition Software from ICommunicator

• Fonix offers two speech regonition interfaces for developers. VoiceIn 4.0.1 Standard Edition (available in a number of different Roman based languages) and VoiceIn Game Edition , a voice command interface for XBox, PS2 and Mac and PC platforms.

Digital Voice Recording Products

These products allow a user to dictate text which can be translated at a later date by a voice recognition system.

• Olympus digital voice recorders

64 • A list of iListen compatible digital recorders, with links to instruction pages on how to use them. • An overview of some of the current voice recorders used with Voice Recgonition is available from Nuance - you can also read a review of some digital recorders at voicerecgonition.com and select the recorders you want to compare in a feature comparison matrix • Voice It Products - These products are designed to work with Dragon systems Naturally Speaking.

Microphones

• Parrot TalkPro Microphone Headset - this microphone usually ships with Dragon NaturallySpeaking. There is also a soundcard translator version. • Andrea microphones - this product usually ships with IBM ViaVoice • Telex Microphones for Speech Recognition • Plantronics Computer Headsets for use with Voice Recognition software - both USB and analogue products

Adaptive Technology Interface

• Next Generation Technologies o J-say Pro is a product which addresses the needs of visually impaired people who are unable to use the keyboard, or who want to take advantage of the additional functionality provided by the product.

VoiceXML

VoiceXML is to be the standard with which voice applications are developed on the Internet. It will be created by combining several mark up languages that already exist, which are based on the XML standard.

• JSML (Java Speech Markup Language) by SUN Microsystems • Draft: Accessibility Features of Synchronized Multimedia Language [SMIL] and Checkpoints for SMIL • VoXML at Oasis • Audiomining from Nuance uses the DNS speech regonition to create XML speech index data for audio files which enables you to search and locate key words and phrases in audio files.

Online Resources

• "Say I Can" - online voice recognition book free of charge from this Berkley California publisher • The NatSpeak InfoPages by Joel Gould contains a wealth of information about Dragon NaturallySpeaking, much of which you will find nowhere else. (Please note: users using screen readers will have difficulty using this site) • Computing Out Loud is a site intended to help people using speech recognition software. • The Voice Users mailing list discusses the use of voice recognition. One can also view the list archive.

65 • Speaking to Write - This project is sur-titled "Recognizing the Potential of Speech Recognition for Secondary Students with Disabilities," and the resources found on this site are quite useful, although the website is no longer updated. o The Speaking to Write list-serv, on the other hand, is still quite active. • Typing Injury FAQ Speech Recognition page • Subvocal Speech Recgonition is being developed by NASA

66 Word Prediction

Word prediction technology is used to assist with text entry. These software packages predict the word you are typing and the next word based on word frequency and context.

Word prediction technology is used to assist with text entry. These software packages predict the word you are typing and the next word based on word frequency and context. They may also include features such as spell checking as you type, speech synthesis, and hotkey's for frequently used words. Word prediction is particularly useful for slow typists, probe or pen users, and people with minor visual impairments or dyslexia.

Points to ponder - Questions to consider when shopping for word prediction software

• Does it learn new words automatically? • Is the word choice arrangement in alphabetical order or statistically weighted? • Does it predict both words and phrases? • Does it predict by grammar and usage? • Does it automatically capitalize the first word in the sentence? • Can dictionary entries be altered? • Does it speak finished text?

Windows

• Applied Human Factors' "SoothSayer Word Prediction" for Windows 95/98, Windows 2000, and Windows NT • Help U Type o Stand alone word prediction software for Windows 3.1 o From World Communications, Phone: (501) 656-0911, Fax: (501) 656-3005 • Telepathic 2000 o Predicts ahead, provides abbreviation expansion and hot keys for selecting words, auditory feedback. For Macintosh and Windows o From Madenta Communications, Inc. • "Aurora" for Windows 3.1 and Windows 95 o A word prediction package with Face to Face communication options

67 o Works with Microsoft Works, WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro, WordPad, Write o From Aurora Systems Inc. Vancouver, BC • "EZ Keys for Windows" o Word prediction for Windows 3.1: with auditory feedback and face to face communication chat window o From Words+, Inc, • Gus! Word Prediction o Uses both "word completion" and "word prediction" based on user's word usage history o For Windows 95 o From Gus Communications, Inc. • "textHELP!" o Word prediction software for Windows 3.1 that integrates predictive typing, speech as you type and real time spell checking o Works in conjunction with your normal Windows word processor, spreadsheet or database o Includes a small screen magnification, also can speak selected text o Specifically designed for use in education for the support of students with dyslexia o Available from Lorien systems • Word Q available from the Bloorview-Macmillan Children's Centre. o used along with standard Windows word processing software. o Transparent to all Windows applications. o Fully integrated text-to-speech feedback o Now has a separate speech recognition plugin, Speak Q. • WriteAway 2000 from The Institute on Applied Technology of The Boston Children's Hospital and Information Services Inc. (our apologies, the link to this product has been removed as the company's website has been hacked) o word processor with built-in word prediction o variable vocabularies and frequency settings o various built-in text to speech options • KeyREP - from Prentke Romich Co. (PRC) (Product has been discontinued) o [from their web page] - "Type the first few letters of a word. A prediction list appears from which you select the word you want. KeyREP then types the word into whatever application you are using. Prediction are based on the letter(s) typed, personal preference, and how frequently words are used." • Co:Writer for Windows is available from Don Johnston Incorporated • HandiWord - manufactured by Microsystems Software Inc.

Macintosh

• EZ Kyes/Key Wiz o A keyboard assistance program that provides Keyboard control, Dual Word Prediction , Abbreviation expansion with the full names and Speech output while running standard software o From Words+, Inc

68 Resources

If Word Prediction Can Help, Which Program Do You Choose? by Jamie Klund, MS, OTR, Sun Prairie Public Schools

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