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Summary 7 (2017)
Japan Border Review, No.Summary 7 (2017) Summary Austria-Hungary’s Ultimatum of 23 July 1914 Reconsidered: The Background of Vienna’s Decision-Making in the Memorandum of Friedrich von Wiesner MURAKAMI Ryo The immediate cause of the First World War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Gavrilo Princip, who killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, was a Serbian nationalist and a member of the Black Hand Society. The Austrian government thought that Serbia was behind the affair. In its response, Vienna sought to settle its decade-long dispute with Serbia. On 23 July 1914, the Austrian government gave an ultimatum to the Serbian government. Many researchers argue that Austria deliberately made demands that it knew Serbia could not accept. Furthermore, it is often indicated that Vienna’s ultimatum was not aimed at the Black Hand Society, but at the National Defense (in Serbian, Narodna Odbrana). Many researchers have carried out research into the diplomatic crisis (the so-called July Crisis) between the assassination at Sarajevo and the British declaration of war against Germany. Although Vienna’s declaration of war caused a chain reaction in Europe, historiographic studies still do not pay sufficient attention to either the process that led to the ultimatum, or to the Austrian justification for war against Serbia. In this article, I point out the importance of Friedrich von Wiesner, adviser on international law at the Austrian foreign ministry, during the July Crisis in Vienna. He participated by drawing up the ultimatum and he wrote the document (a memorandum) detailing charges against Serbia. -
Monetary Conditions in the Kingdom of Serbia (1884-1914)
Monetary Conditions in the Kingdom of Serbia (1884-1914) Branko Hinić, National Bank of Serbia Milan Šojić, National Bank of Serbia Ljiljana Đurđević, National Bank of Serbia Abstract: From 1884 to 1914, the Privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Serbia managed to establish and maintain relatively stable monetary conditions. On the one hand, its interest rates and lending policy contributed to the lowering and stabilization of exceptionally high market interest rates, and on the other, the National Bank managed to preserve relative stability of the domestic currency. The conversion of paper money to gold or silver was ensured at all times, except in two instances – at the outbreak of the Balkan Wars and World War I. The National Bank could not eliminate agio, but did the best it could to ease its fluctuations. Agio declined as a result of a sharp turnabout in public finances never again to reach the level prior to 1903. The effectiveness of the National Bank in achieving relatively stable monetary conditions is particularly important in light of the circumstances prevailing at the time: wars and economic crises, budget deficits and internal political upheavals. It would be right to say that monetary conditions were largely shaped by the state of public finances. As budget expenditures outstripped the revenues, the government was forced to look for additional funds to cover the deficit by borrowing either abroad or locally, primarily from the National Bank. This had a direct negative effect on the level of gold reserves and indirectly affected the stability of the domestic currency and Bank lending activity. -
(1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) As Political Myths
Department of Political and Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths Brendan Humphreys ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in hall XII, University main building, Fabianinkatu 33, on 13 December 2013, at noon. Helsinki 2013 Publications of the Department of Political and Economic Studies 12 (2013) Political History © Brendan Humphreys Cover: Riikka Hyypiä Distribution and Sales: Unigrafia Bookstore http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISSN-L 2243-3635 ISSN 2243-3635 (Print) ISSN 2243-3643 (Online) ISBN 978-952-10-9084-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-9085-1 (PDF) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2013 We continue the battle We continue it backwards Vasko Popa, Worriors of the Field of the Blackbird A whole volume could well be written on the myths of modern man, on the mythologies camouflaged in the plays that he enjoys, in the books that he reads. The cinema, that “dream factory” takes over and employs countless mythical motifs – the fight between hero and monster, initiatory combats and ordeals, paradigmatic figures and images (the maiden, the hero, the paradisiacal landscape, hell and do on). Even reading includes a mythological function, only because it replaces the recitation of myths in archaic societies and the oral literature that still lives in the rural communities of Europe, but particularly because, through reading, the modern man succeeds in obtaining an ‘escape from time’ comparable to the ‘emergence from time’ effected by myths. -
Nations and Citizens in Yugoslavia and the Post-Yugoslav States: One Hundred Years of Citizenship
Štiks, Igor. "Brothers United: The Making of Yugoslavs." Nations and Citizens in Yugoslavia and the Post-Yugoslav States: One Hundred Years of Citizenship. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. 25–36. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 26 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474221559.ch-002>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 26 September 2021, 07:06 UTC. Copyright © Igor Štiks 2015. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 1 Brothers United: The Making of Yugoslavs The revolver came from Serbia, but the finger that pulled the trigger that would kill Franz Ferdinand and thus announce the end of one world and the birth of another acted upon two strong beliefs. If one can judge from his statement, underage Gavrilo Princip, like so many of his peers, was foremost convinced that South Slavs should be liberated from a foreign yoke and unite in their own state; this belief was strongly though not articulately mixed with another conviction that the world about to come must be the world of profound social transformation. Two motives with which our story of ‘one hundred years of citizenship’ begins will be repeated in many different forms during this century: should South Slavs have their own common state? Or form separate ones? And, regardless of the answer, should political transformations entail more social equality or only a change of the rulers at the top of the existing hierarchy? Every idea often has deep roots and various historic materializations. -
Conrad Von Hötzendorf and the “Smoking Gun”: a Biographical Examination of Responsibility and Traditions of Violence Against Civilians in the Habsburg Army 55
1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) Samuel R. Williamson, Jr. (Guest Editor) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 23 uno press innsbruck university press Copyright © 2014 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive. New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America Design by Allison Reu Cover photo: “In enemy position on the Piave levy” (Italy), June 18, 1918 WK1/ALB079/23142, Photo Kriegsvermessung 5, K.u.k. Kriegspressequartier, Lichtbildstelle Vienna Cover photo used with permission from the Austrian National Library – Picture Archives and Graphics Department, Vienna Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608010264 ISBN: 9783902936356 uno press Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans Ferdinand Karlhofer, Universität Innsbruck Assistant Editor Markus Habermann -
B33310154.Pdf
L 9fc 31 PISL-14 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA SOM S-6S DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION STATE LIBRARY HARRIS BURH In case of failure to return the books the borrower agrees to pay the original price of the same, or to replace them with other copies. The last borrower is held responsible for any mutilation. Return this book on or before the last date stamped below. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/july1400emil JULY '14 By EMIL LUDWIG Author of "Goethe," "WilheSm HoherjzolJe™," etc. Translated from the German by C. A. MACARTNEY " <5A man need not have been a "Bismarck to prevent this most idiotic of all wars." BALLIN With 16 Illustrations NEW YORK : LONDON G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS JULY '14 ^> Copyright, 1929 by G. P. Putnam's Sons First Printing, Nov., 1929 Second " Nov., 1929 Third " Jan., 1930 e in the United States of America To Our Sons—In Warning 234821 The thanks of the Translator and the Publishers are due to Dr. J. F. Muirhead for reading the translation both in typescript and in proof and for making very many valuable suggestions. FOREWORD THE war-guilt belongs to all Europe; re- searches in every country have proved this. Germany's exclusive guilt or Germany's innocence are fairy-tales for children on both sides of the Rhine. What country wanted the war? Let us put a different question: What circles in every country wanted, facilitated, or began the war? If, instead of a horizontal section through Europe, we take a vertical section through society, we find that the sum of guilt was in the Cabinets, the sum of innocence in the streets of Europe. -
Political Dynamics Within the Balkans: the Cases of Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro
Chicago-Kent Law Review Volume 80 Issue 1 Symposium: Final Status for Kosovo: Article 4 Untying the Gordian Knot December 2004 Political Dynamics within the Balkans: The Cases of Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro Lisen Bashkurti Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Lisen Bashkurti, Political Dynamics within the Balkans: The Cases of Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro, 80 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 49 (2005). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol80/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. POLITICAL DYNAMICS WITHIN THE BALKANS: THE CASES OF BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA, MACEDONIA, BULGARIA, SERBIA, AND MONTENEGRO DR. LISEN BASHKURTI* INTRODUCTION The origin, history, political doctrines, and geopolitics of the Balkan region make its current political dynamic extremely complicated. The Bal- kan Peninsula lies between Western and Eastern Europe and contains a complex composition of populations. The main reasons for the multifarious nature of Balkan political dynamics are the presence of various civiliza- tions, ethno-cultural identities, contradictory geopolitical orientations, and unique affiliations with other peoples and countries in Europe and the rest of the world. The historical trends of Balkan political dynamics have had three in- terconnected dimensions: national, regional, and geopolitical. -
The State-Building in Former Yugoslavia
Nations into States: National Liberations in Former Yugoslavia Aleksandar Pavkovic Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, Melbourne University / Macquaire University National Europe Centre Paper No. 5 The Australian National University 19 October 2001 1 State building and national liberations The process of the creation of new states in the Balkans started in the early 19th century with the creation of the Kingdom of Greece and the Principality of Serbia out of several provinces of the Ottoman Empire. This process has continued into the early 21st century: the Albanian-controlled Kosovo province as well as the Albanian-controlled parts of western Macedonia are likely to become the first new state or states to be created in the Balkans in this century. Moreover, several independence movements in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) are striving for independence or some form of autonomy which may, in time, be transformed into independent statehood. At time of writing, several major political parties in the federal unit of Montenegrov are demanding its secession, while a few major political parties of the Muslim population of Sandzak in Serbia and Montenegro also propagate secession or autonomy of that region. Whether these regions will form new states is, at the time of the writing, still unclear. The latest round of state-building started in June 1991 with the secessions of Croatia and Slovenia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. By 1995 nine states or state-like entities of the territory of former Yugoslavia1 had proclaimed their independence. In April 1992, the remaining two federal units, Serbia and Montengrof, formed a new state called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. -
Grandi Battaglie
LLAA BBAATTTTAAGGLLIIAA DDII LLEEOOPPOOLLII 23 agosto – 11 settembre 1914 Dalla Sesta alla Decima Parte Premessa La città di Leopoli si trova oggi in Ucraina (ex-regione dell’URSS ed oggi Stato indipendente) sotto il nome di L’viv. Conta circa 800 mila abitanti. Fondata nel 1256 dal Principe Daniele Romanov, ricevette in dote il nome di Lev (toponimo derivante dal nome del figlio). Teatro di vari scontri, zona contesa dalle potenze continentali, fece parte dell’Impero Austriaco e quindi dell’Unione Sovietica. Vanta un centro storico di tutto rispetto (è patrimonio dell’umanità dell’UNESCO) con edifici di stile composito e fra lo stile rinascimentale e il barocco. Una panoramica di L’viv (l’antica Leopoli) 1 Il centro di L’viv Il Fronte Orientale nel 1914 2 L’Ucraina, oggi Dallo spaccato si deduce che L’viv (Leopoli) si trova nella parte occidentale dell’Ucraina, dove si svolse la celebre Battaglia dell’agosto-settembre 1914 3 Sesta Parte LA STRATEGIA D’ATTACCO AUSTROUNGARICA L’Austria-Ungheria e la Germania hanno stipulato un’alleanza solida, in cui l’Italia rappresenta se non un terzo incomodo nelle “calde nozze”, certamente un elemento infido da tenere sotto stretto controllo, soprattutto per i precedenti non remoti delle Guerre d’Indipendenza, ma anche per le rivendicazioni concernenti le regioni italiane irredente. Della dissonanza italiana all’interno della Triplice sono consapevoli sia la Germania, sia l’Austria-Ungheria. Guglielmo II non manca di lanciare strali polemici contro l’Italia, che aveva aderito all’Alleanza per sfuggire allo spettro dell’isolamento internazionale, cui l’avevano condannata una politica ambigua e le mire espansionistiche che si erano manifestate negli appetiti “colonialistici” in terra d’Africa. -
HISTORICAL PROFILES / Serbia
HISTORICAL PROFILES / Serbia Battle for the country (1804–33) The period between 1804 and 1815 is marked by two major uprisings in Serbia and the beginning of the Serb’s fight for liberation from Turkish occupation, and abolition of feudalism. The leader of the first Serbian uprising was #or#e Petrovi#, progenitor of the Kara#or#evi# Dynasty, while the leader of the second Serbian uprising was Miloš Obrenovi#. Portrait of Karadjordje Petrovic 1841 The Vassal state (1833–78) In 1833, Serbia gained autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, thus becoming a vassal, i.e. a tributary principality with a hereditary ruler. The first prince was Miloš Obrenovi#, and the capital of the Principality of Serbia was in Kragujevac. By a Hatišerif (Turkish edict), from 1833, Serbia gained freedom of religion and the possibility that Serbs, instead of Greeks up until then, could be elected Metropolitan or Patriarch in Belgrade. In 1835, Serbia gained its first Constitution. In 1842, Kara#or#e’s son, Prince Aleksandar Kara#or#evi#, came to power, which marked the beginning of the rule of the Kara#or#evi# Dynasty. At that time, the capital was moved to Belgrade. In 1848, Serbs raised a revolution in the part of the Austrian Empire populated by Serbs, and proclaimed the autonomous region Srpsko Vojvodstvo (the Serbian Duchy). In 1859, the Obrenovi# Dynasty regained power. The period between 1876 and 1878 was marked by wars against Turkey. Milos Obrenovic, prince of Serbia 1824 Independent state (1878–1918) After the Berlin Congress in 1878, Serbia obtained territorial expansion and independence. -
The Kosovo Serbs
REPORT Small arms and security in South Eastern Europe Bonn International Center for Conversion, Friedrich Naumann Foundation and Saferworld The Kosovo Serbs: An ethnic minority between collaboration and defiance Anna Matveeva and Wolf-Christian Paes June 2003 The Kosovo Serbs: An ethnic minority between collaboration and defiance Anna Matveeva and Wolf-Christian Paes BONN INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR CONVERSION, FRIEDRICH NAUMANN FOUNDATION AND SAFERWORLD JUNE 2003 Acknowledgements This report was produced as part of Saferworld’s small arms project in South Eastern Europe. Saferworld is grateful to the UK Government for funding their small armsproject. Further project funding was provided by the Friedrich-Naumann-Foundation. The authors would like to thank Duncan Hiscock and Chrissie Hirst for editing the report and Marc v. Boemken, Luitgard Hammerer,Yves del Monaco and Simon Rynn for their advice and individual contributions. All photographs used were taken by Wolf-Christian Paes. Contents Serb communities in Kosovo 4 Acronyms 5 Foreword 6 Preface 8 1 Introduction 10 2 History of the conflict 12 3 On a life-support machine: The situation of the 21 Kosovo Serbs 4 Kosovo Serb politics 27 5 Guns and security 38 6 International policies towards Kosovo 43 7 Options for the future of Kosovo 47 Bibliography 50 Appendix 1: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 52 (1999) Serb communities in Kosovo Nis River Ibar Novi Pazar Kursumlija Leposavic SERBIA River Ibar Potok Zveçan Podujevo MONTENEGRO Mitrovica Medveda Rozaj Vucitrn Istok Srbica Obilic -
A BRIEF History of Serbia
A BRIEF history of Serbia From the Foundation to the Ottomans To Look for: • Look for the following themes in history (write down examples) • 1-political intrigue • (using greater powers to get something, switching sides) • 2-example of tolerance • (getting along w/ other ethnicities/religions) • 3-examples of infighting • (Serbians fighting Serbians for power) • 4-examples of a ‘Holy’ empire (leaders doing things for God, Serbia being a faithful servant to God) Serbia today Kingdom of Serbia, (1555) greatest extent A little Background on the Serbs • 1st Serbian Kingdom began around 1036 in the area of modern day Montenegro. • It was started by Stefan Vojislav, who renounced his allegiance to the emperor in Constantinople and moved his support to Rome and began to bring neighboring Serbian tribes under his control • (Playing ruling powers off one another) Zeta Serbs become Orthodox • -the land became known as Zeta and was 1st ruled by a Catholic • -civil wars and power struggles broke and power shifted to Raska where Sefan Nemanja founded a dynasty and that would rule for the next 200 yrs. and created an expanding Serbia • -The Nemanjas united the Serbs and gave them a Serbian identity centered around the church (Stefan had become a prisoner of Emperor Emanuel in Constantinople and had been introduced to Byzantine culture, when he returned he was determined to bring back to the Serbs The Nemanjan Serbian Kingdom in pink The Nemanjas • -As the Bulgarian state grew in the Balkans, they did not capture the Nemanja’s capital of Raska • the