DOCSLIB.ORG

Late Pleistocene Extinction of the Flat-Headed Peccary on the Ozark Plateau: Paleozoological Insights from Peccary Cave, Arkansas Kurt M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Late Pleistocene Extinction of the Flat-Headed Peccary on the Ozark Plateau: Paleozoological Insights from Peccary Cave, Arkansas Kurt M Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 Late Pleistocene extinction of the flat-headed peccary on the Ozark Plateau: Paleozoological insights from Peccary Cave, Arkansas Kurt M. Wilson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Wilson, Kurt M., "Late Pleistocene extinction of the flat-headed peccary on the Ozark Plateau: Paleozoological insights from Peccary Cave, Arkansas" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15461. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15461 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Late Pleistocene extinction of the flat-headed peccary on the Ozark Plateau: Paleozoological insights from Peccary Cave, Arkansas by Kurt M. Wilson A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: Anthropology Program of Study Committee: Matthew G. Hill, Major Professor Alan D. Wanamaker Jill D. Pruetz The student author and the program of study committee are solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Kurt M. Wilson, 2017. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. LATE PLEISTOCENE EXTINCTIONS 3 Overkill and Human Causation .................................................................................................... 3 Climate Change and Non-Human Causation ............................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 3. FLAT-HEADED PECCARY 7 General Characteristics ................................................................................................................ 7 Geographic Distribution .............................................................................................................. 8 Temporal Distribution .................................................................................................................. 9 Behavior ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Diet............................................................................................................................................... 11 Archaeological Associations ........................................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 4. PECCARY CAVE 12 Geologic and Sedimentary Setting ............................................................................................... 12 Excavations .................................................................................................................................. 13 Previous Research on the Faunal Remains .................................................................................. 14 Environmental Context ................................................................................................................ 15 Age of the Faunal Remains .......................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 5. PALEOZOOLOGY 20 General Assemblage Characteristics ............................................................................................ 20 Skeletal Element Representation ................................................................................................. 21 Minimum Number of Elements ................................................................................................... 22 Minimum Number of Individuals ................................................................................................ 23 Assemblage Age Composition ..................................................................................................... 24 Carnivore Damage ....................................................................................................................... 25 Density-Mediated Attrition .......................................................................................................... 25 Dire Wolf ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 27 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 6. STABLE ISOTOPES 31 Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 34 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 36 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 39 iii CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS 41 The Uncommon and Unadaptable Flat-Headed Peccary ............................................................. 41 Modern Peccary Reproductive Biology ....................................................................................... 44 Extinction of Flat-Headed Peccary on the Ozark Plateau ............................................................ 45 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................................................. 64 APPENDIX A. RECORDS OF FLAT-HEADED PECCARY ................................................................ 88 APPENDIX B. SCAN SITE MNES AND VOLUME DENSITIES ........................................................ 95 APPENDIX C. RAW STABLE ISOTOPES DATA ................................................................................ 96 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Location of Peccary Cave and other selected places on and around the Ozark Plateau ............ 49 Figure 2. Location of published records of peccary in the contiguous United States ............................... 50 Figure 3. General character of peccary assemblages ................................................................................ 51 Figure 4. Radiocarbon ages for peccary .................................................................................................... 51 Figure 5. MNI estimates for peccary assemblages ................................................................................... 52 Figure 6. Location of Peccary Cave at the confluence of Ben’s Branch and Cave Creek ........................ 53 Figure 7. Plan map of Peccary Cave, including excavation trenches and sections ................................... 53 Figure 8. AMS radiocarbon ages for selected taxa on the Ozark Plateau ................................................. 54 Figure 9. AMS radiocarbon ages for peccary and dire wolf ..................................................................... 54 Figure 10. Box-and-whisker plot of mandibular third molar length ......................................................... 55 Figure 11. Examples of breccia coverage ................................................................................................. 55 Figure 12. Skeletal element profiles for sub/adult and fetal/neonate peccary .......................................... 56 Figure 13. Distribution of selected classes of faunal and archaeological material ................................... 56 Figure 14. Stable isotope values for peccary and dire wolf ...................................................................... 57 Figure 15. Intratooth δ13C and δ18O profiles for peccary mandibular canines .......................................... 57 v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Direct dates for peccary .............................................................................................................. 58 Table 2. Ozark Plateau environment from Pre-LGM through the Oldest Dryas ...................................... 59 Table 3. Radiocarbon AMS measurements and δ13C results on peccary and dire wolf ............................ 59 Table 4. Summary of rodent modification ...............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Educator's Guide
    Educator’s Guide the jill and lewis bernard family Hall of north american mammals inside: • Suggestions to Help You come prepared • essential questions for Student Inquiry • Strategies for teaching in the exhibition • map of the Exhibition • online resources for the Classroom • Correlations to science framework • glossary amnh.org/namammals Essential QUESTIONS Who are — and who were — the North as tundra, winters are cold, long, and dark, the growing season American Mammals? is extremely short, and precipitation is low. In contrast, the abundant precipitation and year-round warmth of tropical All mammals on Earth share a common ancestor and and subtropical forests provide optimal growing conditions represent many millions of years of evolution. Most of those that support the greatest diversity of species worldwide. in this hall arose as distinct species in the relatively recent Florida and Mexico contain some subtropical forest. In the past. Their ancestors reached North America at different boreal forest that covers a huge expanse of the continent’s times. Some entered from the north along the Bering land northern latitudes, winters are dry and severe, summers moist bridge, which was intermittently exposed by low sea levels and short, and temperatures between the two range widely. during the Pleistocene (2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago). Desert and scrublands are dry and generally warm through- These migrants included relatives of New World cats (e.g. out the year, with temperatures that may exceed 100°F and dip sabertooth, jaguar), certain rodents, musk ox, at least two by 30 degrees at night. kinds of elephants (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • RTD-Earthquake-Fact
    The California Water Fix Delta Tunnels don’t eliminate earthquake threats to water supply. Earthquake risk mythmaking serves water exporters’ interests. Water exporters misrepresent the risk of earthquakes to generate support for the Delta Tunnels. Fattening the levees is a more effective solution. Californians should work together to build a more seismically resistant Delta that will protect water exports, other critical infrastructure, and save lives -- all at a lower cost than the CA Water Fix. Developing regional water supplies provides a more reliable water supply. The best way to prevent earthquake disruption is to invest in local water solutions, including increased comprehensive water conservation and technology, maximizing wastewater reuse and groundwater recharge, while capturing storm water and rainwater, graywater, and fixing local leaky pipes. Cleaning up local aquifers and providing local jobs for local water makes economic sense. Rather than a huge investment in faraway tunnels let's instead make the levees in the Delta more resilient and prepare all California communities to be less reliant on imported water. MYTH #1: The Delta tunnels will protect California’s water supply from earthquakes. FACT: Earthquakes would hit the existing water transfer conveyance in other parts of California harder than they would hit the Delta. The earthquake threat to the Delta is minimal. The Hayward Fault is 40 miles from the Delta’s center. But the State Water Project (SWP) and federal Central Valley Project (CVP) cross right over high-risk fault areas, from Coalinga south to LA, including the San Andreas Fault. Cement canals in the southern part of the state are more vulnerable to earthquakes than Delta levees.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflectance of Sexually Dichromatic Uvblue Patches Varies During The
    bs_bs_banner Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 556–569. With 3 figures Reflectance of sexually dichromatic UV-blue patches varies during the breeding season and between two subspecies of Gallotia galloti (Squamata: Lacertidae) MARTHA L. BOHÓRQUEZ-ALONSO and MIGUEL MOLINA-BORJA* Grupo de investigación ‘Etología y Ecología del Comportamiento’, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain Received 17 February 2014; revised 28 April 2014; accepted for publication 29 April 2014 Body coloration is sexually dimorphic in many vertebrate species, including lizards, in which males are often more conspicuous than females. A detailed analysis of the relative size of coloured patches and their reflectance, including the ultraviolet (UV) range, has rarely been performed. In the present work we quantified sexual dimorphism in body traits and surface area of all lateral patches from adult females and males of two subspecies of Gallotia galloti (G. g. galloti and G. g. eisentrauti). We also analysed the magnitude of sexual dichromatism in the UV-visible reflectance of such patches and the changes in patch size and brightness during the reproductive season (April–July). Males had significantly larger patch areas (relative to their snout-vent length) and higher brightness (mainly in the UV-blue range) than did females in both subspecies. The comparison of relative patch areas among months did not reach statistical significance. However, patch brightness significantly changed during the breeding season: that of the UV-blue (300–495 nm) range from lizards of the two subspecies was significantly larger in June than in April, while brightness in the 495–700 nm range in G.
    [Show full text]
  • Chacoan Peccary
    Chacoan Peccary Chacoan Peccary Catagonus wagneri conservation strategy Mariana Altrichter1,2, Arnaud Desbiez3, Harald Beck1,4, Alberto Yanosky5, Juan Campos6 1chairs IUCN Peccary Specialist Group, 2Prescott College, 3Royal Zoological Society of Scotland and IUCN SSC CBSG Brazil, 4Towson University, 5Guyra Paraguay, 6Tagua Project field coordinator, Paraguay Summary The Chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri), an endemic species of the Gran Chaco ecoregion, is endangered of extinction due mainly to habitat loss and hunting. The only conservation plan for the species was written in 1993. Because the situation continues deteriorating, and the rate of deforestation in the region is currently among the highest in the world, the IUCN SSC Peccary Specialist group saw the need to develop a new conservation strategy. A workshop was held in Paraguay, in March 2016, with representatives of different sectors and range countries. This paper presents a summary of the problems, threats and actions identified by the participants. The other two results of the workshop, a species distribution and population viability modeling, are presented separately in this same newsletter issue. Introduction The Chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri) or Taguá, as it is called in Paraguay, is an endemic and endangered species that inhabits the thorn forests of the Gran Chaco of Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. The Gran Chaco is the second largest eco­region in South America after the Amazonia. The species is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List and in CITES I Appendix (IUCN 2016). In 1993, the entire Chacoan peccary population was estimated to be less than 5000 individuals (Taber, 1991 et al. 1993, 1994) and it has been declining since then (Altrichter & Boaglio, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • David K. Clark, PE
    AFC15 David K. Clark, PE THE METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAKE SHASTA LAKE OROVILLE Bay-Delta LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCTS (City of Los Angeles) COLORADO CALIFORNIA RIVER AQUEDUCT AQUEDUCT (State of Calif.) (Metropolitan) LOCAL SUPPLIES, RECYCLING, GROUNDWATER & CONSERVATION Background Seismic Preparedness Seismic upgrade of facilities Seismic vulnerability assessments Emergency response Collaboration with External Agencies Conclusions 1.7 billion gallons/day average 6 counties, 18 million residents Comprised of 26 member public agencies Imports Colorado River & State Water Project supplies Operates 5 water treatment & 16 hydroelectric plants Maintains 830 miles of pipeline & 9 reservoirs Biennial budget for FY 2014-16 is approximately $3 billion Comprehensive Reliability Strategy Water System InfrastructureInfrastructure System EmergencyEmergency Supply Capacity ReliabilityReliability FlexibilityFlexibility ResponseResponse Seismic Preparedness 1. Seismic Upgrade of Facilities 2. Vulnerability Assessments 3. Emergency Response 4. Collaboration w/External Agencies Scope: Buildings & Structures Dams & Reservoirs Geotechnical Hazards Drivers: Code Changes Increased Knowledge Approach: Re-assess as necessary Upgrade as required Use latest codes Use site-specific data Expect same performance as for new facilities Example of Code Changes (Weymouth Water Treatment Plant) Year Design Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) UBC 1933 0.1g UBC 1958 0.1g* UBC 1991 0.4g IBC 2009 0.52g IBC 2012 0.71g *Estimated value, PGA was not specifically
    [Show full text]
  • A Genus-Level Phylogenetic Analysis of Antilocapridae And
    A GENUS-LEVEL PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF ANTILOCAPRIDAE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF HEADGEAR MORPHOLOGY AND PALEOECOLOGY by HOLLEY MAY FLORA A THESIS Presented to the Department of EArth Sciences And the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partiAl fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MAster of Science September 2019 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Holley MAy Flora Title: A Genus-level Phylogenetic Analysis of AntilocApridae and ImplicAtions for the Evolution of HeAdgeAr Morphology and PAleoecology This Thesis has been accepted and approved in partiAl fulfillment of the requirements for the MAster of Science degree in the Department of EArth Sciences by: EdwArd Byrd DAvis Advisor SAmAntha S. B. Hopkins Core Member Matthew Polizzotto Core Member Stephen Frost Institutional RepresentAtive And JAnet Woodruff-Borden DeAn of the Graduate School Original Approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School Degree awArded September 2019. ii ã 2019 Holley MAy Flora This work is licensed under a CreAtive Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (United States) License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Holley MAy Flora MAster of Science Department of EArth Sciences September 2019 Title: A Genus-level Phylogenetic Analysis of AntilocApridae and ImplicAtions for the Evolution of HeAdgeAr Morphology and PAleoecology The shapes of Artiodactyl heAdgeAr plAy key roles in interactions with their environment and eAch other. Consequently, heAdgeAr morphology cAn be used to predict behavior. For eXAmple, lArger, recurved horns are typicAl of gregarious, lArge-bodied AnimAls fighting for mAtes. SmAller spike-like horns are more characteristic of small- bodied, paired mAtes from closed environments. Here, I report a genus-level clAdistic Analysis of the extinct family, AntilocApridae, testing prior hypotheses of evolutionary history And heAdgeAr evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Rate and Duration of Growth in the Adult Canine of Smilodon Gracilis, and Inferences on Diet Through Stable Isotope Analysis
    Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. (2005) 45(4): 369-377 369 GROWTH RATE AND DURATION OF GROWTH IN THE ADULT CANINE OF SMILODON GRACILIS, AND INFERENCES ON DIET THROUGH STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS Robert S. Feranec1,2 Trophic structure and interconnectedness have important implications for diversity and stability in ecosystems. While it is generally difficult to determine trophic structure and the specific prey of predators in ancient ecosystems, analysis of stable δ13 δ18 isotope ratios in tooth enamel can be used to exclude taxa from a predator’s diet. This study analyzes Cv-pdb and Ov-pdb values in a canine of Smilodon gracilis to understand tooth growth and the preferred prey of this species. Oxygen isotope results show a 5 mm/month growth rate and a duration of growth estimated to be 16 months long. The carbon isotope results suggest δ13 consumption of animals that depended only on C3 plants. Due to overlap in Cv-pdb values, it appears that Hemiauchenia and Platygonus may have been included in the diet of this individual of S. gracilis, while Equus and Mammuthus were probably δ13 excluded. Also, the mean Cv-pdb values of S. gracilis were more negative than the prey, which may indicate prey captured in a closed environment, or consumption of species present at Leisey 1A but not yet analyzed isotopically. This study shows that determining trophic relationships and interconnectedness within ancient ecosystems is possible. Key Words: Smilodon; tooth development; diet; stable isotopes; enamel INTRODUCTION common carnivore found at the LSP 1A locality was the Trophic interconnectedness has important implications saber-toothed felid Smilodon gracilis (Berta 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • (RESULTS of NATION-WIDE SURVEY) -- January 29, 1939 A
    INFORMATION FOR TEE - ’ Chited StatecDepartment of Agridbe . I For Jan. 29 pspers WASHINGTON,D. C. 5,OOC,OOO BIG GM ANI- IN THE U. S. Biological Survey Beports Results of First Nation-Wide Inventory The first nation-wide attempt to determine the number of big-game animals in the United States showed more than 5 million, reports the Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture. The survey - conducted in 1937 by the Bureau with cooperation from the National Park Service, the Boreet Service, State game and conservation commission8 and other well-informed agencies and individuals -- covered deer, elk, antelope, buffalo, moose, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, peccary, bears, caribou, and exotic European wild boars. The inventory did not include animals in captivity. Deer numbered more than 4,500,OOO. Michigan end Pennsylvania led in white- California had 450,000 tailed deer with approximately 800,000 in each State. * mule and black-tailed deer. Elk in the country totalled 165,000; moose, 13,000; antelope, 130,000; bighorn sheep, 17,000; black bear, 81,000; grizzly bear, 1,100; and buffalo, 4,100. There were 43,000 peccaries and 700 European wild boars. Data for 2 or more years, the Division of Wildlife Reeearoh of the Bureau of Biological survey points out , are required before definite conclusions can be drawn on recent trends In big-game numbers. Accounts of animal numbers published some years ego, however, provide the Division with some basis for comparison. Antelope, once thought facing extinction, incroasad about 500 percent from 1924 to 1937. The number of bighorn sheep, on the other haad, dropped from 28 000 (an estimate made by E.
    [Show full text]
  • Variable Impact of Late-Quaternary Megafaunal Extinction in Causing
    Variable impact of late-Quaternary megafaunal SPECIAL FEATURE extinction in causing ecological state shifts in North and South America Anthony D. Barnoskya,b,c,1, Emily L. Lindseya,b, Natalia A. Villavicencioa,b, Enrique Bostelmannd,2, Elizabeth A. Hadlye, James Wanketf, and Charles R. Marshalla,b aDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; bMuseum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; cMuseum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; dRed Paleontológica U-Chile, Laboratoria de Ontogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile; eDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and fDepartment of Geography, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819 Edited by John W. Terborgh, Duke University, Durham, NC, and approved August 5, 2015 (received for review March 16, 2015) Loss of megafauna, an aspect of defaunation, can precipitate many megafauna loss, and if so, what does this loss imply for the future ecological changes over short time scales. We examine whether of ecosystems at risk for losing their megafauna today? megafauna loss can also explain features of lasting ecological state shifts that occurred as the Pleistocene gave way to the Holocene. We Approach compare ecological impacts of late-Quaternary megafauna extinction The late-Quaternary impact of losing 70–80% of the megafauna in five American regions: southwestern Patagonia, the Pampas, genera in the Americas (19) would be expected to trigger biotic northeastern United States, northwestern United States, and Berin- transitions that would be recognizable in the fossil record in at gia. We find that major ecological state shifts were consistent with least two respects.
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority Santa Ana River Conservation and Conjunctive Use Project Decision Support Model (SARCCUP DSM)
    Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority Santa Ana River Conservation and Conjunctive Use Project Decision Support Model (SARCCUP DSM) SARCCUP DSM MODEL DOCUMENTATION DRAFT MARCH 2017 Prepared for Prepared by 1. Introduction The Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority (SAWPA) and its five member agencies, Eastern Municipal Water District (EMWD), Inland Empire Utilities Agency (IEUA), Orange County Water District (OCWD), San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District (SBVMWD), and Western Municipal Water District (WMWD), collectively “Agencies” in this memorandum, are developing and implementing the Santa Ana River Conservation and Conjunctive Use Project (SARCCUP). SARCCUP is a collaborative regional program that will improve the water supply resiliency of the Santa Ana River Watershed through development of additional dry year yield, reduced water use, and improved habitat for native threatened species populations. The primary goal of the conjunctive use element is to maximize the development and use of imported water supplies and to conjunctively manage these local and imported water supplies such that the aggregate yield and water supply reliability generated by the SARCCUP is greater than the independent management of these resources. Phase 1 of SARCCUP will develop an 180,000 acre‐foot (AF) groundwater bank storage program with capacity to recharge and store 60,000 acre‐feet per year (AFY) during each of three wet years in a decade and extraction facilities to withdraw 60,000 AFY in each of three dry years in a decade. SARCCUP management will also include the ability to utilize transfers and exchanges of other water supplies in lieu of recharging and extracting banked groundwater. In support of the future development of a SARCCUP Master Plan for the conjunctive use element, the Agencies have engaged the CH2M team to develop a Santa Ana River watershed‐wide decision support model (DSM) to optimize the conjunctive use element of SARCCUP.
    [Show full text]
  • Quaternary Records of the Dire Wolf, Canis Dirus, in North and South America
    Quaternary records of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, in North and South America ROBERT G. DUNDAS Dundas, R. G. 1999 (September): Quaternary records of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, in North and South Ameri- ca. Boreas, Vol. 28, pp. 375–385. Oslo. ISSN 0300-9483. The dire wolf was an important large, late Pleistocene predator in North and South America, well adapted to preying on megaherbivores. Geographically widespread, Canis dirus is reported from 136 localities in North America from Alberta, Canada, southward and from three localities in South America (Muaco, Venezuela; Ta- lara, Peru; and Tarija, Bolivia). The species lived in a variety of environments, from forested mountains to open grasslands and plains ranging in elevation from sea level to 2255 m (7400 feet). Canis dirus is assigned to the Rancholabrean land mammal age of North America and the Lujanian land mammal age of South Amer- ica and was among the many large carnivores and megaherbivores that became extinct in North and South America near the end of the Pleistocene Epoch. Robert G. Dundas, Department of Geology, California State University, Fresno, California 93740-8031, USA. E-mail: [email protected]; received 20th May 1998, accepted 23rd March 1999 Because of the large number of Canis dirus localities Rancho La Brea, comparing them with Canis lupus and and individuals recovered from the fossil record, the dire wolf specimens from other localities. Although dire wolf is the most commonly occurring large knowledge of the animal’s biology had greatly predator in the Pleistocene of North America. By increased by 1912, little was known about its strati- contrast, the species is rare in South America.
    [Show full text]
  • Pleistocene Mammals from Extinction Cave, Belize
    Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Pleistocene Mammals From Extinction Cave, Belize Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2018-0178.R3 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 04-May-2019 Author: Complete List of Authors: Churcher, C.S.; University of Toronto, Zoology Central America, Pleistocene, Fauna, Vertebrate Palaeontology, Keyword: Limestone cave Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Not applicableDraft (regular submission) Issue? : https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 1 of 43 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 1 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALS FROM EXTINCTION CAVE, BELIZE 2 by C.S. CHURCHER1 Draft 1Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5S 2C6 and 322-240 Dallas Rd., Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8V 4X9 (corresponding address): e-mail [email protected] https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 43 2 4 5 ABSTRACT. A small mammalian fauna is recorded from Extinction Cave (also called Sibun 6 Cave), east of Belmopan, on the Sibun River, Belize, Central America. The animals recognized 7 are armadillo (†Dasypus bellus), American lion (†Panthera atrox), jaguar (P. onca), puma or 8 mountain lion (Puma concolor), Florida spectacled bear (†Tremarctos floridanus), javelina or 9 collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), llama (Camelidae indet., ?†Palaeolama mirifica), red brocket 10 deer (Mazama americana), bison (Bison sp.) and Mexican half-ass (†Equus conversidens), and 11 sabre-tooth cat († Smilodon fatalis) may also be represented (‘†’ indicates an extinct taxon). 12 Bear and bison are absent from the region today. The bison record is one of the more southernly 13 known. The bear record is almost the mostDraft westerly known and a first for Central America.
    [Show full text]