Lagha Tula Adapted Sub-Catchment Management Plan, Tana River County

PREPARED BY

LAGHA TULA - WRUA, IUCN, FaIDA, WRMA AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS LAGHA TULA WRUA, P.O. BOX 673 – 70100 GARISSA TULA TOWN

NOVEMBER 2012 Acknowledgment We are grateful to Lagha Tula Water Resources User Association (WRUA) for actively participating in, and dedicating their time and effort to, preparation of this adapted Sub-catchment Management Plan (SCMP). We highly appreciate the staff of Tula primary school for allowing us to use their classrooms for holding our meetings. We are indebted to staff of the Ministries of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands, Livestock Development, Agriculture, Water and Irrigation, Forestry and Wildlife and Office of the President – Provincial Administration for their contribution and facilitation towards the SCMP preparation. Our heartfelt appreciation goes to Howard Buffet Foundation through Global Water Initiative (GWI) and Austrian Development Cooperation through Building Drought Resilience (BDR) Projects for funding and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for providing technical support. We are also grateful to Omar Abdi and colleagues from the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) – Lower Tana for their inputs. Logistics and facilitation could not have been possible without Mohamed Shalle – the Director, the Fafi Integrated Development Association (FaIDA) and his staff at FaIDA Head Office – Garissa and Ahmed Abdulrazak (IUCN- Eastern and Southern African Regional Office (ESARO). The draft was written by Yasin Mahadi and Dr. Ahmed Mohamed (IUCN- ESARO), and Jaafarsadiq Hassan (FaIDA). Comments and contributions were received from Dr. Eliot Taylor, Sarah Gibbons, Guyo Roba and John Owino all from IUCN- ESARO.

Page ii Table of Contents

Acknowledgment...... ii List of tables...... iv List of figures...... iv Acronyms...... v Chapter 1: Introduction...... 1 1.1 Overview of adapted SCMP development...... 1 Chapter 2: Overview of Sub-Catchment...... 3 Chapter 3: Catchment Characteristics: Baseline on current status and management of water and land resources...... 5 3.1 Community resource mapping...... 5 3.2 Current status of resources...... 5 3.3 Management units...... 7 3.4 Existing management practices...... 8 3.5 Population and settlement...... 8 3.6 Problem identification and ranking...... 8 Chapter 4: Management approach...... 11 Chapter 5: Resource availability and demand...... 16 Chapter 6: Natural resources allocation for sustainable, equitable and efficient use by communities...... 19 Chapter 7: Resource protection...... 23 Chapter 8: Implementation of catchment protection activities...... 28 Chapter 9: Capacity building...... 31 Chapter 10: Infrastructure development to boost resource conservation and mitigate against disasters and conflicts...... 33 Chapter 11: Stakeholder analysis for right based approach and poverty reduction...... 37 Chapter 12: Participatory monitoring and evaluation...... 39 Chapter 13: Finance and implementation of project activities...... 41 Chapter 14: Mainstreaming and up-scaling of the approach...... 43 Appendices...... 45 Appendix 1: Pair-wise ranking of identified problems...... 45 Appendix 2: Features and locations visited during the SCMP preparation...... 46 Appendix 3: List of participants...... 48 Appendix 4: Work plan and Budget...... 49 Appendix 5: Field visit photos...... 60

Page iii List of Tables Table 1 Estimated livestock population in Tula sub-catchment...... 7 Table 2 Population distribution in Tula sub-catchment...... 8 Table 3 Proposed baseline studies/surveys on natural resources in sub-catchment...... 9 Table 4 Proposed management interventions to build community resilience and enhance sustainable resource use and management in sub-catchment...... 12 Table 5 Daily estimates of water demand in five centres of Tula sub-catchment...... 16 Table 6 Daily water demand by livestock in Tula sub-catchment...... 16 Table 7 Areas required for sustaining livestock during drought and normal year...... 16 Table 8 Pasture requirement by livestock...... 17 Table 9 Elements to consider in estimating demand and sharing of resources...... 18 Table 10 Current and future plans on resources utilization and sharing...... 19 Table 11 Community resource allocation plans for equity and efficient use inTula sub-catchment ...... 20 Table 12 Planned activities for protection and conservation of key resources in sub-catchment...... 24 Table 13 Planned activities to reduce environmental degradation and conserve natural resources in Tula sub-catchment...... 29 Table 14 Capacity building needs identified by community members and other stakeholders during SCMP development...... 32 Table 15 Infrastructural developments for resource management and mitigate impacts of drought...... 34 Table 16 Stakeholder analysis...... 37 Table 17 Proposed ways of enhancing relationship between different resource users in Tula sub-catchment...... 38 Table 18 Participatory monitoring and evaluation systems...... 40 Table 19 Proposed activities to build capacity of WRUA and community members on financial management... 42 Table 20 Strategies for mainstreaming and up-scaling of the adapted approach...... 44

List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Lagha Tula Sub-catchment...... 3 Figure 2 Current resource map drawn by ladies ...... 6 Figure 3 Current resource map drawn by elders...... 6 Figure 4 Current resource map drawn by youth...... 6 Figure 5 Vision map drawn by ladies...... 10 Figure 6 Vision map drawn by elders...... 10 Figure 7 Vision map drawn by youth...... 10

Page iv Acronyms ACF Action Against Hunger

ASALs Arid and Semi-Arid Lands

CDF Constituency Development Fund

FaIDA Fafi Integrated Development Association

GAA German Agro Action

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

KFS Kenya Forest Service

KWS Kenya Wildlife Service

MoA Ministry of Agriculture

MoLD Ministry of Livestock Development

MoWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation

NDMA National Drought Management Authority

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations

SCMP Sub-Catchment Management Plan

WDC WRUA Development Cycle

WRMA Water Resource Management Authority

WRUA Water Resource Users Association

Page v

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Overview of adapted SCMP development The adapted Sub-Catchment Management Plan (SCMP) for arid land is a working document developed through a participatory process by engaging relevant stakeholders, including Water Resource Users Association (WRUA), other resource users associations, government officials and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) to effectively manage and conserve natural resources through integrated natural resource management. SCMPs consider both water and land resource management components to enhance equitable and sustainable resource management to improve the livelihood of communities in sub-catchments. The SCMP preparation followed the WRUA Development Cycle (WDC) guide with some additions to address the particular issues associated with Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Kenya. ASALs faces different challenges compared to more humid environments and as such require different kinds of attention. The uncharacteristic nature of ASALs is manifested in the following, amongst other things: • Unique, heterogeneous and fragile ecosystems that are prone to degradation • Most of the land is communally owned and migration is the back bone for survival • Poverty levels are high and communities rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihood • There are increasing constraints to mobility as dry season fodder/forage reserves are converted to arable agriculture. Mobility is further constrained by haphazard and mushrooming settlements in pasture areas • The spread of invasive weeds, such as Prosopis juliflora, are adversely affecting natural pastures • Adverse impacts of climate change in recent decades that contribute to higher rainfall variability and low reliability than in the past • Weak governance due to dysfunctional traditional/customary laws and institutions and poorly or non-functioning modern laws and institutions, leading to the proliferation of unsustainable management practices • Poor understanding of dryland systems leading to inappropriate approaches to development The Tula sub-catchment, for which this adapted SCMP was developed, is an arid land comprising 90% range-, mainly pastoral, land. Consequently, the need to integrate the rangeland planning and management component into this SCMP is of paramount importance in order to ensure holistic management of resources. The adapted SCMP is a plan that aims to ensure sustainable management of both land and water resources in the sub- catchment area in order to enhance the livelihoods of communities. The plan entails a participatory approach in both the planning and management of resources. It is designed to ensure equitable sharing of benefits associated with the exploitation of resources, supported by effective governance mechanisms that also mainstream gender. In order to help realise development of the adapted SCMP, experts from IUCN (from both the Drylands and Water and Wetlands Programmes) and WRMA conducted a ‘Training of Trainers (ToT)’ workshop on rangeland and water management planning process for ASALs in Garissa between 22nd and 24th August 2012. The training equipped community members and relevant stakeholders on ways of integrating rangeland management planning and sub- catchment (water) management planning process aimed at allowing them to produce an adapted SCMP that caters for the special needs of the dryland environment. An adapted SCMP is a plan for 5 years with provision of adjustments based on prevailing conditions. Specific objectives of an adapted SCMP are: • To improve management of water and land resources to enhance livelihoods • To improve the ability of the rangeland and riparian areas to provide ecosystem services • To improve the governance of land and water resources by promoting stakeholders participation in Natural Resource Management (NRM) • To improve compliance to water, land and environmental regulations • To develop well-governed and self-reliant WRUA and other resource users

Page 1 The adapted SCMP was developed through a participatory process involving all the relevant stakeholders through meetings held at the Tula primary school from 4th to 11th September 2012. Prior to starting work on chapters of the adapted SCMP, WRUA members and other stakeholders involved in SCMP preparation were sensitised and enlightened on the steps required in the development of adapted SCMPs in order to enable them understand and follow the recommended procedure. The adapted SCMP has a total of 14 chapters and various methods were used during SCMP development including: • Group work (stakeholder input): community members and other participants participated as individuals in the development of SCMP chapters by contributing ideas, providing information and acting as facilitators in some sessions • Discussion: after the content of each chapter was prepared, there was a discussion session where participants gave their comments and made any additions or adjustments. • Transect walk: based on the problems identified by community members, participants were divided into groups to visit specific sites related to each problem. Related information, such as the location name, GPS coordinates, problem/issue, planned/possible activities to solve the problem etc were also collected. • Literature review and data collection from different departments: various reference materials were reviewed to obtain relevant information to use in compilation of some sections of the SCMP. Data was also obtained from different government departments including from WRMA, the Ministry of Livestock Development, the Kenya Forest Service etc. The following key stakeholders participated in development of this adapted SCMP: • WRUA members • Ministry of Livestock Development (MoLD) • Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) • National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) • Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) • Kenya Forest Service (KFS) • Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) • Fafi Integrated Development Association (FaIDA) • International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) • Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)

Page 2 Chapter 2: Overview of Sub-Catchment

The Tula sub-catchment lies in the Tana North District of Tana River County in Coast province. It covers an area of 1275.28 km2. The Tula sub-catchment is situated in an arid district of Tana North and the area experiences frequent drought like other ASALs in Kenya. The area receives erratic rainfall that varies between 200-450 mm/yr with the long rains occurring between April and June and the short rains between November and December. The Tula sub-catchment records high temperatures ranging between 24 and 38 OC, with a mean annual temperature of 30 OC. January and February are the hottest months and June-July the coldest. The dominant soil type is sandy in the sub-catchment areas with slight variation in areas along the laghas (dry river beds) that have a mixture of loam and sand due to siltation effect that occurs during rainy seasons. The inhabitants of the sub-catchment are mainly pastoralists deriving their livelihood mainly from livestock keeping activities. In recent years, settlements have mushroomed in several localities in addition to the major centres previously established. Communities in the Tula sub-catchment rely heavily on the natural resources available to them both within and outside the sub-catchment boundary. Neighbouring communities also have access to the resources in the Tula area, such as pasture and water resources. Natural resources are the life line of the Tula community as well as some of the neighbouring populace and there is thus a need to effectively and sustainably manage these resources for the wellbeing of the population. An integrated land and water resources management approach provides a suitable platform for such a sustainable management approach, including allocation and monitoring of resources to meet the communities’ social, economic and environmental needs. SCMP preparation is pinned on the principles of integrated land and water management approaches in order to achieve the results desired by all the stakeholders involved. There are a myriad of socio-economic and environmental challenges facing communities of Tula sub-catchment. Among the key problems identified by community members were water scarcity, charcoal production, mining (gypsum), drought, human-wildlife conflict, influx of pastoralists (resulting in overgrazing), highway accidents due to speeding

Figure 1 Map of Lagha Tula Sub-catchment

Page 3 (due to lack of speed bumps on local roads) resulting in both human and livestock deaths, the lack of health facilities and livestock diseases. These problems affect the wellbeing of communities in the Tula sub-catchment. In the course of the SCMP preparation, communities and other stakeholders identified various potential interventions, the individuals or institutions who/that should be involved and the resources required to overcome the challenges. The details are covered in Chapter 4 and subsequent chapters. The Tula community is actively involved in management of natural resource in various ways. The sub-catchment has a WRUA in place whose mandate is to sustainably manage water and other natural resources. The WRUA’s membership is voluntary and currently consists of people from varied backgrounds including pastoralists, traders and women. The WRUA works closely with various line ministries and government agencies, in particular WRMA and Ministry of Water. IUCN, in partnership with WRMA and FaIDA, also works with the WRUA; this work is focussed mainly in enhancing their capacity in natural resource management and resource governance through strengthening of traditional institutions and laws on resource use and management, as well as by initiating activities that build community resilience to drought and curtail environmental degradation.

Page 4 Chapter 3: Catchment Characteristics

Baseline on current status and management of water and land resources 3.1 Community resource mapping In order to get an accurate picture of baseline conditions, especially the nature and location of natural (including water) resources, community members drew resource maps of the sub-catchment. Such ‘community resource maps’ were used as an important data gathering tool as they help show the status of resources, as well as the issues/challenges that negatively affect them. They also provide information on how best to manage them, and give understanding on the common resources that require protection from all community members. Finally, such maps also allow others to know what resources their sub catchment is endowed with. The maps shown in Figure 2, 3 & 41 reflect community resource boundaries as opposed to administrative ones. They also show agreed management units, mobility (pattern of the livestock movement during dry and wet seasons), water sources; wet and dry season pastures, minerals resources, crop farming, influx patterns, roads, settlements, the location and nature of resource management problems, degraded sites and the nature and location of existing management practices. Community maps are also an important tool to aid in understanding landscape level planning and management in pastoral set ups. 3.2 Current status of resources The Tula sub-catchment is mainly comprised of rangeland occupied by pastoralist communities who rely on livestock and natural resources for their survival. Communities also run small-scale business, mainly as shops, charcoal production, Mirra/Khat (Catha edulis) sale and restaurants. The area is endowed with various natural resources; key among them are livestock, water, pasture/fodder, forest, wildlife and minerals. Water resources The sub-catchment has numerous seasonal laghas, the major ones being Tula and Arer. Many shallow wells are also located along the laghas and are mainly used for watering small stocks and occasionally for human consumption. There are water pans in major villages throughout the sub-catchment area and these are mainly reserved for human consumption. Water bowser and tankering is another source of water, especially by well-to-do families and is also promoted by some NGOs and government agencies. There is water scarcity in Tula sub-catchment and this often results in human-wildlife conflict over water resources due to competition mainly around water pans. Defecation and urination by wildlife and livestock also causes water pollution. Currently, the Tula sub-catchment has no water allocation plan in place. Pasture and fodder Communities practice a pastoralism life style where their livestock depend on free access to pasture and fodder. Currently, however, there is no wet and dry season grazing system in place and pasture and fodder resources are utilised both by the Tula community and other migrant pastoralists. There have been no incidences of conflict over use of resources between Tula community and outsiders but there have been incidences reported among outsider groups. The Tula sub-catchment is endowed with numerous grasses (Aristida spp, Entropogon macrostachyus, Eragrostis sp, Sprobolus helvolus, Chloris roxburghiana, Tetrapogon sp) legumes and shrubs (Indigofera spp, Tephrosia spp, Seracocomopsis pallida, Ipomea donaldsonii, Cordia spp, Anistosis tannensis, Acacia spp, Duospermum spp.), trees (Acacia tortilis), and shrub species that are used as pasture and fodder by livestock and wildlife. As there is no grazing plan in place, there is often to over- utilisation of some areas and this is compounded by the influx of pastoralists from outside the Tula sub-catchment. Gypsum mining in the areas results in the development of mine pits; these lead to land degradation where pasture and tree regeneration is greatly hampered. Another major problem is the establishment of fixed water points in various localities; these result in the formation of settlements and act as an agent for overgrazing and land degradation. In some instances, wealthy livestock traders (often outsiders) use water bowsers to provide water for their livestock. In doing 1 In the course of SCMP development, community members divided themselves into three groups (ladies, elders and youth) and each group drew current status map; these are shown in Figure 2,3&4 Page 5 Figure 2 Current resource map drawn by ladies Figure 3 Current resource map drawn by elders

Figure 4 Current resource map drawn by youth

Page 6 so, they station their livestock in one locality for a long Table 1 Estimated livestock population in Tula sub-catchment period which also results in overexploitation of pasture Livestock type Numbers resources. Recurrent drought is also a major problem adversely affecting the regeneration and survival of both Camel 3000 pasture and fodder yielding vegetation. Goats 10000 Livestock Cattle 1000 Livestock is the main asset of communities living in the Total 14000 Tula sub-catchment. Communities rear different kinds of Source: Lagha Tula community members (2012) livestock with the main ones being camels, cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys and poultry. Almost every household depends on livestock for subsistence and as a source of income. In recent years income from the livestock sector has been reduced due to severe and recurrent drought experienced in the sub-catchment area. Although there has been a reduction in the number of livestock because of this, the importance of livestock to livelihood cannot be overemphasised and it is envisaged to remain the mainstay for Tula communities. Table 1 gives estimate of the numbers of livestock in the Tula sub-catchment. Forest and woodlands resource The Tula sub-catchment rangeland is dominated by Acacia-Commiphora spp. woodland. Communities utilise forest and woodland resources for firewood, fodder, charcoal, building materials and non-wood products like honey, dye etc. The main woodland species in sub-catchment include A. tortilis, A. mellifera, A. senegal, A. reficiens, Delonix elata, Termainalia orbicularis, Boscia spp, Boswelia neglecta, Commiphora pseudpaolii and C. Africana. The biggest threats to these forest and woodland areas are those of deforestation, charcoal production and mining. Wildlife resources The Tula sub-catchment is rich in wildlife resources and its proximity to the Kora National Park makes the area a prime habitat for a diverse species of wildlife. Communities live harmoniously with wildlife and understand the importance of wildlife to the national economy. Many are aware of the vital role that wildlife play in influencing vegetation survival and wellbeing, for example the role they play in encouraging sprouting of natural vegetation through grazing and as a source of manure for better vegetation growth. There are, however, still incidences of human-wildlife conflict in the areas, mainly caused by wild animals preying on livestock, especially in the areas directly bordering the National Park. Wildlife species common in the Tula sub-catchment include: wild dog (Lycaon pictus), African elephant (Loxodonta africana), lion (Panthera leo), Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi), Somali ostrich (Struthio camelus molybdophanes), reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious), lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), plains zebra (Equus quagga), aardvark (Orycteropus afer), genet cat (Genetta sp.), African civet cat (Civettictis civetta), white-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), leopard (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), African wildcat (Felis sylvestris), honey badger (Mellivora capensis), Olive/Yellow baboon (Papio Anubis/cyanocephalus), African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), ground squirrel (many species), lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis), spring hare (Pedetes capensis), gerenuk (Litocranius walleri), dik dik (Madoqua kirkii), warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), tortoise (Geochelone sulcata), porcupine (Hystrix cristata), as well as many different kinds of snakes and numerous bat and bird species. Mineral resources Gypsum is currently mined in the area by a private company. Communities don’t benefit from this process which may at least in part explain why there have been many complaints over the effect of gypsum mining on pasture land, for example how there is minimal grass and tree regeneration in previously mined areas. 3.3 Management units Community members divided the sub-catchment into two management units, pastoral and settlement units, for ease of management during SCMP preparation. Pastoral units were composed of vast rangelands that are communally owned and freely accessible by Tula residents, neighbouring communities and communities from elsewhere. Pastoral units are critical for the wellbeing of Tula communities and as such are given much attention in terms of their management. The challenges facing pastoral units are enormous and there have been calls for dedicated efforts and resources to overcome these challenges. The key challenges include: Water scarcity, charcoal production, mining (gypsum), drought, human- wildlife conflict, influx of pastoralists (resulting in overgrazing) and livestock diseases.

Page 7 Settlement units consisted of dwelling areas and business premises. There are five major centres in the sub-catchment but the numbers of settlements are increasing in many localities. The new settlements are appearing due to the sedenterisation of people who drop out of pastoralism, or who opt to settle family members as they herd livestock. The increase in the number and locations of settlements has been deleterious to the environment and, by extension, to the livelihoods of communities in the sub-catchment. The rise in the number and location of settlements is also associated with overgrazing, the increase in charcoal production, littering (for example with polythene) and the increasing over- utilisation of water resources. 3.4 Existing management practices Communities in Tula still uses some traditional/customary rules to manage their resources, although the extent to which this Table 2 Population distribution in Tula sub-catchment happens has weakened compared to the past. There is, for example, Name of the village Population apportionment of water for human and livestock use achieved by establishment of separate water pans for human and livestock Tula 2500 utilisation. Occasional conflicts have been recorded in the area, Bulto Banta 1500 mainly related to use of the water pan that is normally reserved Bii Gadud 500 for human consumption. These have resulted as a consequence of some outside pastoralists unlawfully watering their livestock at the Arer 250 wrong pan and without prior approval from the Tula community. Libile 200 Communities collaborate with relevant government ministries Total 4950 and various NGOs in the management and conservation of their Source: Tula community (2012) resources. Wet and dry season grazing areas are not clearly delineated in the sub-catchment and there are no distinctive rules and regulations that separate the use and utilisation of resources by the Tula community and outsider groups. 3.5 Population and settlement The Tula sub-catchment has an estimated population of 4,950 people distributed around five main villages (Tula, Bulto Banta, Bii Gadud, Arer and Libile). 3.6 Problem identification and ranking Although the Tula SCMP area has vast natural resources there are many challenges facing the Tula communities and that limit their wellbeing. Below are the problems they identified, ranked in order of importance.2 1. Water scarcity 2. Charcoal production 3. Mining (Gypsum) 4. Drought 5. Human-wildlife conflict 6. Influx of pastoralists (resulting in overgrazing) 7. Lack of speed-bumps on the highway (resulting in both human and livestock deaths) 8. Lack of health facilities 9. Livestock diseases For the purpose of this management plan, only the first six problems are considered with regards identification of possible solutions and sourcing of resources. As with most management plans it is important to establish and then work from an agreed baseline. Generally, however, there is little information on the status of natural resources or the activities related to use that influences their condition. In order to enhance the development of a sound management plan there was a need to gain more information on the current status of the natural resources in the sub-catchment area. To this end, community members and other stakeholders involved in SCMP preparation identified certain subjects for which there were need to gather more baseline information. Table 3 outlines the activities proposed.

2 See Appendix 1 for pair-wise ranking

Page 8 Table 3 Proposed baseline studies/surveys on natural resources in the Tula sub-catchment area

Ta rget: Obtain adequate natural re sour ce data Overall output: Reliable curr ent natural r esour ce data compiled Problem Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators Time frame Wher e Budget (kshs) Lack of data on Baseline survey on water resources water resources • WRMA (lead agency . In subsequent rows Water resources • Community sensitisation 100,000 (Transport, Expertise, the or ganisation which is mentioned fi rst is assessment (ground Water resources Stationery , Lunches) the lead agency) and surface water) • Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) assessment report • Design of fi eld methodology • IUCN and data collection Field design report Successful completion of design report Consultant • Successfully completed and accepted report 500,000 (Consultancy) March 2013 • Detailed data on location, volume, seasonality etc • Hold feedback meetings of surface and ground water to share results with the May 2013 stakeholders Consultant 100,000 WRMA Feedback meeting Tu la sub- Sub-total • Community sensitization report catchment • KWS 700,000 Human-wildlife Conduct survey • Community representatives Meeting successfully held and report shared 100,000 confl ict on human-wildlife Data collection • Ta na River County Council confl ict • Ministry of Livestock Development (MoLD) Human-wildlife • Chief confl ict report • Kenya police 400,000 Hold feedback meetings to share results with the Field data report • Successfully completed and accepted report • Detailed data on location, nature, species involved etc. stakeholders • KWS May 2013 100,000 • Consultant Sub-total Feedback report • Report successfully completed • Community consultatio n Tu la sub- Over grazing Conduct grazing catchment 600,000 • MoLD • Report successfully completed and shared with survey 100,000 Data collection on Livestock • Community representatives stakeholders population count • Chief Grazing and June 2013 pasture and fodder • IUCN and other NGOs livestock baseline • Ta na River County Council report 600,000 Hold feedback meetings • Successfully completed and accepted report to share results with the Report on livestock • Data on livestock populations and pasture/fodder stakeholders • MoLD population usage June 2013 • County representative • Reports successfully completed and used widely 100,000 Mining • Selected community members Feedback meeting by dif ferent stakeholders Sub-total • Community consultatio n report Tu la sub- catchment Conduct • NEMA • Report successfully completed and shared with 800,000 • KFS stakeholders environmental 100,000 assessment/audit • Community representatives • Environmental assessment/ • Ta na River County Council Environmental July 2013 audit • Geology department of Ministry of Assessment report Environment and Mineral Resources • Successfully completed and accepted report • Hold feedback meetings • Data and information on the environmental to share results with the impacts of mining, especially with regard to 700,000 stakeholders Audit report natural resources, including water Jan 2013 • Report successfully completed and accepted by 100,000 • Community consultatio n relevant stakeholders Sub-total Feedback report • Geological surve y • NEMA • Report successfully completed and shared with Conduct geological • County representative the stakeholders 900,000 survey to assess • Consultant Hold feedback meetings 100,000 mining potential Feedback meeting • Report successfully completed and shared with to share results with the Community Feb 2013 Sub-total stakeholders report • stakeholdersCommunity consultation report completed Page 9 consultation report 8 Million successfully Geological survey • Geological report successfully completed Total cost report 100,000 June 2013 9 Million

12.1 Million

July 2013 Figure 5 Vision map drawn by ladies Figure 6 vision map drawn by elders

Figure 7 vision map drawn by youth

Page 10 Chapter 4: Management approach

This chapter outlines the mechanisms and activities identified as needing to be implemented in order to overcome the current natural resources management challenges facing community members. The sub-catchment is classified as alarm due to water scarcity, environmental degradation (charcoal production), human-wildlife conflict, influx of pastoralists and frequent drought. The chapter also based on the challenges and opportunities also explores ways of sustainably maximising the benefits accruing from the resources that are available in sub-catchment. To embrace inclusiveness which is core area that adapted SCMP propagates. Community members and other stakeholders during SCMP development proposed various interventions and management practices to overcome problems facing community of Tula sub-catchment. The process of coming up with appropriate interventions involved consultative discussions among the participants spearheaded by community members and supported by various technical personnel from various government department and NGOs. For each problem intervention activities were carefully identified, responsible person or institution earmarked, outputs, indicators, when and where the proposed activities are supposed to take place. See table 4 for details. As part of the planning process, community members drew ‘vision maps’ depicting what they would like to see in 5 years’ time assuming proper resource management practices. These were drawn taking into consideration the current challenges facing them, the interventions they proposed and current resource maps. Community members tried as much as possible to eliminate the current problems facing them and included solutions in terms of the activities they will implement. They also added other elements that they felt would raise their living standard. The community ‘vision maps’ are shown in Figure 5, 6&7. Most of the proposed activities will be spearheaded by community members with technical and financial support from government and other donor agencies. Lagha Tula WRUA is expected to mobilise community members to actively participate in proposed activities. Lagha Tula WRUA is an association registered with Social Service Registration Number TND (BAN) CBO/5340 and the office of the Attorney General Registration Number 0459145; they work closely with WRMA and other institutions like IUCN. The WRUA covers five main villages, namely Tula, Bulto Banta, Bii Gadud, Libile and Arer. Members of the WRUA are mainly pastoralists and a small portion of members are also small-scale traders. Currently, the WRUA is tasked with management of natural resources especially water, and general environmental protection including control of deforestation; it intends to upscale its mandate to include pasture and fodder management in the future. Community elders are involved in giving advice on resource use and are also heavily involved in conflict resolution. Community members using the WRUA as a platform also engage with government departments in issues around management, protection, efficient use of resources, reporting and apprehending of criminals and/or those who break agreements and norms on resource use.

Page 11 Page 12 Table 4 Proposed management interventions

Ta rget: To build community resilience and enhance sustainable resource use and management in the Tu la sub-catchment to be spearheaded by WRUA members and other stakeholders Overall output: The community within the sub-catchment understand the ecological, commercial and livelihood zones and appropriate mechanisms to solve the existing resource challenges

Problem Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Wher e Budget (kshs) Water scarcity Capacity building • Workshop report of WRUA and on management Workshop report successfully completed and shared • Workshop on management • WRUA (Org anisation named ﬁ rst is the lead Jan 2013 Tu la sub- 600,000 community members of existing water with relevant stakeholders of existing water sources agency in each row) catchment on water management sources (3days) • MoWI • WRMA • IUCN • Other NGOs • Formation of bylaws and • WRUA • By-laws By-laws in place and ef fectively utilised by March 2013 1.5 Million enhance enforcement • Community members community members • WRMA • IUCN • Other relevant government departments • Aw areness raising Report shared with relevant stakeholders • Aw areness raising report Jan 2013 250,000 on resource use and • WRUA management under • Community members devolved system of • WRMA government (5 barazas) • IUCN • Other relevant government departments Sub-total • WRMA • Community 2.35 Million • IUCN sensitization report Mapping the sub- • Community sensitisatio n • FaIDA Report successfully completed April 2013 100000 catchments into Consultant assisted by management unit Resource maps • WRMA • Digitisation of community • IUCN Resource maps successfully completed and in use June 2013 1 million resource maps (Image • Community members by varied stakeholders classiﬁ cation, ground trothing and validation, printing, sharing with Sub-total partners and community members) 1.1 Million • KFS Aw areness creation • Chief report on sustainable Dec 2012 Tu la sub- 100,000 Charcoal production • County council • Aw areness creation report successfully drafted • Creating awareness charcoal production catchment Aw areness creation • Tu la community and circulated to relevant stakeholders on sustainable on ef fect of charcoal and management production • WRUA members charcoal production • IUCN and management • WRMA • National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) • KFS • Chief • Report on • County council stakeholder meeting • Charcoal producer associations successfully Feb 2013 • Formation of charcoal to constitute formed and operational 300,000 producers association • Tu la community • WRUA members charcoal producer that practice sustainable • IUCN associations charcoal production • National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

• By-laws on charcoal production • By-laws successfully drafted and used • Formulation and • KFS 300,000 implementation of by-laws • WRUA on charcoal production • Community members • WRMA • IUCN • Other relevant government departments 20,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 300,000 100,000 470,000 100,000 1 Million 5 Million 1 Million 1.7 Million 6.1 Million Budget (kshs) e la Tu Wher When Jan 2013 Jan 2013 Sub-total Feb 2013 Nov 2012 April 2013 March 2013 August 2013 October 2013 October 2013

Indicators

cials

ofﬁ t sharing mechanism agreed upon by

aining report successfully completed and shared oodlot management successfully completed and with relevant stakeholders Report successfully completed and shared with relevant stakeholders Participatory video produced and shared with relevant stakeholders Consultative meetings conducted that address the needs of all the concerned parties Number of enforcement activities successfully Report successfully completed and shared with relevant stakeholders W in use by various stakeholders Report outlining relevant alternative livelihoods to be adopted Tr members and company successfully completed Rehabilitation monitoring plan put in place that is acceptable to community members and company completed Number of malpractices successfully corrected by NEM A MOU that caters for the needs of community Bene ﬁ community members, company and relevant government department • • • • • • • • • • • •

Outputs deo clips of aining report oodlot Feedback meeting report W management plan Community consultation report Tr on identiﬁ livelihoods Report on the implementation of the identiﬁ livelihood Vi implemented activities Consultative meeting report Report on the enforcement modalities MOU Monitoring report Report on consultative meeting • • • • • • • • • • •

s s s s cials

y f

Responsibility cials cials

ofﬁ ofﬁ

WRMA KFS Community members WRUA IUCN FaID A Relevant line ministries Livestock department Community member WRUA IUCN FaID A NEMA Community Provincial administration District environment committee IUCN NEMA Community Provincial administration District environment committee IUCN Mining compan Community member Administration ofﬁ District environment committee County representative Community member Company staf NEMA Community members County representative Company Government line ministries Community members County representative KFS WRUA Community members IUCN Other relevant government departments Livestock department Community member WRUA IUCN FaID A WRMA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

, ed

to t sharing

ed livelihood

Sub-activity la community and aining on identifi Development of woodland management plan Community consultation to identify alternative livelihoods Tr livelihoods (restocking) Implementation of identifi (restocking) Consultative meetings involving community mining company and relevant stakeholders (3 meetings) Mobilise NEMA enforce rules on mining Develop MOU between Tu Mining company Monitor rehabilitation activities on the degraded sites Consultative meeting with company to agree on the benefi modalities Hold feedback meetings to share results with the stakeholders • • • • • • • • • t sharing t sharin g

cation and

Activities Engage mining company/nies in environmental rehabilitation and benefi Engage mining company/nies in benefi • Identifi implementation of alternative livelihoods • oblem Pr Sub-total Sub-total Mining Sub-total Sub-total Page 13 200,000 200,000 100,000 100,000 200,000 250,000 500,000 750,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 1 million 1Million Budget (kshs) e la sub- Wher Tu catchment Jan each and of When (2013-2017) Jan 2013 Nov 2013 June 2013 June 2013 continuous March 2013 March 2013 of each year year October August

f-taken

cers/individuals

Indicators Number of monitoring activities undertaken and malpractices rectiﬁ Number of people who are apprehended due to non-compliance with the law Number of enforcement ofﬁ allocated to the work or employed Number of sensitization meetings successfully completed successfully held Number of peace committee meetings stakeholders Exposure visit successfully conducted and action plans executed Integrated systems/plans in use by various Number of livestock successfully Meeting attended by relevant stakeholders Report successfully completed Incorporation of some the early warning systems in planning processes Community consultation successfully completed • • • • • • • • • Sub-total • • •

ict resolution

Outputs Monitoring and enforcement report Enforcement reports Sensitization meeting reports Community consultation report training report Conﬂ Exposure visit report and action plans Report on modes of integrating traditional and modern early warning systems Report on the of take activity Community consultation report Report on the early warning systems • • • • • • • • • • ) ) • Action (GAA) f ) Agro e e e e e

cials

Responsibility cials

ofﬁ ofﬁ

cials of the livestock department

la community IUCN FaID A WRMA Line ministries Community members County representativ WRUA IUCN WRMA FaID A Selected line ministry staf Line ministries (Department of Livestock Administration Community members County representativ Line ministries (Department of Livestock Administration Community members WRUA County representative Of ﬁ Community members WRUA Community members County representativ Administration Meteorological department IUCN NDMA WRUA Community members IUCN Meteorological department WRMA County representativ Sensitization meetings (5) Community members County representativ NDMA Administration Line ministries (Livestock MoLD Tu IUCN MoWI NGOs (FaIDA, German • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Sub-total • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

f-take per f-tak e ict resolution (2

Sub-activity aining the committees Tr on conﬂ sessions every year) Monitoring and enforcement of the plan (continuous) Integrate traditional and modern early warning systems Enforcement Execution of Exposure visit for peace committees to areas with active peace initiatives Community consultation Document the existing and traditional early warning systems Sensitization meetings (5) Community consultation to agree on the number and the cost of livestock • • • • • • • • • • f-take ict over

Activities Zoning of dry and wet season grazing areas Introduction of restrictions on the keeping livestock around settlement (<15kms), except milking herds Implement livestock of before drought period Strengthening existing peace committees to reduce conﬂ resources during drought periods • Develop and strengthen early warning systems • • • oblem Pr Sub-total Sub-total Sub-total Sub-total Drought Page 14 Problem Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

• Surveillance and confl ict • Community members • Report on the • Number of surveillance conducted and number of Continuous 100,000 resolution • County representative confl ict and confl icts resolved successfully • Administration confl ict resolutions • WRUA offi cials in the sub- catchment Sub-total 1.6 million Tula sub- Human-wildlife • Strengthen • Sensitization and • KWS • Minutes of the • Meeting successfully held and produced strategies Oct 2012 200,000 catchment confl ict (HWC ) relations between trainings on interventions • MoLD meeting on the on ways of enhancing relationship KWS and • Tula community ways of enhancing community relationship between KWS and community • Cooperate with the KWS • KWS • Meeting report s • Report successfully completed Continuous to minimise confl ict • Tula community • Minutes on the • Number of wild animals trans-located to other (e.g. trans-locating • County representative strategies of areas to protected areas of • Administration trans-locating wild predators) animals • Explore the possibilities • KWS • Meeting report • Report successfully completed June 2013 150,000 and mechanisms for the • Tula community • Formation of • Liaison committee successfully formed implementation of a • County representative liaison committee compensation scheme for • Administratio n between KWS and HWC incidents community • Initiate corporate • KWS • Formation of the • Committee championing for corporate social 100,000 social responsibility • Tula community committee involved responsibility formed and functional programmes • County representative in overseeing • Administratio n implementation of activities Sub-total 450,000 Infl ux of • Control in fl ux • Create by-laws to control • Community • By-laws on • By-laws accepted by communities and Each year Tula sub- 300,000 pastoralists from of pastoralists in infl ux of pastoralists • MoLD controlling of successfully applied to both residents and between August catchment elsewhere leading coordination with • Sensitising the outsiders • Provincial administration/county external pastoralists outsiders to November to local over grazing outsiders on the existing bylaws government and grazing • Number of people who are sensitised existing (2012-2017) • Surveillance on • WRUA • Report/Minutes laws on infl ux control compliance with the • IUCN on sensitization • Number of surveillance successfully completed existing rules meeting done • Surveillance report

Sub-total 300,000 Total cost 16.32 Million Page 15 Chapter 5: Resource availability and demand

Communities depend for the better part on the land and water resources available to them within their sub-catchment area. Establishing the current and potential future demand for resources within this area, and at the same time ascertaining the existing resources resource and likely future availability will help in planning communities to use the resources equitably and sustainably. The Tula community has varied water resources distributed within their sub-catchment. For example, there are water pans in Tula, Bii Gadud, Libile and Bulto Banta villages, water holes along the lagha Tula. There is only one borehole in Tula which has been non-operational for the last 5 years. Water demand and consumption varies across the villages with Tula having the highest demand due to the size of its population. Livestock are confined within the boundaries of sub-catchment during normal time when pasture and water are adequate but during drought period they travel as far as Galole (over 100km). Water demand The main sources of water for communities living in Tula sub-catchment are water pans, shallow wells and water trucking from Garissa during dry seasons. Table 5 Daily estimates of water demand in five centres of Tula sub-catchment Centre Population Water demand Total water demand (20L/d…) in cubic metres m3/d Tula 2500 0.02 50 Bulto Banta 1500 0.02 30 Bii Gadud 500 0.02 10 Arer 250 0.02 5 Libile 200 0.02 4 Total 4950 99 Source: Tula Community (2012)

Table 6 Daily water demand by livestock in Tula sub-catchment Type Population Water demand Total demand (in m3/livestock/d) (m3/d) Camel 3,000 0.06 180 Cattle 1,000 0.045 45 Goat 10,000 0.001 10 Total 14,000 235 Sources: District Livestock Production Office (2012), Tula Community (2012) Pasture demand The amount of pasture required by livestock depends on season. Livestock often need to cover large areas in search of adequate pasture during drought periods as compared to normal times for example. Table 7 shows estimates of the area of pasture required to sustain a given number of livestock during both drought and normal years and Table 8 gives estimates of the weight of fodder required by livestock.

Page 16 Table 7 Areas required for sustaining livestock during drought and normal year Livestock Area (in km2)required for pasture (Weekly) Normal Drought Camel (100) 4 100 Cattle (200) 4 100 Goat (300) 4 25 Source Tula community (2012)

Table 8 Pasture requirement by livestock Type Population Average body Percentage calculation Average Requirement Total requirement weight(kg) for pasture per animal per day (kg/day) (kg/day) Camel 3000 400 8% body weight 32 96000 Cattle 1000 250 8% body weight 20 20000 Goats 10000 45 10% body weight 5 50000 Total 166000 Source: District Livestock Production Office (2012) and Tula community (2012)

Fuel wood demand An estimated 300 households in the Tula area are dependent on surrounding vegetation to meet their fuel wood needs and the trend is similar in other villages in the Tula sub-catchment. Each household collects firewood every two days on average, and based on the current density and nature of woodland, an area of a 1 km radius is estimated to be required to meet the firewood demands of these 300 households for period of 5 years. This estimate was based on communities estimate of the distance travelled in search of firewood over period of time. Women estimated that in a span of every 5 years they travel extra kilometre in search of firewood within their locality. In addition to inputs from community members, technical staff from government departments and NGOs, who also participated in formulation of the SCMP, suggested a number of actions etc that will help in estimating the demand and equitable sharing of resources. These are shown in Table 9.

Page 17 Page 18 Table 9 Elements to consider in estimating demand and sharing of resources

Target: Establish natural resource demand and supply for Tula Sub-catchment Overall output: Adequate date on natural resource demand and supply established

Problem Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

1.2 million Livestock holding • Assessment of • Estimate livestock numbers • MoLD Livestock holding • Report produced on time and is accepted June 2013 Tula capacity plan and pasture/fodder in both dry and wet seasons • Provincial administration/County capacity map/plan • Accurate data and information on overall areas, maps potential, reserve • Determine acreage of Government produced wet and dry season areas, diseases etc available and balance grazing land in sub- • Community • Livestock holding capacity map/plan in place and catchment • County council used by various stakeholders • Delineate dry and wet • IUCN season grazing areas • WRMA • Estimate productivity of grazing areas • Assess disease prevalence for all livestock type • Develop a livestock holding capacity plan and maps Sub-total 1.2 Million

Resource allocation Develop resource • Baseline study on resource • Tula Community Baseline report • Report successfully ﬁ nalised August 2013 Tula 500000 plan for pasture/ allocation plan for sharing • County government outlining resource fodder and water pasture/fodder and • IUCN sharing water • WRMA

• Formulation of By-laws • Tula Community By-laws on resource • By-laws in place and used by all the stakeholders Cost covered • Stakeholder meetings • County government representatives sharing in the sub-catchment under bylaws • IUCN on resource use • WRMA • Line ministries

• Tula Community Stakeholder meetings • Meetings successfully conducted by involving 200,000 • County government representatives relevant stakeholders • IUCN • WRMA Sub-total 700,000 Total 1.9 Million Chapter 6: Natural resources allocation for sustainable, equitable and efficient use by communities

The scarcity of natural resources in the sub-catchment calls for proper, sustainable management and utilisation in order to achieve their equitable and efficient sharing and use. Like many other pastoralist communities, people in Tula utilise their resources communally and resources utilisation and sharing is based partly on traditional systems and, in some cases, also influenced by formal arrangement set by government. The Tula Community has organised itself at local level to set rules and norms on resource utilisation and sharing, mainly on water resources. This chapter covers norms and modalities to be adopted to ensure available resources are equitably shared among different users in Tula sub-catchment. Water in Tula Sub-catchment is mainly used for domestic and livestock. There is free access by community members and demand exceeds supply due to increase in the number of livestock and human population in the area. Community use water troughs to water livestock to avoid wastage and enhance efficient water use. There are incidences of conflict over water resource use between the migrant pastoralists and community members. Pasture utilization same as water resource is an open access resource to Tula community and other migrant pastoralists and get scarce during dry season but abundant during rain periods. There is no conflict over pasture in Tula sub- catchment among the pastoralists but there are cases of wildlife-human conflict where wildlife kills livestock especially during dry season. In Tula sub-catchment currently there is no wet and dry season grazing plan in place. Community mainly uses forest as source of fuel wood (firewood and charcoal), building materials and occasionally carving. Products sourced from the forest serve both domestic and commercial interest of the community. There is no restriction in place currently on exploitation of forest resources. Table 10 shows how community currently utilizes and share resources in their locality and proposed plans in future. Table 10 Current and future plans on resources utilization and sharing Resource Current use status • The functional water pan is reserved for domes- Future plans Water tic use only • Maintain separate water pans for domestic and livestock uses • Shallow wells along the lagha Tula are utilised by small stocks (goats and sheep) • Construction of proper inlet to water pan reserved for livestock • Tula communities share their water resources with migrant/passing by pastoralists • Revive the Tula borehole and put in place proper operation and maintenance practices/systems • Tula community members try as much as possible to avoid wastage of water • Fence water pans to put in place control systems to enhance efficient use of water • Livestock use water troughs so as to avoid contamination of water pans Pasture • There are currently no restrictions on grazing in • Need for provision of seeds for reseeding pasture place either for the inhabitants of the Tula sub- fields catchment or visitors to the area • Delineation of wet and dry season grazing areas and • There is no organised system of wet and dry enforcement of the practice by community members season grazing areas • Training on how to reseed and manage planted pasture fields • Open access use practice • Need for training and provision of more efficient fuel Forest (Fuel- wood utilisation practices e.g. use of energy saving • Only dead wood should be harvested wood ) stoves • Long pieces of firewood should be cut into • Training on biogas production smaller pieces • Residue wood pieces to be used

Community members also discussed extensively various mechanisms of ensuring sustainable, equitable resource use and sharing by different groups of people within sub-catchment and also outside groups. Table 11 details various plans and actions to be undertaken to realise sustainable, efficient and equitable resource use. Page 19 Page 20 Table 11 Community resource allocation plans for sustainable, equitable and efficient use in Tula sub-catchment

Ta rget: To develop natural resource allocation plans Overall output: Natural resource allocation plans in place

Resour ces Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

300,000 Water • Development of • Community sensitisation (3 • WRUA • Community • Number of community members successfully January 2013 to Tula sub- water allocation days) • MoWI sensitization report sensitized on allocation plan June 2013 catchment plans (WAP) • Chief • Elders • KWS • Community • MoLD • MoA • IUCN • FaIDA • WRMA • NDMA • Abstraction survey to • Consultant • Abstraction survey • Report successfully completed and used by 1Million assess quantity and quality • WRMA report various stakeholders • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Prepare draft allocation • WRUA • Workshop report on • Draft allocation successfully completed 300,000 plan Workshop to develop • WRMA allocation plan allocation plan • County representativ e • Draft allocation • IUCN plan • FaIDA • Line ministries • Consultative meeting with • WRUA • Consultative • Validation meeting successfully held 200,000 relevant stakeholders to • WRMA meeting report validate the draft plan • County representative • IUCN • FaIDA

• Publish the plan in print • WRMA • Newspaper advert • Allocation plan successfully published in the 2 Million media for publicity and • WRUA on allocation plan newspaper and comments received from dif ferent comments • IUCN stakeholders • County representative • Submit plan for • WRMA • Publication of the • Successful gazettement of the plan 1 Million gazettement • WRUA plan in the gazette • County representative • Enforce the allocation plan • WRUA • Enforcement plan in • Enforcement plan successfully completed and 1 Million • Community members place disseminated to all the stakeholders • WRMA • County representatives • Enforce compliance • Sensitisation on January 2013 to Tula sub- • WRUA • Community • Number of the enforcement successfully 500,000 of water use permit abstraction, water use • WRMA sensitised on June 2013 catchment permits and water user completed conditions as per • MoWI acceptable • Amount of money collected as a result of the charges Water Act 2002/ • Chief abstraction levels, enforcement of Water Act 2002/WRM rules 2007 WRM rules 2007 • Elders issuance and use of • KWS permits to entrench • Community equitable sharing of • MoLD resources • MoA • Sensitization report • IUCN • FaIDA • NDMA Resources Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

• Developing • Develop compliance plan • WRUA • Compliance plan • Compliance report delivered on time and acceptedJanuary 2013 to Tula sub- 300,000 a compliance • MoWI • Plan available and in use June 2013 catchment plan on water • Chief abstraction and • Elders use based on • KWS water Act • Community • MoLD • MoA • IUCN • FaIDA • WRMA • NDMA Sub-total 6.6 Million

Pasture & fodder • Development • Community consultation• WRUA • Grazing • Plans delivered on time and accepted May 2013 Tula sub- 100,000 of grazing • MoWI management plans • Plans available and in use December 2013 catchment management • Chief plans • Elders • KWS • Community • MoLD • MoA • IUCN • FaIDA • WRMA • NDMA

• Use livestock holding • WRUA • Allocation of • Grazing zones/patterns successfully developed 300,000 capacity plan and maps • MoWI grazing zones/ in consultation with various stakeholders (table 8) to allocate grazing • County representative patterns plans zones/patterns • Chief • Elders • KWS • Community • MoLD • MoA • IUCN • FaIDA • WRMA • NDMA 100,000 • Community sensitization on • MoWI • Community • Number of community members sensitized on new grazing management • WRUA sensitization report the grazing management plan plan • NDMA • County representative • Chief • Elders • KWS • Community Sub-total • MoLD 500,000 Page 21 Page 22 Resources Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

Land • Development of • Community consultation • WRUA • Community • Report successfully completed January - April Tula sub- 100,000 physical plans • MoWI consultation report 2014 catchment (Settlement • Chief pattern, roads • Elders and other • KWS infrastructure) • Community • MoLD • MoA • IUCN • FaIDA • WRMA • NDMA

• Engage consultant to • Consultant • Physical plan • Physical plan successfully produced and in use 1 Million undertake physical plan • WRUA by different stakeholders • Community members • County representative

• Dissemination and • County representative • Report on • Physical plan successfully disseminated to 100,000 sensitization of physical • WRUA dissemination of the relevant stakeholders plan to community • Line ministries physical plan

Sub-total 1.2 Million July 2013 Tula Sub- 100,000 Minerals • Development • Community consultation • WRUA • Report on the • Report drafted and shared with relevant of mineral to develop engagement • MoWI ways of engaging stakeholders catchment exploitation plans protocols • Chief the relevant • Elders stakeholders • KWS • Community members • MoLD • MoA • IUCN • FaIDA • WRMA • NDMA

• Drafting of mineral • Community members • Mineral exploitation • Mineral exploitation plan successfully drafted and 300,000 exploitation plan with all • County representatives plan used by relevant stakeholders relevant stakeholders • Line ministries

• Enforcement and • Community members • Report on the • Exploitation plan successfully executed 250,000 implementation of plan • County representatives enforcement of the • Line ministries plan

Sub-total 650,000

Total 8.95 Million Chapter 7: Resource protection

The Lagha Tula WRUA is currently the main force behind water protection and environmental conservation in the sub- catchment. The WRUA works closely with community elders, members and government line ministries with community members involved at various levels in protecting their resources. Set out below are details of the ways in which the Tula community are involved in conserving and protecting their natural resources. Water resources • Agreements that enhance protection of water points, e.g. restricting access to water points by animals; ensuring efficient use of water by animals, and preventing contamination of water points by fencing of water pans and boreholes • By-laws to protect the water points e.g reserving some dams for human utilisation only • Guards/watchmen to protect boreholes from vandalism and thieves in Tula (although these are absent at other sites like Arer and Bii Gadud) • Implementation of clean- up activities around the water pans to minimise contamination from animal dung by WRUA members and community at large • Protect of water pan embankments through grass planting Pasture • Patrols to check and prevent unauthorised grass burning • Selection and appointment of elders to sensitise the community on the effects of grass burning • Consideration of the need for issuance of permits for charcoal production Forest • Restrictions on the cutting of live trees • Collecting primarily/exclusively dead wood for firewood • Tree planting in homesteads During SCMP preparation community members deliberated on ways of protecting their key natural resources in consultation with other stakeholders. Table 12 gives a detailed account of proposed activities to protect and conserve key resources in the sub-catchment

Page 23 Page 24 Table 12. Planned activities for protection and conservation of key resources in sub-catchment

Ta rget: ef fective protection of the existing natural resources in order to achieve desired services Overall output: catchment maintain ability to provide required services

Resour ces Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Wher e Budget (kshs)

Water • Fencing of water • Community consultation • Community • Community • Report successfully completed Nov 2012 Tula sub- 100,000 pans (4 water (identifi cation of sites ) • WRMA consultation report catchment pans) • IUCN • FaIDA • County representative • Meeting with offi cials of • WRUA offi cials • Meeting report • Meeting report successfully completed Dec 2012 50,000 water users • Selected community elders • Agreement reached between offi cials of WRUA and WUA • Conduct perimeter • WRUA offi cials • Survey report • Report successfully completed Feb 2013 80,000 survey and prepare bill of • Selected community members • Bill of quantities • Bill of quantities prepared by involving relevant quantities • County representative stakeholders

• Construction of the fenc e• WRUA ofﬁ cials • Fence constructed • Successful completion of the fences around the March 2013 1.6 Million • WRMA around selected selected water points • County representativ e water points • Selected community members Formation of water • Community consultation to • WRUA • Report on Community consultation successfully completed May 2013 100,000 protection committee select committee members • County representative community • Selected community members consultation • WRMA

• Selection of the committee • WRUA • Report on the • Committee members successfully selected and June 2013 50,0000 members and setting their • County representative selection of the their roles set roles • Selected community members committee members • WRMA Hiring of watchmen • WRUA offi cials • Watchmen hired • Watchmen hired and successfully execute the 300,000 • Selected community members assigned tasks Restoration of lagha • Community consultation • WRUA • Consultation report • Consultation successfully executed October 2013 50,000 Tula • Community members • Identifi cation of sites to be • WRUA • Site identifi cation • Site successfully identifi ed Nov 2013 100,000 restored • Community members report • Marking sites • WRUA • Report on sites • Sites successfully marked through involvement Jan 2014 100,000 • Community member s marked of relevant stakeholders • WRMA • Procurement of tree • WRUA • Procurement report • Right seedlings successfully procured Feb 2014 1 Million seedlings • Community member s • WRMA • IUCN • Planting indigenous trees • WRUA • Report on planting • Number of trees successfully planted April 2014 200,000 on selected sites • Community member s of the tree seedlings • WRMA • IUCN Lobbying for • Community consultatio n• WRUA • Report on the • Consultation successfully completed Mar 2013 50,000 establishment of • Community member s community sanitation facilities • WRMA consultation along the water • Line ministries sources • Identifi cation of the sites • WRUA • Site identifi cation • Sites successfully identifi ed in collaboration Mar 2013 100,000 • Community member s report with relevant stakeholders • WRMA • Line ministries Resources Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

• Soliciting for funds • WRUA • Minutes of the • Amount of money raised through fund raising June 2013 100,000 • Community members meetings attended in search of funds

• Construction of facilities • WRUA • Sanitation facility • Successful completion of sanitation structures at August 2013 1 Million • Community members established the required site

Enforcement of • Community sensitization • • Community • Number of community members successfully Continuous 100,000 bylaws • WRUA ofﬁ cials sensitization report sensitized on bylaws process • County representative • WRMA • IUCN • Enforcement committee successfully selected • Select enforcement • WRUA • Minute on the 50,000 committee • Community members selection of the enforcement committee

• Enforcement committee successfully facilitated to 200,000 • Facilitate enforcement • County government • Report detailing committee • WRMA the facilitation carry out the required duties • NGOs activities planned • Line ministries or undertaken • Administration 5.33 Million Sub-total • Community • Number of community members sensitized June 2013 Sub-total 100,000 Pasture • • Protection and • Community sensitization • Tula community regulation on • Provincial administration/County sensitization report Tula sub- pasture utilisation government catchment (control inﬂ ux of • WRMA pastoralists) • IUCN • KFS

• Reduced/no livestock entering 15km radius Continuous • Restrict livestock entering • Tula community • Continuous process within a 15km radius of • County government representatives reporting on settlements the situations of livestock entering 15km radius

200,000 • Enforcement of wet and dry • Tula community • Report on the • Operational wet and dry season grazing season grazing areas • County government representatives enforcement aspect arrangement (continuous)

• Sensitisation of • Tula community • Sensitization report • Number of people successfully sensitized 100,000 communities (both • County government representatives outsiders and locals) on the adverse effects of deforestation on pasture • Successfully citing of the water points in Continuous • Strategically locating water • Tula community • Report on the citing 500,000 of the new water the designated areas that does not result to points within rangelands • County government representatives points within the environmental degradation (e.g. by avoiding creation • WRMA rangelands of many water points as this • Line ministries (Water, Livestock) will result in overgrazing)

Page 25 Sub-total 900,000 Page 26 Resour ces Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

Forest • Sensitization and Nov 2012 Sub-total • Create awareness • Community • Aw areness raising • Successfully conducted awareness raising 100,000 Tula sub- on forest consultation of the • KFS workshop on forest workshop protection and community • KWS protection and catchment management • IUCN management held • FaIDA • Provincial administration/County government • Formation of Community • Community • Community forest • Operational community forest association April 2013 600,000 Forest Association (check • KFS association formed if repeated) • IUCN • FaIDA • Provincial administration/County government

• Engagement of Forest • Community • Forest scouts • Forest scouts ef fectively undertaking forest June 2013 500,000 scouts and community • KFS employed related works members (10 scouts) • IUCN • FaIDA • Provincial administration/County government

• Train community • Workshop on fuel • Community • Training on fuel • Number of successfully conducted trainings on Oct 2013 600,000 on fuel effi cient effi ciency and alternative • KFS effi cient stoves, fuel effi cient stoves and alternative sources of and alternative sources of ener gy TOT • KWS biogas energy sources of ener gy (3days ) • IUCN e.g. fuel effi cient • FaIDA cook stoves, • Provincial administration/County biogas etc. government

• Sensitization of the • ToTs • Report on the • Community members successfully sensitized Nov 2013 250,000 community by TOTs • Provincial administration/County sensitization (5days) government • Provision of ener gy saving • County government • Energy saving jikos • Number of ener gy saving jikos provided to the Jan 2014 3 million jikos • NGOs households and adopted • KFS • Line ministries (ene rgy, environment) Sub-total 5.05 Million

Livestock Protect livestock • Moving livestock to rich • Tula community • Migration plan • Effective use of the migration plan Continuous Tula sub- 50,000 from adverse pasture areas • MoLD developed/ activity catchment environmental • KWS strengthened conditions and diseases

Provision of • Establish veterinary store • Tula community • Deworming • Number of livestock receiving deworming pills or 400,000 veterinary services • MoLD implemented medication (de-worming, dipping) • Stock of veterinary drugs • Tula community • Stock of veterinary • Number of the veterinary centres stocked with 1 million • MoLD drugs in veterinary veterinary drugs centres • Train community animal • MoLD • Training reports • Number of community members successfully 1 million workers (5 trainings) • County government trained • Tula community • NGOs

• Identify sites for dip • Tula community • Report on the sites • Successfully identiﬁ cation of sites for dip 100,000 construction • MoLD identiﬁ cation construction done through consultation with the community members Resources Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

• Construction of dips (2 • Tula community • Dip constructed • Number of the dips successfully constructed 1.8 million dips) • MoLD • County government • NGOs • Protect livestock • Establishing of historical • Tula community • Wildlife corridor • Number of the wildlife successfully established August 2013 300,000 from wild animal wildlife corridors • KWS established through consultation of all the concerned attacks • County government representatives stakeholders • MoLD • Mapping dangerous • Tula community • Dangerous wildlife • Successfully identiﬁ cation of the wildlife Sept 2013 500,000 wildlife corridors and • KWS corridors and corridors and hotspots hotspots • County government representatives hotspots marked • MoLD

• Reporting of notorious • Tula community • Reports on the • Number of the successfully reported case of the Continuous 100,000 wild animals to KWS for • KWS notorious wildlife notorious and number of the notorious wildlife transfer or elimination • County government representatives executed • MoLD Sub-total 5.25 Million

Wildlife • Awareness • Workshop on the • Community • Sensitization • Number of successful workshops held Dec 2012 Sub-total 500,000 creation on of importance, and beneﬁ t of • KWS workshops on Tula sub- wildlife wildlife • Provincial administrations importance of catchment • IUCN wildlife

• Workshop on ways of • Community • Drafting of the • Number of successfully strategies designed and Feb 2013 300,000 engaging KWS to resolve • KWS strategies of the executed human-wildlife conﬂ ict • Provincial administrations engaging the KWS • IUCN

• Recruitment of scouts • Community • Scouts recruited • Number of scouts recruited and successfully April 2013 500,000 • KWS executing their duties • County government

• Improve security and • Community • Security and • Functional security and amnesty plans Dec 2013 300,000 disbandment of / amnesty • KWS amnesty plan in for illegal ﬁ re arms • County government place Sub-total 1.6 Million

Total 18.58 million Page 27 Chapter 8: Implementation of catchment protection activities

The Tula community values the natural resources found in their sub-catchment and engage in management and conservation at different levels. For example, the community has in place some guiding rules on the use water both by themselves as well as by outsider/migrant communities. The community has also constituted a committee consisting of WRUA officials and elders to handle any conflicts that may arise over resource use. The role of the WRUA on catchment/ environmental protection is minimal and there is need for capacity building of the WRUA to help them improve their understanding of the WRUA concept as well as of their roles and responsibilities. Currently, few community members understand the concept and role of the WRUA in resource management. Table 13 present the interventions suggested by some community members for actions needed to reduce environmental degradation and to conserve natural resources in the catchment.

Page 28 Table 13. Planned activities to reduce environmental degradation and conserve natural resources in Tula sub-catchment

Ta rget: To reduce catchment degradation through integration of protection and conservation approach Overall output: Rehabilitated catchment that has ability to of fer a balanced ecosystem services

Problem/ Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Wher e Budget (kshs) objective

Reduce land • Establish ﬁ ve tree • Community consultatio n • KFS • Consultation report • Report successfully completed and used by Jan 2013 Tula sub- 100,000 degradation nursery (5) • Ministry of water various stakeholders catchment • Tula community • WRUA • KWS • Ministry of lands

• Identify nursery sites • Tula community • Site identiﬁ cation • Nursery sites agreed upon by all the stakeholders Feb 2013 100,000 • KFS report • WRUA • Ministry of water

• Site preparation (land • Tula community • Site preparation • Nursery sites successfully prepared by engaging March 2013 1 million preparation and fencing 5 • KFS report relevant stakeholders sites ) • WRUA • Ministry of water

• Procurement of planting • WRUA offi cials • Minutes of the • Agreement on the procurement process March 2013 1.5 million materials and equipment • WRMA procurement documented • CFA committee meeting • County representative • Employ nursery attendant • WRUA offi cials • Nursery attendant • Successfully recruitment of the qualifi ed March 2013 300,000 • CFA employed personnel • County representativ e • Educate the • Community sensitization (5 • KFS • Sensitisation community • Number of sensitisation workshops successfully Oct 2013 300,000 meetings) • IUCN workshops on the ef fects, held • FaIDA on ef fects of and agents of • County representative deforestation deforestation and ways of mitigating 3.3 Million Sub-total Water/river sour ce • Tree planting • Community consultation • WRUA • Community • Report successfully complied and circulated to Feb 2013 100,000 protectio n along laghas • Community members consultation report relevant stakeholders Tula and Arer • WRMA and water points • County representatives using indigenous • IUCN species • Transportation of seedlings • WRUA • Seedlings taken to • Number of seedlings successfully transported to March 2013 200,000 • Community members the planting sites planting sites • WRMA • County representatives • NGOs • Pitting and waterin g• WRUA • Pits and watering • Number of pits and watering of seedlings March 2013 100,000 • Community members of the seedlings successfully executed • WRMA • County representatives • NGOs 150,000 • Protection structures around • WRUA • Protection structure • Protection structure successfully completed March 2013 the trees seedlings • Community members constructed • WRMA • County representatives • NGOs Page 29 Page 30 Problem/ Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs) objective

• Preventing • Community consultation • WRUA • Community • Report successfully completed April 2013 100,000 livestock from • Community members consultation report grazing along • WRMA river banks • County representatives especially areas • Marking of the protected • WRUA • Markings put in • Successfully completion of the of the markings April 2013 100,000 that has been zones e.g. near lagahs • Community members place involving relevant stakeholders severely degraded • WRMA • County representatives Sub-total 750,000

Invasive weeds Control and • Community consultation • KFS • Community Report successfully completed October 2012 – Tula sub- 100,000 management of P. • WRMA consultation report December 2014 catchment juliﬂ ora • NDMA • IUCN • FaIDA • MoLD • MoA • WRUA • Community • Chiefs

• identifi cation and mapping • Community members Map of the areas Areas invaded by the P. julifl ora Successfully 300,000 of P. julifl ora • KFS occupied by P. mapped • NDMA julifl ora • IUCN • FaIDA • MoLD • MoA • WRUA • Chiefs • Development of control • KFS Invasive control plan Plan successfully developed involving various 600,000 plan • NDMA stakeholders • IUCN • FaIDA • MoLD • MoA • WRUA • Community • Chiefs • Roll-out the control • KFS Report on the Acreage under P. julifl ora successfully controlled 400,000 plan • NDMA activities achieved in • IUCN controlling of the P. • FaIDA julifl ora • MoLD • MoA • WRUA • Community • Chiefs Sub-total 1.4 Million

Total 5.45 Million Chapter 9: Capacity building

The Tula community has received some training on water and natural resource management from various NGOs, Government ministries and other agencies. IUCN has also trained communities on sustainable land and water management and conservation practices, integration of sub-catchment management plans and rangeland management to formulate adapted sub-catchment management plans. Action Against Hunger (ACF) has provided training on water conservation and WRMA on WRUA WDC, in particular the formation and registration of the Tula WRUA with appropriate government departments. After receiving this training, WRUA officials then held two meetings of their own to capacity build their members on issues of: • Pollution • Water allocation • Conservation • Conflict resolution • Income generating activities • Ownership of resources • Registration of the WRUA To gain maximum benefit and effectively implement proposed activities in the adapted SCMP, community members and implementing partners need to be capacitated in several areas related to sustainable natural resource management. In the course of SCMP development, community members and other stakeholders highlighted areas that required capacity building see Table 14 for details.

Page 31 Page 32 Table 14. Capacity building needs identified by community members and other stakeholders during SCMP development

Target: Enhance the capacity of the community and WRUA on activity implementation through networking and partnership Overall output: Improved capacity to overcome existing challenges and capitalise on existing opportunities

Activities Sub-activities Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

Capacity building of • Three days training of • WRUA • Report of the training • Number of community members that successfully Nov 2012 Tula Sub- 600,000 community(ies) and communities on participatory • Relevant line ministries (Livestock, Water, undertaken to sensitize learnt ways of integration land and water catchment partners on the new implementation of adapted WRMA, NDMA) communities on ways of management practices approach SCMP • NGOs (IUCN, FaID A etc.) implementing land and water management Training on: • Ministry of culture and social services • Group dynamics training Number of people who successfully participated in Nov 2012 Tula 300,000 • Group dynamics • Ministry of sport and gender report the training listed under activities • Leadership • Leadership training report • By-laws formulatio n • By-laws formulation training • Financial management report • Election • Financial management • Group formation training report • Election training report • Group formation training report

Training on: • Micro ﬁ nance institutions • Entrepreneurship training Number of people who actively participated and Feb 2013 Tula 300,000 • Entrepreneurshi p • WRUA report beneﬁ ted from the trainings • Marketing • WRMA • Marketing training report • Record keeping • IUCN and other NGOs • Record keeping training • Finance and credit report • Value addition • Finance and credit training report • Value addition training report

Stakeholder meeting to get views • Community member s Stakeholder consultation report Communities actively participating in the Activity based Tula Sub- 300000 on soliciting funds for SCM P • WRUA meetings catchment implementation • Relevant line ministries • NGOs (IUCN, FaID A etc.)

Provision of facilities and support • WRMA Facilities established and Number of facilities provided. Jan 2013 Tula Sub- 1.5 M to WRUA e.g. building ofﬁ ce, • IUCN capacity of the WRUA catchment Number of trainings conducted to build capacity government recognition • Line ministries enhanced of WRUA • Community members

Exchange /exposure visits • WRMA Exchange visit report and Number of follow up activities successfully March 2013 Tula Sub- 1.5 Million • IUCN action plans formulated initiated and implemented catchment • Community member s

Training on range rehabilitation • Min of Livestock • Report/map showing the • Map/report used in planning rehabilitation Nov 2012 Tula Sub- 300,000 • NDMA degraded areas activities catchment • IUCN • Degraded areas rehabilitated • Number of acreage rehabilitated • Community member s

Training on pests and diseases • MoLD Training on pests/ diseases Number of training conducted and people October 2012 Tula sub- 300,000 management including early • MoA and early warning report using the information/skills obtained from the catchment warning • WRUA training • Tula Community Training on livestock management • MoLD • Training report • Number of people or or ganisations using the Jan 2013 Tula sub- 400,000 • IUCN • Training manual training manuals and report catchment • Other NGOs

Total 5.5 Million Chapter 10: Infrastructure development to boost resource conservation and mitigate against disasters and conflicts

Community members have already initiated development of some infrastructure to enable them access and utilise natural resources with support from government ministries and NGOs. The drilling of shallow wells along laghas/ dried river beds, placement of storage tanks at strategic points for domestic water use and occasional water-tankering during drought periods are examples of this. The community also practices controlled livestock movement during the dry season, separate use of water pans for domestic and livestock purposes, destocking and hay storage as means of overcoming/mitigating the impacts of drought. Table 15 give details of infrastructural and service provisions interventions suggested for conserving resources and overcoming drought impacts.

Page 33 Page 34 Table 15. Infrastructural developments and service provisions for resource management and mitigate impacts of drought

Ta rget: Increase availability and accessibility to natural resources within the sub-catchment Overall output: Improve infrastructure to access and utilise natural resources within the sub-catchment

Problem/ Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Wher e Budget (kshs) objective Water Construct two sand • Community consultation • WRUA committee • Community consultation • Community report successfully completed Jan 2013 Tu la sub- 100,000 scar city dams along lagha Tu la • Community members report catchment • County representative • MoWI • WRMA • IUCN • Identiﬁ cation of the sites • WRUA committee • Site identiﬁ cation report • Report successfully completed Feb 2013 100,000 • Community members • County representative • MoWI • WRMA • IUCN

• Feasibility study • Consultant • Feasibility study report • Report successfully completed and accepted by June 2013 400,000 • County representative relevant authority • WRMA • WRUA committee

• Design and planning • Consultant • Design of sand dams • Design and work plan successfully completed October 2013 200,000 • County representative • Work plan • WRMA • WRUA committee

• Te ndering • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Te nder document • Te nder document successfully advertised and November 2013 50,000 • County representative attract potential consultants • WRMA • Selected community members • Constructio n• WRUA ofﬁ cials • Sand dams • Sand dams successfully completed and serving 6 Million • County representative the community members • WRMA • Selected community member s

Drilling 3 boreholes • Community consultation • WRUA committee • Community consultation • Community report successfully completed June 2013 100,000 (2 strategic boreholes • Community members report one at Shir and • County representative another at Wa kabilil) • MoWI • WRMA • IUCN • Identifi cation of the sites • WRUA committee • Site identifi cation report • Report successfully completed June 2013 100,000 • Community members • County representative • MoWI • WRMA • IUCN • Carry out hydro-geological • Consultant • Hydro-geological survey • Report completed and shared with the relevant August 2013 250,000 survey • WRUA committee report stakeholders • County representative • Te ndering • WRUA offi cials • Te nder document • Te nder document successfully advertised and Sept 2013 50,000 • County representative attract potential consultants • WRMA • Selected community members Problem/ Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs) objective

• Drilling and equipping • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Boreholes successfully drilled and equipped Oct 2013-Jan 15 Million • County representative • Boreholes drilled and 2014 • WRMA equipped • Selected community members • Contractor Repairing Tula • Establish the problem • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Assessment report • Report successfully completed Oct 2013 50,000 borehole • County representative • WRMA • Selected community members

• Repair • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Bore holes repaired • Boreholes successfully repaired and actively Dec 2013 1 Million • County representative used • WRMA • Selected community • Contractor De-silting of Tula pan • Carry out survey • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Survey report • Report successfully completed and shared with S Sept 2013 80,000 • County representative • WRMA • Selected community • Contractor • Design and planning • Consultant • Work plan • Work plan successfully drafted Oct 2013 20,000 • County representative • WRMA • WRUA committee

• Tendering • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Tender document • Tender document successfully advertised and Nov 2013 20,000 • County representative attract potential contractors • WRMA • Selected community members

• De-silting• WRUA ofﬁ cials • De-silting completed • De-silting successfully completed Jan 2014 3 Million • Community members • County representative • WRMA • NGOs Pipe water from Tana • Feasibility study • County representative/County • Feasibility study report • Feasibility report successfully completed Feb 2014 4 Million River government • Community members • Line ministries (water) • WRMA • WRUA ofﬁ cials

• Planning and design • County representative/County • Design and work plan • Design and work plan successfully completed August 2014 1 Million government • Community members • Line ministries (water) • WRMA • WRUA ofﬁ cials

• Tendering • County representative/County • Tender document • Tender document successfully completed October 2014 1 Million government • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Community members • Construction of the water • County representative/County • Water supply system • Water supply system successfully completed Nov 2014-Oct 700 Million supply government 2015

Page 35 • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Community members • Line Ministry (Water) Page 36 Problem/ Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs) objective

Installation of water • Purchase and installation • County representative/County • Water pump at Tula pan • Water pump installed successfully Jan 2016 500,000 pump at Tula pan for government domestic use • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Community members Sub-total 733.02 Million

Early warning • Putting in place • Putting in place early • Kenya Meteorological department Early warning reports and Number of people successfully using the reports Continuous Tula sub- 500,000 system Early warning warning systems • Ministry of Special Programmes alerts/bulletins and alerts catchment systems • WRMA • WRUA ofﬁ cials Sub-total 500,000

Improved • Improved pasture • Community consultation • MoLD Community consultation report Report successfully completed June 2013 Tula sub- 100,000 pasture production (around • County representatives catchment production settlements) • Ministry of special programmes around • Community members settlements • IUCN

• Site identiﬁ cation • Community members Assessment report Report completed and shared with relevant July 2013 50,000 • MoLD stakeholders • County representatives • Ministry of special programmes • IUCN

• Reseeding • Community members Areas reseeded Number of acreage reseeded successfully Oct 2013 3 Million • MoLD • County representatives • NGOs • Line ministries • Harvesting and baling • Community members Hay bales Number of bales accumulated and used by Jan 2014 1 million • MoLD different stakeholders • County representatives • NGOs • Line ministries

• Construction of pasture/ • Community members Storage facilities for pasture Number of storage facilities successfully March 2014 1 Million fodder storage facility • MoLD storage completed • County representatives • NGOs • Line ministries Sub-total 5.15 Million

Confl ict over • Construction of fences • Tula community Fence constructed around Functional fences around water pans that hinders Jan 2013 Tula sub- 800,000 • Fencing of water resources around water pans to • WRUA pans Reduced confl ict external users catchment pans to reduce reduce confl ict • NGOs confl ict • Ministry of water • Peace committee Sub-total 800,000

Total cost 738.97 Million Chapter 11: Stakeholder analysis for right based approach and poverty reduction

There are multiple resource users in the Tula sub-catchment, these ranges from residents, through neighbouring communities to people from areas further away. Resource use is mainly communal where there is free access or little control. Understanding the dynamics of resource use, control and the roles of different categories of users will help in understanding how the resource is managed currently. Such information will help in exploring ways of enhancing participatory management for sustainable and efficient utilisation of resources. Table 16 give detailed analysis of stakeholders involved in resource use in Tula sub-catchment.

Table 16 Stakeholder analysis Stakeholders Rights Responsibilities Relationship Revenues Permanent • Access • Manage, protect and report • Peaceful co- Sale of: users • Ownership misuse of resources existence • Firewood • Tula sub- • Protection • Formulation of by-laws • Mutual • Charcoal catchment • Control • Inform other users (occasional help among • Livestock community • Peaceful use and outside) of by-laws on stakeholders • Fodder (acacia pods) members resource use • Honey • Government • Sustainable, equitable resource • Government gets from the line ministries sharing and efficient use sale of livestock revenues • Provincial • Enforcement of by-laws (permits and license at administration Bangali Livestock market) Occasional user • Abaqeq • Management and • Return to their homes after • Trade • Firewood sell community protection drought • Peaceful co- • Charcoal sell • Radho Jari • Maintain peace existence • Livestock sell community • Sharing (limited • Follow the by-laws of Tula sub- • Mutual • Fodder sell (acacia pods) • Hiriman time) catchment resource help among • Honey sell community • Maintaining • Training on management and stakeholders None • Hambares peace use of resources • Trade community

Outsider groups Peaceful co- Revenue from mining exclusively • Garissa/Wajir • Peaceful co-existence existence for mine company (T.C.C) pastoralist • No settling in Tula sub- • Livestock catchment Conflict mainly traders • Follow by-laws of Tula Sub- between Tula • Mining catchment community company • Efficient utilization of and mining resources company

Enhancing and strengthening relationships between different categories of resource users

Having identified different categories of resource users, their rights and responsibilities over resources, community members and stakeholders involved in SCMP development discussed ways of enhancing or strengthening relationships between different categories of users. Table 17 gives outcome of the discussion on ways of enhancing relationship between different categories of users in Tula sub-catchment.

Page 37 Page 38 Table 17. Proposed ways of enhancing relationship between different resource users in Tula sub-catchment

Target: Increase availability and accessibility to natural resources within the sub-catchment Overall output: Improve infrastructure to access and utilise natural resources within the sub-catchment

Problem/ Activities Sub-activity Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs) objective Stakeholder meetings • Tula community • Stakeholder meeting report • Report accessible and usedganisation by or or 300,000 • Organise for the Continuous Tula sub- Enhancing / to discuss by-laws and • Chief /Elders • By-Laws Implementation community members strengthening abiding by them stakeholder meetings • WRMA plan • By-Law implementation plan operationalized catchment at central location relationships • Tula youth group involving all the relevant between stakeholders • NGOs different user • External communities groups

Regular meetings to • Organise the meetings for • Tula community Meeting reports Reports accessible ganisationto or and community Continuous discuss resource use relevant stakeholders • Chief /Elders and management • WRMA • Tula youth group • NGOs • Tula community Agreement document/plan Plan accessible and ciently efﬁ used by community Continuous • Organise stakeholder Agreement on resource • Chief /Elders members meetings to discuss and sharing to enhance • WRMA agree on modes of sharing sustainability and resources sustainably and • Tula youth group equity equitably • NGOs

Immigrant community (visitors inBriefi ngs/alerts Number of briefi ngs and alerts recorded and used Meeting with the elders Tula area) by elders/WRUA offi cials and community membersContinuous None Informing elders to communicate and get (headmen andWRUA permission to access resources chairman/offi cials) of the arrival of newcomers into the area.This is mostly the responsibility of immigrant /visitor communities

Jan 2013 Tula 100,000 Establish confl ict • Stakeholder meeting • Community Confl ict resolution committeeFunctional committee in place and number of people or institutions using the committee in resolution committee to constitute confl ict • County government established resolving confl icts resolution • NGOs (IUCN etc)

Total cost 400,000 Chapter 12: Participatory monitoring and evaluation

Putting in place effective monitoring and evaluation frameworks will aid in understanding the progress that has been achieved in the course of implementing the proposed interventions in the field of natural resources. From the onset it is important to take stock of what you planned to undertake, come up with ways of assessing what you have achieved and didn’t manage to achieve, what went wrong in case of not achieving the goal and giving thought on what to be done differently in future? In the Tula sub-catchment there are various monitoring mechanisms already in place and that are used by community members to monitor use of resources. Regular surveillance, use of visual techniques in assessing the resource status in terms of abundance in case of pasture and checking colour and test of water are among ways of monitoring the resources. Some evaluation aspects currently in use by the community include: patrol/surveillance, checking water levels in the pans and holding evaluation meetings. In order to ensure development and use of participatory monitoring and evaluation systems during SCMP implementation process, community members and other stakeholders involved in SCMP preparation identified activities that need to be formulated – these are shown in Table 18.

Page 39 Page 40 Table 18. Participatory monitoring and evaluation systems

Target: Put in place effective participatory monitoring and evaluation systems Overall output: Enhanced participatory monitory and evaluation systems established by WRUA

Objective Activity Sub-activities Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs)

To ensure Initiate participatory • Form monitoring and • Monitoring and evaluation committee • M&E committee constituted • Functional M&E committee During project Tula sub- 100,000 participatory monitoring mechanisms evaluation (M&E) • Community • Community members contributing constructively implementation catchment monitoring committee • Chief to stakeholder meeting and content of the report • Donors/NGOs (IUCN, FaIDA etc.) • Government line ministries (Water, Livestock, etc.)

• Train monitoring • WRMA • Monitoring committee • Number of institutions or people using training Feb 2013 100,000 committee • Relevant line ministries training report report

• Write situation report • WRUA ofﬁ cials • Situation reports on • Situation reports accessible to community 200,000 on activities being • Monitoring and evaluation committee activities being implemented members or institutions implemented or completed

• Submit report to • Monitoring and evaluation committee • Situation report • Situation report received by elders, chief and 50,000 headman, chief, • WRUA ofﬁ cials community members in good time community

• Convene meeting to • Monitoring and evaluation committee • Public baraza held • Public baraza successfully completed and 100,000 present the report to • WRUA ofﬁ cials target communities reached general community

• Note suggestions and recommendations

• Finalise the report • Monitoring and evaluation committee • Final report • Final report successfully distributed to 50,0000 by making additions, • WRUA ofﬁ cials relevant stakeholders rectifying errors etc

Sub-total 600,000

Ensure Undertake activity • Constitute M&E • Community members • Stakeholder meeting report • Stakeholder report successfully completed and After activity Tula sub- 100,000 participatory evaluations committee composed • Technical persons (Experienced in • Activity reports Impacts can be accessed by institutions and individuals implementation catchment evaluation of technical persons M&E) assessed • Number of activity reports compiled and community members • Visit activity sites • Community members • Site visit report • Report successfully completed 200,000 • Technical persons (Experienced in M&E)

• Measure/gauge the • Community members • Impact report • Report completed in good time 50,000 impacts • Technical persons (Experienced in M&E)

• Feedback report on the • Community members • Feedback report • Feedback report successfully completed and 20,000 impacts • Technical persons (Experienced in accessible to interested parties M&E)

Sub-total 370,000

Total cost 1.42 Million Chapter 13: Finance and implementation of project activities

Having in place sound mechanisms for financial sourcing and management will help in initiation and implementation of the proposed activities. The Tula WRUA currently has treasurer who is tasked with functions such as financial sourcing and management. The main income for the WRUA currently is solely monthly contributions from members and such contribution is meagre, not least due to a lack of financial ability of members to raise the required amount. Development of adapted SCMP provides opportunity for raising money from different sources including government and other donor agencies. WRUA lack of financial management skills, calls for capacity building of key officials that handle finances and community members in general on effective and efficient ways of raising and utilizing funds for planned activities. Table 19 details areas that need capacity building as identified by community members and other stakeholders during SCMP development.

Page 41 Page 42 Table 19. Proposed activities to build capacity of WRUA and community members on financial management

Ta rget: Enhancement of the capacity of the WRUA on fi nancial management Overall output: WRUA members capacity built on ef fective and ef fi cient ways of managing fi nancial resources

Problem/ Activities Sub-activities Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Wher e Budget (kshs) objective Financial Prepare strategies • Consultative meeting • Tula community • Consultative meeting report • Consultative meeting report successfully Jan 2013 Tula 100000 sourcing or capacity building to decide on priority • IUCN completed initiatives on raising areas/activities: listing • FaIDA fi nance of activities and • WRMA assigning budget • Line ministries • CDF/County Government • Compile list of • WRUA offi cials • Prospective donor list • Donor list accessible and used by institutions as March 2013 50,000 possible donors • County representative prepared reference • WRMA • Line ministries • NGOs • Training on proposal • WRUA offi cials • Training manual on proposal • Training manual on proposal development May 2013 200,000 development • County representative development accessible and used by community members and • WRMA institutions • NGOs • Line ministries

• Advice on • WRUA ofﬁ cials • List of proposed channel to • List of proposed channels successfully Continuous 20,000 appropriate channel • County representative deliver proposal completed and accessible to community to deliver proposals to • WRMA • Report on the means of members prospective donors • Line ministries delivering proposals to • NGOs prospective donors

Financial Initiation of best • Training on fi nancial • Tula community • Financial management • Number of community members that Feb 2013 Tula 200,000 management fi nancial management management (Book • Donor training report participated in the training and benefi ted from initiatives keeping, procurement, • Line ministries the training asset management • NGOs etc.) and advice on selection of oversight committee • Train on ways of • WRMA • Funds utilisation training • Fund utilisation report successfully completed 200,000 engaging with • Line ministries report donors on deciding • NGOs appropriate ways of fund utilization Sub-total 770,000 Financial Explore ways of • Sensitization meetings • WRMA • WRUA meeting report • Report capturing modalities of enhancing Dec 2012 Tula 200,000 generation enhancing monthly and workshops to • County representatives monthly contribution successfully completed contributions by sensitize community • Line ministries WRUA members members on the • NGOs importance of monthly • Selected community members contributions for wellbeing of WRUA Train on income • Conduct training on • WRMA • Income generating • Income generating report completed 200,000 generating activities appropriate income • County representatives activities report generating activities • Line ministries • NGOs Sub-total 400,000 Total cost 1.17 Million Chapter 14: Mainstreaming and up-scaling of the approach

The coming in force of county government system in Kenya offer an opportunity for community members and residents of the county to participate actively in management of their resources through adoption of the practices that fit their local conditions than following prescriptive management practices applicable to different areas that has different socio- economic and environmental conditions. The devolved government also offer platform where community members and residents of the county can organize themselves to formulate rules on resource management and also strengthen the existing regulations, norms and practices. Adapted SCMP developed through participatory process can be one of the earlier documents that can be presented to county government for adoption. Adapted SCMP uses integrated approach on resource management hence mainstreaming the approach and adoption of document will help in better resource management in the county. The approach if it yields the desired results can also be up-scaled and adopted by other ASAL counties that faces similar challenges as Tana River. There were several approaches suggested for mainstreaming and up-scaling of adapted SCMP in the Tana River County and other counties by community members and other stakeholders involved in SCMP development. Table 20 outlines the strategies for mainstreaming and scaling up of the approach.

Page 43 Page 44 Table 20. Strategies for mainstreaming and up-scaling of the adapted SCMP approach

Target: Formulating and dissemination of means and ways of mainstreaming and up-scaling of adapted SCMP Overall output:Adapted SCMP approach mainstreamed into county planning process and adopted by neighbouring countiesWRUAs and

Problem/ Activities Sub-activities Responsibility Outputs Indicators When Where Budget (kshs) objective

Mainstreaming Initiate approaches • Consult on the best • WRUA committee • SCMP dissemination plan • SCMP dissemination plan formulated and agreed April 2013 Hola 100,000 of the approach: of mainstreaming way of delivering • County Representatives formulated upon by relevant stakeholders Present SCMP SCMP into County SCMP to the County • Governor to County planning processes government • MP Government • NGOs (IUCN, FaIDA) • IUCN, FaIDA

• Present SCMP to • WRMA • SCMP presentation and • SCMP presentation and adoption report August 2013 100,000 District Steering • WRUA committee adoption report successfully completed Group (DSG) for • County Representatives endorsement and • Governor adoption • MP • NGOs

• Establish link between • IUCN, FaIDA • Stakeholder meeting report • Stakeholder meeting report successfully drafted 100,000 IUCN, WRMA and • WRMA and shared with the relevant stakeholders WRUA to channel • WRUA committee community concerns • County Representatives to county government • Governor • MP

• Solicit for Governor/ • County representative • Minute of the meeting with • Minute of meeting with Governor/Senator for 50,000 Senator support for • IUCN, Governor/Senator soliciting of fund compiled implementation of • FaIDA SCMP • WRMA • WRUA committee • County Representatives • Governor • MP Sub-total 350,000 • Dissemination to • WRUA members • Dissemination of SCMP • Seminar report completed October 2013 • Mombasa Up-scaling of the Undertake up- 200,000 approach scaling initiatives other counties through • IUCN seminar report • Hola for adoption of WRUA committees • WRMA adapted SCMP by mainly by organizing • Government ministries other WRUAs in seminars the neighbouring counties • Display SCMP during • WRUA members • Field day report on SCMP • Field day report completed and disseminated to • Hola 100,000 farmers ﬁ eld day or • IUCN display relevant stakeholders • Mombasa exhibitions • WRMA • Government ministries

• Present/display at • WRUA members • Pastoralist week SCMP • Report on SCMP dissemination completed Nov 2013 • Nairobi 100,000 pastoralist week event • IUCN dissemination report • WRMA • Government ministries Sub-total 400,000

Total cost 750,000 Appendices

AppendixAppendices 1: Pair-wise ranking of identified problems Appendix 1 Pair-wise ranking of identified problems No Problems Water Charcoal Mining Human- Drought Influx of No bumps on Livestock Lack of health scarcity production Wildlife pastoralists the highway diseases facilities conflict (overgrazing) 1 Water scarcity 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Charcoal production 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Mining 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 Human-Wildlife 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 conflict 5 Drought 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

6 Influx of pastoralists 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 (overgrazing)

7 No bumps on the 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 highway

8 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 Lack of health 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 facilities Total 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 0 1

Rank 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 9 8

133

Page 45 Appendix 2: Features and locations visited during the SCMP preparation Appendix 2 Features and locations visited during the SCMP preparation Site 1 Name of the location Tula GPS Reading S 00.643160 E 039.290070 Issue/Problem Gypsum mining. Resulted to land degradation: no vegetation and pasture regeneration Possible/Planned Refer to management approach chapter 4. activity or intervention: Rehabilitation of the degraded areas through tree plantation and reseeding of pasture. Remarks Gypsum mining is spread in various localities within sub-catchment Site 2 Name of the location Tula GPS Reading S 00.643610 E 039.290070 Issue/Problem Pasture availability Possible/Planned Zoning to implement wet and dry season grazing areas. activity or intervention: More info see chapter 4 Remarks The sub-catchment is entirely rangeland Site 3 Name of the location Tula: Water pan for livestock use GPS Reading S 00037.925’ E 039016.877’ Issue/Problem No water for livestock. Pan is already empty. Inlet is spoilt

Possible/Planned  Rectify the inlet to allow water in during rainy season activity or intervention:  De-silting of the dam  Make the pan deep  Fencing Remarks Water pan was built in 2008. Women group started the initiative and was supported by ministry of water to expand the pan Site 4 Name of the location Tula: Shallow wells along Tula river GPS Reading S 00640 177’ E 0390.27135’ Issue/Problem Little yield During rainy season the wells are filled with sand and you need to de-silt Possible/Planned Construct sand dams along the river activity or intervention:

Remarks

Page 46

134 Site 5 Name of the location Tula: Borehole GPS Reading S 00640 218’ E 0390.27155’ Issue/Problem Bore hole was spoilt in 2006. Another bore hole was built next to it but that one also collapsed Possible/Planned activity or Need to build a new bore hole away from the current 1 intervention: Remarks

Site 6 Name of the location Tula: Overgrazing GPS Reading S 00650 406’ E 0390.27732’ Issue/Problem No regeneration of grass for a long period Possible/Planned activity or Refer to chapter 4 management approach intervention: Remarks

Site 7 Name of the location Tula GPS Reading S 00.654090 E 039.278750 Issue/Problem Charcoal production Possible/Planned activity or Refer to notes on management approach chapter 4 intervention: Charcoal producers of late, travel far distance in search of trees. No desirable trees of late Remarks

Site 8 Name of the location Bii Gadud; Water pan built by contractors during road construction GPS Reading S 00.66 384’ E 039.22150

Issue/Problem  Many livestock depend on the pan resulting to drying of water pan and use of shallow wells is unsustainable  The settlement near the pan resulted to overgrazing

Possible/Planned activity or  Communities around the pan rely on shallow wells and attribute their intervention: survive to shallow wells during drought period  They are not in favour of shallow wells closure  Proposed building of another pan in the locality to reduce pressure on existing shallow wells Remarks Need to block outlet that drains lot of water

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135 Appendix 3: List of participants Appendix 3 List of participants Participant name Institution Designation Yasin Mahadi IUCN Programme Officer Omar A Abdi WRMA SRM M.R Kariithi WRMA SWO Sahara Siyat WRMA C.O JM Mwangi WRMA Ground Water Officer Jackline N Karimi WRMA Secretary Elizabeth Wairimu Munyui WRMA SWO Benjamin Barongo Agasa MoA Monitoring and Evaluation Head Bura District Nzioka Wambua MoLD DLPO Musa B Ghashogho KFS Forester Jackson Kibor KWS Warden Yahya Ali NDMA Mobile Extension Team Leader Aden Osman Hussein FaIDA Administration Assistant Kulay Abdi Muhumed Lagha Tula WRUA Member Mohamed Abdile Lagha Tula WRUA Member Habiba Ahmed Lagha Tula WRUA Member Jamila Ibrahim Lagha Tula WRUA Member Ahmed Abdi Muhumed Lagha Tula WRUA Member Abdi Amin Adan Lagha Tula WRUA Member Harira Ebla Mohamed Lagha Tula WRUA Member Mohamed Abdi Lagha Tula WRUA Member Sulthan Muhumed Lagha Tula WRUA Member Bishar Abdi Ali Lagha Tula WRUA Member Seinab Abukar Abdi Lagha Tula WRUA Member Nasteha Ahmed Lagha Tula WRUA Member Halima Gaalow Omar Lagha Tula WRUA Member Maalim Mohamed Abdi Lagha Tula WRUA Member Sadia Hokoch Lagha Tula WRUA Member Gamana Abdi Ibrahim Lagha Tula WRUA Member Nunay Abdullahi Lagha Tula WRUA Member Zeinab Abdi Lagha Tula WRUA Member Mohamed Hassan Lagha Tula WRUA Member

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136 Appendix 4: Work plan and Budget

Appendix 5 Work plan and Budget ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND Catchment Characteristics Target : Obtain adequate

natural resource data Output : Reliable current

natural resource data compiled Activity Baseline survey on 700,000 1 water resources 2 Conduct survey on 600,000 human-wildlife 3 conflict 3 Conduct grazing 800,000

survey 4 Conduct 900,000 environmental assessment/audit 5 Conduct 9 Million geological survey

to assess mining potential Management approach

Target : To build community resilience and enhance sustainable resource use and management in the Tula sub- catchment to be spearheaded by WRUA members and other 4 stakeholders

Output : The community within the sub-catchment understand the ecological, commercial and livelihood zones and appropriate

Page 49 mechanisms to solve the existing resource challenges 139 Page 50

ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND

Activity Capacity building 2.35 1 of WRUA and Million community members on water management 2 Mapping the sub- 1.1 catchments into Million management unit

3 Awareness 1.7 creation on Million sustainable charcoal production and management 4 Identification and 6.1 implementation of Million alternative livelihoods 5 Engage mining 470,000 company/nies in environmental rehabilitation and benefit sharing 6 Engage mining 100,000 company/nies in benefit sharing 7 Zoning of dry and 200,000 wet season grazing areas 8 Develop and 200,000 strengthen early warning systems

9 Introduction of 750,000 restrictions on the keeping livestock around settlement (<15kms), except milking herds 140 ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND

Activity Capacity building 2.35 1 of WRUA and Million community members on water management 2 Mapping the sub- 1.1 catchments into Million management unit

3 Awareness 1.7 creation on Million sustainable charcoal production and management 4 Identification and 6.1 implementation of Million

alternative livelihoods 5 Engage mining 470,000 company/nies in environmental rehabilitation and benefit sharing 6 Engage mining 100,000 company/nies in benefit sharing 7 Zoning of dry and 200,000 wet season grazing areas 8 Develop and 200,000 strengthen early warning systems

9 Introduction of 750,000 restrictions on the keeping livestock around settlement (<15kms), except milking herds

140 Page 51 Page 52 ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND Natural resources allocation for sustainable, equitable and efficient use by communities Target: To develop natural

resource allocation plans Output: Natural resource

allocation plans in place

Activity Development of 5.8 1 water allocation Million plans (WAP)

2 Enforce 500,000 compliance of water use permit conditions as per Water Act 2002/WRM rules 6 2007 3 Developing a 300,000 compliance plan on water abstraction and use based on water Act 4 Development of 500,000 grazing management plans

5 Development of 1.2 physical plans Million (Settlement pattern, roads and other infrastructure) 6 Development of 650,000 mineral exploitation plans

142 ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND Resource protection Target: Protection of the existing natural resources in

order to achieve desired services Output : Catchment maintain ability to provide required services Activity Fencing of water 1.83 1 pans (4 water Million

pans)

2 Formation of 450,000 water protection committee

3 Restoration of 1.45 7 lagha Tula Million

4 Lobbying for 1.25 establishment of Million sanitation facilities along the water sources 5 Enforcement of 350,000 bylaws

6 Protection and 900,000 regulation on pasture utilisation (control influx of pastoralists) 7 Create awareness 1.2 on forest Million protection and management

143 Page 53 Page 54 ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND Resource protection Target: Protection of the existing natural resources in

order to achieve desired services Output : Catchment maintain ability to provide required services Activity Fencing of water 1.83 1 pans (4 water Million

pans)

2 Formation of 450,000 water protection committee

3 Restoration of 1.45 7 lagha Tula Million

4 Lobbying for 1.25 establishment of Million sanitation facilities along the water sources 5 Enforcement of 350,000 bylaws

6 Protection and 900,000 regulation on pasture utilisation (control influx of pastoralists) 7 Create awareness 1.2 on forest Million protection and management

143 ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND

8 Train community 3.85 on fuel efficient Million and alternative sources of energy e.g. fuel efficient cook stoves, biogas etc. 9 Protect livestock 4.3 from adverse Million environmental conditions and diseases Provision of veterinary services (de-worming, dipping) 10 Protect livestock 900,000 from wild animal attacks 11 Awareness 1.6 creation on of Million wildlife Implementation of catchment protection activities

Target: To reduce catchment degradation through integration of protection and conservation approach 8 Output : Rehabilitated catchment that has ability to offer a balanced ecosystem services Activity Establish five tree 3 Million 1 nursery (5)

144 Page 55 Page 56 ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND

Infrastructure development to boost resource

conservation and mitigate against disasters and conflicts Target: Increase availability and accessibility to natural resources within the sub- catchment Output : Improve infrastructure to access and utilise natural

resources within the sub- catchment Activity Construct two 6.85 1 sand dams along Million lagha Tula 2 Drilling 3 16.55 boreholes (2 Million strategic boreholes one at Shir and 10 another at Wakabilil) 3 Repairing Tula 1.05 borehole Million

4 De-silting of Tula 3.12 pan Million

5 Pipe water from 706.5 Tana River Million

6 Installation of 500,000 water pump at

Tula pan for domestic use 7 Putting in place 500,000 Early warning systems 146 ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND

Infrastructure development to boost resource

4 De-silting of Tula 3.12 pan Million

5 Pipe water from 706.5 Tana River Million

6 Installation of 500,000 water pump at

Tula pan for domestic use 7 Putting in place 500,000 Early warning systems 146 Page 57 Page 58 ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND

8 Improved pasture 5.15 production Million

(around settlements) 9 Fencing of water 800,000 pans to reduce conflict Stakeholder analysis

Target: To foster good working relationships between different resources users in Tula sub-catchment Output : Enhanced relationship between different resource users for sustainable 11 management of resources Activi Stakeholder meetings 300,000 ty 1 to discuss by-laws and abiding by them 2 Regular meetings to discuss resource use and management 3 Establish conflict 100,000 resolution committee

Participatory monitoring

and evaluation Target: Put in place effective participatory monitoring and 12 evaluation system Output: Enhanced participatory monitory and evaluation systems established by WRUA

147 ADAPTED SUB- FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN WRUA: LAGHA TULA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOPIC ACTIVITY SET BUDGET WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 KIND Mainstreaming and up- 14 scaling of the approach

Target: Formulating and dissemination of means and ways of mainstreaming and up- scaling of adapted SCMP Output: Adapted SCMP approach mainstreamed into county planning process and adopted by neighbouring counties and WRUAs Activity Initiate approaches 350,000 1 of mainstreaming SCMP into County planning processes 2 Undertake up- scaling initiatives 400,000 for adoption of

adapted SCMP by other WRUAs in the neighbouring counties 811.91 TOTAL BUDGET Million SUMMARY Total Budget Activity Set 1 27.05 M TotalADAPTED Budget Activity SUB- Set 2 22.57 M FINANCING TIMEFRAME ( 2012-2016) TotalCATCHMENT Budget Activity Set 3 6.15 M MANAGEMENTTotal Budget Activity PLAN Set 4 12.27 M WRUA:Total Budget LAGHA Activity TULA Set 5 718.92 M 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TotalTOPIC Budget ACTIVITYActivity Set 6 SET 2.15 BUDGET M WDC WRUA WRUA OTHER CH FUNDS FUNDS IN- FUNDS Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Total Budget Activity Set 7 1.9 M KIND Total Budget Activity Set 8 9.2 M 149 Total Budget Activity Set 9 5.85 M Total Budget Activity Set 10 1.9 M Total Budget Activity Set 11 3.2 M Page 59 Total Budget Activity Set 12 0.45 M Total Budget Activity Set 13 0.3 M

150 Appendix 5: Field visit photos

Dried water pan used by livestock

Shallow well dug in dried water pan used for both human and livestock

Page 60 Rangeland of sub-catchment Degraded areas of the rangeland

Cattle trough constructed next to water pan

Community member explaining problem of water in the area next to abandoned borehole

Page 61 Gypsum mines in sub-catchment Community associate gypsum mining with deforestation and pasture degradation

Community members discussing pros and cons of Deep well dug by Tula community in search of shallow wells dug in dried water pan ground water

Soil conservation structure in individual farm Water pan for rain water harvesting

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