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Study on Groundwater Potential As Alternative Water Supply in Kuantan and Bentong, Pa}{Ang Mohd Salamu] Din Bin Ab Salam @ Nawi

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Study on Groundwater Potential As Alternative Water Supply in Kuantan and Bentong, Pa}{Ang Mohd Salamu] Din Bin Ab Salam @ Nawi STUDY ON GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL AS ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY IN KUANTAN AND BENTONG, PA}{ANG MOHD SALAMU] DIN BIN AB SALAM @ NAWI A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources Universiti Malaysia Pahang NOVEMBER 2010 V ABSTRACT The knowledge of groundwater resource in Pahang is low compared to the other state because Pahang received a large amount of rainfall each year which are between 2032 mm to 2540 mm. Consequently, the demand for groundwater is very low. Despite this, development of groundwater needs to be done to supply water to the public demand and to avoid the lack of water in the dry season. Aware of this fact, two areas in Pahang which are Kuantan and Bentong were selected as study areas. The study involved analysis of data pumping test collected from Mineralogy and Geoscience Department Pahang. The type of aquifer of both places is unconfined aquifer. In this study, Mineralogy and Geoscience Department have provided sufficient data for the analysis of this aquifer. The data collected are constant rate pumping test data, recovery pumping test data and step pumping test data. The study has found that, both of study areas have different geology which Kuantan is sand and gravel while Bentong is rock. Hydraulic conductivity, K for Kuantan is in region 700m/day to 2500m/day and Bentong is in reion im/day to 3 rn/day. Tranmissivity, T of aquifer in Kuantan is in region 3000 in /day to 9000 m2/day and Bentong is in region 4 m2/day to 12m2/day. Besides that, the well efficiency, E in Kuantan shows a high efficiency than Bentong which the value is 89% and 47.42% respectively. Furthermore. Average iron content in groundwater in Kuantan is 5 ppm exceeding the maximum iron content as stated in Ministry of Health Malaysia Standards. However iron content in this well can be reduced by river infiltration through the well. While water quality in Bentong shows the value for each element is acceptable in Ministry Of Health Malaysia. From this study, the results indicated that Kuantan area has a potential for groundwater development in Pahang compared to Bentong area. vi ABSTRAK Makiumat berkenaan dengan sumber air tanah di Pahang adalah rendah berbanding d en" gan negeri lain kerana Pahang menerima jumlah hujan yang besar yang mana antara 2032 mm hingga 2540 mm. Walaupun demikian, pembangunan air bawah tanah perlu dibangurkan untuk membekalkan air untuk keperluan masyarakat dan untuk menge!akkan kekurangan air di musim kemarau. Menyedari fakta mi, dua kawasan di Pahang iaitu Kuantan dan Bentong dipilih sebagai daerah kajian. Kajian mi melibatkan analisis data ujian pengepaman dari Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Pahang. Jenis akuifer untuk kedua-dua tempat adalah akuifer tidak terkurung. Dengan demikian pengiraan yang terlibat dalam analisis mi adaiah menggunakan kaedah akuifer tidak terkurung. Dalam kajian mi, Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains telah memberikan data yang cukup untuk digunakan dalam analisis akuifer.Data yang diberikan adalah data pengepaman kadar tetap, data ujian pemulihan dan data uji pengepaman pelbagai langkah. Kajian mi telah mendapati kedua-dua kawasan kajian tersebut adalah mempunyai geologi berbeza iaitu Kuantan ádalah pasir dan knikil, sedangkan Bentong ãdalah batu. KekOnduksiàn hidraulik, K bagi Kuantan dalam lingkungan 700mlhani hingga 2500nilhani dan Bentong adalah dalam lingkungan im/hari hmnga 3m/han. Manakala terusan akuifer, T di Kuantan di dalam lingkungan 3000 m /hani hingga 9000 m/hari dan Bentong dalam lingkungan 4 m/hari untuk 12m2/haii. Selain itu, kecekapan telaga di Ktiantan menunjukkan kecekapan yang tinggi daii Bentong yang mana niiai masing-masing adalah 89% dan 47,42%. Selanjutnya, kandungan besi dalam air bawah tanah di Kuantan adalah 5 ppm yang mana melepasi kadar besi dalam Piawal Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. Narnun kadar besi dalam hal mi dapat dikurangkan oleh penyusupan air sungai rnelälui perigi. Manakala, kualiti air di Bentong berdasarkan nil an tiap-tiap unsur diterima di Jabatan Kesihatan Malaysia. Dari kajian mi, keputusan menunjukkan Kuantan mempunyai potensi bagi pembangunan air bawah tanah di Pahang berbanding kawasan Bentong. VII TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER TITLE PAGES TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMNET iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENT vii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi LIST OF APPENDIXES xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Objective of Study 4 1.4 Scope of Study 4 1.5 Location of Study 5 1.6 Significant of Study 6 VIII LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General 7 2.2 Formation of Groundwater 8 2.3 Groundwater Terminology: Aquifer, Aquitard 10 and Aquicide 2.4 Aquifer Types 11 2.4.1 Confined Aquifer 11 2.4.2 Unconfined Aquifer 11 143 Leaky Aquifer 12 2.5 Physical Properties 12 2.5.1 Porosity 13 2.5.2 Safe Yield 14 2.5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity 15 2.5.4 Transmissivity 15 2.5.5 Storativity and Specific Yield 16 2.6 Pumping Test 17 2.7 Flow in Aquifer 19 2.7.1 Steady State Flow 20 2.7.1.1 The Thiem method 20 2.7.2 Non Steady State Flow 22 2.7.2.1 The Theis Method 22 272.2 The Cooper and Jacob Method 23 2.8 Water Quality 24 2.8.1 Physical Parameter 24 2.8.2 Chemical Parameter 24 2.8.3 Biological Parameter 25 ix 3 METHODOLOGY 34 1 General 26 3.2 Flow Chart of the Study Methodology 26 3.3 Location of Study Area 29 3.4 Geology 31 3.5 Aquifer Categories 32 3.6 Analyzing Pumping Test Data 33 3.6.1 Constant Rate Pumping Test 34 3.6.2 Recovery Pumping Test 34 3.6.3 Step Pumping Test 36 3.7 Transmissivity and Hydraulic Conductivity 37 3.8 Groundwater Quality 38 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 General 40 4.2 Geological Classification 41 4.2.1 Kuantan 41 4.2.2 Bentong 42 4.2.3 Comparison 42 4.3 Analysis Pumping Test Data 43 43.1 Kuantan 43 4.3.1.1 Constant Rate Pumping Test . 44 45 4.3.1.2 Recovery Pumping Test 4.3.1.3 Step Pumping Test 46 x 4.3.2 Bentong 48 4.3.2.1 Constant Rate Pumpint Test 49 4.3.2.2 Recovery Pumping Test 50 4.3.2.3 Step Pumping Test 51 4.343 Comparison 53 4.4 Groundwater Quality 54 4.4.1 Kuantan 54 4.4.2 Bentong 57 4.4.3 Comparison 59 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion 60 5.2 Recommendation 61 REFERENCES 63 APPENDIX 67-81 xi LIST OF TABLES NO.TABLE TITLE PAGES 2.1 Some of values of specific yields for different materials 17 3.1 Types of soil that are sorted according to their porosity 31 and permeability 3.2 Orders of magnitudes for Hydraulic Conductivity (K) 37 for granular Materials. 3.3 Standards for physical and chemical quality of drinking 39 Water. 4.1 Type of geology in Kuantan and Bentong 41 4.2 Table of calculated drawdown and effioiency of well for 48 Selected Well Discharge. 4.3 Table of Calculated Drawdown and Efficiency of Well 53 for selected well discharge 4.4 Aquifer Parameter in Kuairtan and Bentong, Pahang 53 4.5 Analysis of groundwater sample of Well PPA 1, Bukit 57 Tinggi, Bentong, Pahang 4.6 Comparison of iron content, Fe between Kuantan and 59 Bentong XII LIST OF FIGURES NO.FIGURE TITLE PAGES 1.1 Location of study area: Kuantan and Bentong 5 2.1 Formation of groundwater 9 2.2 Confined and unconfined Aquifer 12 2.3 Types of porosity 14 3.1 Flow chart of methodology study 28 3.2 Location of the study areas, Kuantan 29 3.3 Location of the study areas, Bentong 30 3.4 Semi-log plots of the theoretical time-drawdown 33 relationships of unconsolidated aquifers 4.1 Location of site Feldá Lepar Hilir, Kuafitâh 43 4.2 Constant rate pumping test in Felda Lepar Hilir, 44 Kuantan 4.3 Recovery pumping test result in Felda Lepar Hilir, 45 Kuantan 4.4 Graph of drawdown against time in step pumping 46 test 4.5 Graph of specific drawdown Sw/Q against 47 Discharge Q 4.6 Graph of constant rate pumping test Bukit Tinggi, 49 Bentong, Pahang. 4.7 Recovery pumping test result in Bukit T'nggi, 50 Bentong, Pahang XIII 4.8 Step pumping test result in Bukit Tinggi, Bentong 51 Pahang 4.9 Graph of Sw/Q against Q 52 4.10 Variation of iron content (Fe) With duration time 55 4.11 Stiff diagram for Sample Water PPA1A 58 4.12 Stiff diagram for Sample Water PPA1B 58 xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS B.O.D Biochemical Oxygen Demand nT Total porosity Volume of voids Volume of solids VT Total volume dh/ /dr Hydraulic gradient (slope of piezometric head, h at distance r frcm the pumped well) Well efficiency b Thickness of aquifer (rn) B Linear well-loss coefficient C Non-linear well-loss coefficient D Height of aquifer (m) K Hydraulic conductivity of aquifer Q Pumping rate Distance of piezometer from well S Storage coefficient s Drawdown or drop of water level during pumping test s' Residual dtawdown or rise of water level during pumping test T Transrnissivity t Time since beginning of pumping u Dimensionless parameter W (u) The well function of u xv LIST OF APPENDIXES APPENDIX NO TITLE PAGE A Data of constant rate pumping test in Kuantan 67 B Data of recovery pumping test in Kuantan 68 C Data of step pumping test in Kuantan 69 D Graph of constant rate pumping Test in Kuantan 70 E Graph of recovery pumping test in Kuantan 71 F Graph of step pumping test in Kuantan 72 G Data of constant rate pumping test in Bentorng 74 H Data of recovery pumping test in Bentong 75 I Data of step pumping test in Bentong 76 J Graph of constant rate pumping test in Bentong 78 K Graph of recovery pumping test in Bentong 79 L Graph Of step pumping test in Bentong 80 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Water is the clear liquid that falls as rain and forms part of the hydrological cycle and is continuously moving through this cycle (Steel, 2003).
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