4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TECTONIC HISTORY OF PENINSULAR AND THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The Southeast Asian region, of which Peninsular Malaysia is part, is a complex collage of terranes comprising fragments of continental affinity, island arcs, accretionary complexes containing disrupted ocean basins with abundant radiolarian-bearing chert, and siliceous and tuffaceous argillite, marginal basin:; and oceanic crust. Peninsular Malaysia consists of two continental fragments separated by ;in accreionary complex.

The western continental fragment is distinguished by a belt of Gondwana-derived Carbo- glacial-marine diamictites and a lack of Carbo-Permian volcanics. Early Permian faunas have a cold water Gondwar an affinity (Archbold et al., 1982; Shi and Waterhouse, 1991). The eastern fragment, Ind china/East Malaya is distinguished by abundant Carbo-

Permian volcanics and Carbo-Pei mian Gigantopteris floras of low latitude, Cathaysian affinity (Asama, 1984). Zircon it heritance ages of the unexposed basement Proterozoic crust indicated by Nd, Sr and zircon U-Pb isotopic data from granitoids in the west of the

Peninsula are 1500 - 1700 Ma (Lie Al and McCulloch, 1985) and in the east of the Peninsula they are 1100 - 1400 Ma (Liew an I McCulloch, 1985). The granitoids located west of the

Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu :tricto) are S-type in composition, while those in the east are generally I-type. Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

There has been considerable debatc about the amalgamation/accretion history of the terranes that constitute Peninsular Malaysia and many tectonic models have been proposed to explain the geology of this region (see Chapter 1.5.1). Authors who interpret the western Thailand/Malaysia tin-bearing gra -lite to be collision-related propose an eastward-dipping subduction model (Mitchell, 1977; 1981; Gatinsky and Hutchison, 1986; Hutchison, 1989). A west-dipping subduction model is preferred by authors who view the tin-bearing granite belt as evidence of an east-facing nagmatic arc (Bignell and Snelling, 1977; Bunopas and Vella, 1978; Macdonald and Barr, 1978; Sengor, 1979; Ridd, 1980) whilst Khoo and Tan (1983) propose an aborted rift mod

This study sampled many localities along the -Raub suture zone (sensu stricto), the Semanggol Formation and some of her localities within Peninsular Malaysia with the aim of determining the age duration and history of the ocean that once separated the Gondwanan affinity terrane and the Cathaysi in affinity terrane of Peninsular Malaysia. Evidence presented in this thesis has provided constraints for the timing of suturing of the western Siburnasu and eastern Indochina/East Malaya terranes of Peninsular Malaysia. Palaeontological evidence helps co -"strain the age duration of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean in the Southeast Asian region and the tect 3nic models that have been proposed for the formation of Peninsular Malaysia.

4.1.1 Significance of Radiolarian Studies

Radiolarian-bearing chert and ar, ;illite comprise a significant part of accreted oceanic terranes. They occur as clasts and fault bounded units within accretionary complexes and the mélange of suture zones. The y are the remnants of a former ocean obliterated during plate convergence. These rocks cc ntain the siliceous skeletons of varied radiolarian faunas that provide information about thy; age, depositional environment and tectonic history of allochthonous terranes and add to our understanding of the history of the Southeast Asian region, including the history of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean.

Until recently, the ages of the chef t clasts and fault-bounded units of sedimentary rocks of oceanic affinity found within the Lentong-Raub suture zone were poorly known. Tectonic models used to interpret the evolution of Peninsular Malaysia within the Southeast Asian tectonic framework have been pi oposed without age control. In order to establish an objective tectonic model to aid the understanding of the geology of Peninsular Malaysia it was necessary to obtain radiolariar biostratigraphic age data for the fault bounded blocks of

235 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region bedded chert and argillite found w thin the Bentong-Raub suture zone -. the remnant of the Palaeo.-Tethys ocean that divided th east and west parts of Peninsular Malaysia.

4.2 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

4.2.1 Radiolarian biostratigraphy of Peninsular Malaysia

4.2.1.1 Bentong-Raub ,Suture Zone (sensu strict())

Faunas indicative of Upper (Famennian), Lower (Tournaisian and Visean), and Lower Permian (Wolfcampian and Leonardian) ages have been recovered. These ages are represented by eight radiolarian zones from twelve localities along the suture zone. The well preserved radiolarians represent eight radiolarian zones. These are; Holoeciscus 2 - 3 Assemblage Zones, Albaillella deflandrei Zone, Albaillella cartalla Zone, Pseudoalbaillella u-forma rr . II Zone, Pseudoalbaillella lomentaria Zone, Pseudoalbaillella scalprata m. rhomboihoracata Zone, Albaillella sinuata Zone and Pseudoalbaillella longtanensis 2 one. The range of rock types of diverse depositional environments including deep open-ocean, arc-influenced deposition and continental margin proximity, now juxtaposed, sugge q that the Bentong-Raub suture zone is an accretionary complex.

4.2.1.2 The Semanggol Formation

The "Lower Chert Member" of the Semang,gol Formation of northwest Peninsular Malaysia has yielded latest Lower Permian )r early Upper Permian, Upper Perrnian (Guadalupian) and Middle (Anisian anc Ladinian) radiolarian assemblages. Five radiolarian biostratigraphic zones are represented. These are the ?Pseudoalbaillella longtanensis Zone, Follicucullus porrectus Zone, N. ornithoformis Zone, Triassocampe coronata Zone and the Triassocampe deweveri Zone.

236 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

4.2.1.3 Other Localities within Peninsular Malaysia

Two exposures of marine sedimen ary rocks from outside the Bentong-Raub suture zone (as delineated by previous authors), in licate that the accretionary complex may be wider than is presently known. An isolated blo,;k of isoclinally folded tuffaceous chert exposed along a road cutting near Kuala Kangsar is found within the Kati Formation. These rocks have been recrystallised and although abunth nt radiolarians, were visible in hand specimen, they were generally unable to be extracted. However, one sample yielded very poorly preserved specimens tentatively assigned to he Lower Carboniferous radiolarian species ?Albaillella sp. cf. A. deflandrei GOURMELON

Upper Permian (Guadalupian) radi D1 ari ans have been reported from an isolated exposure of interbedded chert and highly weathered mudstone near Genting Serampang, Jengka, (Basir Jasin and Uyop Said, 1994). This locality is within the central part of Peninsular Malaysia known as the Central Belt which consists of Carboniferous - Late Triassic rocks. The Permian and Early Triassic is represented by shallow marine argillite, tuff, limestone, dolomite, conglomerate and volcanic flows of andesitic to rhyodacitic composition. The Middle Triassic of the Central Belt is represented by slope-deposited interbeds of mudstone, coarse and fine tuffs/tuffaceous ndstone, conglomerate and minor limestone (Metcalfe, 1989). The stratigraphic relationsh p of the block of bedded chert and interbedded mudstone to the adjacent rocks is unknown, but its presence in the Central Belt is an enigma. One possible explanation is that the Cen :ral Belt is underlain by rocks of an accretionary complex and the anomalous occurrence of a block of interbedded chert and mudstone is a rare exposure of the underlying rocks.

4.2.2 Significance of these results in relation to previous tectonic model;

4.2.2.1 Review of previous tectonic models in the light of present results

As previously discussed (Chapter 1.5.1), rnany authors have proposed tectonic models to explain the geology of Peninsular P Ealaysia. Within these models several aspects have been the subject of much debate. These i

237 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

• the time of separation of the various blocks that comprise Peninsular Malaysia from the parent craton (northeast margin of Gondwana); • the time of amalgamation of the tectonic blocks that comprise Peninsular Malaysia, and the time of closure of the Pali Leo-Tethys ocean; • the direction of subduction beneath the tectonic blocks that comprise Peninsular Malaysia; • the tectonic relationship between the Bentong-Raub suture zone and the Semanggol Formation of northwest Peninsular Malaysia; the lateral (East-West) exten : of the remnant of the Malaysian segment of the Palaeo- Tethys ocean.

These aspects are discussed below.

The time of separation of the various blocks that comprise Peninsular Malaysia from the parent craton (northeast margin of Gondwana). Various times have been put forward for the separation of Indochina/East Malaya and Sibumasu from Gondwana (Table 1-.1). Indochina/East Malaya is said to have separated in the or Early Devonian (Metcalfe, 1994a). Limited palaeomagnetic data (Wu et al., 1989; Lin and Fuller, 1990) also upports this timing. Carboniferous and Permian floras have equatorial, Cathaysian affir ity (Asama, 1984; Metcalfe, 1986) so Indochina/East Malaya must have separated from Gondwana by this time. The oldest faunas extracted from radiolarian-bearing chert and argillite in the Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto) are Famennian, also supporting an Ear y Devonian separation.

A range of times (Early, Middle nd Late Permian, Triassic and ) have also been proposed for the separation of S ibumasu from the northeastern margin of Gondwana. Sedimentological and palaeontological evidence suggests that the Cimmerian continent, of which Sibumasu was a part, was still in southern, cold-water palaeolatitudes (Stauffer and Mantajit, 1981; Stauffer and Lee, 986; Shi and Archbold, 1993; Shi arid Archbold, 1995a; Shi and Archbold, 1995b; Shi et a'., 1995) until Early Permian time. Palaeomagnetic data (Metcalfe, 1994a; Van Der Voo, 1993) suggest that Sibumasu moved from south to north palaeolatitudes in Permo-Triassic time (Metcalfe, 1994b).

The time of closure of the Malaysiz n segment of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean. The proposed times of closure of the Palaeo-Tethys suture segment located in Peninsular Malaysia are shown in Table 4.1. Helmcke (1983; 1985) proposed the earliest time of closure suggesting an Early Carboi [iferous age for this event. Considering that the blocks of bedded chert and argillite that are found along the Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto) are now known to be Upper Devonian, Lower Carboniferous, Lower and uppermost Lower

238 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

BLOCKS TIME OF TIME OF SEPARATION COLLISION Bunopas and Vella, Shan-Thai, Indo;inia Late Triassic 1978 Sengor, 1979 Cimmerian Continent Triassic (from northern Palaeo-Tethys closed (see Appendix C Gondwana) between Late Triassic and Glossary) Mid Jurassic Ridd, 1980 Thai-Malay Pen nsula mid-Palaeozoic Late Triassic collision with Indochina Block Mitchell, 1981 Burma, Thai-Mt lay Permo-Triassic (northern Late Triassic continent-arc Peninsula continental margin of collision Gondwana) Audley-Charles, 1983 South Tibet, Burma, Jurassic (continental Late Thailand-Malaya , fragments rifted from Sumatra northern Australia-New Guinea margin) Helmcke, 1983 Shan-Thai, Indo;inia Permian Sengor, 1984 Cimmerian Continent During Triassic time Palaeo-Tethys closed (from the North and between Middle Triassic Northeast margin of and Late Jurassic, but Gondwana) Bentong-Raub segment closed in late Middle Triassic (post Ladinian) time. Helmcke, 1985 Shan-Thai, Indo ;inia Carboniferous Gatinsky a n d Sinoburmalaya Middle - Late Triassic Hutchison, 1986 EastMal - Indos)nia Audley-Charles et al., South Tibet, Bu -ma, Late Jurassic Late Cretaceous 1988 Western Thailand (eastern Gondwana Malaya, Sumatr t margin) Sengor et al., 1988 Cimmerian Continent Late Permian (opening Bentong-Raub suture of Neo-Tethys) closed post Ladinian latest Middle Triassic) Hutchison, 1989 Sinoburmalaya Middle - Late Triassic EastMal - Indosi nia Tjia, 1993 Sibumasu Middle Permian Early Triassic Hutchison, 1993 Sinoburmalaya/1?,astMal Cenozoic juxtaposition as a result of wrench reactivation of the Bentong-Raub suture Metcalfe, 1994a Indochina/East 1\ Ialaya Silurian or Early Devonian (NE margin of Gondwana) Metcalfe, 1994a Sibumasu Early to Middle Permian Early Triassic collision (from Gondwanaland) with Indochina/East Malaya to close Palaeo- Tethy s Sashida et al., 1995 Sibumasu, Early Triassic Indochina/East Malaya

Table 4.1 Summary of proposed times of separation and collision of tectontc blocks that comprise Peninsular Malaysia.

239 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

Permian, and, if the "Lower Chet Member" of the Semanggol Formation is part of the Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary corn )1ex, Middle Triassic (Anisian and lower Ladinian), an Early Carboniferous closure of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean is not tenable.

Helmcke (1983) proposed closure of the palaeo-ocean in the Permian. If the accretionary complex of the Bentong-Raub suture zone does not include the north-south oriented ridges of che:rt and tuffaceous and siliceous argillite of the Semanggol "Lower Chert Member", then a Late Permian closure of the sutur: zone is possible.

Several authors have suggested i hat closure of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean in Peninsular Malaysia occurred in the Triassic. Tjia (1989), Metcalfe (1991; 1993; 1994a) and Sashida et a/. (1995) suggested Early TriaR is closure. Sengor (1984) and Sengor et al. (1988) proposed late Middle Triassic (pos: Ladinian). Bunopas and Vella (1978), Ridd (1980) and Sengor (1984) suggested the Late Triassic. Gatinsky and Hutchison (1986) and Hutchison (1989;) suggested a Middle to L rte Triassic closure. The youngest radiolarian fauna recovered from the "Lower Chcrt Member" of the Semanggol Formation has been established to be Middle Triassic ( upper Anisian to Ladinian). Metcalfe (1990b) reported Upper Triassic (Carnian) conodonts from Bukit Barak, a locality within the "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation, NW Peninsular Malaysia. Radiolarian biostratigraphic data revealed in thi ; study agrees with a Late Triassic time of closure.

Sashida et al. (1992; 1993b; 1995) studied the radiolarian biostratigraphy of the Semanggol Formation, of northwest Peninsular Malaysia. They proposed that Sibumasu collided with the East Malaya block in Early Triassic time because the youngest radiolarian fauna recovered from their studies wa ; Upper Permian in age. Sashida et al. (1995) also suggested that the timing of collision of Sibumasu and East Malaya was slightly earlier than in Thailand (Fig. 1.16). This study has revealed that the "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation has latest Lower Permian, Upper Permian and Middle Triassic (Anisian - Ladinian) radiolarian Eunas. if the "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation is part of the Bentong-Raub suture zone, then closure of the ocean could not have occurred in Early Triassic time, but after Middle Triassic (Ladinian) time.

Chakraborty and Metcalfe (1987) reported Upper Permian conodonts in limestone clasts within sheared pelitic matrix, near Raub within the Bentong-Raub suture zone. The youngest radiolarian fauna extract :d from the Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto) is uppermost Lower Permian. If the "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation is not part of the Palaeo-Tethyan sut are zone of Peninsular Malaysia, then an Early Triassic closure as put forward by Tjia (1%9) and Metcalfe (1991; 1993; 1994a), is possible.

240 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

The direction of subduction. One aspect of the tectonic evolution of Peninsular Malaysia that has been the subject of much debate, is the direction of subduct] on during the Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic (Chapter 1.5.1). This study has not sought to resolve this question, and apart from the work of Tjia (1986; 1989) comprehensive struct Hal analysis of the rocks of Peninsular Malaysia has not been carried out to date. Howe\ er, data from the present study has revealed that the Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu tricto) contains radiolarian-bearing chert and argillite of Upper Devonian to uppermost Low er Permian age. The Semanggol Formation of northwest Peninsular Malaysia contains chef t and argillite of uppermost Lower Permian to Middle Triassic.

The oldest radiolarian-bearing rocks have generally been recovered from the Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto) (Figs. 4.1 and 4.2), whereas the youngest, (Middle Triassic - Anisian and lower Ladinian), are found in the northwest of the Peninsular. Sediment thrust slices offscraped during eastwards- dipping subduction, are generally younger in the west of an accretionary wedge than in the east. Thus, if the "Lower Che:rt Member" of the Semanggol Formation is part of the accretionary complex of the Palaeo--Tethyan suture and the youngest rocks are in the west, this support models favouring eastwards-dipping subduction in Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic time (Hutchison, 1973; Mitchell, 1977; 1981; Gatinsky and Hutchison, 1986; Hu chison, 1989; Tjia, 1986; Tjia, 1989).

The presence of a subduction-related Middle and Upper Triassic volcanic arc is indicated by extensive volcanic (rhyolitic to am esitic composition) deposition in the Central Belt of the Peninsular, exposed as the Semant:in Formation. Metcalfe and Chakraborty (1994) suggest that the Semantan Formation could form part of a forearc or intra-arc basin constructed over an accretionary wedge. The presence of a volcanic arc within the Central Belt supports eastwards-dipping subduction.

The tectonic relationship betwee 1 the Bentong-Raub suture zone and the Semanggol Formation of northwest Peninsular Malaysia. The provenance, depositional se ting and tectonic history of the northwest region of Peninsular Malaysia, and the relationship of the Semanggol Formation to the Bentong-Raub suture zone is not clear. Some au hors (Clatinsk:y and Hutchison, 1986; Hutchison, 1989) classified the Semanggol Formati )n as a foredeep (the depression or basin which forms above the accretionary complex an I continental sliver after collision, sometimes referred to as a successor basin). Tjia (1989; suggests that the Semanggol Formation may represent vestigial oceanic deeps that existed between the western and eastern regions of Peninsular Malaysia before suturing, or alternatively, these rocks may represent new oceanic basins developed through rifting within thi; Gondwana terrane of the western region.

241 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

0 50 100 150 km

Cameron 9.rd Kuala Highlands ro Kangsar ■ • ® INDOCHINA/ SIBUMASU EAST MALAYA TERRANE Raub TERRANE at Jengka tenting 0 Bentong Sempah , 4Il

Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto)

Semanggol Formation Malacca

BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC AGE OF RADIOLARIAN FAUNAS • Middle Triassic • Upper Permian O Lower Permian Q Lower Carboniferous • Upper Devonian 102E

Figure 4.1 Map of Peninsular Malaysia illustrating radiolarian sample localities and radiolarian biostratigraphic ages of the faunas extracted. For locality numbers see Fig. 3.24.

242 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

0 50 km

N

• ALOR

STAR r ■ / •••••■•

f

• BALING •• r

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Semanggol Formation

POKOK SENA BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC AGE OF RADIOLARIAN FAUNAS • Middle Triassic • Upper Permian 0 Lower Permian

Figure 4.2 Map of Semanggol Formation illustrating radiolarian sample localities and radiolarian biostratigraphic ages of the faunas extracted. For locality numbers see Fig. 3.27.

243 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

The marine siliceous and tuffaceot s sedimentary rocks of the "Lower Chert Member" are exposed as NNW-SSE, erosion-re ;istant, elongate ridges that are isoclinally folded (Fig. 2.3) and faulting is common. Until recently, the Semanggol Formation was previously thought to be entirely of Triassic age. Sashida et al. (1992) reported the first Upper Permian (Guadalupian) radiolarians from the "Lower Chert Member". This study has recovered uppermost Lower Permian, Uppet Permian and Middle Triassic (Anisian and Ladinian) radiolarians from the "Lower Cheri Member" of the Semanggol Formation. Two localities within the "Lower Chert Member" contain faunas of at least two distinct ages. Chert and argillite from Locality K1 have revealed a Middle Triassic (Anisian or Ladinian) fauna, adjacent to rocks containing a latest Early Permian fauna, which in turn was adjacent to rocks containing a Late Permian (Guadalt pian) fauna within the same section, and with essentially the same structural attitude. At locality K9 near Pokok Sena, an exposure containing an Upper Permian radiolarian fauna is separated from rocks that yielded Middle Triassic (Anisian/Ladinian) radiolarians by in erosion gully. This is interpreted to be the position of a fault.

At Bukit Barak one sample of pelagic limestone yielded an Upper Permian radiolarian fauna. Metcalfe (1990b) reported Upper Triassic (Carnian) from a thick-bedded limestone block at Bukit Barak and Sashida et al. (1995) reported the presence of Carnian algal-foraminiferal limestone blocks from the same locality. Sashida et al. (1995) interpreted the algal limestone blocks to be allochthonous. They were said to be derived from the palaeo-slope of the Permian to Upper Triassic Chupitig and Kodiang carbonate complex in the west, which slumped into the marine siliceous s( quence of the upper part of the Chert Member.

This study has also revealed that the latest Lower Permian - Middle Triassic pelagic chert sequence of the "Lower Chert Member" is equivalent in age to the shallow marine platform Chuping and Kodiang Limeston( of northwest Peninsular Malaysia. A thick-bedded limestone block from the predomir antly Late Permian pelagic chert locality at Bukit Barak that yielded Late Triassic (Carrth n) conodonts is also age equivalent to these platform limestone units and the Late Tr assic Rhythmite and Conglomerate Members of the Semanggol Formation were deposited by turbidity currents at the same time.

If the Semanggol Formation was deposited in a foredeep, then the "Lower Chert Member" may be the last part of the accretiorary complex to form, with the Upper Rhythmite Member (a unit of greywacke) of Carnian tge and the Upper Conglomerate Member representing eroded and deposited sediments sot rced from the accretionary complex.

244 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

It is proposed that the Semanggol Formation documents the final stages of closure of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean and the "Lower Chert Member" is part of the Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex. This model suggests final closure of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean occurred post-Ladinian, ie., during the Late Triassic is consistent with models favouring eastwards-dipping subduction. Tht: Main-Range ]Belt of granite batholiths of latest Triassic - Early Jurassic age has obliterated much of the geology of the western side of the Malay Peninsula, including much of th e Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex, thus making tectonic interpretation of the region difficult.

The lateral (East-West) extent of the remnant of the Malaysian segment of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean. The Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto) of Peninsular Malaysia has previously been defined as a narrow zone (13 - 18 km wide). The presence of uppermost Lower Permian, Upper Permian and Middle Trias ;lc (Ani sian and lower Ladinian) radiolarians from the "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation, and ?Lower Carboniferous radiolarians extracted from tuffac eous chert bearing numerous accretionary lapilli, near Kuala Kangsar in the west of the Peninsular suggests that the accretionary complex of the Palaeo-Tethyan Bentong-Raub suture zone may extend further to the west than previously thought.

The presence of Upper Permian radiolarians from a single locality near Jengka, in the Central Belt (Basir Jasin and Uyop Said, 1994) suggests that the Palaeo-Tethyan suture zone may extend east beneath the Triass .c Semantan Formation of the Central Belt. Metcalfe and Chakraborty (1994) also suggest t tat the Semantan Formation may overly an accretionary complex and they proposed that th Semantan Formation may represent part of a forearc or intra-arc basin constructed over an accretionary complex.

Although much of the geology of western Peninsular Malaysia is obscured by the S-type Main Range Belt of granite batho iths, the data suggest that the Palaeo-Tethyan Bentong- Raub suture zone may be wider thl.n previously reported. It may extend west to include the "Lower Chert Member" of the Sem anggol Formation and east beneath the Central Belt of the Peninsula.

245 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

4.3 TERRANES C F PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

4.3.1 Terranes and terrane analysis

Although Sengor (1989) states tin t the concept of terrane analysis as proposed by Jones et al. (1983) is simplistic and his been superseded by "concepts involving genetic considerations" these authors have provided valuable definitions with which to objectively describe complex tectonic and geclogic history. These terms and associated definitions are in common usage throughout the literature and these definitions, which are adopted in this study, are found in Appendix G - Glossary.

4.3.2 Tectonic subdivision of Peninsular Malaysia

This study has proposed that Penir sular Malaysia consists of three terranes. A stratigraphic terrane of Gondwanan affinity (Sibumasu) located in the west (Fig. 4.3), a stratigraphic terrane of Cathaysian affinity heated in the east (Indochina/East Malaya), and an accretionary complex terrane whic I separates them. The eastern and western boundaries of the Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex terrane are cryptic (see Appendix G - Glossary) due to the presence of the Main RI nge granite belt of plutons, deep weathering and general lack of exposure. The western bo indary lies to the west of the "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation and the eastern boundary is located on the eastern side of the Central Belt. This results in the western Gondwanan affinity terrane and the eastern Cathaysian affinity terrane being n irrower than previously defined (Fig. 4.3).

Fig. 4.3 is modified after Hutchis )n (1993). Hutchison (1993) illustrates a wide Palaeo- Tethyan suture zone between Sibumasu and Indochina/East Malaya, with the Bentong-Raub Line of Hutchison (1975) located in the centre of this suture zone. Hutchison (1993) proposes that the Gondwana affinit y terrane and the Cathaysian affinity terrane are separated by the Bentong-Raub Suture Line, not the wider Palaeo-Tethyan suture zone (Fig. 1.18).

In this study, all marine siliceous sedimentary rocks and tectonic features characteristic of an accretionary complex, including I elts of mélange (e.g. Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto)), and imbricate thrust sli zes of bedded chert and argillite as reported from the area (Tjia and Almashoor, 1993) are not of Gondwanan or Cathaysian

246

Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region origin, but of Palaeo-Tethyan origin and have different tectonic histories to adjacent passive margin sequences, thus constituting a distinct terrane.

Several lines of evidence suggest that during collision, the Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex was thrust westwards over the Gondwana affinity terrane and that now the Sibumasu terrane dips beneath the western part of the Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex. These include: structural evidence; gravity survey results; S-type/I-type granite line; a ld Nd, Sr and zircon U-Pb isc topic data.

Structural evidence Tjia (1989) states that the suture i a highly compressed accretionary prism that developed first through westwards-dipping si bduction (early tectonic vergence was towards the east), followed by eastward-dipping subduction with associated westerly tectonic transport along thrust faults. Eastwards-dipping subduction and associated westerly tectonic transport provides a mechanism to emplac,; accretionary complex material on top of Gondwanan affinity rocks in the west of Penins liar Malaysia.

Gravity survey results Ryall (1982) constructed one gravi y profile across the Peninsula from in the east to Kuala in the west. Rest lts suggest a thick sialic crust beneath the Main Range, whereas a high anomaly beneath the central belt of the Peninsula may be due to the presence of near-surface, dense igneous roc :s or a thinner sialic crust beneath the Central Belt of the Peninsula (Ryall, 1982).

SA-type granite line Whole rock geochemistry from Peninsular Malaysia indicates that the granites in Peninsular Malaysia are located in two main provinces (Cobbing et al., 1986) (Fig. 4.4). The Main Range Province (part of the Central granite belt of Cobbing et al. (1986)) which lies to the west of the Bentong-Raub Line, c omprises colliisional S-type granitoids according to the categories of Chappell and White (1974). The Eastern Province, (part of the Eastern granite belt of Cobbing et al. (1986)) whi lies east of the Bentong-Raub Line, comprises I-type granitoids (Fig. 4.4). S-type grand es are said to be derived from old metasedimentary crust that has undergone considerable \ reatheri ng and recycling processes, whereas I-types are derived from igneous or metaign :ous materials that may or may not be directly mantle derived, but which have not underi one significant weathering (Liew and McCulloch, 1985). Differing initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios foi the two provinces suggest that granites from the S-type

248 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

102° 106° 20°

16°

12°

Western granites (S + I types) [Cretaceous]

Central granites (S type) 8° [latest Triassic - Early Jurassic]

Eastern grantes (I type) [Permo-Triassic and isolated post-orogenic plutons of Cretaceous age]

4°

106° 110°

Figure 4.4 Distribution of S- and I- type granitoids of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand (after Cobbing et al., 1986).

249 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

Main Range Province have a greater crustal component than those of the Eastern Province, thus it is suggested that the two granite provinces were different and reflect different tectonic settings.

Cobbing et al. (1986) suggests thz t a subduction-related volcanic arc regime produced the Permo-Triassic granites of the Ear tern Province which, with the closure of the intervening ocean basin, was supplanted or acc ompanied by a continental microplate convergent regime producing the latest Triassic - Early Jurassic S-type Main Range belt of granitoids.

Nd Sr and zircon U-Pb isotopic ch to Nd, Sr and zircon U-Pb isotopic lata from granitoids of the Main Range province have indicated a Proterozoic age for underlying, unexposed basement within the range of 1500 - 1700 Ma (Liew and Page, 1985: . Although these zircon ages may be inherited from Gondwanan affinity fragments wii hin the accretionary complex, it is more likely that they have been incorporated directly fro -rt the underthrust continental crust below.

4.3.2.1 Sibumasu Ten ane

The Sibumasu terrane is narrow than previously defined, and is characterised by a Palaeozoic passive margin sequer ce which includes a belt of Late Carboniferous - Early Permian glacial-marine diamictite s (Stauffer and Mantajit, 1981; Stauffer and Lee, 1986; Metcalfe, 1988). This belt extends from western Yunnan, represented by the Dangjiazhai Formation of the Baoshan Block (Wopfner and Jin, 1993); through central Myanmar (Burma) represented by the Mergt i Group (Macdonald and Barr, 1978); through Thailand, represented by the Phuket Group ( 3urton, 1986); through Peninsular Malaysia, represented by the Singa Formation (Gobbett, 973); and through north and Central Sumatra where it is represented by the Bohorok Form tion (Cameron et al., 1980) and the Mentulu Formation. Early Permian faunas have an affinity with Gondwana (Archbold et al., 1982; Shi and Waterhouse, 1991). There is also i general absence of Carboniferous - Permian volcanism on Sibumasu. To the east of the I elt of glacial marine diamictite lies a belt of Palaeozoic platform rocks including the Kub ing Pasu and Kenny Hill Formations, the Kinta Valley Limestone and the Kuala Lumpur Limestone. All marine siliceous sedimentary rocks and tectonic features characteristic of In accretionary complex previously identified as part of Sibumasu, are here excluded and are interpreted to be part of the Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex.

Uppermost Lower Permian, Upper Permian and Middle Triassic (Anisian and lower Ladinian) radiolarians have been recovered from the "Lower Chert Member" of the

250 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

Semanggol Formation. ?Lower Carboniferous radiolarians have been extracted from tuffaceous chert bearing numerous zccretionary lapilli, near Kuala Kangsar in the west of the Peninsular. It is doubtful that these marine rocks are part of the Gondwanan terrane, but may form part of the accretionary a mplex terrane that has been thrust westwards.

4.3.2.2 The Palaeo-Tethyan Bentong-Raub suture zone

The Palaeo-Tethyan Bentong-Raut suture zone contains a heterogenous mix of rock-types and radiolarian biostratigraphic ages that indicate the presence of an accretionary complex. Rock-types include blocks of chert, siliceous and tuffaceous argillite, limestone and isolated bodies of serpentinite. Within tie accretionary complex, belts of mélange are also recognised including the Bentong-F aub suture zone (sensu stricto) and another possible belt of mélange reported by Chakrabor :y and Metcalfe (1987) along the eastern margin of the Central Belt of the Peninsula. B.lts of mélange include clasts of chert, siliceous and tuffaceous argillite, conglomerate, turbiditic sandstone and minor limestone set in a scaly, graphitic matrix. Imbricate thrust slices of radiolarian chert and tuffaceous argillite, as reported from the Cameron Highl ands area (Tjia and Almashoor, 1993) are of Palaeo- Tethyan origin and could be part of the same accretionary complex. Radiolarian biostratigraphic ages include U )per Devonian (Famennian), Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian and Visean), Lower Permian (Wolfcampian and Leonardian), Upper Permian Guadalupiari) and Middle Triassic (Anisian and Ladinian).

The Palaeo-Tethyan Bentong-Rat b suture zone (sensu lato) could be much wider than previously thought and may extend west to include the "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation and east below the Semantan Formation of the Central Belt, and is not only represented by a narrow belt of mélange as previously defined. The Palaeo-Tethyan, Bentong-Raub suture zone is intruthd by the latest Triassic - Early Jurassic Main Range belt of granitoids. The Semantan Formation of the Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia has been identified as being the possible site of a forearc or intra-arc basin constructed over the accretionary complex.

In Peninsular Malaysia, the Palaec -Tethyan accretionary complex terrane has been thrust westwards over the Gondwanan affinity terrane (Mitchell, 1981; Tjia, 1986; Tjia, 1989; Hutchison, 1989) (Fig. 1.15). The terrane boundary between the Gondwanan affinity Sibumasu Terrane is interpreted tc dip to the east below the Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex. The deep-seated boundai y between the Sibumasu terrane and the Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex corresponds with the Bentong-Raub Line of Hutchison (1975) and the

251 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

S- and I-type line of Cobbing et a/.(1986). The shape of the gravity profile over the Peninsula which suggests thick c mtinental crust west of the Bentong-Raub line and the presence of near-surface, dense igneous rocks or a thinner sialic crust beneath the Central Belt of the Peninsula (Ryall, 1982) also supports this interpretation.

There is also evidence of post-collision reactivation of the Bentong-Raub Line. The presence of small I-type plutons of Cretaceous age (Bignell and Snelling, 1977) located close to, but east of, the Bentong Raub Line may indicate Cretaceous reactivation of the Bentong-Raub suture (Cobbing et al., 1986). Tjia (1984) proposes that the youngest tectonic deformation affecting rocks of the Bentong-Raub suture appears to have been right lateral slip along north-south transc urrent faults.

Hutchison (1993) questions an Ea -ly Mesozoic age of the amalgamation of Sibumasu and Indochina/East Malaya terranes and suggests that the present juxtaposition is likely to have resulted from Cenozoic wrench rea:,tivation of the suture.

4.3.2.3 Indochina/East Malaya

The Indochina/East Malaya tenant, is a stratigraphic terrane of Cathaysian origin. It has no Carboniferous - Permian similarities with Sibumasu (Metcalfe, 1988). Late Permian warm- water Gigantopteris floras have be located near Jengka, Pahang (Asama, 1984) and Late Permian andesitic volcanism is con imon, features which are in contrast to Sibumasu.

An isolated exposure of radiolarian-bearing Upper Permian (Guadalupian) interbedded chert and mudstone near Jengka, Pahang (Basir Jasin and Uyop Said, 1994). Metcalfe and Chakraborty (1994) also suggest t lat the Endochina/East Malaya terrane may be narrower than previously recognised.

252 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

4.4 Southeast Asia and the Palaeo-Tethys ocean

4.4.1 Radiolarian biostratigraphy of Southeast Asian Palaeo- Tethyan suture zones

This study has revealed that the Gondwana affinity terrane (Sibumasu) and the Cathaysian affinity terrane (Indochina/East M tlaya) were separated by the Palaeo-Tethys ocean from Late Devonian to Middle Triassic tii ne.

Radiolarian faunas are reported fr )m other Palaeo-Tethyan suture segments in Southeast Asia, including the Uttaradit-Nan 'Sra Kaeo in Thailand and the Ailaoshan, Changning- Mengl ian and Jinshajiang sutures i 1 SW China. These faunas and the biostratigraphic ages indicated by them, are shown in Table 4.2 It is not yet clear whether radiolarian cherts in SE Guangxi represent a Palaeo-Tei hyan suture zone segment in this region or a deep intra- continental basin. Precise correlati xi of radiolarian biostratigraphic faunas and ages for the various suture zones proved diffict It, partly due to the manner in which some of the faunas and their biostratigraphic ages have been documented and correlated with existing radiolarian zones.

The Uttaradit-Nan/Sra Kaeo suture; zone of Thailand has revealed similar biostratigraphic ages of radiolarian faunas to that found in the Bentong-Raub suture zone of Peninsular Malaysia, ranging from Upper Devonian to Middle Triassic (Ladinian), with faunas containing similar species. Both these Palaeo-Tethyan suture zone segments reveal two major gaps in the biostratigraphic ages of the radiolarian faunas. The oldest gap occurs in the Latest Carboniferous. Radiolixian faunas of this age have not been reported to date. Another major gap occurs from the Latest Permian through Early Triassic.

The Changning-Menglian suture z me, identified as part of the main branch of the Palaeo- Tethys in China (Liu et al., 1991), reveals the most complete range of radiolarian biostratigraphic ages, from Lowe - Devonian (?) through to Middle Triassic (Ladinian), suggesting that oceanic conditions existed from Lower Devonian through Middle Triassic time.

Two major differences can be se( n when the radiolarian biostratigraphic ages recovered from the Changning-Menglian suture zone are compared with the Bentong-Raub suture zone and the Uttaradit-Nan of Thailand.

253 H RADIOLARIAN RADIOLARIAN SPECIES! RADIOLARIAN SPECIES! PALAEO-TETHYAN SUTURE ZONE BIOATRATIGRAPHIC AGE ASSEMBLAGE ZONE ASSEMBLAGE ZONE SEGMENT cD (after Cheng, 1986; lshiga, 1990; Braun and Schmidt- I (after Feng and Ye, 1996) 3 4 5 6 ? Ening, 1993; Yao et al. , 1995) .2 Ladinian -tz Triassocampe deweveri ass. zone Triassocampe deweveri ass. zone Anisian Trias.cocomne coronata ass. zone Triassocamne coronata ass. zone 0 Spathian Pseudoeucytis liui ass. zone r) 3 0 0 E—, Nammalian Shengia yini ass. zone ? CD Ochoan Wangia ass. zone CD p,j 11) Neoalbaillella ornithoformis ass. zone Neoalbaillella ornithoformts ass. zone ■-•• • 6., r-1. 0 0 Neoalbaillella optima ass. zone Neoalbaillella optima ass. zone ca. Guadalupian Follicucullus charveti zone CA 0 Follicucullus scholasticus m. II ass. zone Follicucullus porrectus zone " • •••. Z Follicucullus monacanthus ass. zone Follicucullus monacanthus ass. zone < Pseudoalbaillella fusiformis ass. zone Pseudoalbaillella globosa zone -, • .—. F— Pseudoalbaillella longtanensis zone 0 C24 Leonardian W Albaillella sinuata ass. zone Albaillella sinuata ass. zone n • Q , ,... a) Pseudoalbaillella scalprata m. rhombothoracata Pseudoalbaillella scalprata m. rhombothoracata T-- 3 ,_ lone 355 7 Otle I I TT :1 Pseudoalbaillella lomentaria - Pseudoalbaillella sakmarensis ass zone Pseudoalbaillella lomentaria zone Wolfcampian Pseudoalbaillella u-forma m. II - Pseudoalbaillella Pseudoalbaillella u-forma m. II ass. zone eleganse ass. zone Pseudoathatiieiia u-/nano m. i ass. zone i 1 cr Stephanian Pseudoalbaillella Indbosa ass. zone ■-• • ? Pseudoalbaillella nodosa ass. zone 0 Upper — — — — — - —I-- f„ Westphalian pa 0 Namurian CX Pseudoalbaillella annulata ass. zone Albaillella nazarovi zone Pa "C3 Albaillella rockensis zone 0 L. Albaillella cartalla ass. zone Latentifistula concentrica zone a) Visëan 3 Albaillella cartalla ass. zone a o —I- (Ka < ...J Albaillella indensis ass. zone Eostylodictya rota zone CD U (1) Albaillella indensis brauni ass zone Albaillella indensis ass. zone Albaillella defiandrei ass. zone 0.■ Tournaisian Albaillella de/landrei ass. zone 0 Albaillella paradoxa ass. zone Albaillella paradoxa ass. zone Albaillella- I ass. zone

pa z ,... Holoeciscus 3 ass. zone Y, Famennian Entactina - Entactinosphaera ass. zone Holoeciscus 2 ass. zone F. eciscus I ass. zone 0 Holo t4 Frasnian Pre-Holoeciscus ass. zone CD Lower Eoalbaillella lilaensis ass. zone ?

Pa 1 - Ailaoshan (China) 2 - Changning-Menglian (China) • Radiolarian biostratigraphic zones are not drawn to scale. 3 - Jinshajiang (China) PALAEO-TETHYAN 4 - Uttaradit-Nan (Thailand) • For description of above zones see Chapter 3.5. co SUTURE ZONE rn 5 - Bentong-Raub (Peninsular Malaysia) SEGMENTS 0 6 - Semanggol Formation (NW P. Malaysia) • For information regarding radiolarian faunas for each suture zone, (Lower Chen Member) see Chapter 1.5.3 and Chapter 3. ? - SE Guangxi (possible suture zone segment) Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region

The first difference is the age o the oldest radiolarian fauna, the Lower Devonian Eoalbaillella lilaensis assemblage gone. As previously stated (Chapter 1.5.3), use of this species to indicate a Lower Devonian age is questioned. Eoalbaillella lilaensis FENG & Liu, has been identified by Aitchison (1993a) as being associated with Upper Devonian (Famennian ) radiolarian species fr3M the Djungati terrane of the New England Orogen, Eastern Australia. Radiolarians of tluis zone are reported by Feng and Ye (1996b) to occur in association with Lower Devonian graptoli.tes but they do not indicate the nature of this association, thus confirmation of t ie Lower Devonian age of the Eoalbaillella lilaensis assemblage is required. If Eoalba llella does occur in both Lower and Upper Devonian strata then this form cannot be used is a zonal index of either Lower or Upper Devonian.

The second difference is that the Changning-Menglian suture zone does not exhibit a gap in radiolarian biostratigraphic ages from uppermost Permian through Lower Triassic. It is noted that the Changning-Menglian suture zone also displays an Upper Carboniferous gap, as do other Southeast Asian Palaeo-' Fethyan suture zone segments.

4.4.2 Southeast Asia and the remnants of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean

The ages of radiolarians extracted from the main branch of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean are similar., suggesting that these sutui e zones are indeed remnants of a Devonian to Middle Triassic Palaeo-Tethys ocean which completed closure in the Late Triassic. Tectonic models that infer Early Devonian rifting ( f continental fragments from the northeast margin of Gondwana (Metcalfe, 1994a; Zhao et al., 1996) are favoured. The radiolarian biostratigraphic evidence obtained from chert and argillite within Southeast Asian Palaeo- Tethyan suture zone segments supp )rts tectonic models which favour post Ladinian closure (Bunopas and Vella, 1978; Sengor, 1984).

Jin (1994) proposes that the remnan :s of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean in southwest Yunnan - the Changning-Menglian belt - and its southerly extension is a zone of considerable width and cannot properly be represented as a ;ingle line.

Caridroit et al. (1992) reports the )resence of tectonic nappes with considerable tectonic shortening in northwest Thailand, resulting from the Late Triassic S ibumasu/Indochina collision. Jin (1994) suggests that the region to the west of the Uttaradit-Nan suture zone (the Sukhothai Terrane) is the southern extension of the Changning-Menglian belt and represents the remnants of the Pa laeo-Tethys ocean. Barr and Macdonald (1991) also

255 Chapter 4: Implications for the Tectonic History of Peninsular Malaysia and the Southeast Asian Region identify the region to the west of the Uttaradit-Nan/Sra Kaeo to be a distinct terrane and interpret the boundary between Sib umasu and the Sukhothai terranes to be a cryptic suture.

It is suggested that the Changning -Mengli an belt of South China, the Uttaradit-Nan suture zone and rocks to the west of it (the Sukhothai Terrane of Thailand) and the Bentong-Raub Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex represent a distinct Palaeo-Tethyan terrane.

256 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

5.1 CONCLUSION S

Palaeontological, sedimentological, stratigraphical and palaeomagnetic evidence indicates that the Sibumasu and Indochina/I ast Malaya terranes are indeed allochthonous and were distantly separated during Carbonit.rous and Permian times. They are now separated by an accretionary complex terrane repre vented by the I3entong-Raub suture zone which contains the remnants of the Palaeo-Tethys c cean.

Until recently, the ages of chert Blasts and fault-bounded blocks of bedded radiolarian chert and argillite found within the Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto) were poorly constrained. They were unable to be dated, except by association with other fossiliferous rocks and although Scrivenor (1908; 1911) reported radiolarian chert in the Chert Series from the Raub area, detailed radi )1arian studies have not previously been carried out in Peninsular Malaysia.

Radiolarian biostratigraphy has been used as a tool to constrain the time of opening and closure of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean between Sibumasu and Indochina/East Malaya within the Southeast Asian tectonic framewor

The Bentong-Raub suture zone c(fitains a heterogenous mix of rock-types and radiolarian biostratigraphic ages. Radiolarian biostratigraphic ages of fault-bounded blocks of chert and argillite from the Bentong-Raub s iture zone include Upper Devonian (Famennian), Lower Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Work

Carboniferous (Tournaisian and Visean), and Lower Permian (Wolfcampian and Leonardian). The "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation of northwest Peninsular Malaysia yielded uppermost Lower Permian, Upper Permian (Guadalupian) and Middle Triassic (Anisian and Ladinian) radiolarian ssemblages.

The range of ages of the radiolariar s recovered from rocks within the Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto) suggests that an ocean existed between the Sibumasu and Indochina/East Malaya terranes fro n at least Upper Devonian to uppermost Lower Permian time. If the bedded chert and argilli :e previously considered the lower part of the Semanggol Formation, are in fact part of the Be ntong-Raub suture zone (sensu lato), then the age of this zone can be extended to Middle Triassic. The presence of uppermost Lower Permian, Upper Permian and Middle Triassic (Anisian and lower Ladinian) radiolarians from the "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation, and ?Lower Carboniferous radiolarians extracted from tuffacec us chert near Kuala Kangsar in the west of the Peninsula suggests that the accretionary comp ex of the Palaeo-Tethyan suture zone, the Bentong-Raub suture zone may extend further to Cie west than previously thought. The presence of Upper Permian radiolarians from a single ocality near Jengka, in the Central Belt suggests that the Palaeo-Tethyan suture zone may al so extend east beneath the Triassic Semantan Formation of the Central Belt.

It is proposed that Peninsular Mala jsia consists of three terranes. A stratigraphic terrane of Gondwanan affinity (Sibumasu) k cated in the west, a stratigraphic terrane of Cathaysian affinity located in the east (Indocl- ina/East Malaya), and an accretionary complex terrane which separates them, the Palaeo-T .:thyan I3entong-Raub suture zone. The representation of the Palaeo-Tethyan suture zone of Peninsular Malaysia as a narrow zone (13 - 18 km) is not favoured in this study. This study and the work of Sashida et al. (1993b; 1995) and Basir Jasin and Uyop Said (1994) suggest that occurrences of radiolarian-rich chert and argillite that form part of the Bentong-Raub suture accretionary complex may extend west to include the "Lower Chert Member" of the Semanggol Formation, and east, below the Central Belt. The unexposed part of the accretior ary complex is then, obscured by overlying rocks and the latest Triassic - Early Jurassic Maui Range belt of granite plutons. The eastern and western terrane boundaries of the Bentong-Raub suture zone are cryptic. The Gondwanan affinity, Sibumasu terrane is narrower than previously defined and includes only passive margin continental sequences. It is sugge ;ted that the accretionary complex of the Bentong-Raub zone has been thrust westwards ov( r the Si bumasu terrane.

The oldest radiolarian faunas (De Ionian to Lower Permian) are found in rocks along the Bentong-Raub suture zone (sensu stricto) in the centre of the Peninsula, and the youngest (Upper Permian and Middle Triassic) faunas have been extracted from the "Lower Chert

258 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Work

Member" of the Semanggol Formation of northwest Peninsular Malaysia. These results support tectonic models which favour eastwards-dipping subduction (Hutchison, 1973; Mitchell, 1977; 1981; Gatinsky aid Hutchison, 1986; Hutchison, 1989; Tjia, 1986; Tjia, 1989), and suggest that final closure of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean occurred in Late Triassic time.

The Bentong-Raub suture zone of Peninsular Malaysia, the Uttaradit-Nan/Sra Kaeo suture zone of Thailand and the Changn ng-Menglian suture zone of South China have yielded radiolarian faunas of similar biostratigraphic ages, ranging from Upper Devonian (Famenniari), through Middle Tri issic (L,adinian). These ages suggest that the Palaeo- Tethys ocean existed from Late Dc vonian through to Middle Triassic (Ladinian). Tectonic models that propose Late Silurian - Early Devonian rifting of continental fragments and closure of the Palaeo-Tethys oceai in Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia during the Late Triassic are favoured.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

Several investigations need to be carried out to document the rift-drift and amalgamation/accretion history 01 the terranes that constitute this region. These include detailed systematic structural analysis of the rocks of the Peninsula and comprehensive palaeomagnetic studies to establish palaeolatitude of the terranes and thus ascertain their "drift" history. Detailed systemati: structural analysis of the rocks of the Peninsula would provide critical information about leformation history of the region, such as the collisional history, including the direction 01' subduction of the various plates that form Peninsular Malaysia and also the extent of pot-accretion deformation. This information is vital for the proposal of an objective tectonic model to interpret the geology of Peninsular Malaysia.

Although many other aspects of the geology of Peninsular Malaysia have been studied, there has been little supporting geophysical work, and apart from the work of Ryall (1982) who constructed one gravity profile across the Peninsula, geological cross-sections and tectonic models of the Peninsular have ben constructed from surface geology alone. It would be informative to obtain results from leep seismic reflection surveys to observe the subsurface structure of the Bentong-Raub Butt re zone, especially the subsurface structure of the Cental Belt and the region to the west of the Bentong-Raub line including the Semanggol Formation. There have been suggt stions that the Palaeo-Tethyan suture zone of Thailand is wider than previously defined. Eeep seismic reflection surveys of other Palaeo-Tethyan

259 C hapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Work suture segments would assist in solving some of the problems of the tectonic history of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean.

Major, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry can provide information about provenance, depositional enviro -iment and tectonic history of sedimentary rocks. Geochemical studies of chert and arl,illite from Peninsular Malaysia have not been carried out to date, and this information may as ;ist understanding of the geologic and tectonic history of the Bentong--Raub suture zone and Cie Palaeo-Tethys ocean.

There is also scope for further work in the field of radiolarian studies. This study identified problems relating to taxonomic hierarchy that require further discussion, clarification and publication, viz:

Kozur and Mostler (1982) e -ected a new suborder Entactinaria in which they placed many families and genera that w( re said to possess skeletal elements common to both Nassellaria and Spumellaria. This suborder is not universally accepted by radiolarian biostratigraphers. It is never used 1.y Palaeozoic radiolarian biostratigraphers and rarely by Mesozoic biostratigraphers. As some genera that have been placed in the suborder Entactinaria (see Kozur and Mostlei , 1982) are found in both Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata (e.g. members of the families Entactiniidac.., RIEDEL 1967b and Palaeoscenidiidae RIEDEL 1967b), the use or otherwise of this suborder causes confusion at higher taxonomic levels.

Agreement has not been re iched a:3 to which suborder the families Archocyrtiidae (KOZUR & MOSTLER), Palaeosc ;nidiidae RIEDEL, Popofskyellidae DEFLANDRE and Pylentonema DEFLANDRE should be placed. In this study they have been placed in Incertae subordinis.

260 REFERENCES

Abdullah, H. 1985. Discovery of an ammonoid (Agathiceras sp.) and crinoid stems in the Kenny Hill Formation of Peninsular Malaysia and its significance. Warta Geologi, 11, 205-212.

Ahmad, J. 1976. The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Karak and Areas, Pahang. Geological Surv.y of Malaysia Memoir, 15, 1-138.

Ahmad, Basir, J., Ibrahim, it-, Abd. Rahim, S. & Uyop, S. 1988. Note on the occurrence of limestone it the Semanggol Formation, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia. Warta Geologi, 13, 151-159.

Aitchison, J. C. 1988a. Early Cart oniferous Radiolaria from the Neranleigh-Fernvale beds near Brisbane. Queenslai d Government Mining Journal, 89, 240-241.

Aitchison, J. C. 1988b. Late Palaeozoic radiolarians from the Gwydir terrane, New England orogen, EasternAustralia. Geology, 16, 793-795.

Aitchison, J. C. 1988c. Radiolaria from the southern part of the New England orogen, eastern Australia. In: J. I►. Kleernan (ed.), New England Orogen Tectonics and Metallogensis, pp. 49-60, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.

Aitchison, J. C. 1989. Palaeozoic radiolarians and lithotectonic terranes of the southern New England Orogen, eastern Australia. PhD Thesis, University of New England, Australia (unpubl.).

Aitchison, J. C. 1990. Signifi,;ance of Devonian-Carboniferous radiolarians from accretionary terranes of .he New England Orogen, eastern Australia. Marine Micropaleontology, 15, 365-378.

Aitchison, J. C. 1993a. Albaillc llaria from the New England orogen, Eastern NSW, Australia. Marine Microj alaeontology, 21, 353-367.

Aitchison, J. C. 1993b. Devoni in (Frasnian) radiolarians from the Gogo Formation, Canning Basin, Western Australia. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 228, 105-128.

Aitchison, J. C. & Flood, P. G. 1C 90. Early Carboniferous radiolarian ages constrain the timing of sedimentation vs, ithin the Anaiwan terrane, New England Orogen, eastern Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologic? and Palaontologie: Abhandlungen, 180, 1-19.

261 Aitchison, J. C., Flood, P. G. & Spiller, F. C. P. 1992. Tectonic setting and paleoenvironment of teri anes in the southern New England Orogen, eastern Australia as constrained by radiolarian biostratigraphy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 94, 31-54.

Aitchison, J. C. & Stratford, J. M C. in press. Middle Devonian (Givetian) Radiolaria from Eastern New South Wales, Australia: A reassessment of the Hinde (1899) fauna. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie and Palaontologie: Abhandlungen.

Alexander, J. B. 1959. Pre-Tertiar r stratigraphic succession in Malaya. Nature, 183, 230- 23 1 .

Anderson, 0. R. 1983. Radiolaria Springer - Verlag, 355 p.

Archbold, N. W., Pigram, C. J., batman, N. &: Hakim, S. 1982. Indonesian Permian brachiopod fauna and Gondwanaland - South-East Asia relationships. Nature, 296, 556-558.

Asama, K. 1984. Gigantopteris f ora in China and Southeast Asia. In: T. Kobayashi, R. Toriyama and W. Hashimoto (eds ►, Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, pp. 311-25, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.

Audley-Charles, M. G. 1983. Reconstruction of eastern Gondwanaland. Nature, 306, 48- 50.

Audley-Charles, M. G. 1988. Evol ition of the southern margin of Tethys (North Australian region) from early Permit n to late Cretaceous. In: M. G. Audley-Charles and A. Hallam (eds), Gondwana and Tethys, pp. 79-100, Oxford University Press.

Audley-Charles, M. G., Ballantint , P. D. & Hall, R. 1988. Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift-drift sequence of Asian fragmei its from Gondwanaland. Tectonophysics, 155, 317-330.

Barber, A. J. & Brown, K. 1988. Mud diapirism: the origin of mélanges in accretionary complexes? Geology Tod zy, 4, 89-94.

Barr, S. M. & Macdonald, A. S. 1987. Nan River suture zone, northern Thailand. Geology, 15, 907-910.

Barr, S. M. & Macdonald, A. S. 191. Towards a late Palaeozoic - early Mesozoic tectonic model for Thailand. Journal of Thai Geosciences, 1, 11-22.

262 Barr, S. M., Tantisukrit, C., Yao'vanoiyothin, W. & Macdonald, A. S. 1990. Petrology and tectonic implication of Upper Paleozoic volcanic rocks of the Chiang Mai belt, northern Thailand. Journ zl of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4, 37-47.

Basir Jasin. 1994. Middle Triassic Radiolaria from the Semanggol Formation, northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Wa -ta Geo! ogi, 20, 279-283.

Basir Jasin & Uyop Said. 1994. Late Permian Radiolaria from Central Pahang, Malaysia. Geolgoical Society of Malaysia - Annual Conference, Abstracts, p. 78.

Bates, R. L. & Jackson, J. A. 198 -, . Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute, Virginia, 788 p.

Beckinsale, R. D., Suensilpong, S., Nakapadungrat, S. & Walsh, J. N. 1979. Geochronology and geochemistry of granite magmatism in Thailand in relation to a plate tectonic model. Joumal of the Geological Society of London, 136, 529-540.

Belyanskii, G. S., Nikitina, A. P. (?L Rudenko, V. S. 1984. 0 sebucharskoj svite Primorja. Novye dannye po detalnoj biostratigrafii fanerozoja Dalnego Vostoka, Vladivostok, 1984, 43-57 (in Russian).

Berkland, J. 0., Raymond, L. A., Kramer, J. C., Moores, E. M. & O'Day, M. 1972. What is Franciscan? The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 56, 2295-2302.

Bignell, J. D. & Snelling, N. J. 1977. Geochronology of Malayan Granites. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 47, 1-70.

Biome, C. D. 1984. Upper Triassic Radiolaria and radiolarian zonation from western North America. Bulletins of Am?rican Paleontology, 85, 1-88.

Biome, C. D., Jones, D. L., Murchey, B. L. & Liniecki, M. 1995. Geological implications of radiolarian-bearing Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks from the Blue Mountains Province, Eastern Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1435, 79- 93.

Biome, C. a & Reed, K. M. 1992. Permian and Early (?) Triassic radiolarian faunas from the Grindstone terrane, Cc ntral Oregon. Journal of Paleontology, 66, 351-383.

Biome, C. D. & Reed, K. M. 1 )95. Radiolarian biostratigraphy of the Quinn River Formation, Black Rock t rrane, north-central Nevada: Correlations with eastern Klamath terrane geology. Micropalaeontology, 41, 49-68.

263 Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G. & J Dries, C. R. 1966. Silurian brachiopods from Malaya. Journal of Paleontology, ,10, 1027-1031,

Bradford, E. F. 1961. The occurrence of tin and tungsten in Malaya. Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Congress, 12, 378-398.

Bragin, N. Y. 1991. Radiojryaryi i Nizhnemesozoyskiye Tolshii Vostoka SSSR (Radiolaria and Lower Mesozoic Units of USSR east Regions). A S USSR Order Red Ban Lab Geol Inst, 469, 1-122.

Braun, A. 1989a. Neue unterkarbonische Radiolarien-Taxa aus Kieselschiefer-Gerollen des unteren Mainstales bei Frankfurt a. M. Geological et Palaeontologica, 23, 83-99.

Braun, A. 1989b. Unterkarbonisclie Radiolarien aus Kieselschiefergerollen des Mains bei Frankfort am Main. Jber. Mitt. Oberrhein. Geol. Ver., 71, 357-380.

Braun, A. 1990a. Evolutionary trends and biostratigraphic potential of selected radiolarian taxa from the Lower Carb )niferous of Germany. Marine Micropalaeontology, 15, 351-364.

Braun, A. 1990b. Oberdevoniscl- e Radiolarien aus Kieselschiefer-Ger011en des unteren Maintales bei Frankfurt a. M. Geol. Jb. Hessen, 118, 5-27.

Braun, A. 1990c. Radiolaria aus dem Unter-Karbon Deutschlands. Courier Forschungsinstitut Sencici nberg, 133, 1-143.

Braun, A. i& Amon, E. 0. 1991. Fluoritisierte Fadiolarien aus Kieselkalk-Banken des Mittel-Viseums (Unterka -bon) des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges (Deutschland). Palaeontologische Zeitscl rift, 65, 25-33.

Braun, A. & Gursky, H.-J. 1991. Kieselige Sedimentgesteine des Unter-Karbons im RhLenoherzynikum - eine Bestandsaufnahme. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 25, 57-77.

Braun, A., Maass, R. & Schmidt- Effing, R. 1992. Oberdevonische Radiolarien aus dem Breuschtal (Nord-Voge en, Elsab) und ihr regionaler und stratigraphischer Zusammenhang. Neues Jthrbuchfiir Geologie und Palaontologie, 185, 161-178.

Braun, A. & Schmidt-Effing, R. 1988. Radiolarienfaunen aus dem tiefen Vise (Unter- karbon) des Frankenwalths (Bayern). N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Mh., 11, 645-660.

264 Braun, A. & Schmidt-Effing, R. 1993. Biozonation, diagenesis and evolution of radiolarians in the Lower Carboniferous of Germany. Marine Micropaleontology, 21, 369-383.

Buddington, A. F. 1959. Granite emplacement with special reference to North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 70, 671-747.

Bunopas, S. 1981. Palaeogeographic history of western Thailand and adjacent parts of Southeast Asia - A plate-ttctonics interpretation. Geological Survey Paper, Dept of Mineral Resources, Thailand, 5, 810.

Bunopas, S. & Vella, P. 1978. Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic structural evolution of northern Thailand - A plate tectonics model. In: P. Nutalaya (ed.), Proceedings of 3rd Regional Conference of Geology and Mining Resources of Southeast Asia, pp. 133-140, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.

Burrett, C., Long, J. & Stait, B. 990. Early-Middle Palaeozoic biogeography of Asian terranes derived from Gondwana. In: W. S. McKerrow and C. R. Scotese (eds), Palaeozoic Palaeogeogra phy and Biogeography, pp. 163-174, Geolgocial Society of London, Memoir 12, L Dndon.

Burrett, C. & Stait, B. 1985. South-East Asia as part of an Gondwanaland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 75, 184-190.

Burton, C. K. 1964. The older a luvium of Johore and Singapore. Journal of Tropical Geography, 18, 30-42.

Burton, C. K. 1967a. Graptolite and tentaculite correlations and pala.eogeography of the Silurian and Devonian iii the Yunnan-Malay Geosyncline. Transactions and Proceedings of the Paleot tological Society of Japan, 65, 27-46.

Burton, C. K. 1967b. The Mahang Formation: A mid-Palaeozoic euxinic facies from Malaya - with notes on its conditions of deposition and palaeogeography. Geol. en Mijnb., 46, 167-187.

Burton, C. K. 1970. The palaeote.;tonic status of the Malay Peninsula. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 7, 51-60.

Burton, C. K. 1972. The geolog i and mineral resources of the Baling area, Kedah and Perak. Geological Survey of Malaysia District Memoirs, 12, 1-150.

265 Burton, C. K. 1973. Mesozoic. In D. J. Gobbet and C. S. Hutchison (eds), Geology of the Malay Peninsula, pp. 97- 41, Wi ey-Interscience, New York.

Burton, C. K. 1974. Peninsular Thailand. Mesozoic-Cenozoic orogemc belts. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 4, 301-325.

Burton, C. K. 1986. The Kanchanaburi Supergroup of Peninsular and Western Thailand. Geological Society of Mahysia Bulletin, 20, 311-361.

Calkins, G. N. 1909. Protozoolog Lee (k. Febiger, New York and Philadelphia, 349 p.

Cameron, N. R., Clarke, N. C. G , Aldiss, D. T., Aspden, T. A. & Djunuddin, A. 1980. The geological evolution, of northern Sumatra. Ninth Indonesian Petroleum Convention, Jakarta, 53 p.

Campbell, A. S. 1954. Radiola In: R. C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pp. 11-163, Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.

Campbell, I. 1974. The Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute, Washington, D.C., 805 p.

Caridroit, M. & De We yer, P. 1985. Some Late Permian radiolarians from pelitic rocks of the Tatsuno Formation (Hyogo Prefecture), southwest Japan. Marine Micropaleontology, 11, 5. i-90.

Caridroit, M., Vachard, D. & Fontaine, H. 1992. Datations par radiolaires (Carbonifere, Permien et Trias en Thailande nord-occidentale. Mise en evidence de nappes de charriage et d'olistostromcs. Comptes Rendus de LAcademie des Sciences, Paris, 315, 515-520.

Chakraborty, K. R. 1994. How wide and oceanic was Palaeotethys?: Evidence from Peninsular Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia - Annual Conference, Abstracts, p. 51.

Chakraborty, K. R. & Metcalfe, I. 1987. Occurrence of sheared diamiclite in the Raub area, its possible extensions an,1 tectonic implications. Geological Society of Malaysia, Annual Conference, Absti acts, 5.

Chappell, B. W. & White, A. J. R 1974. Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geology, 8, 173-174.

266 Chen, B. & Xie, G. 1994. Evolution of the Tethys in Yunnan and Tibet. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 9, 349-354.

Cheng, Y. N. 1986. Taxonomic studies in Upper Paleozoic Radiolarici. National Museum of Natural Science, Speci it Publication, Taiwan, 310 p.

Cobbing, E. J., Mallick, D. I. J., I itfield, P. E. J. & Teoh, L. H. 1986. The granites of the southeast Asian tin belt. Journal, of the Geological Society of London, 143, 537- 550.

Cornell, W. C. & Simpson, R. D. 1985. New radiolarians from west Texas. Micropaleontology, 31, 271-279.

Darbyshire, D. P. F. 1988. Geochronology of Malaysian Granites. Scientific Services Isotope Geology Centre. Natural Environment Research Council, Open File Report, 88/3, 1-55.

De Coo, J. C. M. & Smit, 0. E. 1975. The Triassic Kodiang Limestone formation in Kedah, West Malaysia. Geologic en Mijnbouw, 54, 169-176.

De Wever, P. & Caridroit, M. 19,34. Description de quelques nouveaux Latentifistulidea (Radiolaires polycystines PaleozoIques du Japon. Revue Micropaleontologie, 27, 98-106.

De Wever, P., Sanfilippo, A., Riedel, W. R. & Gruber, B. 1979. Triassic radiolarians from Greece, Sicily and 1 urkey. Micropaleontology, 25, 75-110.

Deflandre, G. 1952. Albaillella nov. Radiolarie fossile du Carbonif6re inferieur, type d'une lignee aberrante enteinte. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, 234, 72-84.

Deflandre, G. 1953. Radiolaries Fossils. In: P. Grasse (ed.), Traitê Zoologique, pp. 389- 436, Masson, Paris.

Deflandre, G. 1960. A propos du (leveloppement des recherches sur les radiolaries fossiles. Revue de Micropaleontologie, 2, 212-218.

Deflandre, G. 1963. Pylentonema, nouveau genre de Radiolaire du Viseen: Sphaerellaire ou Nassellaire ? Comptes hendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 257D, 3981- 3984.

267 Deflandre, G. 1964. La famille de ; Popofskyellidae fam. nov. et le genre Popofskyellum Deflandre, Radiolaries V iseen de la Montagne Noire. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. I aris, 259, 305.5-3058.

Deflandre, G. 1972. Le systeme trebeculaire interne chez les Pylentonemides et les Popofskyellides, Radiolaires du PaleozoIque: Phylogenese des Nasellaires. Comptes Rendus de lAcaci?mie des Sciences, Paris, 274D, 3535-3540.

Dewey, J. F., Shackleton, R. M., Clang Chengfa & Yiyin, S. 1988. The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Ph.losophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A327, 379-413.

Dumitrica, P. 1970. Cryptocephl lic and cryptothoracic Nassellaria in some Mesozoic deposits of Romania. Rev re Roumaine de Geologie, Geophysique et Geographie, Serie de Geologie, 14, 45-124.

Dumitrica, P. 1978. Triassic Palm scenidiidae and Entactiniidae from the Vicentinian Alps (Italy) and Eastern Carpatt ians (Romania). DanSeama ale Sedintelor, 64, 39-54.

Dumitrica, P. 1982. Triassic Oert.lsponginae (Radiolaria) from Eastern Carpathians arid Southern Alps. Dari Sean a Institutul di Geologie si Geofizica, 67, 57-74.

Dumitrica, P., Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. 1980. Contribution to the radiolarian fauna of the Middle Triassic of the Southern Alps. Geologische Palaontologische Mitteilungun Innsbruck, 10, 1-46.

Ehrenberg, C. G. 1838. Uber die Bildung der Kreidefelsen and des Kreidemargels durch unsichtbare Organismen. preuss Akad. Wiss. Jahrg, 1838, 59-147.

Ehrenberg, C. G. 1875. Fortse zung der mikrogeologischen Stuclien als Gesammt- Uebersicht der mikroskopi schen Palaontologie gleilchartig amalysirter Gebirgsarten der Erde, mit specieller Rucksic our den Polycystinen-Margel von Barbados. Abh. Kgl. preuss Akad. Jahrg., 1875, 1-226.

Fan, C. & Zhang, Y. 1994. The structure and tectonics of western Yunnan. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 9, 355-361.

Fang, N., Liu, B., Feng, Q. & J a, J. 1994. Late Palaeozoic and Triassic deep-water deposits and tectonic evolt tion of :he Palaeo-Tethys in the Changning-Menglian and Lancangjiang belts, soutiwestern Yunnan. Journal of Southeast Asian. Earth Sciences, 9, 363-374.

268 Feng, Q. & Ye, M. 1996a. Permian radiolarian sedimentary assemblage and paleoecology in south and southwest CI ina. In: X. Long (ed.), Devonian to Triassic Tethys in Western Yunnan, China, pp. 106-112, China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan.

Feng, Q. & Ye, M. 1996b. Radiolaa ian stratigraphy of Devonian through Middle Triassic in southwestern Yunnan. In: X. Long (ed.), Devonian to Triassic Tethys in Western Yunnan, China, pp. 15-22, China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan.

Fontaine, H., Khoo, H. P. & Vacirard, D. 1988„ Discovery of Triassic fossils at Bukit Chuping, in Gunong Sinyum area, and at Kota Jin, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth ...ciences, 2, 145-162.

Foo, K. Y. 1983. The Palaeozoic :edimentary rocks of Peninsular Malaysia - stratigraphy and correlation. Proceedit gs of workshop on stratigraphic correlation of Thailand and Malaysia, 1-19.

Foreman, H. 1963. Upper Devonian Radiolaria from the Huron Member of the Ohio Shale. Micropaleontology, 9, 26 -304.

Fromaget, J. 1934. Observations e reflexions sur la geologie stratigraphique et structurale de l'Indochine. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 4, 101-164.

Furutani, H. 1982. Skeletal const -uction and phylogeny of Palaeoscenidiidae. J.R.S. 81 Osaka, 11-16. (in Japanes(; with English Abstract.).

Furutani, H. 1983. Middle Paleo2oic Palaeoscendidae (Radiolaria) from Mt. Yokokura, Shikoku, Japan. Transact'ons and Proceedings from the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 130, 96-116.

Furutani, H. 1990. Middle Paleozoic radiolarians from Fukuji area, Gifu Prefecture, Central Japan. Journal of Earth S ::ience Nagoya University, 37, 1-56.

Gan, A. S. 1979. The significan :.‘,e of a fossil find in Tanjong Malim area (Sheet 76). Geological Survey of Malaysia Annual Report, 158-162.

Gatinsky, Y. G. & Hutchison, C. 5: . 1986. Cathaysia, Gondwanaland and the Palaeotethys in the evolution of contir ental Southeast Asia. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 20, 179-199.

269 Giese, M. & Schmidt-Effing, R. 1989. Eine Radiolarienfauna aus der y Unter-Karbon von AmOnau bei Wetter (llheinisches Schiefergebirge/Hessen. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 23, 71- U.

Gobbett, D. J. 1964. The Lower Palaeozoic rocks of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Federations Museums Journal, 9, 66-79.

Gobbett, I). J. 1973. Upper Pzleozic. In: D. J. Gobbett and C. S. Hutchison (eds), Geology of the Malay Perinsula, pp. 61-96, Wiley-Interscience, New York.

Gobbett, I). J. & Tjia, H. D. 1)73. Tectonic History. In: D. J. Gobbett and C. S. Hutchison (eds), Geology of the Malay Peninsula, pp. 305-334, Wiley- Interscience, New York.

Goodbody, Q. 1986. Wenlock Pi laeoscenidiidae and Entactiniidae (Radiolaria) from the Cape Phillips Formation of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Micropaleontology, 32, 129-157.

Gourmelon, F. 1985. Inventaire preliminaire des Radiolaires des nodules phosphates des lydiennes dinamtiennes d la Montagne Noire (Herault, France). Comptes rendus de la l'Acad Sci, Paris, 301, 1259-1263.

Gourmelon, F. 1986. Ètude des R idiolaires d'un nodule phosphate du carbonifere inferieur de Bareilles, Hautes Pyre lees, France. Geobios, 19, 179-197.

Gourmelon, F. 1987a. Les Radiol:iires tournaisiens des nodules phosphates de la Montagne Noire et des Pyrenees cen trales. Biostratigraphie du PaleozoIrjue, 6, 1-194.

Gourmelon, F. 1987b. Revision of the genus Pylentonema Deflandre 1963 and its lower Carboniferous species fr )m Montagne Noire, France. Micropaleontology, 33, 282-288.

Hada, S., Bunopas, V., Thiti. awan, V., Salyyapongse, S., Pasajawatwong, Y., Yanoiyothin, W., Ishii, K & Yoshikura, S. 1994. Accretion Tectonics in Thailand along the Nan-Uttaradit Suture Zone. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 78, 1134.

Haeckel, E. 1862. Die Radiolarie vi (Rhizopoda Radiolaria). Eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin, 1-572 p.

Haeck.el, E. 1879. Naturliche Schopfungsgeschichte. Reimer, Berlin, 718 p.

270 Hamilton, W. 1979. Tectonics c f the Indonesian region. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1078, 1-345.

Hattori, I. &: Yoshimura, M. 1982. Lithofacies distribution and radiolarian fossils in the Nanjo area in Fukui Prefecture, central Japan. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists Spec al Volume, 5, 103-116.

Helmcke, D. 1983. On the Variscz'n evolution of central mainland Southeast Asia. Earth Evolutionary Sciences, 4, :.09-319.

Helmcke, D. 1985. The Permo-Triassic 'Paleotethys' in mainland Southeast-Asia and adjacent parts of China. G L?ologische Rundschau, 74, 215-228.

Holdsworth, B. K. 1966. Radiolaria from the Naumurian of Derbyshire. Palaeontology, 9, 319-329.

Holdsworth, B. K. 1969a. Nan- urian Radiolaria of the genus Ceratoikiscum from Staffordshire and Derbysh re, England. Micropaleontology, 15, 221-2:29.

Holdsworth, B. K. 1969b. The relal ionship between the genus Albaillella Deflandre and the ceratoikiscid Radiolaria. A ficropcileontology, 15, 230-260.

Holdsworth, B. K. 1973. The Paleozoic of Istanbul. In: 0. Kaya (ed.), The Radiolaria of the Baltimani Formation , Lower Carboniferous, Istanbul, pp. 117-135, Ege Universitesi Fen Fakultesi Kitaplar, Istanbul.

Holdsworth, B. K. 1977. Paleczoic Radiolaria: Stratigraphic distribution in Atlantic Borderlands. In: F. M. Swain (ed.), Stratigraphic Micropaleontology of the Atlantic Basin and Border lands, pp. 167-184, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Holdsworth, B. K. & Jones, D. _.,. 1980a. Preliminary radiolarian zonation for Late Devonian through Permian time. Geology, 8, 281-285.

Holdsworth, B. K. & Jones, D. L. 1980b. A provisional radiolarian biostratigraphy, Late Devonian through Late P( rmian time. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 80.876, 1-32.

Holdsworth, B. K., Jones, D. L & Allison, C. 1978. Upper Devonian radiolarians separated from chert of t he Ford Lake Shale, Alaska. Journal of Research of United States Geological ,iurvey, 6, 775-788.

Holdsworth, B. K. & Murchey, B. L. 1983. Palaeozoic radiolarians biostratigraphy of the northern Brooks Range, Alaska. In: G. Gryce (ed.), Geology and Exploration of

271 the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska 1974-1982, pp. 777-792, USGS Professional Paper 1399, Washington, DC.

Howell, D. G. 1989. Tectonics el' suspect terranes. Mountain building and continental growth. Chapman and H ill, New York, 232 p.

HMI, K. J. 1968. Principles of Melanges and their bearing on the Franciscan-Knoxville paradox. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79, 1063-1074.

Huang, J., Chen, G. & Chen, B. 1984. Preliminary analysis of the Tethys-Himalayan tectonic domain. Acta Geologica Sinica, 58, 1-17.

Hutchison, C. S. 1973. Tecton c evolution of Sunderland: a Phanerozoic synthesis. Geological Society of Malaysia ►lletin, 6, 61-86.

Hutchison, C. S. 1975. Ophioliie in Southeast Asia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86, 797-806.

Hutchison, C. S. 1977. Granite emplacement and tectonic subdivision of Peninsular Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 9, 187-207.

Hutchison, C. S. 1978. Southeast Asian tin granitoids of contrasting tectonic setting. Journal of the Physics of he Earth, supplement, 26, S221-32.

Hutchison, C. S. 1983. Multiple Mesozoic Sn-W-Sb granitoids of Southeast Asia. Circum-Pacific plutonic t 2rranes 159, 35-60.

Hutchison, C. S. 1987. The Pal ieo-Tethyan realm and Indosinian orogenic system of Southeast Asia. In: A. M. C. Sengor (ed.), Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan region, pp. 585-643, Kim 3er Academic Publishers.

Hutchison, C. S. 1989. Geological Evolution of South-East Asia. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 368 p.

Hutchison, C. S. 1993. Gondwana and Cathaysian blocks, Palaeotethys sutures and Cenozoic tectonics in South-east Asia. Geologische Rundschau, 82, 388-405.

Ichikawa, K., Ishii, K. & Hada, S. 1966. On the remarkable unconformity at the Jengka Pass, Pahang. Journal of Geoscience Osaka City University, 9, 123-130.

Igo, H. 1981. Permian conodont biostra:igraphy of Japan. Palaeontological Society of Japan Special Paper, 24, 1-50.

272 Igo, H. & Koike, T. 1967. Ordov cian and Silurian conodonts from the Langkawi Islands, Malaya. Geology and Pa laeontology of Southeast Asia, 3, 1-19.

Igo, H. & Koike, T. 1968. Ordov cian and Silurian conodonts from the Langkawi Islands, Malaya, Part II. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 4, 1-21.

Igo, H. & Koike, T. 1973. Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian conodonts from the Langkawi Islands, Mala vsia with note on conodont fauna of the Thung Song Limestone, southern Thailand and the Setul Limestone, Perlis, Malaysia. Geology

and Palaeontology of SOT theast Asia, 13, 1-22.

Ishida, K. 1984. The order of appearance of some radiolarians in Anisian bedded-chert bodies in the south zone cf the Chicibu Belt, eastern Shikoku. Journal of Science, University of Tokushima, 17, 15-29.

Ishiga, H. 1983. Morphological change in the Permian Radiolaria. Pseudoalbaillella scalprata in Japan. Tran :actions and Proceedings of the Paleontological Society of Japan, 129, 1-8.

Ishiga, H. 1984. Follicucullus (I ermian Radiolaria) from the Maizura Group in Maizura Belt, Southwest Japan. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), the Journal of the Association for the Geolo ;ical Collaboration in Japan, 38, 427-434.

Ishiga, H. 1985. Discovery of Pe -mian radiolarians from the Katsumi and Oi Formations along south of Maizuru Belt, southwest Japan and its significance. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), the Journal of the Association for the Geological Collaboration in Japan, 39, 210-219.

Ishiga, H. 1986. Late Carbonifei ous - Permian radiolarian biostratigraphy of southwest Japan. Osaka City Unive:sity Journal of Geosciences, 29, 89-100.

Ishiga, H. 1990. Paleozoic Radiolarians. In: K. Ichikawa, S. Mizutani, I. Hara, S. Hada and A. Yao (eds), Pre-Cr?taceous Terranes of Japan, pp. 285-290, Publication of the International Geologi,;a1 Correlation Program No. 224, Pre-Jurassic Evolution of Eastern Asia.

Ishiga, H. 1991. Description of a new Follicucullus species from Southwest Japan. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Shimane University, 25, 107-118.

Ishiga, H. & Imoto, N. 1980. Sor le Permian radiolarians in the Tamba district, southwest Japan. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), the Journal of the Association for the Geological Collaboratior in Japon, 34, 333-345.

273 Ishiga, H., Kito, T. & Imoto, N. 1982a. Late Permian radiolarian assemblages in the Tamba district and an adjacent -Lrea, Southwest Japan. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), the Journal of dye Association for the Geological Collaboration in Japan, 36, 10-22.

Ishiga, H., Kito, T. & Imoto, N. 1982b. Middle Permian Assemblages in the Tamba District and an adjacent area, southwest Japan. Earth Science (Chikya Kagaku), the Journal of the Association for the Geological Collaboration in Japan, 36, 272-281.

Ishiga„ H., Kito, T. & Imoto, N. 1982c. Permian radiolarian biostratigraphy. News of Osaka Micropaleontologi..ts Special Volume, 5, 17-26.

Ishiga, H. & Leitch, E. C. 1988. 3tratigraphy of the western part of the Hastings Block, New England Fold Belt, Eastern Australia, Preliminary Report on the Geology of the New England Fold Be't, pp. 33-46, Tokushima Press, Tokushima.

Ishiga, H., Leitch, E. C., Watana )e, T., Naka, T. & Iwasaki, M. 1987. Late Devonian Paleoscenidiidae from ti e Hastings Block, New England Fold Belt, N.S.W., Australia. Earth Science !Chikya Kagaku) the Journal of the Association for the Geological Collaboration in Japan, 41, 297-302.

Ishiga, H., Leitch, E. C., Watanabe, T., Naka, T. & Iwasaki, M. 1988. Radiolarian and conodont biostratigraphy of siliceous rocks from the New England Fold Belt. Australian Journal of Ear* Sciences, 35, 73-80.

Ishiga, H. & Miyamoto, T. 1986. Follicucallus (Radiolaria) from the upper Permian Kuma Formation, Kyushu, Southwest Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 141, 322-355.

Ishiga, H. & Suzuki, S. 1984. Discovery of Permian radiolarians and conodonts from the Shimomidani Formatior in the "Maizuru Belt", Southwest Japan and its significance. Earth Science (Chikya Kagaku), the Journal of the Association for the Geological Collaboration in Japan, 38, 197-206.

Ishiga, H., Watase, H. & Naka, T. 1986. Permian radiolarians from Nishiki Group in Sangun - Chugoku belt, Southwest Japan. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), the Journal of the Association for the Geological Collaboration in Japan, 40, 124-136.

Ishii, K. 1990. Provinciality of same fusulinacean faunas of Japan. In: K. Ichikawa, S. Mizutani, I. Hara, S. Had I and A. Yao (eds), Pre-Cretaceous Terranes of Japan, pp. 297-305, IGCP 224, Osaka.

274 Isozalci, Y. 1984. Occurrence of Permian radiolarians from the clastic formation in Taishaku-dai area in Hor ishima Prefecture and reexamination of its stratigraphy. Report of Cooperative Research on Development DESK (Development of sedimentary basins thro ►h late Paleozoic to Paleogene in Kinki and neighbouring district.), 28-34 (in Japan ;se).

Jennings, J. R. & Lee, C. P. 1985. Preliminary note on the occurrence of Carboniferous- age coals and in situ plan: fossils in eastern Peninsular Malaysia. Warta Geologi, 11, 117-121.

Jin, X. 1994. Sedimentary and Paleogeographic significance of Permo-Carboniferous sequences in Western Yt nnan, China. Geologisches Institut der Universitaet zu Koeln Sonderveroeffentlic hungen, 99, 1-136.

Jones, C. R. 1961. A revision o the stratigraphical sequence of the Langkawi Islands, Federation of Malaya. Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Congress, 12, 287-300.

Jones, C. R. 1968. Lower Paleoz )ic rocks of Malay Peninsula. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bu,letin, 52, 1259-1278.

Jones, C. R. 1973. Lower Pah ozoic. In: D. J. Gobbett and C. S. Hutchison (eds), Geology of the Malay Pet insula, pp. 25-60, Wiley-Interscience, New York.

Jones, C. R. 1981. The geology and mineral resources of Perlis, North Kedah and the Langkawi Island. Geological Survey of Malaysia, 17, 257.

Jones, D. L., Howell, D. G., Coney, P. J. & Monger, W. H. 1983. Recognition, Character and analysis of fectonostratigraphic Terranes in Western North America. In: M. Hashimoto and S. Jyeda (eds), Accretions Tectonics in the Circum-Pacific Regions, pp. 21-35, Terra Scientific Publishing Company (TERRAPUB), Tokyo.

Khoo, K. K. 1973. Geology of the central part of sheet 104, Kuala Pilah. Geological Survey of Malaysia Annu(rl Report, 133-143.

Khoo, T. T. 1968. Geology of the Pedu Dam area, North Kedah, West Malaysia. BSc (Hons.), University of MI Jaya, (unpublished).

Khoo, T. T. & Tan, B. K. 1S 83. Geological evolution of Peninsular Malaysia. Proceedings of a workshop on stratigraphic Correlation of Thailand and Malaysia, Geological ociety of Thailand, Bangkok/Geological Society of Malaysia, 253-290.

275 Kido, S. 1982. Occurrence of Tri g ssic chert and Jurassic Siliceous Shale at K.amaso, Gifu Prefecture central Japan. Vews of Osaka Micropaleontologists Special Volume, 5, 135-151.

Kiessling, W. & Tragelehn, H. 1994. Devonian radiolarian faunas of conodont-dated localities in the Frankenw tld (Northern Bavaria, Germany). in Festschrift zum 60. Geburstag von Erik Flugfl Abh Geol BA, 50, 219-255.

Klimetz, M. P. 1987. The Mesozo c tectonostratigraphic terranes and accretionary heritage of South-Eastern Mainlan I Asia. In: E. C. Leitch and E. Scheibner (eds), Terrane Accretion and Orogenic Belts, pp. 221-234, American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series, Washington, DC.

Klompe, T. H. F. 1955. On the supposed Palaeozoic unconformity in north Sumatra. Leidse Geol. Mededel., 20, 120-134.

Kobayashi, T. 1963. On the Triassic Daonella beds in central Pahang, Malaya. Geology and Paleontology of Soutleast Asia, 1, 53-64.

Kobayashi, T. & Tamura, M. 1934. The Triassic Bivalvia of Malaysia, Thailand and Adjacent Areas. Geology and Palaeontology of South East Asia, 25, 201-228.

Koike, T. 1973. Triassic conodont s from Kedah and Pahang. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 12, 91-113.

Koike, T. 1981. Biostraigrpahy of Triassic conodonts in Japan. Science Reports, Yokohama National University, 28, 25-42.

Koike., T. 1982. Triassic conodont biostratigraphy in Kedah, West Malaysia. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeai't Asia, 25, 9-51.

Kojima, S. 1982. Some Jurassic, Triassic and Permian radiolarians from the eastern part of Takayama City, central Japan. News of Osaka Micropleontologists Special Volume, 5, 81-91.

Kojima, S. 1989. Mesozoic terraiie accretion in northeast China, Sikhote-Alin and Japan regions. Palaeogeograph v, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 69, 213-232.

Kojima, S. & Mizutani, S. 1987. Triassic and Jurassic Radiolaria from the Nadanhada Range, Northeast China. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 148, 251i-275.

276 Koopmans, B. N. 1968. The Ten beling Formation - a lithostratigraphic discription (West Malaysia). Bulletin of tht Geological Society of Malaysia, 1, 23-43.

Kozur, H. 1980. Ruzhencevispc ngidae, eine neue Spumellaria-Farnilie aus dem oberen Kungurian (Leonardia 1) und Sakmarian des Vorurals. Geologische Palaontologische Mitteilungun Innsbruch, 10, 235-242.

Kozur, H. 1981. Albaillellidea (R tdiolaria) aus dem Unterperm des Vorurals. Geologische Palaontologische Mitteili ngun Innsbruck, 10, 263-274.

Kozur, H. 1993. Upper Permian -adiolarians from the Sosio Valley Area, Western Sicily (Italy) and from the Upp ;rmost Lamar Limestone of West Texas. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesant il, 136, 99-123.

Kozur, H. ,& Mostler, H. 1979. Lietrage zur Erforschung der Mesozoischen Radiolarien. Tiel III: Oberfamilien kctinoramacea HAECKEL 1862 emend., Artiscacea HAECKEL 1882, Multiarcusellacea nov. der Spumellaria und Triassische Nassellaria. Geologische Palaontologische Mitteilungun Innsbruck, 9, 1-132.

Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. 1981. F eitrage zur Erforschung der Mesozoischen Radiolarien. Tiel IV: Thalassospaerac ;a Haeckel, 1862, Hexastylacea, Haeckel, 1882, emend. Petrushevskaya, 1979, Sponguracea Haeckel, 1862, emend. und weitere Triassische Lithocycliacn, Trematodiscacea, Actinommacea und Nassellaria. Geologische Palaontolog sche MWeilungun Innsbruck, 1, 1-208.

Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. 1982. Entactinaria Subordo Nov., a new radiolarian suborder. Geologische Palaontolog sche Mitteilungun Innsbruck, 11/12, 399-414.

Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. 1989. Rz diolarien und Schwammsklerren aus dem Unterperm des Vorurals. Geologische Pieltiontologische Mitteilungun Innsbruck, 2, :146-275.

Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. 1994. Anisian to Middle Carnian radiolarian zonation and description of some str atigraphically important radiolarians. Geologische Palaontologische Mitteilt ngun Innsbruck, 3, 39-255.

Kuwahara, K. 1992. Late Carboniferous to Early Permian radiolarian assemblages from M:iyagawa area, Mie Prefecture, Japan. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists, Special Volume, 8, 1-7.

Kuwahara, K., Nakae, S. & Yao, k. 1991. "Toishi-type" siliceous mudstone in the Mino- Tamba Belt. Journal of fre Geological Society of Japan, 97, 1005-1008.

277 Kuwahara, K. & Sakamoto, M. 1992. Late Permian Albaillella (Radiolaria) from a bedded chert section in the Gujo-1 achiman area of the Mino Belt, Central Japan. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 35, 33-51.

Lane, H. R., Muller, K. J. & Ziegler, W. 1979. Devonian and Carboniferous conodonts from Perak, Malaysia. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 13, 213-222.

Lee, C. P. 1983. Stratigraphy of tl- e Tarutao and Machinchang Formations. Proceedings of a workshop on stratigraphic Correlation of Thailand and Malaysia, Geological Society of Thailand, Bangok/Geological Society of Malaysia, 1, 20-38.

Li, H. 1986. The Upper Palaeo !oic Radiolaria in Menlian County, Yunnan Province, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. 3esearch Symposium for the Exploration in Hengduan Mountain, 2, 8-15.

Li, H. & Bran, Q. 1993. Upper Paleozoic radiolaria of the Xijin Ulan -Gangqiqu Ophiolite Complex, Kekexili. Geo: cience, 7, 410-420.

Li, Y. & Wang, Y. 1991. Upper E evonian (Frasnian) Radiolarian Fauna from the Liukiang Formation, Eastern and SI mtheastern Guangxi. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 8, 395-404.

Liew, T. C. & McCulloch, M. rl . 1985. Genesis of granitoid batholiths of Peninsular Malaysia and implication ; for medles of crustal evolution: Evidence from a Nd-Sr isotopic and U-Pb zircon ;tudy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49, 587-600.

Liew, T. C. & Page, R. W. 1985. U-Pb Zircon dating of granitoid plutons from the West Coast Province of Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 142, 515-526.

Lim, P. L. & Tjia, H. D. 1979. The Genting thrust belt at , Selangor. Sains Malaysiana, 8, 125-146.

Lim, T. P. 1972. Geology of t1 e area, Raub, Pahang, West Malaysia. B Sc (Hons.), University of NI laya.

Lin, J. & Fuller, M. 1990. Palaeomagnetism, North China and South China collision, and the Tan-Lu fault. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A331, 589-598.

278 Ling, H., Forsythe, R. D. & Douglas, R. C. 1985. Late Paleozoic microfaunas from southernmost Chile and their relation to Gondwanaland forarc development. Geology, 13, 357-360.

Ling, H. Y. & Forsythe, R. D. 197. Late Paleozoic Pseudoalbaillellid radiolarians from southernmost Chile and their geological significance. In: G. D. Mckenzie (ed.), Gondwana Six; Structure, tectonics and geophysics, pp. 253-260, American Geophysical Union, Washington.

Liu, B., Feng, Q. & Fang, N. 1991. Tectonic evolution of the Palaeo-Tethys in Changning- Menglian Belt and adjacei it regions, western Yunnan. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2, 18-28.

Macdonald, A. S. & Barr, S. M. 1978. Tectonic significance of a Late Carboniferous volcanic arc in northern Thailand. In: P. Nutalaya (ed.), Proceedings of 3rd Regional Conference on geology and Mineral Resources of Southeast Asia, pp. 151-156, Asian Institute o Technology, Bangkok.

Macdonald, A. S. & Barr, S. M. 1984. The Nan River mafic-ultrarnafic belt, northern Thailand: geochemistry ai Ed tectonic significance. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 17, 209-224.

Mankinen, E. A., Irwin, W. P. & Blome, C. D. 1996. Far-travelled Permian chert of the North Folk terrane, Klami th Mountains, California. Tectonics, 15, 314-328.

Metcalfe, I. 1981a. A Late Wollcampian (Early Permian) conodont fauna from Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Wa -ta Geologi, 7, 76-79.

Metcalfe, I. 1981b. Permian am! early Triassic conodonts from northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 14, 119-126.

Metcalfe, I. 1983. Southeast A; ia. In: P. H. Wagner, C. F. Winkler Prins and L. F. Granados (eds), The Ca -boniferous of the World, pp. 213-243, JUGS Special Publication No. 16.

Metcalfe, I. 1984. Stratigraphy, p alaeontology and palaeogeography of the Carboniferous of Southeast Asia. Memo're de la societe geologique de France, 147, 107-118.

Metcalfe, I. 1986. Late Palaeozoic palaeogeography of Southeast Asia: some stratigraphical, palaeontological and pala:,omagnetic constraints. Geolgoical Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 19, 153-164.

279 Metcalfe, I. 1988. Origin and ass ,rnbly of Southeast Asian continental terranes. In: M. G. Audley-Charles and A. Hallam (eds), Gondwana and Tethys, pp. 101-118, Geological Society of Loi idon Special Publication No. 3.

Metcalfe, I. 1989. Triassic sedimmtation in the Central Basin of Peninsular Malaysia. In: T. Thanasuthipitak and P. Ounchanum (eds), Proceedings of International Symposium on Intermontane Basins: Geology and Resources, pp. 173-186, Chiang Mai University, T iailand.

Metcalfe, I. 1990a. Allochthono us terrane processes in Southeast Asia. Philosophical Transactions of the Roya ' Society of London, A331, 625-640.

Metcalfe, I. 1990b. Stratigraphic and tectonic implications of Triassic conodonts from northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Geological Magazine, 127, 567-578.

Metcalfe, I. 1990c. Triassic conotiont biostratigraphy in the Malay Peninsula. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 26, 133-145.

Metcalfe, I. 1991. Late Palaeoz )ic and Mesozoic palaeogeography of Southeast Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaec climatology, Palaeoecology, 87, 211-221.

Metcalfe, 1. 1992. Upper Trias sic conodonts from the Kodiang Limestone, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 7, 131-138.

Metcalfe, I. 1993. Southeast Asi; .n terranes: Gondwanaland origins and evolution. In: R. H. Findlay, R. Unrug, M. R. Banks and J. J. Veevers (eds), Gondwana 8 - Assembly, Evolution, ant' Dispersal Proceedings Eighth Gondwana Symposium, pp. 181-200, Balkema, A A, Amsterdam.

Metcalfe, I. 1994a. Gondwanalan I origin, dispersion, and accretion of East and Southeast Asian continental terranes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 7, 333-347.

Metcalfe, I. 1994b. Late Palaeozo' c and Mesozoic palaeogeography of Eeastern Pangea and Tethys. In: A. F. Embry B. Beauchanp and D. J. Glass (eds), Pangea: Global Environments and Res 9urces, pp. 97-112, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, Calg ary.

Metcalfe, I. 1996. Pre-Cretaceo IS evolution of SE Asian terranes. In: R. Hall and D. Blundell (eds), Tectonic iEvolution of Southeast Asia, pp. 99-122, The Geological Society, London.

280 Metcalfe, I. & Chakraborty, K. R. 1)88. Diamictite along the eastern margin of the Central Basin of the Malay Peninsula. Warta Geologi, 14, 191-197.

Metcalfe, I. & Chakraborty, K. R. 1994. A stratigraphic log of Semantan Formation along part of the -Tem )rloh Bypass, Pahang. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 35, 37-46.

Metcalfe, I., Idris, M. & Tan, J. T. 1980. Stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Carboniferous sediments it the Panching area, Pahang, West Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 13, 1-26.

Metcalfe, I., Sivam, S. P. & Stauffer, P. H. 1982. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Middle Triassic rocks ex posed near , Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Geological Society of Malt ysia Bulletin, 15, 19-30.

Metcalfe, I., Spiller, F. C. P., Liu, 3., Wu, W. & Sashida, K. in press. The Palaeo-Tethys in Mainland East and Sout least Asia: contributions from radiolarian studies. In: I. Metcalfe (ed.), Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion, A. A, Balkema.

Mitchell, A. H. G. 1977. Tectonic ,ettings for emplacement of southeast Asian tin granites. Geological Society of Malt 'ysia Bulletin, 9, 123-140.

Mitchell, A. H. G. 1981. Phanero r_,oic plate boundaries in mainland South East Asia, the Himalayas and Tibet. Jou,nal of the Geological Society of London, 138, 109-22.

Mitchell, A. H. G. 1986. Mesozoic and Cenozoic regional tectonics and metallogenesis in Mainland SE Asia. Geological► Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 20, 221-239.

Mitchell, A. H. G. 1989. The Shar Plateau and Western Burma: Mesozoic-Cenozoic plate boundaries and correlation with Tibet. In: A. M. C. Sengor (ed.), Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan legion, pp. 567-583, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Mizutani, S. & Koike, T. 1982. Radiolarians in the Jurassic siliceous shale and in the Triassic bedded chert of Unuma, Kagamigahara City, Gifu Prefecture, Central Japan. Proceedings of tie Firs! Japanese Radiolarian Symposium., News of Osaka Micropaleontologi. is Special Volume, 5, 117-134.

Mizutani, S., Kojima, S., Shao, J. A. & Zhang, Q. L. 1986. Mesozoic Radiolarians from the Nadanhada area, Nor heast China. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, 62, 337-340.

281 Mizutani, S., Nishiyama, H. & lto, T. 1982. Radiolarian biostratigraphic study of the Shimanto Group in the I\ anto-Nansei area, Mie Prefecture, Kii Peninsula, central Japan. Journal of Earth ,■cience, Nagoya University, 30, 31-107.

J. 1858. Ober die T halassicolen, Polycystinen and Acanthometren des Mittelmeeres. Abh. Kgl. , )reuss Akad. Wiss. Jahrg, 1858, 1-62.

Murchey, B. 1990. Age and do positional setting of siliceous sediments in the upper Paleozoic Havellah sequc nce near Battle Mountain, Nevada; Implications for the paleogeography and structural evolution of the western margin of North America. Geological Society of Am ?rica Special Paper, 255, 137-155.

Mustaffa, K. S. 1994. Structun s within the Bentong suture zone along the Cameron Highlands - Gua Musar g Road. Goeological Society of Malaysia, Annual Geological Conference. Abstracts, 66.

Naka, T. 1995. Stratigraphy and geologic development of the Carboniferous to Permian strata in the Atetsu region, Akiyoshi Terrane, Southwest Japan. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University, 10, 199-266.

Naka, T. & Ishiga, H. 1985. Discovery of Permian radiolarians from Nishiki Group in western part of Sangun-Chugoku Belt, Southwest Japan. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), the Journal of the Association for the Geological Collaboration in Japan, 39, 229-233.

Nakaseko, K. & Nishimura, A. 1 )79. Upper Triassic Radiolaria from Southwest Japan. Science Reports, College 9f General Education, Osaka University, 28, 61-109.

Nazarov, B. B. 1975. Radiolaria o the Lower-Middle Paleozoic of Kazakhstan. Academiia Nauk SSSR, Geologicheslii Institut, 275, 1-202.

Nazarov, B. B. 1988. Paleozoic Radiolaria. Practical manual of microfauna of the USSR. Lenningrad, Nedi a, 232 p.

Nazarov, B. B., Cockbain, A. E. (:z. Playford, P. E. 1982. Late Devonian Radiolaria from the Gogo Formation, Can ling Basin, Western Australia. Alcheringa, 6, 161-174.

Nazarov, B. B. & Ormiston, A. I. 1983a. A new superfamily of stauraxon polycystine Radiolaria from the Lat Paleozoic of the Soviet Union and North America. Senckenbergiana Lethaec, 64, 363-379.

282 Nazarov, B. B. & Ormiston, A. R 1983b. Upper Devonian (Frasnian) radiolarian fauna from the Gogo Formation, Western Australia. Micropaleontology, 29, 454-466.

Nazarov, B. B. & Ormiston, A. R. 1984. Tentative system of Paleozoic Radiolaria. In: M. G. Petrushevskaya and S. D. Stepanjants (eds), Morphology, Econogy & Evolution of Radiolaria (Furorad IV), pp. 64-87, Leningrad Nauka, Leningrad.

Nazarov, B. B. & Ormiston, A. R. 985a. Origin of the stauraxon polycystine Radiolaria of the Paleozoic. Cour. Fonch. Inst Senckenberg, 74, 65-92.

Nazarov, B. B. & Ormiston, A. R. 1985b. Radiolaria from Late Palaeozoic of the Southern Urals, USSR and West Texas, USA. Micropaleontology, 31, 1-54.

Nazarov, B. B. & Ormiston, A. R. 1986. Trends in the development of Paleozoic Radiolaria. Marine Micro paleontology, 11, 3-32.

Nishimura, K. & Ishiga, H. 1987. Radiolarian biostratigraphy of the Maizuru Group in Yanahara area, southwest Japan. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Shimane University, 21, 169-188.

Nishizono, Y., Ohishi, A., Sato, T. & Murata, M. 1982. Radiolarian fauna from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Formations, distributed along the mid-stream of Kuma, Kyushu, Japan. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists Special Volume, 5, 311- 326.

Noble, P. & Renne, P. 1990. Pz leoenvironmental and biostratigraphic significance of siliceous microfossils of the Permo-Triassic Redding section, eastern Klamath Mountains, California. M7rine Micropaleontology, 15, 379-391.

Ong, S. S. 1969. Geology of the Muda Dam area, Kedah, West Malaysia. BSc Hons, University of Malaya.

Ormiston, A. R. & Babcock, L. C. 1979. Follicucullus, new radiolarian genus from the Guadalupian (Permian) Lamar Limestone of the Delaware Basin. Journal of Paleontology, 53, 328-331.

Ormiston, A. R. & Lane, H. R. [976. A unique radiolarian fauna from the Sycamore Limestone (Mississippian and its biostratigraphic significance. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 154, 158-180.

283 Pessagno, E. A. 1976. Radiolarian zonation and stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous portion of the Great Valley sequence, California Coast Ranges. Micropaleontology, Special Publication, 2, 1-95.

Pessagno, E. A. & Newport, R. I,. 1972. A technique for extracting Radiolaria from radiolarian cherts. Micropaleontology, 18, 231-234.

Pillai, D. L. & Ishiga, H. 1987. Discovery of Late Permian radiolarians from Kozuki Formation, Kozuki-Tatsui to Belt, Southwest Japan. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 93, 847449.

Pulunggono, A. & Cameron, N. R. 1984. Sumatran microplates, their characteristics and their role in the evolution of the Central and South Sumatran basins. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Association, 1, 121- 143.

Rajah, S. S. & Yin, E. H. 1980. Summary of the geology of the Central Belt, Peninsular Malaysia. Geology and Pc laeontology of Southeast Asia, 21, 319-342.

Rao, C. P. 1988. Paleoclimate of some Permo-Triassic carbonates of Malaysia. Sedimentary Geology, 60, 163-17 F .

Raymond, L. A. 1984. Classification of melanges. In: L. A. Raymond (ed.), Melanges: Their Nature, Origin and Significance, pp. 7-20, Geological Society of America Special Paper 198, Boulde Colorado.

Ridd, M. F. 1980. Possible Palaeo drift of S.E. Asia and Triassic collision with China. Journal of the Geological society of London, 137, 635-640.

Riedel„ W. R. 1967a. Protozoa, The Fossil Record, pp. 291-298, Geological Society of London.

Riedel, W. R. 1967b. Some new amilies of Radiolaria. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 1640, 48-149.

Rishworth, D. E. H. 1974. The Upper Mesozoic terrigenous Gagau Group of Peninsular Malaysia. Geolgoical Sur 3ey of Malaysia special paper, 1, 1-78.

Rudenko, V. S. & Panasenko, E. S. 1990. Perrnskie Albaillellaria (radioljarii) pantovoj tolstschi Primorja. Nov) e dannye po biostratigrafija paleozoja juga Dalnego Vostoka, Vladivostok, 1990, 181- 93.

284 Mist, ]D. 1892. Beitrage zur Kenn nis der fossilen Radiolarien aus Gesteinen der Trias and der palaeozoischen Schicl Palaeontographica, 38, 107-192.

Ryall, P. J. C. 1982. Some thou: ghts on the crustal structure of Peninsular Malaysia - results of a gravity travers.. Geolgocial Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 15, 9-18.

Sandberg, C. A. & Gutschick, R . C. 1984. Distribution, microfauna and source-rock potential of Mississippiar Delle Phosphatic Member of Woodman Formation and equivalents, Utah and adjacent States. In: J. Woodward, F. F. Meissner and J. L. Clayton (eds), Hydrocart on source rocks of the greater Rocky Mountain region: Denver, Colorado, Rociy Mountain Association of Geologists, pp. 135-178, Rocky Mountain Associat ion of Geologists, Denver, Colorado.

Sashida, K. 1995. Late Carbonifei ous and. Early Permian radiolarian biostratigraphy in the chert block embedded in he Jurassic Kawai Formation, Kanto Mountains, central Japan. Annual Report of 'he Institute of Geoscience of the University of Tsukuba, 21, 33-40.

Sashicla, K., Adachi, S., Igo, H., Koike, T. & Ibrahim, I., B. 1995. Middle and Late Permian radiolarians from the Semanggol Formation, Northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Transactions a id Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 177, 43-58.

Sashida, K., Adachi, S., Koike, T. & Ibrahim, A. B. 1992. Permian radiolarians from the Semanggol Formation, Northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Second international Symposium Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion I.G.C.P. 321, Abstracts, p. 44.

Sashida, K. & Igo, H. 1992. Trias ;ic radiolarians from a limestone exposed at Khao Chiak near Phatthalung, South ern Thailand. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society )f Japan, 168, 1296-1310.

Sashicla, K., Igo, H., Adachi, S., Koike, T., Hisada, K., Nakornsri, N., Ibrahim, B. A. & Arnponmaha, A. 1993a. occurrence of Paleozoic and Mesozoic radiolarians from Thailand and Malaysia and its geologic significance (preliminary report). News of Osaka Micropaleontologi sts, Special Volume, 9, 1-17.

Sashida, K., Igo, H., Adachi, S., Koike, T., Nakornsri, N., Ibrahim, A. B. & Arnpornmaha, A. 1993b. occurrence of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic radiolarians from Thailand and Peninsular A [alaysia and its geologic significance. Third International

285 Symposium Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion I.G. C.P. 321, Abstracts, p. 59.

Sashida, K.., Igo, H., Hisada, K., Nakornsri, N. & Ampornmaha, A. 1993c. Occurrence of Paleozoic and Early VIesozoic Racliolaria in Thailand (preliminary report). Journal of Southeast Asicn Earth Sciences, 8, 97-108.

Sashida, K., Nishimura, H., Igo, H., Kazama, S. & Yoshihito, K. 1993d. Traissic radiolarian faunas from Kiso-Fukushima, Kiso Mountains, central Japan. Science Reports of the institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, 14, 77-97.

Sashida, K. & Tonishi, K. 1985. Dermiar radiolarians from the Kanto Mountains, Central Japan - Some Upper Perr Tian Spumellaria from Itsukaichi, western part of Tokyo Prefecture. Scientific R ?port of the Institute of the Geoscience University of Tsukuba. Section B. Geo, ogical Sciences, 6, 1-19.

Sashida, K. & Tonishi, K. 1988. .additional note on Upper Permian radiolarian fauna from Itsukaichi, western part of Tokyo Prefecture, Central Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 151, 523-542.

Sato, T., Nishizono, Y. & Murata, T. 1981. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic radiolarian faunas from the Shakumasan Fcrmation. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists special Vol., 5, 301-310 (In Japarese with English abstract).

Schmarda, L. K. 1871. Zoologie. Brauardller, W, Wein, 372 p.

Schmidt-Ei'fing, R. 1988. Eine F.adiolarien-Fauna des Famenne (Ober-Devon) aus dem Frankenwald (Bayern). C eologica et Palaeontologica, 22, 33-41.

Schwartzapfel, J. A. 1990. Bio ;tratigraphic investigations of Late Paleozoic (Upper Devonian to Mississippi in) Radiolaria within the Arbuckle Mountains. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tex is.

Schwartzapfel, J. A. & Holdswcrth, B. K. 1996. Upper Devonian and Mississippian radiolarian zonation and Aostratigraphy of the Woodford, Sycamore, Caney and Goddard Formations, 0 clahom a. Cushman Foundation for Foramainiferal Research, Special Publication Nc., 33, 1-275.

Scrivenor, J. B. 1908. The geology of the Tahan Range. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, 3, 73-74.

286 Scrivenor, J. B. 1911. The geolcgy and mining industries of Ulu Pahang. Govt. Press, Kuala Lumpur, 61 p.

Scrivenor, J. B. 1928. The geology of Malayan ore deposits. Macillan Press, London.

Sengtir, A. M. C. 1979. Mid- Mesozoic closure of Permo-Triassic Tethys and its implications. Nature, 27'), 590-593.

SengOr, A. M. C. 1984. The Ci nmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia. Geolgoical Society of Am ?rica Special Paper, 195, 82.

Sengeor, A. M. C. 1989. The Tethyside Orogenic System: an introduction. In: A. M. C. Sengor (ed.), Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region, pp. 1-22, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Doi drecht.

SengOr, A. M. C., Altiner, D., ( 'in, A., Ustaomer, T. & Hsu, K. J. 1988. Origin and assembly of the Tethysido orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land. In: M. G. Audley-Charles an 1 A. Hallam (eds), Gondwana and Tethys, pp. 119-181, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Sheng, J. & Wang, Y. 1985. fossil Radiolaria from Kufeng Formation at Longtan, Nanjing. Acta Palaeonto 'ogica Sinica, 21, 2.

Shi, G. R. & Archbold, N. W. 1993. Distribution of Asselian to Tastubian (Early Permian) Circum-Pacific brachiopod faunas. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 15, 343-351.

Shi, G. R. & Archbold, N. W. 19 )5a. Permian brachiopod faunal sequence of the Shan- Thai terrane: biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeographical affinities and plate tectonic/palaeoclimatic it 1plications. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 11, 177-188.

Shi, G. R. & Archbold, N. W. 995b. A quantitative analysis on the distribution of Baigendzinian-Early Kun gurian (Early Permian) brachiopod faunas in the western Pacific region. Journal o.) . Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 11, 189-206.

Shi, G. R., Archbold, N. W. & Zh in, L. P. 1995. Distribution and characteristics of mixed (transitional) mid-Permian (Late Artinskian-Ufimian) marine faunas in Asia and their palaeobiogeographical implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 114, 241- 271.

287 Shi, G. R. & Waterhouse, J. B. 1991. Early Permian brachiopods from Perak, west Malaysia. Journal of Sout ?east Asian Earth Sciences, 6, 25-39,

Singh, D. S., Heng, C. L., Hock, 'CC. L., Loganathan, P., Cobbing, E. J. & Mallick, D. I. J. 1984. The Stong compl( x: A reassessment. Journal of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 17, 61-77.

Spiller, F. C. P. 1996. Late Paleczoic radiolarians from the Bentong-Raub suture zone Peninsular Malaysia. The Island Arc, 5, 91-103.

Spiller, F. C. P. & Metcalfe, I. 1993. Late Palaeozoic radiolarians from the Bentong-Raub suture zone, Peninsular MI laysia - Initial findings. Third International Symposium Gondwana Dispersion ant' Asian Accretion I.G.C.P. 321, Abstracts, p. 67.

Spiller, F. C. P. & Metcalfe, I. 199` a. Late Palaeozoic radiolarians from the Bentong-Raub suture zone, and the Semai iggol Formation of Peninsular Malaysia - Initial Results. Journal of Southeast Asia, Earth Sciences, 3, 217-224.

Spiller, F. C. P. & Metcalfe, I. 1 )95b. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic radiolarians from the Raub-Bentong suture zone and the Semanggol Formation of Peninsular Malaysia. The Vietnamese Journal Geology, 5, 75-93.

Stauffer, P. H. 1973. Kenny Hill Formation. In: D. J. Gobbett and C. S. Hutchison (eds), Geology of the Malay Pen nsula, pp. 87-91, John Wiley Interscience, New York.

Stauffer, P. H. 1974. Malaya at d Southeast Asia in the pattern of continental drift. Geological Society of Malaysia, 7, 89-138.

Stauffer, P. H. 1983. Unravellini the mosaic of Palaeozoic crustal blocks in Southeast Asia. Geologische Runds4tau, 72, 1061-1080.

Stauffer, P. H. & Lee, C. P. 1986. Late Palaeozoic glacial marine facies in Southeast Asia and its implications. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 20, 363-397.

Stauffer, P. H. & Mantajit, J. 1% 1. Late Palaeozoic tilloids of Malaya, Thailand and Burma. In: M. Hambrey a id W. H. Harland (eds), Earth's pre--Pleistocene glacial record, pp. 331-337, Cam midge University Press, Cambridge.

Stauffer, P. H. & Snelling, N. J. 1 )77. A Precambrian trondhjemite boulder in Palaeozoic mudstones of NW Malaya. Geological Magazine, 114, 479-482.

Suess, E. 1893. Are great ocean dc pths permanent? Natural Science, 2, 180-187.

288 Suess, E. 1901. Das Antlitz der Erde. Tempsky, Wien, 508 p.

Sugiyama, K. 1992. Lower and Middle Triassic radiolarians from Mt. Kinkazan, Gifu Prefecture, Central Japan Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 167, 1130-1223.

Suntharalingam, T. 1968. Uppe • Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the area west of Kampar, Perak. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 1, 1-15.

Suyari, K., Kuwano, Y. & Ishida, K. 1983. Biostratigraphic study of the North Subbelt of the Chichibu Belt in Cei Aral Shikoku. Journal of Science of the University of Tokushima, 16, 143-167.

Takemura, A. & Nakaseko, K. 1.0 81. A new Permian radiolarian genus from the Tamba Belt, Southwest Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Paleontological Society of Japan, New Series, 124, 208-214.

Takemura, A. & Yamakita, S. 1993. Late Permian Neoalbaillella Assemblage (Radiolaria) from a phosphate nodule in the Chichibu Belt, Shikoku, Japan. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists, Spt cial Volume, 9, 41-49.

Tazawa, J., Aita, Y., Yuki, T. & C tsuki, K. 1984. Discovery of Permian radiolarians from "non-calcareous PaleozoL• strata" of Omi, central Japan. Earth Science (Chikyu Kajaku), 38, 264-267 (in Fapanese).

Thomas, H. D. 1963. Silurian corals from Selangor, Federation of Malaya. Overseas Geology and Mineral Re: ources, 9, 39-46.

Tjia, H. D. 1984. Multi-direction 11 tectonic movements in the schist of Bentong, Pahang. Warta Geologi, 10, 187-189.

Tjia, H. D. 1986. Geological trl nsport directions in Peninsular Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulle 'in, 20, 149-177.

Tjia, H. D. 1987a. The Bentoni; Suture. In: B. Situmonang (ed.), Proceedings of the Regional Conference Men. Hyd. Res. SE Asia, pp. 73-85, Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia, Jakarta.

Tjia, H. D. 1987b. Olistostrome in the Bentong area, Pahang. Warta Geologi, 13, 105- 111.

289 Tjia, H. D. 1989. Tectonic history of the Bentong-Bengkalis Suture. Geology of Indonesia, 12, 89-111.

Tjia, H. D. & Almashoor, S. S. 1993. The Bentong Suture in Ulu Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. Third International Symposium Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion I.G.C.P. 321, Abstracts, 70.

Tjia, H. D. & Harun, Z. 1985. Regional structures of Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 14, 95-107.

Tozer, E. T. 1989. Tethys, Thet s, Thetilys, or Tetys? What, where and when was it? Geology, 17, 882-884.

Tumanda, F. P., Sato, T. & Sasiiida, K. 1990. Preliminary Late Permian radiolarian biostratigraphy of Busuaitga Palawan, Philippines. Annual Report of the Institute of Geosciences o 'the University of Tsukuba, 16, 39-45.

Van Bemmelen, R. W. 1949. The Geology of Indonesia. Government Printing Office, The Hague, 732 p.

Van Bemmelen, R. W. 1954. Mot ntain Building. Nijhoff, The Hague, 177 p.

Van Der Voo, R. 1993. Palaeowagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus oceans. Cambridge University Prc ss, Cambridge, 411 p.

Vinassa de Regny, P. E. 18c8. Nuove famiglie e nuovi generi di radiolari. Palaeontographia Italica 4, 50-53.

Wakita, K. 1983. Allochthonou blocks and submarine slide deposits in the Jurassic formation, southwest of C uiyo-Hachiman, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Bulletin of Geological Survey of 1 span, 34, 329-:342.

Wang, Y. 1991. On progress ir the study of Paleozoic radiolarians in China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sir ica, 8, 237-251.

Wang, Y., Cheng, Y. & Yang, Q. 1994. Biostratigraphy and systematics of Permian radiolarians in China. PaUeoworld, 4, 172-202.

Wang, Y. & Zhong, D. 1991. Indo-Sinian deformation in Sanjiang area, Western Yunnan Province, China. Proceedings of the First International symposium on Gondwana dispersion and Asian acct etion, China University of Geosciences, 232-237.

290 Wang, Z. & Tan, X. 1994. Palaeozoic structural evolution of Yunnan. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 9, 345-348.

Waterhouse, J. B. 1982. An Ear y Permian cool-water fauna from pebbly mudstones in south Thailand. Geological Magazine, 119, 337-354.

Westerveld, J. 1952. Phases of mountain building and mineral provinces in the East Indies. 18th International Geolo, ical Congress, London, 1948, Report, 13, :245.

Won, M.-Z. 1983. Radiolarien us dem Unterkarbon des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges (Deutschland). Palaeontographica Abt. A, 182, 116-175 (in German with English abstract).

Wongwanich, T., Wyatt, D., Sta it, B. &: Burrett, C. 1983. The Ordovician System in southern Thailand and northern Malaysia. Proceedings of a workshop on stratigraphic correlatiat of Thailand and Malaysia. Geological Society of Thailand and Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1, 77-95.

Wopfner, H. & Jin, X. 1993. Bao ;han and Tenchong blocks of western Yunnan (China) in the late Palaeozoic mosai of the eastern Tethys. Third International Symposium Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion I.G.C.P. 321, Abstracts, 47-49.

Wu, F., Van Der Voo, R. & Li p ng, Q. 1989. Devonian palaeomagnetism of Yunnan province across the Shan Thai-South China suture. Tectonics, 8, 939-952.

Wu, H. 1993. Discovery of Early Carboniferous deep-sea sediments from Jinsha Belt, NW Yunnan. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 28, 395-398.

Wu, H., Boulter, C. A., Ke, B., Stow, D. A. V. & Wang, Z. 1995. The Changning- Menglian suture zone; A segment of the major Cathaysian-Gondwana divide in Southeast Asia. Tectonophysics, 242, 267-280.

Wu, H., Kuang, G., Xian, X., Li, Y. & Wang, Z. 1994a. The Late Paleozoic radiolarian cherts in southern Guat gxi and preliminary exploration on Paleo-Tethys in Guangxi. Chinese Science Bulletin, 39, 1025-1029.

Wu, H. & Li, H. 1989. Carbon ferous and Permian Radiolaria in the Menglian Area, Western Yunnan. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 6, 337-343.

Wu, H., Xian, X. & Kuang, G. 199413. Late Paleozoic radiolarian assemblages of southern Guangxi and its geological significance. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 29, 339-344.

291 Wu, H. & Zhang, Q. 1987. CarbDniferous and Permian radiolarites of western Yunnan - relict of the Palaeo-Tethy Comptu Rendu, 3, 90-96.

Yamashita, M. & Ishiga, H. 1990. Correlation between the radiolarian and the fusulinacean biostratigraphy of the upp m- Middle Permian in Atetsu Plateau, Okayarna Prefecture, Southwest Japan. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 96, 687-689.

Yancey, T. E. 1975. Evidence against Devonian unconformity and Middle Paaeozoic age of Langkawi folding phase i 1 northwest Malaya. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 59, 1015-1019.

Yao, A. 1982. Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarians from the Inuyama area, Central Japan. Journal of Geosci ?nces, Osaka City University, 25, 53-70.

Yao, A. 1983. Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic radiolarians from Southwest Japan, In: A. Iijima, J. R. Hein and R. ;fever (eds), Siliceous deposits in the Pacific region, pp. 361-375, Elsevier, Amste -dam.

Yao, A. 1990. Triassic and Jurassic Radiolarians. In: K. Ichikawa, S. Mizutani, I. Hara, S. Hada and A. Yao (eds), ?re-Cretaceous Terranes of Japan, pp. 329-337, IGCP Project No 224, Osaka.

Yao, A., Kuwahara, K., Hiraishi, M. & Ezaki, Y. 1995. Early - Middle Triassic bedded chert of the Mino Terran Inuyama area, Central Japan. Abstracts of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the Ge )logical Society of Japan, p. 133 (in Japanese).

Yao, A., Matsuoka, A. & Nakatan , T. 1982. Triassic and Jurassic radiolarian assemblages in Southwest Japan. Nevi, s of Osaka Micropaleontologists Special Volume, 5, 27- 44.

Yao, A., Yu, J. & An, T. 1993. LI to Paleozoic radiolarians from the Guizhou and Guangxi areas, China. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 36, 1-13.

Yoshida, H. & Murata, M. 1985. Permian radiolarian biostratigraphy from the north-eastern part of Saiki City, Oita I refecture, Japan. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 91, 525-533.

Zhang, Q., Li, D. & Zhang, K. 1989. Preliminary study of Palaeo-Tethyan ophiolites in Hengduan Mountain Red ion (HMR), China. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 3, 249-254.

292 Zhang, Z. M., Liou, J. & Colemar , R. G. 1984. An outline of the plate tectonics of China. Geological Society of Am ?rica Bulletin, 95, 295-312.

Zhao, X., Allen, M. B., Whitml n, A. G. & Price, S. P. 1996. Rift-related Devonian sedimentation and basin development in South China. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 14,

293