The Weakest Link in the Chain: Vulnerabilities In
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Secure Shell- Its Significance in Networking (Ssh)
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2015 ISSN 2319 - 4847 SECURE SHELL- ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN NETWORKING (SSH) ANOOSHA GARIMELLA , D.RAKESH KUMAR 1. B. TECH, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Student, 3rd year-2nd Semester GITAM UNIVERSITY Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India 2.Assistant Professor Computer Science and Engineering GITAM UNIVERSITY Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India ABSTRACT This paper is focused on the evolution of SSH, the need for SSH, working of SSH, its major components and features of SSH. As the number of users over the Internet is increasing, there is a greater threat of your data being vulnerable. Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol provides a secure method for remote login and other secure network services over an insecure network. The SSH protocol has been designed to support many features along with proper security. This architecture with the help of its inbuilt layers which are independent of each other provides user authentication, integrity, and confidentiality, connection- oriented end to end delivery, multiplexes encrypted tunnel into several logical channels, provides datagram delivery across multiple networks and may optionally provide compression. Here, we have also described in detail what every layer of the architecture does along with the connection establishment. Some of the threats which Ssh can encounter, applications, advantages and disadvantages have also been mentioned in this document. Keywords: SSH, Cryptography, Port Forwarding, Secure SSH Tunnel, Key Exchange, IP spoofing, Connection- Hijacking. 1. INTRODUCTION SSH Secure Shell was first created in 1995 by Tatu Ylonen with the release of version 1.0 of SSH Secure Shell and the Internet Draft “The SSH Secure Shell Remote Login Protocol”. -
You Really Shouldn't Roll Your Own Crypto: an Empirical Study of Vulnerabilities in Cryptographic Libraries
You Really Shouldn’t Roll Your Own Crypto: An Empirical Study of Vulnerabilities in Cryptographic Libraries Jenny Blessing Michael A. Specter Daniel J. Weitzner MIT MIT MIT Abstract A common aphorism in applied cryptography is that cryp- The security of the Internet rests on a small number of open- tographic code is inherently difficult to secure due to its com- source cryptographic libraries: a vulnerability in any one of plexity; that one should not “roll your own crypto.” In par- them threatens to compromise a significant percentage of web ticular, the maxim that complexity is the enemy of security traffic. Despite this potential for security impact, the character- is a common refrain within the security community. Since istics and causes of vulnerabilities in cryptographic software the phrase was first popularized in 1999 [52], it has been in- are not well understood. In this work, we conduct the first voked in general discussions about software security [32] and comprehensive analysis of cryptographic libraries and the vul- cited repeatedly as part of the encryption debate [26]. Conven- nerabilities affecting them. We collect data from the National tional wisdom holds that the greater the number of features Vulnerability Database, individual project repositories and in a system, the greater the risk that these features and their mailing lists, and other relevant sources for eight widely used interactions with other components contain vulnerabilities. cryptographic libraries. Unfortunately, the security community lacks empirical ev- Among our most interesting findings is that only 27.2% of idence supporting the “complexity is the enemy of security” vulnerabilities in cryptographic libraries are cryptographic argument with respect to cryptographic software. -
Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center Conveys MITRE’S Expertise on Accumulated Expertise on Enterprise-Grade Computer Network Defense
Bleed rule--remove from file Bleed rule--remove from file MITRE’s accumulated Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center conveys MITRE’s expertise on accumulated expertise on enterprise-grade computer network defense. It covers ten key qualities enterprise- grade of leading Cybersecurity Operations Centers (CSOCs), ranging from their structure and organization, computer MITRE network to processes that best enable effective and efficient operations, to approaches that extract maximum defense Ten Strategies of a World-Class value from CSOC technology investments. This book offers perspective and context for key decision Cybersecurity Operations Center points in structuring a CSOC and shows how to: • Find the right size and structure for the CSOC team Cybersecurity Operations Center a World-Class of Strategies Ten The MITRE Corporation is • Achieve effective placement within a larger organization that a not-for-profit organization enables CSOC operations that operates federally funded • Attract, retain, and grow the right staff and skills research and development • Prepare the CSOC team, technologies, and processes for agile, centers (FFRDCs). FFRDCs threat-based response are unique organizations that • Architect for large-scale data collection and analysis with a assist the U.S. government with limited budget scientific research and analysis, • Prioritize sensor placement and data feed choices across development and acquisition, enteprise systems, enclaves, networks, and perimeters and systems engineering and integration. We’re proud to have If you manage, work in, or are standing up a CSOC, this book is for you. served the public interest for It is also available on MITRE’s website, www.mitre.org. more than 50 years. -
SSL Checklist for Pentesters
SSL Checklist for Pentesters Jerome Smith BSides MCR, 27th June 2014 # whoami whoami jerome • Pentester • Author/trainer – Hands-on technical – Web application, infrastructure, wireless security • Security projects – Log correlation – Dirty data – Incident response exercises • Sysadmin • MSc Computing Science (Dist) • www.exploresecurity.com | @exploresecurity Introduction • Broad review of SSL/TLS checks – Viewpoint of pentester – Pitfalls – Manually replicating what tools do (unless you told the client that SSL Labs would be testing them ) – Issues to consider reporting (but views are my own) • While SSL issues are generally low in priority, it’s nice to get them right! • I’m not a cryptographer: this is all best efforts SSLv2 • Flawed, e.g. no handshake protection → MITM downgrade • Modern browsers do not support SSLv2 anyway – Except for IE but it’s disabled by default from IE7 – That mitigates the risk these days – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#W eb_browsers • OpenSSL 1.0.0+ doesn’t support it – Which means SSLscan won’t find it – General point: tools that dynamically link to an underlying SSL library in the OS can be limited by what that library supports SSLv2 • Same scan on different OpenSSL versions: SSLv2 • testssl.sh warns you – It can work with any installed OpenSSL version • OpenSSL <1.0.0 s_client -ssl2 switch – More on this later • Recompile OpenSSL – http://blog.opensecurityresearch.com/2013/05/fixing-sslv2-support- in-kali-linux.html • SSLyze 0.7+ is statically linked – Watch out for bug https://github.com/iSECPartners/sslyze/issues/73 -
A Systematic Study of Cache Side Channels Across AES Implementations
A Systematic Study of Cache Side Channels across AES Implementations Heiko Mantel1, Alexandra Weber1, and Boris K¨opf 2 1 Computer Science Department, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany [email protected], [email protected] 2 IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid, Spain [email protected] Abstract While the AES algorithm is regarded as secure, many imple- mentations of AES are prone to cache side-channel attacks. The lookup tables traditionally used in AES implementations for storing precom- puted results provide speedup for encryption and decryption. How such lookup tables are used is known to affect the vulnerability to side chan- nels, but the concrete effects in actual AES implementations are not yet sufficiently well understood. In this article, we analyze and compare multiple off-the-shelf AES implementations wrt. their vulnerability to cache side-channel attacks. By applying quantitative program analysis techniques in a systematic fashion, we shed light on the influence of im- plementation techniques for AES on cache-side-channel leakage bounds. 1 Introduction The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a widely used symmetric cipher that is approved by the U.S. National Security Agency for security-critical ap- plications [8]. While traditional attacks against AES are considered infeasible as of today, software implementations of AES are known to be highly suscepti- ble to cache side-channel attacks [5, 15, 18, 19, 32]. While such side channels can be avoided by bitsliced implementations [6,23], lookup-table-based implementa- tions, which aim at better performance, are often vulnerable and wide spread. To understand the vulnerability to cache side-channel attacks, recall that the 128bit version of AES relies on 10 rounds of transformations. -
The BEAST Wins Again: Why TLS Keeps Failing to Protect HTTP Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, Inria Paris Joint Work with K
The BEAST Wins Again: Why TLS Keeps Failing to Protect HTTP Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, Inria Paris Joint work with K. Bhargavan, C. Fournet, A. Pionti, P.-Y. Strub INTRODUCTION Introduction Cookie Cutter Virtual Host Confusion Crossing Origin Boundaries Shared Session Cache Shared Reverse Proxies SPDY Connection Pooling Triple Handshake Conclusion Why do we need TLS? 1. Authentication – Must be talking to the right guy 2. Integrity – Our messages cannot be tampered 3. Confidentiality – Messages are only legible to participants 4. Privacy? – Can’t tell who we are and what we talk about Why do we need TLS? 1. Authentication – Must be talking to the right guy Active Attacks 2. Integrity (MitM) – Our messages cannot be tampered 3. Confidentiality – Messages are only legible to participants Passive Attacks 4. Privacy? (Wiretapping) – Can’t tell who we are and what we talk about What websites expect of TLS • Web attacker – Controls malicious websites – User visits honest and malicious sites in parallel – Web/MitB attacks: CSRF, XSS, Redirection… • Network attacker – Captures (passive) and tampers (active) packets What websites expect of TLS • Web attacker – Controls malicious websites – User visits honest and malicious sites in parallel – Web/MitB attacks: CSRF, XSS, Redirection… • Network attacker Strictly stronger – Captures (passive) and tampers (active) packets What websites expect of TLS If a website W served over HTTP is secure against a Web attacker, then serving W over HTTPS makes it secure against a network attacker. What websites expect of TLS If a website W served over HTTP is secure against a Web attacker, then serving W over HTTPS makes it secure against a network attacker. -
Security Economics in the HTTPS Value Chain
Security Economics in the HTTPS Value Chain Hadi Asghari*, Michel J.G. van Eeten*, Axel M. Arnbak+ & Nico A.N.M. van Eijk+1 * [email protected], [email protected] Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management + [email protected], [email protected] University van Amsterdam, Faculty of Law, Institute for Information Law Abstract. Even though we increasingly rely on HTTPS to secure Internet communications, several landmark incidents in recent years have illustrated that its security is deeply flawed. We present an extensive multi-disciplinary analysis that examines how the systemic vulnerabilities of the HTTPS authentication model could be addressed. We conceptualize the security issues from the perspective of the HTTPS value chain. We then discuss the breaches at several Certificate Authorities (CAs). Next, we explore the security incentives of CAs via the empirical analysis of the market for SSL certificates, based on the SSL Observatory dataset. This uncovers a surprising pattern: there is no race to the bottom. Rather, we find a highly concentrated market with very large price differences among suppliers and limited price competition. We explain this pattern and explore what it tells us about the security incentives of CAs, including how market leaders seem to benefit from the status quo. In light of these findings, we look at regulatory and technical proposals to address the systemic vulnerabilities in the HTTPS value chain, in particular the EU eSignatures proposal that seeks to strictly regulate HTTPS communications. Keywords: HTTPS, Cybersecurity, Internet Governance, Constitutional Values, E-Commerce, Value Chain Analysis, Security Economics, eSignatures Regulation, SSL, TLS, Digital Certificates, Certificate Authorities. -
Searching for Trust
SEARCHing for Trust Scott Rea1, TBA GOV2, TBA EDU3 1DigiCert Inc, Lindon, UT U.S.A., [email protected] 2Gov Agency, TBA, Australia, [email protected] 3University or Corporation, TBA, Australia, [email protected] ABSTRACT The security of the X.509 “oligarchy” Public Key Infrastructure for browsers and SSL web servers is under scrutiny in response to Certification Authority (CA) compromises which resulted in the circulation of fraudulent certificates. These rogue certificates can and have been used to execute Man-in-the-Middle attacks and gain access to users’ sensitive information. In wake of these events, there has been a call for change to the extent of either securing the current system or altogether replacing it with an alternative design. This panel will review the results of the research paper to be published that will explore the following proposals which have been put forth to replace or improve the CA system with the goal of aiding in the prevention and detection of MITM attacks and improving the trust infrastructure: Convergence, Perspectives, Mutually Endorsed Certification Authority Infrastructure (MECAI), DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE), DNS Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) Resource Records, Public Key Pinning, Sovereign Keys, and Certificate Transparency. In the paper, a new metric is described that ranks each proposal according to a set of well-identified criteria and gives readers an idea of the costs and benefits of implementing the proposed system and the potential strengths and weaknesses of the design. The results of the research and the corresponding impacts for eResearchers and Government collaborators will be discussed by the panel. -
Whither Deprecating TCP-MD5? a Light Dose of Reality Vs
Deprecating MD5 for LDP draft-nslag-mpls-deprecate-md5- 00.txt The IETF MPLS and PALS WG Chairs Our Problem • Control plane protocols are often carried over simple transport layers such as UDP or TCP. • Control planes are good targets for attack and their disruption or subversion can have serious operational consequences. • TCP RST attacks against BGP routers were the original motivation for RFC 2385, TCP-MD5. • LDP runs over TCP. • It currently uses TCP MD5 for authentication, which is no longer considered secure (see RFC 5925) • This is frequently pointed out to us when our documents go to the IESG for publication. Small Survey among operators and vendors - I • The survey was totally un-scientific, and just a small number of vendors and operators were asked. Questions could be better formulated. • Operators were asked. • If TCP-AO were available in products, would you use it? • Are you planning to deploy it? • Vendors were asked. • Do you have TCP-AO? • We will consider making a bigger and more scientific survey to send out to “everybody”. Small Survey among operators and vendors - II • Operators answered: • No plan to deploy TCP-AO as long as vendors support their MD-5 implementations. • Very few authenticated LDP sessions. • There is a cost to deploy TCP-AO. • Vendors answered: • No we don’t have TCP-AO in our products. • One vendor said that it will be available later this year. • We will not implement it until we hear from the operators that they need it. What we need • A security suit that: • Is more secure than MD5 when used over the long-lived sessions that support routing. -
Analysis of DTLS Implementations Using Protocol State Fuzzing
Analysis of DTLS Implementations Using Protocol State Fuzzing Paul Fiterau-Brostean and Bengt Jonsson, Uppsala University; Robert Merget, Ruhr-University Bochum; Joeri de Ruiter, SIDN Labs; Konstantinos Sagonas, Uppsala University; Juraj Somorovsky, Paderborn University https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/fiterau-brostean This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium. August 12–14, 2020 978-1-939133-17-5 Open access to the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX. Analysis of DTLS Implementations Using Protocol State Fuzzing Paul Fiterau-Bro¸stean˘ Bengt Jonsson Robert Merget Joeri de Ruiter Uppsala University Uppsala University Ruhr University Bochum SIDN Labs Konstantinos Sagonas Juraj Somorovsky Uppsala University Paderborn University Abstract reach 11.6 billion by 2021 [26]. This will constitute half of all devices connected to the Internet, with the percentage set to Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of proto- grow in subsequent years. Such trends also increase the need cols relying on UDP. Compared to TCP, UDP offers perfor- to ensure that software designed for these devices is properly mance advantages such as simplicity and lower latency. This scrutinized, particularly with regards to its security. has motivated its adoption in Voice over IP, tunneling techno- DTLS is also used as one of the two security protocols in logies, IoT, and novel Web protocols. To protect sensitive data WebRTC, a framework enabling real-time communication. exchange in these scenarios, the DTLS protocol has been de- WebRTC can be used, for example, to implement video con- veloped as a cryptographic variation of TLS. -
Prying Open Pandora's Box: KCI Attacks Against
Prying open Pandora’s box: KCI attacks against TLS Clemens Hlauschek, Markus Gruber, Florian Fankhauser, Christian Schanes RISE – Research Industrial Systems Engineering GmbH {clemens.hlauschek, markus.gruber, florian.fankhauser, christian.schanes}@rise-world.com Abstract and implementations of the protocol: their utility is ex- tremely limited, their raison d’ˆetre is practically nil, and Protection of Internet communication is becoming more the existence of these insecure key agreement options common in many products, as the demand for privacy only adds to the arsenal of attack vectors against cryp- in an age of state-level adversaries and crime syndi- tographically secured communication on the Internet. cates is steadily increasing. The industry standard for doing this is TLS. The TLS protocol supports a multi- 1 Introduction tude of key agreement and authentication options which provide various different security guarantees. Recent at- The TLS protocol [1, 2, 3] is probably the most tacks showed that this plethora of cryptographic options widely used cryptographic protocol on the Internet. in TLS (including long forgotten government backdoors, It is designed to secure the communication between which have been cunningly inserted via export restric- client/server applications against eavesdropping, tamper- tion laws) is a Pandora’s box, waiting to be pried open by ing, and message forgery, and it also provides additional, heinous computer whizzes. Novel attacks lay hidden in optional security properties such as client authentica- plainsight. Parts of TLS areso oldthat theirfoul smell of tion. TLS is an historically grown giant: its predecessor, rot cannot be easily distinguished from the flowery smell SSL [4,5], was developed more than 20 years ago. -
An Analysis of the Transport Layer Security Protocol
An Analysis of the Transport Layer Security Protocol Thyla van der Merwe Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Information Security Group School of Mathematics and Information Security Royal Holloway, University of London 2018 Declaration These doctoral studies were conducted under the supervision of Professor Kenneth G. Paterson. The work presented in this thesis is the result of original research I conducted, in collabo- ration with others, whilst enrolled in the School of Mathematics and Information Security as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This work has not been submitted for any other degree or award in any other university or educational establishment. Thyla van der Merwe March, 2018 2 Dedication To my niece, Emma. May you always believe in your abilities, no matter what anybody tells you, and may you draw on the strength of our family for support, as I have done (especially your Gogo, she’s one tough lady). “If you’re going through hell, keep going.” Winston Churchill 3 Abstract The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is the de facto means for securing commu- nications on the World Wide Web. Originally developed by Netscape Communications, the protocol came under the auspices of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in the mid 1990s and today serves millions, if not billions, of users on a daily basis. The ubiquitous nature of the protocol has, especially in recent years, made the protocol an attractive target for security researchers. Since the release of TLS 1.2 in 2008, the protocol has suffered many high-profile, and increasingly practical, attacks.