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Classifying Marine Protected Areas: a Global, Regulation-Based Approach

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Classifying Marine Protected Areas: a Global, Regulation-Based Approach Classifying Marine Protected Areas: A global, regulation-based approach to evaluate MPA management and ecological and socioeconomic factors by Gia Mancini Dr. David Gill, Advisor April 24, 2020 Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University Executive Summary Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a widely used method to protect fisheries, ocean resources, and areas of cultural significance. In recent years, they have garnered increased global support as an effective conservation and management strategy. MPA regulations and management strategies vary widely across the globe and even within MPAs themselves. This project aims to classify MPAs based on fishing gear regulations within MPA zones and examine the relationship between regulations and the surrounding social and ecological context. We compiled data on 280 zones in 125 MPAs in 24 countries, classifying MPAs based on their estimated impact of allowed fishing activities. MPA gear regulations varied greatly, with impact scores ranging from 0-9. Overall MPA index classification scores varied from 0-7, with an average score of 3.1. With these data, we assess the relationships between MPA fishing restrictions and the surrounding socio-environmental context. Out of 25 socio-environmental datasets, only two factors were significantly correlated with MPA index classification scores at the 5 percent level. Infant mortality had a weak positive correlation and perceived level of corruption had a weak negative correlation. However, these relationships are likely spurious as there is no clear causal relationship between these variables. This project has revealed issues of inconsistency in the reporting of MPA fishing regulations between MPAs. This makes it challenging to assess which MPA regulations and management strategies are the most effective at protecting ocean resources. This study underscores the need for a global, streamlined database on MPA fishing regulations to better inform more effective MPA management and data collection methods. 2 Table of Contents i. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………4 ii. The Horta e Costa et al. MPA Classification System……………………….…..……………6 iii. Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 iv. Data……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 v. Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………………………10 a. Fishing Regulations Data.……………………………………………………………….….10 b. Fishing Gear Scores.……………………………………………………………….…….……11 c. MPA Zone Classification Scores..…………………………………………………..….…12 i. Allowed Maximum Zone Scores…………………………………………….…12 ii. Banned Minimum Zone Scores………………………………………..….……13 iii. Combined Scores………………………………………………………………….…14 d. MPA Index Classifications..………………………………………………...…….…………16 e. Geospatial Analysis…………………………………………………………………………….17 f. Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………………………………..17 vi. Results…………………………………………………………………………………………………………18 a. Global MPA Index Classification Results………………….…………………………..18 b. Regional MPA Index Classification Results………………….……………………….19 c. Threatened Areas of Importance…………………………………………………………21 d. Statistical Results………………………………………………………………………………..22 vii. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………..22 viii. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………….26 ix. Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………………………28 x. References…………………………………………………………………………………………………….40 3 Introduction Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a widely used method to protect fisheries, ocean resources, and areas of cultural significance. In recent years, they have garnered increased global support as an effective conservation and management strategy. However, there is little research on the relationships between MPA regulations and the ecological and socioeconomic context they are situated in. It is important to study MPAs and regulations to better understand the most effective management strategies in order to better protect ocean ecosystems and resources that both humans and animals rely on. MPA regulations and management strategies vary widely across the globe and even within MPAs themselves. MPAs can be divided into zones based on the activities permitted in each zone. For example, some MPAs are no-take and prohibit fishing all throughout the MPA, while other MPAs are multiple-use and allow fishing either throughout the entire MPA or only in certain zones. Restrictions may not only be placed on the locations within the MPA that fishing is permitted, but restrictions may also be placed on the seasons in which fishing is allowed, the type and number of fish that may be extracted, and the fishing gear that may be used. Many MPAs also designate areas that allow for swimming, snorkeling, and diving, as well as education and research. To inform future MPA creation and zoning, it is important to determine the regulations and management strategies that lead to successful ecological and socioeconomic outcomes. This project aims to classify MPAs based on fishing gear regulations, and examine the relationship between regulations and the surrounding social and ecological context. The goal of this project is to build a more complete picture of MPA fisheries regulations worldwide and the ecological and socioeconomic context they are situated in. 4 Multiple studies have demonstrated the increased effectiveness and ecological success of more strict over less strictly regulated MPAs. A study conducted by Campbell et al. (2017) across 22 MPAs showed that no-take MPAs (most strict form of fishing regulations) resulted in the greatest increase in fish biomass when compared to areas where fishing was permitted with gear restrictions and areas where fishing was openly permitted. Studies by Lester et al. (2008) and Zupan et al. (2018) have also shown the ecological benefits of no-take MPAs over multiple-use MPAs. A study conducted by Selig et al. (2018) determined that over 775 million people worldwide live in areas that are highly dependent on marine ecosystems for economic and nutritional needs. A mounting concern around the world is how to sustainably harvest fish stocks in order to feed a growing population and sustain the livelihoods of those in coastal communities. Many fisheries are over-exploited and depleted, and run the risk of collapse. MPAs can play an important in role in preventing these occurrences, but only if the proper regulations are in place and backed by enforcement and compliance (Edgar et al., 2014). Another study conducted by Selig et al. (2017) demonstrates the importance of determining successful and unsuccessful management tools in order for an MPA to be effective and provide the expected ecological and socioeconomic benefits. By determining and applying the most effective management strategies and regulations, MPA ecological and socioeconomic outcomes will likely improve. Increased MPA success will create healthier environmental conditions that allow fish to breed and flourish, while also providing protection for threatened species and ecosystems. Increased fish stocks in conjunction with sustainable harvesting should result in economic and 5 nutritional benefits for those whose livelihoods depend on the oceans and coasts (Aswani and Furusawa, 2007). The Horta e Costa et al. MPA Classification System This project builds off of the foundation created by Horta e Costa et al.’s “A regulation-based classification system for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)” (2016). Horta e Costa et al. created a classification system that assesses regulations within MPA zones on a numerical scale of 1 to 9, with 1 being the least impactful fishing gear and 9 being the most impactful and destructive fishing gear The Horta e Costa et al. paper examined and scored 21 different types of fishing gear (Figure 1). Figure 1. This chart was obtained from Horta e Costa et al. (2016). The chart displays the fishing gear assessed in the study and the assigned gear scores. The scores range from 1, least impactful, to 9, most impactful and destructive. The MPA is then evaluated using an MPA index equation to determine the level of protection provided by the entire MPA on a categorical scale from 1, fully protected, to 8, unprotected. This is done by accounting for the different zones within an MPA, their 6 individual levels of regulation and protection, and the area occupied by each zone (Figures 2A and 2B). Horta e Costa et al.’s work is just one example of an MPA classification system. A classification system for MPAs in the United States was created by NOAA and classifies MPAs based on their level, permanence, constancy, and scale of protection and conservation focus (Wenzel and D’lorio, 2011). Figures 2A and 2B. These graphics were obtained from Horta e Costa et al. (2016). The graphics display the Horta e Costa et al. regulation-based classification system calculations and classification scheme. Figure 2A shows the zone classification system and Figure 2B shows the MPA classification system. Objectives This project aims to expand upon and apply Horta e Costa et al.’s classification system to MPAs globally. In this project we examine 280 zones in 125 MPAs in 24 countries. The main objectives of this project are to: 7 Ø Classify the level of protection of MPAs based on their fishing regulations Ø Examine the variation in levels of protection globally Ø Examine the relationship between MPA level of protection from fishing and a suite of ecological, social, and economic contextual factors Exploring the correlations
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