Transforming Cities with Transit
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Transforming Cities with Transit Transforming Cities with Transit Transit and Land-Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development Hiroaki Suzuki Robert Cervero Kanako Iuchi THE WORLD BANK Washington, DC © 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 15 14 13 12 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringe- ment rests solely with you. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Suzuki, Hiroaki, Robert Cervero, and Kanako Iuchi. 2013. Transforming Cities with Transit: Transit and Land-Use Integration for Sustain- able Urban Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9745-9 License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0. Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-9745-9 ISBN (electronic): 978-0-8213-9750-3 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9745-9 Cover photo: Bogota, Colombia; photo taken by Karl Fjellstrom, ITDP (www.transportphoto.net) Cover design: Debra Naylor Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Suzuki, Hiroaki, 1951– Transforming cities with transit : transit and land-use integration for sustainable urban development / Hiroaki Suzuki, Robert Cervero, and Kanako Iuchi. p. cm. — (Urban development series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8213-9745-9 (alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8213-9750-3 (electronic : alk. paper) 1. City planning. 2. Sustainable urban development. 3. Urban transportation. 4. Land use. I. Title. HT166.S96 2013 307.1’216—dc23 2012045174 Contents Acknowledgments xi About the Authors xv Abbreviations xvii Glossary xix Message to City Leaders in Developing Countries xxii Overview 1 Transit and Land-Use Integration 3 Global Best Cases of Transit and Land-Use Integration 3 Lessons from Case Studies in Developing Countries 7 Toward Transit and Land-Use Integration 14 Core Lessons on Transit Investments and Urban Growth 20 Roles of Development Financial Institutions 21 Conclusion 21 References 23 1. Introduction: Critical Challenges Facing Cities and Urban Transport 25 Expanding Cities, Shrinking Green Space 26 Cities for Cars, Not for People 29 Integrating Transit and Land Use toward Sustainable Urban Development 33 Study Objectives, Framework, and Methodology 42 Structure of This Book 45 Notes 45 References 46 v vi Transforming Cities with Transit 2. Lessons from Sustainable Transit-Oriented Cities 49 Transit and Land-Use Integration in Adaptive Cities 52 Integrating Transit and Land-Use Planning through Adaptive Transit and Bus Rapid Transit 82 Conclusion 89 Note 91 References 91 3. Integrating Transit and Urban Development in Cities in the Developing World 95 Ahmedabad: A City at a Critical Juncture 96 Bogota: Beyond TransMilenio 109 Guangzhou: Adaptive Bus Rapid Transit 129 Ho Chi Minh City: Building a Green Transit Corridor 138 Notes 142 References 145 4. Toward Sustainable Urban Futures 147 Barriers to Integrating Transit and Urban Development 147 The Challenge of Inclusive Transit-Oriented Development 165 Toward Successful Integration: Recommendations 167 Conclusion 189 Notes 191 References 192 Index 195 Boxes O.1 Transforming a vision into a conceptual image of the future metropolis 4 O.2 Articulated versus average density 11 1.1 What is bus rapid transit? 26 1.2 Urban growth in Tehran 27 1.3 Urban expansion in the Jakarta metropolitan area 28 1.4 A tale of two cities: Atlanta and Barcelona 34 1.5 What is transit-oriented development? 37 1.6 Economic cities as ecological cities: The World Bank’s Eco2 initiative 40 3.1 Ahmedabad’s Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project 101 3.2 Ahmedabad’s Town Planning Scheme 105 3.3 Ahmedabad and its bus rapid transit system at a glance 110 3.4 How has Bogota’s TransMilenio affected the built environment? 114 3.5 Bogota and its bus rapid transit system at a glance 130 4.1 Articulated versus average density 155 4.2 How land speculation contributes to sprawl 163 Contents vii 4.3 Reducing housing costs and improving livability in Vancouver 166 4.4 Integrating land-use and transit policy planning in India 170 Figures BO.1.1 Copenhagen’s “Finger Plan” for urban development 4 BO.1.2 Singapore’s “Constellation Plan” for urban development 5 O.1 The Maritime Square residential-retail project developed by the Mass Transit Railway of Hong Kong SAR, China 7 BO.2.1 Importance of articulated density for mass transit 11 BO.2.2 Transit-oriented spatial development in Curitiba and Bogota 11 O.2 A healthy conversation between transit and land-use planning officials 16 O.3 Preconditions for successful integration of transit and land use 18 B1.1.1 Bus rapid transit in Curitiba, Brazil 26 B1.2.1 Aerial views of metropolitan Tehran, 1986 and 2009 27 B1.3.1 Aerial views of metropolitan Jakarta, 1976–2004 28 B1.3.2 Density of metropolitan Jakarta, 1988 and 2011 28 1.1 Actual and projected number of motorized vehicles in the world, 1975–2050 30 1.2 Urban density and transport-related energy consumption in selected cities 31 1.3 Actual and projected global CO2 emissions from the transport sector, 1980–2030 32 B1.4.1 Built-up area of Atlanta and Barcelona, 1990 34 1.4 Urban space taken up by cars, motorbikes, and buses 35 B1.5.1 Key features of the eco-block concept 37 B1.5.2 Transit-oriented development in metropolitan Washington, DC 38 B1.6.1 The Eco2 integrated approach to development 40 1.5 Urban form of Curitiba and São Paulo, Brazil 42 1.6 Study framework 43 2.1 Transit ridership and vehicle kilometers traveled per capita in selected global cities 51 2.2 Population density and transit ridership in selected global cities 51 2.3 Evolution of Copenhagen’s “transit first” plan 53 2.4 Copenhagen’s “finger plan” for urban development 56 2.5 The Maritime Square residential-retail project developed by the Mass Transit Railway of Hong Kong SAR, China 63 2.6 Transformation of Seoul’s Cheong Gye Cheon from an elevated freeway to an urban greenway 66 2.7 Bus rapid transit corridors in central Seoul 67 2.8 Residential property values before and after transformation of Seoul’s Cheong Gye Cheon freeway into an urban greenway 70 2.9 Singapore’s Constellation Plan 71 2.10 Rates of return of private railway corporations in metropolitan Tokyo, 1980–96 75 2.11 Street life near Shinjuku metrorail station, Tokyo 76 viii Transforming Cities with Transit 2.12 Tokyo Station City 77 2.13 Average commercial land values within five kilometers of Shinkansen line stations in Tokyo, 2000 and 2010 78 2.14 “Bull’s eye” concept of rail development in Arlington County, Virginia 80 2.15 Curitiba’s trinary road system 83 2.16 Transitway development in Ottawa, Canada 85 2.17 Passengers per guideway mile in selected North American busway and light rail systems 87 2.18 Ottawa’s Transitway network, including O-Train light rail line linked to busway 88 3.1 Phases I, II, and III of Ahmedabad’s Janmarg bus rapid transit system 98 3.2 Before and after Janmarg at the Anjal station area 99 B3.1.1 International kite festival at the riverfront, 2006 101 3.3 Closed textile mill sites and development progress in Ahmedabad 102 B3.2.1 Land adjustment in Ahmedabad 105 B3.3.1 Map of Ahmedabad, India 110 B3.3.2 Janmarg bus 110 3.4 Phases I, II, and III of Bogota’s TransMilenio bus rapid transit system 112 B3.4.1 Changes in building density in areas of Bogota affected by the TransMilenio 114 3.5 Development at end station of Bogota’s TransMilenio, 1998 and 2011 115 3.6 Distribution of building volume in Bogota by floor area ratio, 2010 117 3.7 Floor area ratio in areas of Bogota affected by the