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A Review on Biofortification - to Improve Nutritional Quality of Cereals Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2406-2423 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 9 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.301 A Review on Biofortification - To Improve Nutritional Quality of Cereals Madhu Choudhary* and Rajwanti Saran Division of plant breeding and genetics, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute (S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner), Durgapura, Jaipur-302018 (Rajasthan), India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Biofortification is a probable and cost-effective means of providing micronutrients to populations that may have limited access to diverse diets and other micronutrient intercession. Micronutrient deficiency, also known as „hidden hunger‟ is one of the most important provocations facing humanity today. According to world health organization (WHO) report about 3 billion people worldwide suffer from micronutrients deficiency. In India, malnutriti on problems like anaemia about more than 52% of women suffer, 44% of children below 5 years are underweight and 38% are stunted. Therefore, to overcome the K e yw or ds malnutrition in human beings, improvement of crop quality by bio-fortification process for Biofortif ication, important crop plants through biotechnological applications that is sustainable solution. Target crops for increase micronutrient status like rice and maize for Fe, Zn, Pro-vitamin Nutritional quality, Cereals A and wheat, pearl millet, sorghum, small millets for Zn and Fe. Two approaches for bio- fortification i.e., agronomic and genetic used to increase nutrients level in stable food Article Info crops. Bio-fortified crop varieties are developed by plant breeding using selective breeding and genetic modification. In wheat recreated synthetics, wild relatives and landraces are Accepted: being used as progenitor for high Zn/Fe source and approaches are backcross, bulk scheme 17 August 2020 Available Online: and wide-cross uses for development of fortified varieties. Pearl Millet, as a species, has higher levels of Fe and Zn densities than other major cereal crops many varieties 10 September 2020 developed in pearl millet. The development of the „golden rice‟ proved that biofortified crop developed through genetic engineering. In maize QPM is a product of conventional plant breeding (i.e., it is not genetically modified) it produces 70-100% more of lysine and tryptophan than the most modern varieties. Given the severity of mineral malnutrition in humans worldwide, biofortification of micronutrients, especially Fe and Zn, in cereals must be encouraged. Introduction Anaemia is the most common human malnutrition, resulting from iron (Fe) Biofortification is a Greek word “bios” means deficiency and affecting 32.9% people life and Latin word “fortificare” means make worldwide meanwhile, zinc (Zn) deficiency strong. Biofortification refers to increasing affects 17% of the world‟s population genetically the bioavailable mineral content of (Wessells et al., 2012; Kassebaum et al., food crops (Brinch-Pederson et al., 2007). 2014). In the twenty-first century, there is 2406 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2406-2423 strong trouble worldwide concerning the providing micronutrients-rich crops to people. ability to produce nutritionally rich food Furthermore, biofortified crops with increased because cereals are inheritably poor in bio available concentrations of essential essential micronutrients. Moreover, owing to micronutrients are deployed to consumers grow a rapidly human population and through traditional practices used by industrialization; this situation may be further agriculture and food trade which therefore being composed of by the production of provides a feasible way of reaching cereals in areas with low mineral undernourished and low income group phytoavailability (White and Broadley, 2009). families with limited access to diverse diets, Hence, malnutrition and poor health affect supplements and fortified foods. these people, who may suffer from blindness or stunting, and sometimes even face death. Malnutrition data To overcome this “hidden hunger” through medical supplements and fortification have Malnutrition form an important global health been pursued (Underwood, 2000). In fact, issue, affecting key development outcomes food fortification has a long history of use in including poor physical and mental industrialized countries and perceive on the development in children, vulnerability of addition of micronutrients to processed foods. disease, mental retardation, blindness and However, food fortification tends to have a general losses in productivity and potential. rapid but less sustainable impact, because The World Health Organization (WHO) various safety, technological and cost estimate 3 billion people worldwide suffer considerations may place restriction on such micronutrients deficiency, hunger and interventions (Allen et al., 2006). By undernourishment, which is defined as dietary increasing the micronutrient content of energy intakes below the minimum levels energy-rich crops, micronutrient intakes necessary to achieve and maintain a healthy among the poor can be increased, thereby weight, over nourishment, which is defined as leading to decreases in the prevalence of dietary energy intake which exceeds micronutrient deficiencies. It differs from requirements for maintenance of a healthy ordinary fortification because it focuses on bodyweight, micronutrient deficiencies, making plant foods more nutritious as the which is defined as a lack of essential plants are growing, rather than having vitamins and minerals required in small nutrients added to the foods when they are amounts by the body for proper growth and being processed. Traditionally, vitamins and development. minerals have been provided to the masses through nutrient supplementation programs, Zinc deficiency can have a number of but it falls short of the goals set by the negative health consequences, affecting the international health organizations as the central nervous, immune, reproductive, and supplementation programs rely on external skeletal systems. Zinc is an essential nutrient funding that is not guaranteed to be available for growth and recovery deficiencies can from year to year. Other limitations are therefore stunt growth, increase susceptibility purchasing power of poor people, their access to disease and infection, increase recovery to markets and health-care systems, and lack time, or in some cases, impair recovery, of awareness regarding the long-term health reduce mental capacity, and increase the benefits of these nutrient supplements. Hence, prevalence of maternal, new born and child biofortification of different crop varieties complications higher morbidity and mortality offers a sustainable and long-term solution in in mothers (Prasad et al., 2013). Generally, 2407 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2406-2423 recommended dietary allowance for Zn is 2008). Thus, biofortification has the potential around 15 mg per day (National Research to reduce the preponderance of micronutrient Council 1989). About 2.5 billion world deficiencies and lower the number of people population suffer from Zinc deficiency requiring intercession such as fortification and (Oliver and Gregory, 2015). supplementation to increment of nutritional quality in diets (Bouis and Welch, 2010). In About 400 million people have vitamin A contrast to dietary diversification, no Deficiency, 1.6 billion populations suffer behavioural changes are required from the from Iron deficiency globally and anaemia consumers. However, the target crop has to be affects more people than any other health select carefully, following the dietary patterns problem. Anaemia has important implications of the consumers (Qaim et al., 2007). for general productivity and development, reducing the work capacity of individuals by The acceptance of the newly developed crop up to 20 percent (Welch and Graham2015). by the targeted population is a major issue for biofortification to be successful. To be India is one of the countries having problem accepted and cultivated by the farmers, the of malnutrition more than 52% of women, new variety must exhibit a high yield and 44% of children below 5 years are resistance against disease and pests, in short underweight and 38% are stunted. As per be profitable. Characteristics of the newly India state hunger index (ISHI), all the states developed plant such as yield, micronutrient are with serious to alarming, in which concentration and disease and pests resistance Madhya Pradesh most alarming. The World should be stable over different environments Bank estimates that India is one of the highest and climatic zones. Moreover, the level of ranking countries in the world for the number micronutrients must have the potential to of children suffering from malnutrition. As significantly improve human health and per the Global Hunger Index, 2018 (GHI), ensure an adequate mineral bioavailability published on October 10, 2018, the level of (Nestel et al., 2006; Bouis and Welch, 2010). hunger and under nutrition worldwide fell to 20.9, down from 29.2 in the year 2000. As per Aims of micronutrient levels for biofortified the index, India was ranked 103rd out of 119 crops are amount of Fe, Zn and Vitamin A qualifying countries (World Bank). required, breeding target is combination of baseline and increment that is set to meet the Importance of crop biofortification specific dietary
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