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Study on Tail-Enders and Other Deprived in Irrigation Commands in Maharashtra

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Study on Tail-Enders and Other Deprived in Irrigation Commands in Maharashtra Study on Tail-enders and Other Deprived In Irrigation Commands In Maharashtra Study by: Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM) As part of an All-India Study on Tail ender and Other Deprived in Irrigation Commands Co-ordinated By: Development Support Centre (DSC), Ahmedabad Sponsored by: The Planning Commission, New Delhi Wageningen University : Environmental Sciences Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM) 16 Kale Park, Someshwarwadi Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008 Phone: 020-2588 0786 and 2588 6542 E-mail: [email protected] August 2002 Study on Tail-enders and Other Deprived In Irrigation Commands In Maharashtra Researchers: Suhas Paranjape and K.J.Joy Research Assistance: Raju Adagale and Ravi Pomane Office Assistance: Pratima Medhekar Advisors: K.R.Datye, R.K.Patil, S.N.Lele and S.B.Sane As part of an All-India Study on Tail ender and Other Deprived in Irrigation Commands Co-ordinated By: Development Support Centre (DSC), Ahmedabad Sponsored by: The Planning Commission, New Delhi Wageningen University : Environmental Sciences Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM) 16 Kale Park, Someshwarwadi Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008 Phone: 020-2588 0786 and 2588 6542 E-mail: [email protected] August 2002 1 Contents Acknowledgements 3 Chapter 1 Background of the Study 4 Chapter 2 Scope and Methodology 7 Chapter 3 Profile of the Projects and Selected Sub-commands 14 Chapter 4 Findings – The Mula Project 26 Chapter 5 Findings: The Mangi Project 61 Chapter 6 Findings: The Walen Project 83 Chapter 7 Quantifying Deprivation within the Command 87 Chapter 8 Broad conclusions and emerging issues 103 Annexure Mula, Mangi and Walen Projects: Summarised findings 112 2 Acknowledgements This project "Study of Tail-enders and Other Deprived in Irrigation Commands in Maharashtra" by Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM), Pune, is part of an all India project on the issue of deprivation within command areas coordinated by Development Support Centre (DSC), Ahmedabad. The study has been taken up with financial assistance from the Planning Commission, New Delhi and Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University. We would like to express our sincere thanks to DSC, the Planning Commission and Wageningen University for their support to this study. A special word of thanks to Shri Anil Shah of DSC for first mooting the idea of this study and also for approaching SOPPECOM to take up the Maharashtra part of the study. We are also thankful to Dr. Sachin Oza and Dr. Surashree Saha, both from DSC, for all their help during the project period. Similarly we also appreciate the role played by Dr. Peter Mollinga and his inputs during the study, especially during the one-day meeting in Hyderabad in the initial phase of the study, as they have helped in keeping the study focussed. We also would like to put on record the cooperation given to us by the Irrigation Department and its officers. Firstly we are thankful to Shri S. V. Sodal, Secretary of the Irrigation Department (Government of Maharashtra) for the initiative he took in writing to the officers concerned about this study and also asking them to provide the necessary data for this study. All the officers that we came in contact with during this study -- Shri M. V. Patil, Shri R. E. Mhaske, Shri Karad, all Sub-Divisional officers of the Mula irrigation system, the concerned Sectional Officers of the selected minors and sub-commands of Mula irrigation System, Shri A. R. Kore and Shri S. D. Palshikar (both from CADA Solapur), Shri Shinde and Shri Jagtap of Mangi Project, Shri Deokar and Shri Morankar of Walen project and also all the Canal Inspectors of all the concerned minors/sub-commands -- were very cooperative and helpful especially during the data collection phase of the study. We are also thankful to the office bearers of both the WUAs which were part of our sample and also all the farmers who participated in the walk through surveys and focussed group discussions. The outcome of the study reflects the collective experience of SOPPECOM and its work over the last 10 years or so in the water sector. We would like to acknowledge the contribution made by our senior colleagues in SOPPECOM -- Shri R. K. Patil, Shri S. N. Lele, Shri K. R. Datye and Shri S. B. Sane -- especially in interfacing with the senior ID officials for this study. The timely suggestions they have given during the various stages of this study and their comments on the draft report have helped us greatly. We also appreciate the sincere efforts put in by both our Research Assistants -- Shri Raju Adagale and Shri Ravi Pomane - and their efforts have greatly enhanced the quality of the data. We also acknowledge the help of Ms. Pratima Medhekar for the data entry and for her assistance throughout the project. Pune K. J. Joy August 2002 Suhas Paranjape 3 Chapter 1 Background of the Study Though Society for Promoting Participative Eco-system Management (SOPPECOM) has been very concerned about the issue of deprivation in the command areas of irrigation projects, it had not addressed this issue systematically till this study. Hence when Shri Anil Shah of Development Support Centre (DSC) approached us with the proposal of taking up this study in Maharashtra as part of an all India effort to understand the issue of deprivation in irrigation commands, we were more than happy to get into the study. As part of this study SOPPECOM took up three projects – one major, one medium and one minor – in Maharashtra. And having got into it we do not regret it as the study did help us to understand the complexities involved and, though depressing at times to see the state of the physical system, has also made us more sensitive to the problems involved in the management of irrigation systems. Our overall feeling after the study could be very well paraphrased by what often K. R. Datye, senior member of SOPPECOM, says -- `what irrigation (especially major projects) could have done, but could not do’ – this expresses both the problems and potential of irrigation sector today. The context After independence massive investments were made in the irrigation sector with the belief that irrigation would lay the foundation for the development of the country. Dams and irrigation projects were seen as the `temples of development'. Between 1951 and 1997, public sector plan outlays on all forms of irrigation, including flood control, at current prices totaled Rs. 860 billion. The potential created by all sources of irrigation at the end of Eighth Five Year Plan come to around 49 million ha. Though it is true that irrigation and irrigated agriculture did play a significant role in creating self- reliance in food, especially in terms of production, studies show that the initial euphoria could not be sustained. Even with such massive investments and potential created, many of the problems that we wanted to address through the development of water resources still continue. Drinking water shortages, increasing drought conditions, decreasing productivity, environmental problems like waterlogging and salinisation, uneven development between and within regions, etc., still haunt us. Under-utilisation of potential created, the mismatch between actual and potential productivity of irrigated agriculture, increasing gap in cost recovery, poor quality of services, deterioration of the physical system because of lack of adequate maintenance, lack of control and participation of the users, etc., are generally cited as reasons for the ills that plague our irrigation sector. Added to this is the problem of the tail-enders and other deprived sections within the irrigation service areas -- a problem which is universal in its presence as it cuts across regions and size and type of projects. Situation in Maharashtra Though generally it is said that Maharashtra ranks first in terms of number of large projects, the present situation is that only about 17% of the cropped area is irrigated where as the all India average is about 26%. It is estimated that even if Maharashtra develops all its water potential it would be sufficient to irrigate at most about 30% of the total cropped area. On the other hand Maharashtra has large tracts, nearly about one-third of the area, that are chronically drought prone. Coupled with this the uneven development between regions is also very sharp. This can be seen in both in the creation of irrigation potential and its actual utilisation. Thus, certain urgent steps have to be taken to improve irrigation efficiency and coverage of irrigation sector and in this context the issue of the `tail-enders' within the command becomes very important. Another context related to the issue of tail-enders is the whole issue of treating water as a common property/common pool resource and hence all the people who depend on land and water for their 4 livelihoods should have access to certain minimum quantities of water. In other words, equitable water distribution and access become important concerns in irrigation sector reforms. In fact we should place the issue of tail-enders and other deprived within the overall context of equity. Equity within the command could be our starting point in ensuring water to all. Absence of focused studies on deprivation in irrigation commands Though tail-ender deprivation is a very wide-spread phenomenon, there are no systematic, focused studies which look at the problems of the deprived within the irrigation command areas, in terms of the reasons, the factors that contribute towards this deprivation and what are the possible ways out of it (solutions). In fact, though there are many studies that deal with the problems of irrigation in general and problems of irrigated agriculture in particular, in most of these studies the issue of the tail-enders is itself a `tail-end' problem that receives as little attention as the tail-enders! Hence there is a need to address this issue separately and systematically.
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