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Student Edition California Education and the Environment Initiative 4History-Social Science Standard 4.2.1. California Indian Peoples and Management of Natural Resources California Education and the Environment Initiative Approved by the California State Board of Education, 2010 The Education and the Environment Initiative Curriculum is a cooperative endeavor of the following entities: California Environmental Protection Agency California Natural Resources Agency California State Board of Education California Department of Education Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) Key Partners: Special thanks to Heal the Bay, sponsor of the EEI law, for their partnership and participation in reviewing portions of the EEI curriculum. Valuable assistance with maps, photos, videos and design was provided by the National Geographic Society under a contract with the State of California. Office of Education and the Environment 1001 I Street • Sacramento, California 95814 • (916) 341-6769 http://www.CaliforniaEEI.org © Copyright 2011 by the California Environmental Protection Agency © 2013 Second Edition All rights reserved. This publication, or parts thereof, may not be used or reproduced without permission from the Office of Education and the Environment. These materials may be reproduced by teachers for educational purposes. Contents Lesson 1 Tied Through Trade California Connections: Seashells in the Desert 3 Lesson 2 Comparing Aspects of California’s Tribal Regions Northwest Tribal Region: Towering Forests and Rushing Rivers 7 Northeast Tribal Region: Volcanoes and Blooming Meadows 9 North Central Tribal Region: Hills, Valleys, and Coasts 11 South Central Tribal Region: Oaks, Grasses, and Pines 13 Eastern Tribal Region: Cold Winds and Scents of Sagebrush 15 Southwest Tribal Region: Sunny Beaches and Burning Bushes 17 Southeast Tribal Region: River Farms and Palm Oases 19 Lesson 3 On It One Makes a Basket None required for this lesson Lesson 4 California Indians’ Worldview Coyote Creates the Ocean 21 How Dolphins Came to Be 23 Eagle, Crow, and Duck Make the Land 25 The Moon Maiden 27 The First Rainbow 29 How Thunder and Earthquake Made Ocean 31 Why the North Star Stands Still 33 Lesson 5 Managing the Pre-California Landscape None required for this lesson Lesson 6 A Burning Question —California Indians’ Use of Fire None required for this lesson California Connections: Seashells in the Desert Lesson 1 | page 1 of 4 Seashells in the Desert It was a hot day in northern New Mexico. The year was 1915. A young man was on his knees, digging in the desert ground. He and his team were uncovering an ancient city. The man’s name was Alfred Kidder. He was famous as one of the first archaeologists in the world. Kidder spent his life learning the stories of “lost” civilizations. Shining in the Sand Alfred saw something in the sand. It was shiny and round. He pulled a soft brush from his pocket and used it to dust off a set of beads. The string holding them together had disappeared, but it seemed that all the beads were there. Alfred was amazed. The beads were probably part of an ancient necklace. They were made from Sand dunes, New Mexico seashells. Some of them were made from shiny, shells. The abalone is a ocean was more than rainbow-colored shells. kind of sea snail. It clings 800 miles away from Other beads were made to rocks near the shore. the place where Alfred from small gray shells that The small gray shells was standing. looked like olives. came from another kind How did these shells Alfred could see that of snail called Olivella. get from California to the colorful beads were Both animals lived in New Mexico so long ago? made from abalone the Pacific Ocean. That Alfred wondered. CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit 4.2.1. I California Indian Peoples and Management of Natural Resources I Student Edition 3 California Connections: Seashells in the Desert Lesson 1 | page 2 of 4 Looking for Clues many rabbits to hunt. use for things they could Someone had worn the Desert plants had strong not find around them. beads thousands of years fibers that could be used People who lived in the earlier. They belonged to to make string. oak woodlands gathered California Indians. People acorns. They ate some of who lived near the ocean Gifts from Land and Sea them. They also traded traded the beads with The people used the acorns for juniper bows people who lived in the resources from the made by people from the desert. Karuk people who land, the rivers, and the high desert. They traded lived in northern California ocean. They had more acorns for shell beads traded seashell beads for than they needed. They made by people from the red obsidian from eastern traded what they did not coast, too. Oregon. Obsidian is a volcanic rock that looks like glass. The Karuk used obsidian to make large knives. California is a very large state. It has tall mountains and wide deserts. It has foggy forests and vast grasslands. The beautiful ocean, coasts, rivers, and lakes are all part of California. California Indians gathered food from the land. Conifer forests had sweet berries. Tasty acorns were found in oak woodlands. The California Indians used the natural objects they found around them. In the grasslands, there were Abalone shell 4 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit 4.2.1. I California Indian Peoples and Management of Natural Resources I Student Edition California Connections: Seashells in the Desert Lesson 1 | page 3 of 4 California Indians did more than gather, use, and trade the things around them. They dug up and planted bulbs for food. They learned to trim tree branches so that they would grow back long and straight. Then the people used the branches to build homes and to make animal traps and baskets. The California Indians hunted and fished in ways that kept them well fed year after year. By Acorns changing the way they did things, they changed the grass would grow. Deer other, people who had way they lived. and rabbits came to eat few could get acorns from the grass. The California people who had plenty. Of Fire and Acorns Indians would then hunt One of the tools they those animals. The Shell Trade used was fire. More Still, there were times People in the villages than anything else, fire when the people did not used shells like money. changed their life and the have all the food they They traded shells for land around them. The needed. Many California acorns or other food. The people knew how to make Indians depended on Chumash people used fires burn in a special acorns. In some years, the many shells for trading. In way. They used fires to oak trees in one area grew fact, the name “Chumash” get rid of pests under very few acorns. At the comes from an Indian oak trees, which made it same time, the oak trees word that means “makers easier to gather acorns. in another place grew of shell beads.” The people also lit fires more than enough. By People traveled many to clear bushes so that trading acorns with each miles to trade shells. CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit 4.2.1. I California Indian Peoples and Management of Natural Resources I Student Edition 5 California Connections: Seashells in the Desert Lesson 1 | page 4 of 4 years ago, people who Trade Routes lived there gathered the Major Trade Center clams. They made its shells into beads shaped like disks. The beads, today known as clamshell disk beads, were used for trading. They were also used for making necklaces and decorating clothing. People who lived near snowy Mount Shasta sewed the clamshell disk beads on hats. People near Mono Lake made bead necklaces. Seashell beads were N sometimes traded far from the places they were W E found. The beads that S traveled farthest were those made from abalone Ancient trade routes shells, like some of the beads Alfred Kidder found Different kinds of shells in Canada. The people in New Mexico. How did were traded in different made long strings of shells those beads get to the parts of the state. People for trading. Some California desert? No one knows for in the north used long Indians had tattoos on sure. We are still learning white shells called Dentalia their arms. They used the about how early California shells. These shells came tattoos to measure the Indians lived, worked, and from animals living in the shell strings! traded goods thousands ocean. They are still found The Washington clam is of years ago from the today along the northwest an animal that lives in the California Indians that coast of the United States ocean just north of San practice the traditions of and near Vancouver Island, Francisco. Thousands of their ancestors today. 6 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit 4.2.1. I California Indian Peoples and Management of Natural Resources I Student Edition Northwest Tribal Region: Towering Forests and Rushing Rivers Lesson 2 | page 1 of 2 Northwest Tribal Region: Towering Forests and Rushing Rivers Northwestern California is cool and wet. Here, the mountains are covered with forests of pines and redwoods. Rivers rush between these mountains. Plants, such as hazelnuts and huckleberries, grow in the dark forests. The California Indians that lived here had access to rivers and lakes, as well as the north coastal and conifer forest natural regions. They used the redwood trees for many things. Some people built large houses from redwood boards. They made canoes from redwood logs. They split the largest logs down the middle and used sharpened elk antlers to carve them out.

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