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Recommendations on First and Second Line Antiretroviral Regimens POLICY BRIEF UPDATE OF RECOMMENDATIONS ON FIRST- AND SECOND-LINE ANTIRETROVIRAL REGIMENS JULY 2019 HIV TREATMENT WHO/CDS/HIV/19.15 © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. 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To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Cover photo: ©JohnRaeNYC Layout: 400.co.uk Printed in Switzerland. 3 BACKGROUND In 2018, WHO published interim guidelines recommending The 2019 updated guidelines provide the latest dolutegravir (DTG)-containing regimens as the preferred recommendations based on rapidly evolving evidence of first- and second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens safety and efficacy and programmatic experience using DTG for people living with HIV (1). However, a note of caution and EFV 400 mg in pregnant women and people coinfected about women of childbearing potential using DTG was issued with TB (4–6). These guidelines provide further reassurance following a signal of a potential association of neural tube of DTG as the preferred antiretroviral (ARV) drug in first- defects and women’s use of DTG at the time of conception and second-line regimens due to the declining estimate in an observational study from Botswana (2,3). These 2018 of neural tube defect risk and observed efficacy. This guidelines also recommended 400 mg of efavirenz (EFV), in reassurance comes at a time when pretreatment resistance combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus to non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) lamivudine (3TC) or emtricitabine (FTC), as an alternative is increasing in low- and middle-income countries, creating first-line ART regimen. However, information on the efficacy demand for access to alternative non-NNRTI ARV drugs (7) of this regimen for pregnant women and people receiving (Box 1). rifampicin-containing tuberculosis (TB) treatment was lacking. Box 1. Recommendations: first- and second-line ART regimens First-line ART regimensa 1. Dolutegravir (DTG) in combination with a nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbone is recommended as the preferred first-line regimen for people living with HIV initiating ART NEW • Adults and adolescentsb (strong recommendation, moderate-certainty evidence) • Infants and children with approved DTG dosing (conditional recommendation, low-certainty evidence) 2. Efavirenz at low dose (EFV 400 mg) in combination with an NRTI backbone is recommended as the alternative first-line regimen for adults and adolescents living with HIV initiating ARTc (strong recommendation, moderate- certainty evidence) NEW 3. A raltegravir (RAL)-based regimen may be recommended as the alternative first-line regimen for infants and children for whom approved DTG dosing is not available (conditional recommendation, low-certainty evidence) 4. A RAL-based regimen may be recommended as the preferred first-line regimen for neonates (conditional recommendation, very-low-certainty evidence) aSee Table 1 for ARV drug selection. bSee Box 2 on women and adolescent girls of childbearing potential using DTG. cExcept in settings with pretreatment HIV drug resistance to EFV/nevirapine (NVP) exceeding 10%. Second-line ART regimensa 1. DTG in combination with an optimized NRTI backbone may be recommended as a preferred second-line regimen for people living with HIV for whom non-DTG-based regimens are failing. • Adults and adolescentsb (conditional recommendation, moderate-certainty evidence) • Children with approved DTG dosing (conditional recommendation, low-certainty evidence) 2. Boosted protease inhibitors in combination with an optimized NRTI backbone is recommended as a preferred second-line regimen for people living with HIV for whom DTG-based regimens are failing (strong recommendation, moderate-certainty evidence) aTable 2 for ARV drug selection. bSee Box 2 on women and adolescent girls of childbearing potential using DTG. 4 Update of recommendations on first- and second-line antiretroviral regimens, 2019 DTG IN FIRST-LINE ART An updated systematic review conducted in 2019 to support The benefits and risks of using DTG at conception were the guidelines reaffirmed that a first-line regimen of DTG assessed by reviewing the latest data from Botswana, other combined with two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors countries and modelling the population-level risks and (NRTIs) leads to higher viral suppression and lower risk of benefits of DTG use among women of childbearing potential discontinuing treatment and developing HIV drug resistance (14,15). The risk of neural tube defects associated with compared with EFV-based regimens among treatment- using DTG at conception has declined since the initial report naive adults. DTG has other advantages over EFV, including released in May 2018 yet remains statistically significantly lower potential for drug–drug interactions, more rapid viral higher than in other ARV drug exposure groups (Box 2). suppression and a higher genetic barrier to developing HIV Continued surveillance is needed to more definitively confirm drug resistance (8,9). DTG is also active against HIV-2 or refute the neural tube defect signal, and several studies infection, which is naturally resistant to EFV (10,11). are ongoing to address this. A woman-centred and a rights- However, an increased risk for sleep disorders and weight based approach should be applied to antiretroviral delivery. gain (Box 4) has also been detected (12,13). Women should be provided with information about benefits and risks to make an informed choice regarding the use of DTG or other ART (Box 3). Box 2: Updates on the risk of neural tube defects among infants born to women exposed to DTG before conception or early in pregnancy Although the prevalence of neural tube defects associated with using DTG at conception in the Tsepamo study has declined from 0.94% (4 of 426 exposures) to 0.30% (5 of 1683 exposures), the prevalence difference remains statistically significantly higher than all other ARV drug exposure groups. A further study by the Botswana Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) increased the number of birth outcome surveillance sites in Botswana, expanding the estimated coverage of births in Botswana from 72% in the Tsepamo study to 92% of all births. As of March 2019, this study had identified one additional neural tube defect with DTG ART at conception (1 of 152 exposures, 0.66%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02–3.69%) versus 0 of 381 births to women receiving non-DTG
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