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Overview of Levees on Yangtze River, China

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Overview of levees on Yangtze River, China WU AIQING, WU QINGHUA Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute，China Outline 1.Introduction of Levees in China 2.Levee Risks on Yangtze River 3.Reinforcement of levees after 1998 flood 4.Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 5.Remarks Outline 1.Introduction of Levees in China 2.Levee Risks on Yangtze River 3.Reinforcement of levees after 1998 flood 4.Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 5.Remarks River system in China River system in China 2 2 2 Valley Area ≥50 km ≥100 km ≥1000 km >10000 km2 Number of River Name (rivers) (rivers) (rivers) (rivers) Heilong River 5110 2428 224 36 rivers with basin Liao River 1457 791 87 13 area larger than Hai River 2214 892 59 8 50km2:45203. Yellow River 4157 2061 199 17 Huai River 2483 1266 86 7 Mountain Yangtze River 10741 5276 464 45 Rivers in Zhejiang rivers: 4053. and Fujian 1301 694 53 7 province Rivers in Pearl River 3345 1685 169 12 flatlands: 4700. Out flow River 5150 2467 267 30 Internal flow River 9245 5349 613 53 Total 45203 22909 2221 228 Representative flood Basin Time Major flood factor Main risks Disaster influence Long-term rainfall caused levee breach in Wuhan 1931 Hankou downtown was flooded national flood danshuichi The middle and lower Jingjiang flood diversion Affected 123 counties and cities, reaches flood meeted with area. More than 20 2 1954 3.17 million km of farmland and Yangtze River Basin (1954) Chuan river, the whole breaches from wuxue to 18.8 million people, 33,000 deaths basin flood tongling reaches Yangtze River Whole basin flood, eight 73,825 risks, including 23 local dikes collapsed, affecting peak floods from Poyang 1,702 major risks and 2.75 million people, 130,000 km2 of 1998 lake, Dongting lake and 872 piping breaches, farmland, 345 deaths , ￥50 billion upper reaches Jiujiang city bursted direct losses regional floods in the 50 general risk, among The overwarning water stage of middle and lower reaches . Yellow River Basin (1933) 2016 them piping 30 in main dike section is 11,000 km, among High water stage and stream which2950km is the main stream long-term in main stream Heavy rain in the middle Yellow reaches caused heavy 62 breaches in the 30 counties was inundated, 12, 700 1933 River floods between hekou middle and lower reaches people and livestock deaths town and shangxi county Affected 52 counties, 8.5 million Songhua main stream flood of Nen 4 bursts in tributaries 1998 people and 4 million hm2 of river- Songhua river. and 7 overtopping risks River farmland Songhua River Basin (1988) Flood losses from 1950 to 2016 Years Flood losses from 1950 to 2016 Levees in China The total length of Standard of ≥100 100-50 50-30 30-20 20-10 flood levees：410,000km control(year) The length of over Rank of dikes 1 2 3 4 5 five rank of dikes ： 270,000km Jingjiang levee in Changjiang River Distribution of dikes Safety Influence for levee performance Inhomogeneous levee body Complicated structures of levee foundation Characteristic evolution of levee structures Cross section of levee Seepage and river erosion effect Influence of human-animal-plant activities Spatial difference Bank Collapse risk in Jiangsu province(2017) National Key R&D Program for Levees Program No.: 2017YFC1502600 Period:2018-2020 Total fund: 19.12 million RMB National Key R&D Program of China: Evolutionary mechanism of levee risk, rapid hidden denger detection and equipment for levee risk rescue. Outline 1.Introduction of Levees in China 2.Levee Risks on Yangtze River 3.Reinforcement of levees after 1998 flood 4.Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 5.Remarks Yangtze River Basin Tibetan Plateau Jingjiang dike Area：1.8 million km2 Main stream： 6397km，No.1 in China，No.3 in the world Altitude difference：over 5000m Yangtze Rive Basin Rainfall： Spatio-temporal uneven, 70%-90% from May to October Flood distribution：mainly appeared in the middle and lower reaches Levees on Yangtze River(middle-lower reaches) Main stream length of middle and lower reaches: 1893m. Total length of levees(including tributotaries):34,000km. Main stream levees: 3904km in length,consisting of 35 segments. Jingjiang dike—— a protective barrier Yichang city Wuhan city Jingjiang dike 182.35km Long live pagoda (1548) Typical cross section of levees Two layers of ground structure: Clay layer Clay(soil) layer at the surface. Huanggang levee,Hubei Fine sand layer Fine sand beneath the soil layer. Design standard： from 3-5 years in Clay layer 1950 to 20-100 years at present. Bapu levee, Hubei Fine sand layer Typical levee risks on Yangtze Rive Piping risk Bank collapse risk Contact scour risk Overtopping break risk Piping risk in Honghu,2016 Overtopping break risk in Wuhan, 2016 Seep water risk Slope sliding risk Cracking risk Leakage hold risk in Yangxin,2016 Seep water risk in Honghu, in 1998 Flood event of Yangtze River basin in 1954 Flood feature: • Hundred year flood，whole basin. • Catastrophic flood. • Exceeded warning water level in the whole middle and lower reaches. Levee risks: Levee of Wu han City in 1954 • 61 natural breaches and 13 man made breaches in the main dike. • Countless breaches of branch and local levees. • More than 5000 risks happened in the Jingjiang levee, in which there were 2400 large risks, with 1791 piping. Flood event of Yangtze River basin in 1954 Flood losses： • Influence rage: 123 cities and counties • Submerged 47.55 million acres. • Affected population: 18.88 million. • Fatalities: 33,000 persons. • Direct economic loss: more than 10 billion RMB. Breaching of Wuhan City Levee in 1954 Flood event of Yangtze River basin in 1954 Flood diversions and breaches in the middle reach of Yangtze River, 1954 Flood event of Yangtze River basin in 1998 Flood feature: Hundred year flood，whole basin. Catastrophic flood，the peak flow of 82,000m3/s. 359 km middle and lower reaches above historical high water level. Levee of Wuhan City in 1998 Levee risks: One large breach in the Jiujiang levee , Wuhan City flooded, and 1975 breaches in the influent dikes. 73,825 risks happened in the middle and lower of Yangtze Rive, in which there were 1702 large risks（872 piping risks,51.2%). Flood event of Yangtze River basin in 1998 Flood losses： Influence rage: more than 12 provinces. Submerged land: 3.58 million acres. Affected population: 100 million. Plugging with big ship Fatalities : 1800 persons. Direct economic loss: more than 150 billion RMB. Breaching of Jiujiang City Levee in 1998 Flood event of Yangtze River basin in 1998 Large risks in the middle and lower reaches in 1998 Province Piping Bank Seep Slope Leakage Culvert Sinking Other Total risk collapse water sliding hold risk risk pit risk risk risk risk risk Hubei 320 14 35 34 111 19 2 17 552 Hunan 393 23 3 155 36 21 11 81 723 Jiangxi 92 6 1 63 68 28 3 8 269 Anhui 61 7 1 18 16 6 0 6 115 Jiangsu 6 31 4 0 1 0 1 0 43 Total 872 81 44 270 232 74 17 112 1702 percenta 51.2% 4.8% 2.6% 15.9% 13.6% 4.3% 1.0% 6.6% 100% ge Piping risks with highest percentage. Flood benefits of the Three Gorge project (completion of the Three Gorge project in 2006) Reservoir of the Three Gorges: • Total storage：39.3 billion m3. • Maximum Storage level：175m. • Construction: 1994 to 2006. • Flood control：flood control storage 22.2 billion m3. • Generate electricity：installed capacity 22400 MW. • Shipping：50 million ton per year. Three Gorges Project Flood event of Yangtze River basin in 2016 Flood feature: Worst regional flood since1998. Exceeded warning water level in the 295 km from Jianli to Shanghai. Levee risks: Only few breaches in the local dikes. Piping risk in Wuhan（2016） 50 general risks happened, with 30 piping risks(51.2%),in the middle and lower of breaches. Benefits of the Three Gorge project in 2016 Combined dispatching: 30 reservoirs of upper reaches of Yangtze river, impound flood water of 22.7 billion m3 Reduced the water level of 0.2-1.3m, from Jingjiang to Wuhan. Reduced Chenglingji’s highest flood level by 1m. Reduces the warning level stage of levees by 250 km. Protected 25,000 land, and 380 thousand of population. The Three Gorges reservoir group has played a significant role in flood control in the Yangtze river basin. 2.4 Flood benefits of the Three Gorges project 66800 63600 34600 The Three Gorges Satellite map of Yangtze River 44.67 45.22 Highest safety stage Warning stage 41.37 The Three Gorges reservoir group has played a significant role in flood control in the Yangtze River basin Outline 1.Introduction of Levees in China 2.Levee Risks on Yangtze River 3.Reinforcement of levees after 1998 flood 4.Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 5.Remarks Strengthen Dikes- after the flood in 1998 C onstruction work to strengthen dikes from 1999 to 2002, with the total investment of 29.1 billion RMB, which was the 10 times of previous 50 years. 2 Recovery water area by 2900km . Seepage control construction Increased storage by 13 billion m3 The flood control standard increased to 100 years from 20years, in most of main dikes. Reinforced flood-diversion sluice of Jinjiang Strengthen Dikes- after the flood in 1998 Cutoff wall construction Bank protection works Inspection of cutoff wall Seepage control works: cutoof wall, and weighted cover combined with relief well. Bank protection works:underwater toe protection works, and slope protection works.
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