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STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM 12(I)

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STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM 12(I) August 2002 STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM 12(i) Table of Contents Section Page 12.1 SURVEY DATUM CONSIDERATIONS........................................................................... 12.1(1) 12.1.1 Purpose of Survey Datums..................................................................................... 12.1(1) 12.1.2 Vertical Control Datum.......................................................................................... 12.1(1) 12.1.3 Horizontal Control Datum ..................................................................................... 12.1(2) 12.2 LOCATION AND SURVEY METHODS ........................................................................... 12.2(1) 12.2.1 Limitations of Plane Surveying.............................................................................. 12.2(1) 12.2.1.1 Effects of the Earth’s Curvature........................................................... 12.2(1) 12.2.1.2 Relationships of Independent Surveys ................................................. 12.2(1) 12.2.2 Positioning By Latitude and Longitude ................................................................. 12.2(1) 12.2.3 Benefits of Geodetic Surveying ............................................................................. 12.2(1) 12.2.4 State Plane Coordinate Systems............................................................................. 12.2(2) 12.3 THE MONTANA STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM .......................................... 12.3(1) 12.3.1 Montana State Statute ............................................................................................ 12.3(1) 12.3.2 Geodetic Reference Datum .................................................................................... 12.3(1) 12.3.3 Lambert Conformal Projection .............................................................................. 12.3(1) 12.3.4 Projections on the State Plane Grid........................................................................ 12.3(1) 12.3.4.1 Grid Factor........................................................................................... 12.3(4) 12.3.4.2 Elevation Factor................................................................................... 12.3(4) 12.3.4.3 Combination Factor.............................................................................. 12.3(4) 12.4 GUIDELINES FOR BRIDGE DESIGN AND PLAN PREPARATION ............................ 12.4(1) 12.4.1 Survey Stationing and Plan Dimensions................................................................ 12.4(1) 12.4.2 Application of the Combination Factor.................................................................. 12.4(1) 12.4.3 Preliminary General Layout................................................................................... 12.4(1) 12.4.4 Critical Substructure Locations.............................................................................. 12.4(2) 12.4.5 Non-Critical Substructure Locations...................................................................... 12.4(2) 12.4.6 Final General Layout and Footing Plan ................................................................. 12.4(2) August 2002 STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM 12.1(1) Chapter Twelve STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM Chapter Twelve discusses the application of the 12.1 SURVEY DATUM Montana State Plane Coordinate System in CONSIDERATIONS highway and bridge projects and presents guidelines for employing this system during This Section provides the designer with a design and plan preparation. Chapter Twelve discussion of the purpose of survey datums and provides the designer with: of the vertical and horizontal control datums that are typically used by the Department. 1. a discussion of the purpose of survey datums and of the vertical and horizontal control datums that are typically used by the 12.1.1 Purpose of Survey Datums Department; A survey datum is a numeric benchmark that 2. information on location and survey methods serves as a control reference from which other that illustrates the need and benefit of measurements can be made during design, employing a state plane coordinate system in surveying and construction. A survey control highway projects; datum may be either: 3. a discussion of the fundamental elements of 1. assumed, the state plane coordinate system that is 2. given, adopted by the State of Montana and 3. measured, or employed by the Department in its program 4. otherwise determined. of projects; Highway and bridge projects typically require 4. a discussion explaining the relationship design and survey measurements to reference between the ground surface, the surface of both a vertical and horizontal datum. Their the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (i.e., purpose is to provide the necessary control to GRS 80) ellipsoid and that of the state plane accurately measure and survey project elements grid; (e.g., horizontal and vertical curves, grades, bridge decks). By referencing an accurate and 5. an explanation of why a distance between well-established datum, costly mistakes can be points on the ground differs in magnitude avoided and relationships between and from the distance between the same points connections to adjoining projects can be readily as they are projected onto the state plane established. grid; and 6. guidelines for working within the Montana 12.1.2 Vertical Control Datum State Plane Coordinate System during bridge design and plan preparation. A vertical datum is used to accurately establish and control the elevations of and between For additional information on survey datums, elements in the project. Where practical, the coordinate systems and related mathematical Department references the North American computations, the designer is referred to the Vertical Datum 1988 (i.e., NAVD 1988) for Department’s Surveying Manual. vertical control in its program of projects. When used, this vertical datum is employed consistently in both design and construction. 12.1(2) STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM August 2002 The datum reference will appear in both the field the National Geodetic Survey using very precise, notes and the plan sheets. The following are and expensive, geodetic-surveying methods. cases where other vertical datum may be utilized: When used, the Montana State Plane Coordinate System is employed consistently in both design 1. Urban Projects. Some urban projects may and construction. The project manager will require that vertical control be tied to a verify the acceptability of using another datum local, city or county datum that does not type. The datum reference and information reference NAVD 1988; however, if a local relative to the application of the state plane datum is used, the field notes and plans will coordinate system will appear in the field notes clearly state the origin of the vertical datum. and plan sheets. 2. Small, Remote Projects. As determined on a case-by-case basis, it may be necessary to utilize an assumed datum for vertical control on small, remote projects where the expense of tying the project to NAVD 1988 is not justified. The project manager will verify the acceptability of using another datum type. 12.1.3 Horizontal Control Datum A horizontal datum is used to accurately establish and control ground locations, lengths and angles of and between project elements during design, surveying and construction. Horizontal control is typically employed on a coordinate-based grid system, either assumed (e.g., local coordinate) or previously established (e.g., state plane). Such control is used in highway engineering to: 1. define positions of survey stations, 2. locate points-of-intersection, 3. define lines and curves, and 4. compute lengths and azimuths. Where practical, the Department references the Montana State Plane Coordinate System (see 70- 22-201 Montana Code Annotated). This state plane coordinate system employs the North American Datum 1983 (i.e., NAD-83) Single Zone Coordinate System. The NAD-83 system is based on computations-of-position on a precise geodetic reference ellipsoid that approximates the shape of the earth’s surface at sea level. This earth-centered ellipsoid is known as the Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (i.e., GRS 80) and is established and maintained by August 2002 STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM 12.2(1) 12.2 LOCATION AND SURVEY 12.2.1.2 Relationships of Independent METHODS Surveys This Section presents information on location Attempting to establish a relationship between and survey methods that illustrate the need and multiple plane surveys, each having been benefit of using a state plane coordinate system conducted independently on a different in highway projects. horizontal datum, is both difficult and ineffective. This limitation becomes critical when attempting to connect adjoining highway 12.2.1 Limitations of Plane Surveying projects. A conventional survey that employs plane- If made independently, plane surveys will surveying methods and uses a horizontal control reference different, non-coinciding coordinate- datum that is based on a local coordinate system grid systems. Furthermore, if the north-south is both cost-effective and relatively simple to oriented axis of each survey’s coordinate system implement. However, such a methods’s is assumed to be parallel to the true meridian limitations are substantial when employed in (i.e., longitude) at one station within the survey, highway projects as documented in the then their axes will not even be parallel due to following. the convergence of the meridians. 12.2.1.1 Effects of the Earth’s Curvature 12.2.2
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