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Geology of U Rani Urn Deposits in Triassic Rocks of the Colorado Plateau Region

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Geology of U Rani Urn Deposits in Triassic Rocks of the Colorado Plateau Region Geology of U rani urn Deposits in Triassic Rocks of the Colorado Plateau Region By W. I. FINCH CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1074-D This report concerns work done on behalf ~1 the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission -Jnd is published with the permission of ~he Commission NITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printin~ Office Washin~ton 25, D. C. CONTENTS Page Abstract---------------------------------------------------------- 125 Introduction__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 125 History of mining and production ____ ------------------------------- 127 Geologic setting___________________________________________________ 128 StratigraphY-------------------------------------------------- 129 ~oenkopiformation_______________________________________ ~29 Middle Triassic unconformity_______________________________ 131 Chinle formation__________________________________________ 131 Shinarump Inernber____________________________________ 133 ~udstone member------------------------------------- 136 ~oss Back member____________________________________ 136 Upper part of the Chinle formation______________________ 138 Wingate sandstone_________________________________________ 138 lgneousrocks_________________________________________________ 139 Structure_____________________________________________________ 139 Ore deposits_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 140 Clas~fication__________________________________________________ 140 Vanadium-uranium deposits_________________________________ 141 Copper-uranium deposits___________________________________ 141 Uranium deposits containing minor amounts of vanadium and copper_________________________________________________ 142 ~ineralogY---------------------------------------------------- 142 Principal urani urn minerals_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 142 Principal vanadium minerals________________________________ 143 Principal copper minerals___________________________________ 143 Other minerals and materials associated with the ores__________ 144 Habits of ore deposits__________________________________________ 144 Distribution of ore deposits_____________________________________ 147 ~onurnent Valley belt_------------------------------------ 148 East ·white Canyon belt____________________________________ 149 ~[oabbelt------------------------------------------------ 150 Favorableness of other areas _____________________ ----------- 152 Relation of deposits to structure and igneous rocks________________ 153 Comparison of uranium deposits in the Triassic rocks and in the ~Orrison fornlation------------------------------------------------------- 155 Origin--------------------------------------------------------~--- 157 Summary and conclusions __ ---------------------------------------- 158 Selected references_________________________________________________ 159 Index____________________________________________________________ 163 w IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate 6~ Simplified geologic map of part of the Colorado Plateau ____ In pocket 7. Views showing the nature of the Middle Triassic unconformity and typical ore-bearing channels of the Shinarump member of the Chinle formation ____________________________ Facing 132 8. Map of part of the Colorado Plateau region showing orientation of channels and distribution of altered Triassic rocks ____ In pocket 9. Typical ore-bearing and barren channels of the Shinarump member of the Chinle formation __________________ Facing 133 10. Map of part of the Colorado Plateau showing distribution of uranium deposits and belts of favorable ground__________ In pocket Figure 6. Index map of part of the Colorado Plateau_________________ 126 7. Diagrammatic sketch showing the relations of uranium depo&ts---------------------------------------------- 132 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGY OF URANIUM DEPOSITS IN TRIASSIC ROCKS OF THE COLORADO PLATEAU REGION By w. I. FINCH ABSTRACT Important uranium deposits are widely distributed in the Triassic rocks of the Colorado Plateau region. These deposits, which have been the second most important domestic source of uranium in the United States, have also yielded vanadium, copper, and radium during various periods of mining in the past 50 years. Most of the deposits in Triassic rocks are in the Shinarump and Moss Back members of the Chinle formation, but some important deposits are also in other members in the lower part of the Chinle, particularly in beds within 50 feet of the Middle Triassic unconformity. In northeastern Arizona, eastern Utah, and western Colorado three mineral belts have been outlined, each bounded by a pinchout. These belts, which contain about 20 percent of the areas underlain by the Chinle formation, are the Monument Valley belt, the east White Canyon belt, and the Moab belt. The chief unoxidized uranium minerals, uraninite and coffinite, and the oxidized uranium minerals, carnotite and tyuyamunite, impregnate the rocks, forming disseminated ores. Fossil wood replaced by these minerals and the associated iron and copper minerals constitute the high-grade ore. Most of the ore averages between 0.20 and 0.30 percent U30 8 and some ores average either between 1 and 2 percent V20o or between 1 and 2 percent Cu. The ore bodies are irregularly distributed and form uneven tabular and concretionary masses that lie essentially parallel to the bedding of channels and lenses filled with coarse clastic material. They range in content from a few tons to more than a hundred thousand tons. It is believed that in early Tertiary time ground water leached uranium and other ore metals from overlying mudstone beds or from the ore-bearing rocks themselves and redeposited the metals in favorable sedimentary and tectonic structures. INTRODUCTION About one-quarter of the uranium that has been produced in the Colorado Plateau region has come from Triassic sedimentary rocks. The U. S. Geological Survey, on behalf of the Division of Raw Ma­ terials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, has therefore made a reconnaissance geologic appraisal of the deposits in the Triassic rocks of the Colorado Plateau, particularly of those in the Shinarump and Moss Back members of the Chinle formation, in which most of the deposits occur. 125 126 CONTRmUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM The primary object of this work was to aid prospectors and mining men in finding and exploiting new deposits of uranium-bearing ores. With this object in view a study was made of the distribution and geologic relations of known deposits in the principal uranium-pro­ ducing districts of Utah, Arizona, and Colorado, all in the Colorado Plateau region (fig. 6). Previous work on the vanadium-uranium N EXPLANATION Area of map shown in plates 6, 8, and 10 6 Uranium deposit- in Wingate sandstone 0 Uranium deposit or group of deposits in the Chinle formation Uranium deposito~ group of deposits ·in the Shinarump member of the Chinle formation 50 0 lOOMiles FIGURE 6.-Index map of part of the Colorado Plateau region showing the location of area represented in plates 6, 8, and 10 and distribution of uranium deposits in Triassic rocks outside that area. URANIUM IN TRIASSIC ROCKS OF THE COLORADO PLATEAU 127 deposits in the Morrison formation of Late Jurassic age was useful in helping to determine what factors are common to all the uranium­ bearing deposits of this regiou. The deposits in the Morrison formation were studied between Sep­ tember 1949 and July 1951, and those in the Triassic rocks between July 1951 and October 1953. Although most of this work was in the nature of reconnaissance, it included the detailed mapping of selected mines, one in each of the following areas: Monument Valley, White Canyon, the Circle Cliffs, the San Rafael Swell, and Sevenmile Canyon. Credit for the results of this work must be shared with over a dozen field assistants who rendered efficient service, and with geologists of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Geological Survey who con .. tributed helpful discussion of problems relating to uranium ores. HISTORY OF MINING AND PRODUCTION Radioactive minerals on the Colorado Plateau were first discovered in the Morrison formation near Roc Creek in Montrose County, Colo., in 1898, and in the early 1900's carnotite was discovered in Triassic rocks at Temple Mountain, in the San Rafael Swell, Emery County, Utah. During the period 1920-40, while the Geological Survey was mapping a large part of eastern Utah and northeastern Arizona in connection with a general reconnaissance for oil and gas, minerals con­ taining uranium, vanadium, and copper were noted in many places throughout the region, especially near the contact between the Moen­ kopi and Chinle formations (Baker, 1933, 1935, and 1946; Dane, 1935; Gilluly, 1929; Gregory, 1938; Gregory and Moore, 1931; McKnight, 1940). Until 1948 these occurrences, except for a few copper pros­ pects, were regarded as only of academic interest. A large vanadium.. uranium deposit had been found in 1921 (Butler and Allen, 1921) in the Shinarump member of the Chinle in Monument Valley; this de­ posit was worked in 1942 in the Monument No. 2 mine, but its im­ portance was not understood until after 1948. Radioactive
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