THE SOLITARY ROAD of ENTOMOLOGIST JÇKABS CINOVSKIS (3 February 1906 – 8 September 1984) Zigrîda Èudare

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol. 66 (2012), No. 4/5 (679/680), pp. 214–217. DOI: 10.2478/v10046-012-0012-1

Science Life THE SOLITARY ROAD OF ENTOMOLOGIST JÇKABS CINOVSKIS (3 February 1906 – 8 September 1984) Zigrîda Èudare

There are people who walk a solitary road. They do not stop when tired, but gather their strength and go on, creating a road to follow. They do their work quietly as well. Such a person was the Corresponding Member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences Dr. biol. Jçkabs Cinovskis. Much has been accomplished on his road, and, what is especially important, a new original direction of scientific work has been established in Latvia. Currently the research spectrum created by Jçkabs Cinovskis is topical and acknowledged in many countries worldwide.

TIDE OF LIFE — A CHARACTERISTIC BEGINNING nary Science of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian FOR MANY LATVIAN YOUTHS AT THAT TIME Soviet Socialistic Republic (SSR).

Jçkabs Cinovskis was born in “Ciòi”, Kuldîga District, Alsunga civil parish. There he learnt not only the pungency RETURN TO RESEARCH of work, but also the joy and pride of his mother and fa- ther’s praise for his well-accomplished work. This estab- In April 1951, the Institute of Biology of the Academy of lished confidence and understanding for the rest of his life Sciences of the Latvian SSR was established (currently the that work must be done well. Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia). Jçkabs Ci- novskis started to work there as a junior research associate. J. Cinovskis studied in Alsunga Secondary School, later in Liepâja Gymnasium. He continued his studies at the Rîga For a short period he searched for his preferable field of Teachers’ Training Institute. After graduating, he moved on work, focusing on various zoology fields, even in research to study at the University of Latvia, Faculty of Mathematics of Lake Lielauce zoobenthos. Consequently, the research and Science, specialising in Zoology. direction prevailed that he had started during his studies, where the main research object was insects. During summer, in order to raise money for studies, Jçkabs Cinovskis collected folklore materials. His collection was housed by the Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art of the ESTABLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORK DIRECTIONS IN University of Latvia (before 2006 — of the Latvian Acad- LATVIA emy of Sciences). Perhaps it is this knowledge of his nation In 1953, Jçkabs Cinovskis defended his doctoral disserta- that later helped him to choose a working field that was tion “Phytophaga of the Latvian SSR” and was awarded the connected with protection of nature-friendly plants, based Candidate of Science degree in biology. During this year, he on research in insects and their pathogen cells. established the Animal Cytology Laboratory in the institute, which he headed until 1976 — during the period of his ac- CHANGES CAUSED BY THE WAR tive scientific work. In these years, he established a new research direction in Latvia — insect cytology (Cinovskis, In 1940, Jçkabs Cinovskis graduated from the University of 1955; 1956; Öèíîâñêèé, 1958a; 1958b; 1964; 1967; Öè- Latvia and remained as a member of the faculty in order to íîâñêèé è Åãèíà, 1959; 1961a; 1961b; 1961c). It was a rare continue the scientific work he had begun during his stud- and original research field not only in the Baltic States, but ies. The Second World War put an end to this, and since J. also worldwide. In recent years, persons continuing in the Cinovskis did not support violence and avoided mobilisa- field have made valuable contributions in research using cy- tion in the army, he suffered the consequences, but managed tological methods. There are not too many scientists who to survive. can reach above traditional methods and explain interaction mechanisms on the cell level. After the war and until 1947, J. Cinovskis worked in the pedagogical field, also for some time in the famous 1st During this time, J. Cinovskis published a monograph In- Gymnasium. For a short time he also worked as a junior re- sects in Latvia. Sawflies and Siricidae (Öèíîâñêèé, 1953). search associate at the Institute of Zootechnics and Veteri- In this work he described more than 400 species, their dis-

214 Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci., Section B, Vol. 66 (2012), No. 4/5. J. Cinoskis tests eggs of important antagonists, egg parasitoids Jçkabs Cinovskis, having received the Candidate of Science degree in biol- Trihogramma evanescens (1966) (from K. Jçgina’s personal archives). ogy, with Klâra Jçgina, his wife and laboratory assistant (on the left) (1953; from K. Jçgina’s personal archives). tribution, economic importance and control. Even today this research has not lost its significance.

In 1959, Jçkabs Cinovskis defended his second-level doctoral dissertation Maijvaboïu kâpuru iekûòoðanâs bi- oloìiskie pamati [Biologic backgrounds of the cockchafer grub pupation] and was awarded a Doctoral degree in biology. While working with the dissertation theme, he discov- ered a new cell group — secondary apical cells, which are important in the development of gametal cells. Jçkabs Cinovskis in the 1970s (from K. Jçgina’s In the late 1950s, J. Cinovskis lead the foundation for appli- personal archives). cation of biological plant protection in Latvia, in the study of egg parasite trichogram application for apple and leaf plant pests and their control in various farms. He has pub- roller, and forest pest control (Cinovskis et al., 1966; lished countless popular publications in various newspapers Cinovskis un Stare, 1975). In 1965, he started investigation and magazines. of entomopathogens — fungus, bacterium, baculovirus, and ticks of prey (Åãèíà è äð., 1972; Cinovskis u.c., 1974; He greatly contributed to the development of biology and Åãèíà è äð. 1976; 1977; Öèíîâñêèé è äð., 1977). Based on the training of new specialists. During his life, he wrote his suggestion, the Horticultural Station of Ogre established more than 200 scientific publications. He was the editor of a laboratory for trichogram multiplication. A survey of agri- several publications, including Fauna of Latvia USSR in cultural crops was performed to investigate the damage four volumes. caused by pathogens.

The work of Jçkabs Cinovskis was highly appreciated. In RESULTS OF DETERMINED WORK 1966, he was elected as a corresponding member of the Jçkabs Cinovskis was one of the leading zoologists in Lat- Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR. Over the years via, a person with admirable sense of responsibility. He felt the scientist’s health worsened, and from 1976 until his re- responsible for the laboratory as a whole, as well as for each tirement in 1982, he worked as a senior scientific associate worker individually. His assistance as a dissertation super- — adviser. visor was greatly appreciated. He was not afraid of practical Jçkabs Cinovskis was a realist, who all his life maintained a work, taking part in experiments; he was co-author only in close connection to the countryside. His scientific work was publications in which he invested his share of the work. connected to herb pest control. His research was a combi- nation of ecological and biological research, as well as of There are only a few countries in the world where the basis interaction processes on the cell level. The fundamental re- of plant protection is research of interaction processes on search consequently could be applied in practice. the cell level. It was exactly this feature that ensured the va- lidity and originality of the work performed by scientists in Jçkabs Cinovskis deserves merit for educating agricultural Latvia. Jçkabs Cinovskis was notable for his originality of workers. During several years (1957–1966), he organised scientific approach and ability to understand observation on visiting sessions, where he informed local specialists about a deeper and wider level.

Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci., Section B, Vol. 66 (2012), No. 4/5. 215 ids before pupation]. Òðóäû Èíñòèòóòà áèîëîãèè Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ, Ò. 5, 5–41 (in Russian). Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï. (1964) Çàêîíîìåðíîñòè â ðàçâèòèè ãîíàä ùåëêóíîâ è èõ èçìåíåíèÿ ïîä âëèÿíèåì ïåñòèöèäîâ [Regularities in the development of gonadal cells of the click-beetle and their changes under the in- fluence of pesticides]. Òðóäû Èíñòèòóòà áèîëîãèè Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ (Ôàóíà Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé), Ò. 4, 3–21 (in Russian). Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï. (1967) Õðóùè è áîðüáà ñ íèìè [Click-beetle and their control]. Çîîëîãè÷åñêèé æóðíàë, ¹ 12, 29–34 (in Russian). Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï., Åãèíà Ê. ß. (1959). Öèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ â ïðîöåññå ðàçâèòèÿ ãîíàä ùåëêóíîâ (Selatosomus aeneus L., Lacon murinus L.) [Citological changes in the process of development of gonadal cells of click- beetle (Selatosomus aeneus L., Lacon murinus L.)]. Òðóäû Èíñòèòóòà áèîëîãèè Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ,Ò.12, 5–17 (in Russian). Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï., Åãèíà Ê. ß. (1961a). Ýêîëîãèÿ ùåëêóíîâ (Selatosomus aeneus L., Agriotes obscurus L., A. lineatus L., Limonius aeruginosus L.) Jçkabs Cinovskis on his 75th anniversary (in 1981) and Klâra Jçgina (from [Ecology of the click-beetle]. Òðóäû Èíñòèòóòà áèîëîãèè Àêàäåìèè K. Jçgina’s personal archives). íàóê Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ, Ò. 20, 7–32. (in Russian). Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï., Åãèíà Ê. ß. (1961b). Îïðåäåëåíèå âîçðàñòà è Agriotes Years are passing by, but the contribution remains. Interest- óñòàíîâëåíèå ïðîãíîçà îêóêëèâàíèÿ ëè÷èíîê ùåëêóíîâ ( obscurus L., Selatosomus aeneus L.) [Determination of age and prognos- ingly — the widely available present-day information only tication of click-beetle (Agriotes obscurus L., Selatosomus aeneus L.) raises the importance of Jçkabs Cinovskis’ contribution. larvae pupation]. Â êí.: Ôàóíà Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ, Ò. 3 (ñ. 33–59). Ðèãà: Èçä-âî Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ (in Russian). Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï., Åãèíà Ê. ß. (1961ñ) Áîðüáà ñ ëè÷èíêàìè ùåëêóíîâ — REFERENCES âðåäèòåëÿìè êóêóðóçû [Fighting click-beetle larvae — pests of the maize]. Ôàóíà Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ, Ò. 3 (c. 61–77). Ðèãà: Èçä-âî Cinovskis, J. (1955). Materiâli par maijvaboïu ekoloìiju un to apkaroðanu Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ (in Russian). Latvijas PSR [Materials on cockchafer ecology and their abatement in Lat- vian SSR]. Latvijas PSR Zinâtòu Akadçmijas Vçstis, Nr. 3, 87–98 (in Lat- Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï., ×óäàðå Ç. Ï., Êàóöèñ À. (1970). Èîíèçèðóþùåå vian). èçëó÷åíèå ïðîòèâ ìàéñêèõ æóêîâ [Ionization radiation against cockchafers]. Ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî, ¹ 4, 72–73 (in Russian). Cinovskis, J. (1956). Jauna metode maijvaboïu kâpuru iekûòoðanâs prognozes uzstâdîðanai [A new method of prognostication on cockchafer Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï., Åãèíà Ê. ß. (1966). Äåéñòâèå è ðàñïàä àïèêàëüíûõ grub pupation]. Latvijas PSR Zinâtòu Akadçmijas Vçstis, Nr. 4, 61–66 (in êëåòîê ùåëêóíîâ [Function and necrosis of apical cells of the click bee- Latvian). tle]. Èçâåñòèÿ Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ, ¹ 6 (in Russian). Åãèíà Ê. ß., Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï., ×óäàðå Ç. Ï. (1972). Ðîñò è ðàçâèòèå Cinovskis, J., Cibuïska, A., Ðilova, M. (1966). Kartupeïu lapgrauzis jeb ýíòîìîïàòîãåííîãî ãðèáà Entomophothra thaxteriana Petch íà Kolorado vabole [Potato Beetle or Colorado Potato Beetle]. Rîga: Zinâtne. ðàçëè÷íûõ ïèòàòåëüíûõ ñðåäàõ [Growing and development of ento- 47 lpp. (in Latvian). mophtohral fungi Entomophothra thaxteriana Petch on various medi- Cinovskis, J., Èudare, Z., Jçgina, K., Petrova, V., Strazdiòa, A. (1974). Sçnes ums]. Â êí.: Ïàòîëîãèÿ íàñåêîìûõ (c. 57–71). Ðèãà: Çèíàòíå (in Entomophothra thaxteriana Petch izmantoðana âbeïu laputu apkaroðanâ. Russian). [Entomophthoral fungi Entomophothra thaxteriana Petch in pest control of Åãèíà Ê. ß., Ïåòðîâà Â. È., Ïåòðîâ Â. Ì., Ñòðàçäûíÿ À. À., Öèíîâñêèé the aphid apple]. Latvijas PSR Zinâtòu Akadçmijas Vçstis, Nr. 7, 33–36. ß. Ï., ×óäàðå Ç. Ï., ßêøåâèö Ì. Ð. (1976). Ýíòîìîôòîðîâûå ãðèáû â áîðüáå ñ âðåäèòåëÿìè ðàñòåíèé [Entomophthoral fungi in pest control]. Cinovskis, J., Stare, A. (1975) Trihogramma cîòâ pret augu kaitçkïiem Â êí.: Õèìèÿ è áèîëîãèÿ ñåëüñêîìó õîçÿéñòâó (c. 76–78). Ðèãà: [Biocontrol of the Trichogramma]. Rîga: Zinâtne. 41 lpp. (in Latvian). Çèíàòíå (in Russian). Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï. (1953). Hacekoìûå Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ. Ðîãîõâîñòû è Åãèíà Ê. ß., ×óäàðå Ç. Ï., Ñòðàçäèíÿ À. À., Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï., ßêøåâèö ïèëèëüùèêè [Insects on Latvian SSR. Sawflies and Siricidae]. Ðèãà: Ì. Ð. (1977). Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ýíòîìîôòîðîâûõ ãðèáîâ â áîðüáå ñ Èçä-âî Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ. 70 c. (in Russian). òëÿìè è ïàóòèííûìè êëåùàìè [Effect of entomophthoral fungi in pest control of aphids and mite]. Â êí.: Ýíòîìîïàòîãåííûå ìèêðî- Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï. (1958a). Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå îñíîâû óñòàíîâëåíèÿ îðãàíèçìè âðåäèòåëåé ðàñòåíèé (c. 52–71). Ðèãà: Çèíàòíå (in Rus- ïðîãíîçà îêóêëèâàíèÿ ëè÷èíîê ìàéñêèõ æóêîâ [Biological sian). backgrounds for prognostication on cockchafer grub pupation]. Ðèãà: Èçä-âî Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ. 337 c. (in Russian). Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï., Åãèíà Ê. ß., ×óäàðå Ç. Ï., Ñòðàçäèíÿ À. À., ßêøåâèö Ì. Ð. (1977). Ýíòîìîôòîðîçû òëåé â Ëàòâèéñêîé ÑÑÐ [Ento- Öèíîâñêèé ß. Ï. (1958b). Öèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ â ïîëîâûõ mophthorous epizootics in the Latvian SSR]. Â êí.: Ýíòîìîïàòî- æåëåçàõ ëè÷èíîê ïëàñòèí÷àòîóñûõ æóêîâ êàê ïîêàçàòåëè ãîòîâíîñòè ê ãåííûå ìèêðîîðãàíèçìè âðåäèòåëåé ðàñòåíèé (c. 5–13). Ðèãà: îêóêëèâàíèþ [Citological changes in the sexual gland of larva scarabae- Çèíàòíå (in Russian).

216 Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci., Section B, Vol. 66 (2012), No. 4/5. SAVRUPÂ CEÏA GÂJÇJS ENTOMOLOGS JÇKABS CINOVSKIS (03.02.1906–08.09.1984) Latvijas ZA korespondçtâjloceklis, bioloìijas zinâtòu doktors, zoologs Jçkabs Cinovskis strâdâja LU (toreiz Latvijas PSR Zinâtòu akadçmijas) Bioloìijas institûtâ kopð tâ dibinâðanas lîdz pat aizieðanai pensijâ (1951–1976). Jçkabs Cinovskis Latvijâ iedibinâja divus nozîmîgus pçtniecîbas virzienus — kukaiòu citoloìiju un augu bioloìiskâs aizsardzîbas metoþu izstrâdi. Viòa vadîtâs Dzîvnieku citoloìijas laboratorijas kolektîva veikto darbu pamatâ bija limitçjamo (augu kaitçkïu) un ekspluatçjamo (entomofâgi, entomopatogçni) mijiedarbîbas procesu izpçte populâciju, indivîdu un ðûnu lîmenî. Tâdçjâdi J. Cinovskis savâ zinâtniskajâ darbâ pielietoja tajâ laikâ reti izmantotu paòçmienu — daudzpusîgu pçtniecîbu, lietojot citoloìiskâs un citoíîmiskâs metodes, lai izstrâdâtu videi draudzîgus augu aizsardzîbas lîdzekïus. Izcilais zinâtnieks bija viens no vadoðajiem Latvijas zoologiem, kura vârdu pazina ârpus Latvijas. Viòð izcçlâs ar lielu strâdâtgribu un strâdâtspçju, godprâtîbu, atbildîbu un, pats galvenais, pçtîjumu oriìinalitâti.

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