The Flowering of American Art Pottery

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Earth into Art The FLowering of American Art Pottery

OBJECT GUIDE I. 1876 CENTENNIAL InTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION

In the late nineteenth century, American-made art pottery was internationally recognized for its innovation, quality, and beauty. The story of this distinctly American artistic achievement began with the 1876 Centennial International Exhibition in Philadelphia, which celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Mary Louise McLaughlin (1847–1939) and Maria Longworth Nichols (1849–1932)—accomplished china painters in Cincinnati who would become central figures in establishing the American Art Pottery industry—exhibited in the Women’s Pavilion, but it was what they saw in other buildings that would propel their careers forward in unimagined ways. European and Asian firms exhibited superior examples of porcelain and earthenware that captivated fairgoers. Meanwhile, Horticulture Hall, with its displays of exotic and native plants, riveted attention on gardening. Skillfully rendered botanicals would be important subjects in decorating American Art Pottery.

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“Japanese Pottery” and Visitors Guide to the “Haviland Faience,” 1876 Centennial Exhibition Published Harper’s Weekly, Philadelphia, 1876 November 25, 1876 Publisher: J.B. Lippincott Newsprint from wood engraving & Co., Philadelphia Engraver: Delorme & Co., (323) active 1870s Photographer: Centennial Photographic Co., 1876–90 (18005) 4) Amateur-decorated porcelain From 1892 to 1896, Knowles (KT&K) II. CHINA PAINTING produced fine porcelain in the style of Back: Ireland’s Belleek but named Lotus Ware to allude to well-regarded Asian works. At the Centennial International Exhibition, the exhibits of Dessert plate, 1903 Consumers were provided the option of painted porcelain from Limoges, France, were a sensation. Painted glazed porcelain purchasing a blank vase they could finish Porcelain—referred to as china after the fine imported Haviland & Company, themselves (left) or one (right) intricately ceramics from Asia—had been in production for more Limoges, France, decorated by the company’s artists. than a century in Limoges. Americans, both amateur 1842–1931 and professional, enthusiastically took up the decoration Decorator: Eleanor Ferguson McKean, Left to right: of imported porcelain. To support the interest in china 1882–1959 painting, decorative art societies and schools began to offer Marks: Haviland / France / Painted glazed porcelain instruction throughout the country. For women, china E. Ferguson 11/2 ‘03 Decorator: Eleanor Mary Louise painting was both an enjoyable pastime and a respectable (2018-018:01) Ferguson McKean, McLaughlin 1882–1959 Photo courtesy of Tom White, way of contributing to household income. In 1877, Mary Cincinnati. Louise McLaughlin published the influential China Painting: Front row, left to right: Marks: E. F. M. / ‘06. / A Practical Manual for the Use of Amateurs in the Decoration [crown] / of Hard Porcelain. To promote women’s work in the industry, she organized the Sauce boat, c. 1890 K. T. K. Co. / [crescent Painted glazed porcelain moon, star] / LOTUS WARE / … Cincinnati Pottery Club in 1879. Maria Longworth Nichols (later Storer), a Maker unknown, Limoges, France (PO-035-71) member of a prominent Cincinnati family, decided not to join the club but to Decorator: A. L. Kelley form her own pottery. Marks: A. L. Kelley. / FRANCE / Glazed porcelain LIMOGES Marked: [crown] / K. T. K. Co. / Journalist and arts patron George Ward 2) Clockwise from back left: Gift of Gladys C. Trismen [crescent moon, star] / Nichols was married to Maria Longworth (PO-104-81) LOTUS WARE / … 2 Nichols, who founded Rookwood Pottery. 3 China Painting: A Practical Manual for the (PO-035-75) She made the book’s illustrations, basing Use of Amateurs in the Decoration of Hard Pin tray, c. 1910 them on published Japanese drawings. Porcelain, 1877 Painted glazed porcelain 6) Footed bowl, c. 1890 Author: Mary Louise McLaughlin, Tressemanes & Vogt, Limoges France, Painted glazed porcelain 3) Back to front: 1847–1939 1880s–1907 Tressemanes & Vogt, Publisher: Robert Clarke & Co., Marks: T & V / Limoges / France Limoges France, Soup tureen, c. 1890 Cincinnati Gift of Gladys C. Trismen 1880s–1907 Glazed porcelain (3455) (PO-103-81) Unknown amateur decorator, Haviland & Company, American Limoges, France, McLaughlin’s popular 1877 book was Tressemanes & Vogt of Limoges, France, Marks, bowl: T & V / LIMOGES / 1842–1931 followed by ten editions. produced white porcelain blanks for export FRANCE / DEPOSE Marks: H & Co. / L / FRANCE as well as professionally painted porcelain. Marks, stand: T & V / LIMOGES / (18004) Flower Painting for Beginners, 1884 The china craze even spread to the FRANCE Author: Ethel Nisbet, White House, where President Benjamin Gift of Frank McKean This tureen is a glazed “blank” for a active 1882–1916 Harrison’s dinner service was commissioned (PO-008-65:2A,B) decorator to embellish using paint kits. Publisher: Blackie & Son, London from T&V in 1891. After painting, it would be refired at a (3687) 7) Pitcher, c. 1890 low temperature. 5) Vases, c. 1895 Painted glazed porcelain Pottery: How It is Made, Its Shape and Shape No. 500, Parmian Probably Tressemanes & Vogt, Limoges Trade card, c. 1893 Decoration, 1878 Lotus Ware France, 1880s–1907 Haviland & Company, Limoges, Author: George Ward Nichols, Knowles, Taylor & Knowles Company, Unknown amateur decorator, France, 1842–1931 1831–85 East Liverpool, Ohio, 1854–1931 American Printed paper Publisher: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, Gift of Frank McKean Printer unknown, American New York (PO-008-65:1) (3456) (18003)

Earth into Art THE FLOWERING OF AMERICAN ART POTTERY III. BARBOTINE POTTERY: 10) Pilgrim vases, 1880 Vase, c. 1879 Glazed earthenware Glazed earthenware “CINCINNATI LIMOGES” McMicken School of Drawing Cincinnati Pottery Club, 1879–93 and Design, Cincinnati, 1869–87 Decorator: Laura A. Fry, 1857–1943 Haviland & Company in Limoges, France, exhibited a John P. Rettig, 1858–1932 and Maker: Frederick Dallas Hamilton new earthenware line it called barbotine at the Centennial Albert Robert Valentien, 1862-1925, Road Pottery, Cincinnati, 1861–82 International Exhibition. Each piece was hand decorated instructors Marks: Cincinnati / Pottery / Club / with colored liquified clay (called “slip”) by artists who Maker: P. L. Coultry & Company, [conjoined LAF] combined the bold brushstrokes of the Impressionists with Cincinnati, 1874–82 (PO-116-81) the asymmetrical compositions of Japanese art. Unlike Gift of Herbert O. and china painting, these objects were decorated before glazing. Susan C. Robinson The Cincinnati Pottery Club, the first Maria Longworth Mary Louise McLaughlin developed and improved on women’s ceramic club in the United States, Nichols the technique for the American market. McLaughlin’s Left to right: first met at the Women’s Art Museum innovations, appropriated by others, became known as Association and experimented out “Cincinnati Limoges.” Examples of McLaughlin’s underglazed faience received Decorator: J.M.W. of the Frederick Dallas Hamilton Road an honorable mention at the 1878 Exposition Universelle in Paris. McLaughlin Marks, base: R-V / Pottery. By 1882, it moved into its own and Maria Longworth Nichols had been experimenting out of the same 1880 section at Rookwood Pottery. Fry, an commercial pottery. By 1879, Nichols, was successfully creating art pottery Signed, front: J.M.W. early member, later became a decorator at using McLaughlin’s underglaze technique. Disappointed in the support offered (PO-077-93) Rookwood. to art pottery decorators by the commercial potteries, she founded Rookwood in 1880, naming it after her family estate. It would become one the largest and Decorator: probably Mary Williams 12) Left to right: arguably the most famous of America’s art potteries. Cowan, 1857–1945 Marks, base: R-V / 1880 Pilgrim vase, c. 1881 Signed, front: M.W.C. Glazed earthenware 8) Pair of tiles, c. 1877–79 9) Two vases, c. 1881 (PO-129-86) T. J. Wheatley & Company, 4 Apple Blossom Glazed earthenware Cincinnati, 1880–82 5 Glazed yellow clay T. J. Wheatley & Company, To promote Cincinnati as a center for Marks: T. J. W. & Co. / Pat Sep 28 / 1880 Probably P. L. Coultry Cincinnati, 1880–82 art and industry, Charles McMicken Gift of Herbert O. and and Company, Marks: TJW&Co / Pat Sep 28 / 1880 (1783–1858) donated about one million Susan C. Robinson Cincinnati, 1874–82 Gift of Herbert O. and dollars to form this school, later the Art (PO-270-89) Decorator: possibly Mary Louise Susan C. Robinson Academy of Cincinnati. McLaughlin, 1847–1939 (PO-126-86 and PO-127-86) Pilgram vase, c. 1881 (2018-010:1, 2) 11) Back to front: Glazed earthenware Thomas J. Wheatley was celebrated for his T. J. Wheatley & Company, McLaughlin honed the formula for her masterful use of Cincinnati’s native yellow Vase, 1879 Cincinnati, 1880–82 underglaze technique at P. L. Coultry clay in creating barbotine pottery. Wheatley Glazed yellow clay Marks: T. J. W. & Co. / Pat Sep 28 / 1880 and Company. While there Patrick L. claimed Mary Louise McLaughlin’s P. L. Coultry and (PO-001-72) Coultry (1853–1913), artist Thomas J. underglaze technique as his own, but the Company, Cincinnati, Wheatley (1853–1917), art instructors patent he was granted was unenforceable 1874–82 13) Vase, c. 1880–82 John P. Rettig (1858–1932) and Albert because the method was in such wide use. Decorator: Thomas J. Glazed white clay Robert Valentien (1862–1925), and Wheatley, 1853–1917 T. J. Wheatley & others copied her experiments. These Marks: T.J. Wheatley / Company, Cincinnati, unmarked tiles are likely the work of Cincinnati / 1879 / [cross in arch] / 1880–82 McLaughlin or one of the small group of [clover] (PO-090-94) imitators at Coultry. (PO-005-70) French barbotine was often decorated This Paris street scene likely paid with life-like applied decoration. Thomas homage to Haviland & Company’s J. Wheatley was one of the few potters to studio in Auteuil, a Paris suburb, that revive the relief pottery associated with produced Limoges faience. French potter Bernard Palissy (c. 1509–90).

Earth into Art THE FLOWERING OF AMERICAN ART POTTERY 14) Vase, 1882 16) Plaque, 1881 All works are from Rookwood Pottery, Back row, left to right: Shape No. 97, English Glazed clay Cincinnati, 1880–1967. model Rookwood Pottery, Glazed sage green clay Glazed clay Cincinnati, 1880–1967 19) Clockwise from back left: Decorator: Probably Harriet Rookwood Pottery, Decorator: Albert Robert Valentien, Wenderoth, active 1881–87 Cincinnati, 1880–1967 1862–1925 Claret jug, 1885 Marks: ROOKWOOD / S / Decorator: Cora Crofton, Marks: ROOKWOOD / Moth 1884 / 61 1865–1902 POTTERY. / Cin. O. / A.R.V. / 81. Shape No. 101 C (2018-010:4) Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1882 / CC (PO-003-70) Glazed red clay (PO-052-68) Decorator: Matthew A. Daly, Glazed red clay 17) Vase, 1882 1860–1937 Decorator: William 15) Pitcher, 1882 Glazed clay Marks: 101C / Purcell McDonald, Shape No. 152 Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, ROOKWOOD / 1885 / R / M 1863–1931 Glazed clay 1880–1967 A.D Marks: ROOKWOOD / Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, Decorator: Albert Humphreys, (PO-138-86) 1883 / R / 61 / [kiln 1880–1967 1864–1926 mark] / WPMcD Decorator: E. Wallace Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1882 / AH Vase, 1896 (2018-010:3) Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1882 / Gift of Herbert O. and Bee E. Wallace Susan C. Robinson Glazed clay Front row, left to right: Gift of Herbert O. and (PO-142-86) Decorator: Maria Longworth Susan C. Robinson Nichols [Storer], 1849–1932 Glazed sage green clay (PO-251-89) 18) Flat vase, 1883 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Decorator: Harriet Wenderoth, Shape No. 125 by 9 flames] / MLS / ‘96 active 1881–87 Washed and refined, the native clay of Glazed ginger clay (PO-003-92) Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1883 / the Ohio River Valley was smooth and Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, S 61 / [kiln mark] / H.W. 6 easily pressed into molds. With limited 1880–1967 Vase, 1895 (2018-010:5) 7 use of expensive imported materials, the Decorator: Albert Robert Valentien, Tadpoles typically yellow clay could be made white 1862–1925 Glazed white clay Glazed white clay for broader applications in art pottery. Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1883 / Probably Rookwood Pottery, Decorator: Harriet Wenderoth, Red and blue clays, also native to Ohio, 125 / G / ARV Cincinnati, 1880–1967 active 1881–87 expanded the spectrum of body colors (PO-053-68) Decorator: Maria Longworth Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1883 / available for “Cincinnati Limoges.” Nichols [Storer], 1849–1932 W 61 / [kiln mark] / H.W. Marks: M.L.S. / 1895 / (PO-070-93) [encircled W] / [Japanese kanji] IV. ROOKWOOD AND THE (PO-004-92) 21) Back: EXOTIC: ORIENTAL SOURCES 20) Four jugs, 1883–84 Pilgrim flask, 1884 Shape No. 61 Shape No. 85 The asymmetrical composition and flora and fauna depicted in imported Asian art Glazed ginger clay fascinated painters and designers in the second half of the nineteenth century. The These vases of the same shape have been Decorator: Edward Pope Japanese displays at the 1876 Centennial International Exhibition were among the most created with different clays. Ohio yellow Cranch, 1809–92 celebrated at the fair. At Rookwood, artists created designs based on Asian ceramics, and blue clays could be mixed to make Marks: ROOKWOOD / woodblock prints, ink drawings, metalwork, and netsuke. Decoration included non- a sage green. White clay included some 1884 /G / 85 / CRANCH Western plants such as bamboo and unusual creatures like bats and spiders that were imported materials like kaolin, the clay (PO-046-66) common in Asian art. By 1883, Nichols had hired William Watts Taylor (1846–1913) to used for porcelain. The varied decoration run the company while she focused on experimentation with incised decoration and demonstrates each artist’s originality. new glazes. Nichols, widowed in 1885, married Bellamy Storer (1847–1922) in 1886. Though her day-to-day involvement decreased, she was keenly interested in expanding Rookwood’s line of offerings in the Japanese style. In 1887, she hired Japanese artist Kataro Shirayamadani (1865–1948), one of the firm’s finest decorators.

Earth into Art THE FLOWERING OF AMERICAN ART POTTERY Front row, left to right: V. ROOKWOOD AND REALISM: Tea jar, 1883 Flat jug, 1883 Shape No. 97, English model BOTANICAL STUDIES Shape No. 60 Glazed sage green clay Even while Japanese art cast a spell over Western artists, floral designs were the most Dragonfly Decorator: Matthew A. Daly, common subject matter for Rookwood Pottery. The firm and its artists were compelled Glazed ginger clay 1860–1937 to respond to the fervor for nature in the second half of the nineteenth century. Decorator: Nicholas Joseph Marks: M A.D / ROOKWOOD / Resources were newly available to help artists create accurate renderings. Horticulture Hirschfeld, 1860–1927 [kiln mark] / 1883 / and botany had become serious areas of study as international trade of plants exploded Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1883 / [anchor mark] / 97 / S with the era’s colonial expansion. Botanists had been busy for decades observing and G / 60 / [conjoined NJH] / M / (PO-034-65:A–C) recording species. Advances in photography also allowed for precise recordings of plants [kiln mark / anchor] and flowers in various stages of growth and development. These botanical subjects were (PO-012-68) 23) Pitcher, 1883 featured on Rookwood’s objects using what became known as the Standard glaze, Shape No. 158 which changes from brown, red, and yellow in subtle, harmonious gradations. Flat jug, 1883 Glazed red clay Shape No. 60 Decorator: Albert All works are from Rookwood Pottery, Pitcher, 1891 Glazed red clay Robert Valentien, Cincinnati, 1880–1967, unless otherwise Daylily (Hemerocallis Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1883 / 1862–1925 noted. lilioasphodelus) R 60 / [kiln mark] Marks: ROOKWOOD / A.R.V. / Shape No. 567 Gift of Herbert O. and 1883 / 158 25) Left to right: Glazed white clay Susan C. Robinson (PO-049-66) Decorator: Matthew A. Daly, (PO-015-88) Vase, 1889 1860–1937 24) French crushed vases, 1882 Rose (Rosa canina) Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted 22) Left to right: Shape No. 102, Nancy ware model Shape No. 412 by 5 flames] / 567 / W / [MAD. /L] Glazed clay Glazed red clay (PO-021-66) Cuspidor, 1883 Gifts of Herbert O. and 8 Shape designer: William 9 Glazed clay Susan C. Robinson Aukland, 1840–88 Syrup, 1893 Decorator: Nicholas Marks: [conjoined RP Species rose (Rosa spp.) Joseph Hirschfeld, Left to right: surmounted by 3 flames] / 412 / R Shape No. 239 1860–1927 (PO-015-68) Glazed white clay Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1883 / Decorator: possibly Maria Camacho, Decorator: Josephine Ella Zettel, [conjoined NJH] / [kiln mark] 1833–1920 Coffee pot, 1890 1874–1954 (PO-007-66) Marks: ROOKWOOD / 1882 Daffodil (Narcissus spp.) Shape designer: William Watts Taylor, Marks, side: M.H.C. Shape No. 555, from three-piece set 1846–1913 Vase, 1885 (PO-087-94) Glazed white clay Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Shape No. 47 B Decorator: Sarah Alice Toohey, by 7 flames] / • / 239 / W / L / Glazed red clay Decorator: Maria 1872–1941 [conjoined JEZ] Shape designer: William Auckland, Longworth Nichols Shape designer: John Jacob Menzel, Gift of Herbert O. and 1840–88 [Storer], 1849–1932 1861–1911 Susan C. Robinson Marks: 47 B / ROOKWOOD / Marks: ROOKWOOD / Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted (PO-040-90) 1885 / R 1882 / 102 / M.L.N. by 4 flames] / 555 / W / Ewer, 1891 (PO-034-80) (PO-017-68) [conjoined ST] [/L] Rose (Rosa canina) Gift of Herbert O. and Shape No. 468 B The barbotine pottery of Emile Gallé Susan C. Robinson (1846–1904), a French designer mostly Glazed white clay (PO-250-89: A, B) Decorator: Anna Marie associated with Art Nouveau glass, was greatly admired at Rookwood. Gallé’s Bookprinter [Valentien], 1862–1947 pottery shapes were outright copied and Shape designer: William Watts Taylor, named Nancy ware after the city of his 1846–1913 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted studio. by 5 flames] / 468B / W / [amv /L] (PO-039-65)

Earth into Art THE FLOWERING OF AMERICAN ART POTTERY 26) Back row, left to right: Vase, 1895 Front row, left to right: Cream pitcher, 1898 Goldenrod (Solidago altissim) Red clover (Trifolium pretense) Vase, 1892 Shape No. 583 D Ewer, 1891 Shape No. 692, from 3-piece tea set Carnation (Dianthus Glazed clay Carnation (Dianthus Glazed clay caryophyllus) Decorator: Amelia Browne Sprague, caryophyllus) Decorator: Edward George Diers, Shape No. 640 1870–1951 Shape No. 537 E 1870–1947 Glazed white clay, silver Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Glazed white clay Shape designer: John Jacob Menzel, Decorator: Sara Alice by 9 flames] / 583D / [conjoined Decorator: Amelia 1861–1911 Toohey, 1872–1941 ABS.] Browne Sprague, 1870–1951 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Shape designer: Pitts Gift of Charlotte King Shape designer: Henry Yelland, by 12 flames] / 692 / [conjoined Harrison Burt, 1837–1906 (PO-070-87) 1840–1905 E.D.] Silver maker: Gorham Manufacturing Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Gift of Herbert O. and Company, Providence, Rhode Island, Pitcher, 1891 by 5 flames] / 537E / W / Susan C. Robinson 1831–present Daisy (Bellis perennis) [conjoined ABS] [•/L] (PO-027-86) Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by Shape No. 450 Gift of Herbert O. and 6 flames] / 640 / W / [conjoined ST] Glazed white clay Susan C. Robinson Vase, 1894 Marks, silver: GORHAM MFG. Decorator: Kataro (PO-042-90) Carnation (Dianthus CO. / R 491 Shirayamadani, caryophyllus) (PO-010-67) 1865–1948 Inkstand, 1898 Shape No. 612 D, Marks: [conjoined Red clover (Trifolium pretense) Glass model Gorham developed its silver deposit RP surmounted by 5 Shape No. 586 C Glazed white clay overlay before the 1893 World’s flames] / 450 / W Glazed clay Decorator: Harriette Rosemary Columbian Exposition. A thin layer Marks, side: [Japanese kanji for Decorator, base: Rose Fechheimer, Strafer, 1873–1935 of silver was electrically deposited over Kataro Shirayamadani] 1874–1961 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted

10 the surface, then cut away to expose (PO-021-68) Decorator, lid: Elizabeth Neave by 8 flames] / 612D / W / 11 Rookwood’s glazed pottery below. Lincoln [Lingenfelter], 1876–1957 H.R.S. / L Awarded a gold medal, these vases Vase, 1889 Shape designer: Pitts Harrison Burt, (PO-007-82) remained a joint venture between Red clover (Trifolium pretense) 1837–1906 Rookwood and Gorham for another Shape No. 346 B, Mexican model Marks, base: [conjoined RP Vase, 1891 fifteen years. Glazed sage green clay surmounted by 12 flames] / 586 / Cherry (Prunus spp.) Decorator: Kataro Shirayamadani, C / R.F. Shape No. 162 Vase, 1892 1865–1948 Marks, lid: LNL Glazed white clay Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Gift of Herbert O. and Decorator: Amelia Browne Sprague, Shape No. 534 C, Japanese model by 3 flames] / 346B / S / Susan C. Robinson 1870–1951 Glazed white clay [Japanese kanji for Kataro (PO-108-86:A, B) Shape designer: William Aukland, Decorator: Mary Louella Perkins, Shirayamadani] / L 1840–88 1868–1958 Gift of Harry C. Sigman Vase, 1894 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted (2014-016:72) Apple blossom (Malus spp.) by 5 flames] / 162 / W / by 6 flames] / 534C / W / Shape No. 462 D [conjoined ABS] [:/L] [conjoined MLP] [/L] Vase, 1898 Glazed white clay (PO-018-66) Gift of Herbert O. and Yulan magnolia Decorator: Caroline Susan C. Robinson (Magnolia denudata) Francis Steinle, 1870–1944 (PO-014-88) Shape No. 815 Shape designer: William Watts Glazed clay Taylor, 1846–1913 Decorator: Harriet Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Elizabeth Wilcox, 1869–1943 by 8 flames] / 462D / W / C.F. S. Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Gift of Herbert O. and by 12 flames] / 815 / H.E.W. Susan C. Robinson (PO-013-68) (PO-028-86)

Earth into Art THE FLOWERING OF AMERICAN ART POTTERY 27) Left to right: Front row, left to right: VI. ROOKWOOD AND REALISM:

Vase, 1892 Ewer, 1891 NATIVE SOURCES Cherry (Prunus spp.) Apple blossom (Malus American art potters embraced the use of local themes and materials, one of the most Shape No. 653 pumila) basic principles of the Arts and Crafts movement. The remarkable Native American Glazed white clay Shape No. 433 C portrait pieces produced by Rookwood are among the best examples. The portraits Decorator: Artus Van Glazed white clay were based upon photographs from government surveys that documented tribal leaders Briggle, 1869–1904 Shape designer: William from across the country. Skillfully translating these black-and-white photographic images Shape designer: William Watts Taylor, 1846–1913 into subtle but rich colors and tones, Rookwood’s artists added dimension to the faces Watts Taylor, 1846–1913 Marks: [conjoined RP of severely disrupted cultures. Each piece blurred the line between fine and decorative Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted surmounted by 5 flames] / 433C / W art, proving that American Art Pottery was as significant and artistically challenging as by 6 flames] / 653 / W / [AVB./L] (PO-004-67) any painting or sculpture. This line of portrait pottery ensured that superb and dignified (PO-057-67) images of Native Americans would have a meaningful place in art history. Jug, 1895 Vase, 1898 Corn (Maize) Maple leaf (Acer saccharum) Shape No. 767 All works are from Rookwood Pottery, Mug, 1899 Shape No. 584 C Glazed clay Cincinnati, 1880–1967, unless otherwise noted. Antonio Jose Vigil, Nambe Pueblo Glazed clay Decorator: Caroline Shape No. 587 C Decorator: Edith Regina Felten, Francis Steinle, 29) Left to right: Glazed clay 1878–1962 1870–1944 Decorator: Grace Young, 1869–1947 Shape designer: William Watts Taylor, Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by Mug, 1901 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted 1846–1913 9 flames]• / 767 / [conjoined CFS] Rushing Eagle, by 13 flames] / 587C / [conjoined Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Gift of Herbert O. and Mandan Dakota, GY] / Antonio Jose Vigil. / Governor of by 12 flames] / 584C / Susan C. Robinson Upper Missouri Sioux Nambe. [trial mark] / E.R.F. (PO-147-86) Shape No. 587 C Gift of Herbert O. and 12 13 Gift of Mrs. Jessie A. Drey Glazed clay Susan C. Robinson (PO-056-81) Vase, 1897 Decorator: Adeliza Drake Sehon, (PO-042-84) Carolina Moonseed (Cocculus carolinus) 1871–1902 28) Back: Shape No. 595 B Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by Vase, 1901 Glazed clay flames] / I / 587C / Rushing Eagle / Jack Red Cloud, Oglala Vase, 1890 Decorator: Constance Amelia Baker, Sioux. / A.D.S. Lakota, Sioux, Pitcher plant (Nepenthes 1860–1932 Gift of Herbert O. and c. 1858–1928 distillatoria) Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Susan C. Robinson Shape No. 907 E Shape No. 488 F by 11 flames] / 595B / C.A.B. / X (PO-038-86) Glazed clay Glazed white clay (PO-074-68) Decorator: Grace Young, Decorator: Albert Mug, 1897 1869–1947 Robert Valentien, Chief Sun at Noon Day Marks: [conjoined RP 1862–1925 (Tar-boo-cha-ket), Tabeguache Ute surmounted by flames] / I / 907 / Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Shape No. 837 E / Jack Red Cloud / Ogallala [sic] / by 4 flames] / 488F / W / Glazed clay Sioux / [conjoined GY] [A.R.V. /L] Decorator: Frederick Sturgis Gift of Herbert O. and Laurence, 1870–1961 (PO-059-66) Susan C. Robinson Shape designer: Pitts Harrison Burt, (PO-030-84) 1837–1906 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by 11 flames] / 837 / [trial mark] / CHIEF “TAH-BOO-CHA-KET.” / UTE. / SL Gift of Herbert O. and Susan C. Robinson (PO-032-86)

Earth into Art THE FLOWERING OF AMERICAN ART POTTERY Pitcher, 1897 Vase, 1900 30) Left to right: Handled vase, 1897 Chief Rain-in-the-Face, Conquering Bear, Chief Colorow, Mouache Ute, Hunkpapa Lakota, Sioux, Sicangu (Brulé) Lakota, Mug, 1898 c. 1813–88 1835–1905 Sioux Man Who Packs the Eagle, Yanktonai Shape No. 604 E Shape No. 837 Shape No. 900 B Dakota, Upper Missouri Sioux Glazed clay Glazed clay Glazed clay Shape No. 837 Decorator: Sadie Markland, 1870–99 Decorator: Frederick Sturgis Decorator: Frederick Glazed clay Shape designer: John Jacob Menzel, Laurence, 1870–1961 Sturgis Laurence, 1870–1961 Decorator: Matthew A. Daly, 1861-1911 Shape designer: Pitts Harrison Burt, Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted 1860–1937 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted 1837–1906 by 14 flames] / 900 / B / Shape designer: Pitts Harrison Burt, by 11 flames] / 604E / [trial mark] / Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted “CONQUERING BEAR” / 1837–1906 [SM /L] by 11 flames] / 837 / [inverted V] / SIOUX. / S L Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by Gift of Herbert O. and CHIEF “RAIN-IN-THE-FACE,” / Gift of Herbert O. and 12 flames] / 837 / M.A.D. / Susan C. Robinson SIOUX. / STURGIS LAURENCE, Susan C. Robinson MAN WHO [PACKS] / (PO-032-84) / DEC. 1897. (PO-036-84) THE [EAGLE] / [illegible] Gift of Herbert O. and Gift of Herbert O. and Chief Colorow gained wealth and Susan C. Robinson Mug, 1899 Susan C. Robinson prestige among Eastern Americans (PO-030-86) Chief White Man, Kiowa Apache (PO-035-84) negotiating and trading for the tribe. By Shape No. 656 the late 1870s, he was making headlines This Lakota chief, Ito-na-gaju, from the Glazed clay Mug, 1897 for leading the White River Utes against Hunkpapa band, fought in the 1876 Decorator: Elizabeth Wheldon Brain, Standing Bear, Ponca American settlers encroaching on ceded Battle of Little Bighorn in the southern 1870–1960 Shape No. 837 Ute property in Colorado. Montana Territory, where General Shape designer: William Watts Taylor, Glazed clay George Armstrong Custer, (1839–76) 1846–1913 Decorator: Frederick Vase, 1901 suffered a fatal defeat. 14 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by Sturgis Laurence, Chief Wolf Robe, 15 13 flames] / 656 / EWB / 1870–1961 Southern Cheyenne, Vase, 1900 CHIEF WHITE MAN / KIOWA Designer: Pitts Harrison Burt, c. 1840–1910 Mautchick, Mouache Ute Gift of Herbert O. and 1837–1906 Shape No. 568 B Shape No. 907 D Susan C. Robinson Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Glazed clay Glazed clay (PO-033-84) by 11 flames] / 837 / [inverted V] / Decorator: Grace Young, Decorator: Grace Young, 1869–1947 “STANDING BEAR” / PONCA / SL 1869–1947 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Vase, 1901 Gift of Herbert O. and Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by by 14 flames] / 907 / D / [conjoined Wanstall, Northern Susan C. Robinson flames] / I / 568 B / [conjoined GY] / GY] / (Mautchick) / Ute— Arapahoe (PO-031-86) - Chief Wolf Robe / Cheyenne – Gift of Herbert O. and Shape No. 907 D Gift of Herbert O. and Susan C. Robinson Glazed clay In 1879, Standing Bear sued the Susan C. Robinson (PO-040-84) Decorator: Grace Young, federal government regarding his nation’s (PO-039-84) 1869–1947 displacement from land reserved for them Marks: [conjoined RP in a previous treaty. Under the Fourteenth Wolf Robe, or Ho’néhevotoomáhe, is surmounted by flames] / Amendment, his petition for a writ of believed to be the model for the profile I / 907 / D / habeas corpus was accepted, granting depicted on the Indian Head Nickel. He [conjoined GY] / Wanstall / Arapahoe Native Americans equal protection under was presented the Benjamin Harrison Gift of Herbert O. and US law. Peace Medal in 1890 by the American Susan C. Robinson Office of Indian Affairs for his help in the (PO-039-86) sale of vast tracks of Indian territory to the US government.

Earth into Art THE FLOWERING OF AMERICAN ART POTTERY Vase, 1898 Tankard, c. 1900 Black Eye, Yanktonai Peter Iron Shell, Sicangu Dakota, Upper Missouri (Brulé) Lakota, Sioux Sioux Shape No. 775 Shape No. 857 D Glazed clay, silver Glazed clay Decorator: Grace Young, 1869–1947 Decorator: Matthew A. Daly, Shape designer: Kataro 1860–1937 Shirayamadani, 1865–1948 Shape designer: William Purcell Silver maker unknown McDonald, 1863–1931 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by by illegible f lames] / 775 / 12 flames] / 857 / D / MADALY— / [conjoined GY] / “Peter Iron BLACK EYE– / UPPER YANKTON Shell” / Sioux. Gift of Herbert O. and Gift of Herbert O. and Susan C. Robinson Susan C. Robinson (PO-041-84) (PO-043-84)

Vase, 1898 Mug, 1896 Big Mane, Lower Brulé Lakota, Sioux Chief Rain-in-the-Face, Hunkpapa Shape No. 786 D, Coalport model Lakota, Sioux, 1835–1905 Glazed clay Shape No. 645 Decorator: Frederick Sturgis Glazed clay, silver Laurence, 1870–1961 Decorator: Harriet Elizabeth Wilcox, Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by 1869–1943 12 flames] / 786D / [trial mark] / Shape designer: William Watts Taylor, 16 “Big Mane.”/ Sioux / SL_ 1846–1913 Gift of Herbert O. and Silver maker: Reed & Barton, Susan C. Robinson Taunton, Massachusetts, 1824–2015 (PO-031-84) Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by 10 flames] / 645 / H.E.W. Mug, 1898 Silver Marks: [bird][R in shield] Red Lodge, Yanktonai [rampant lion] STERLING Dakota, Gift of Herbert O. and Upper Missouri Sioux Susan C. Robinson Shape No. 837 (PO-037-84) Glazed clay Decorator: Matthew A. Daly, 1860–1937 Shape designer: Pitts Harrison Burt, 1837–1906 Marks: [conjoined RP surmounted by 12 flames] / 837 / M.A.D. / R[ED LO]DGE / UPPER YUKON [sic] Gift of Herbert O. and Susan C. Robinson (PO-034-84) 445 north park avenue winter park, florida 32789 407-645-5311 morsemuseum.org