ON THE CORRELATION FACTOR BETWEEN KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFICIENT DRIVING AND SAFE DRIVING
BY: WONG KAH JIAN (Matrix no: 120428)
Supervisor: Mr. Abdul Yamin Saad
June 2017
This dissertation is submitted to Universiti Sains Malaysia As partial fulfillment of the requirement to graduate with honors degree in BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)
School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia
i Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to convey my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Abdul Yamin Saad for his precious encouragement, guidance and generous support throughout this work. The patient explanation from Mr. Yamin was very much appreciated. I would also extend my gratitude to Dr. Loh Wei Ping for her kindness to share with me on the knowledge in statistics. Once again, I would like to thank all the people, including those whom I might have missed out and my friends who have helped me directly or indirectly. Their contributions are very much appreciated. Thank you very much. WONG KAH JIAN
ii Table of Content
Acknowledgement ...... ii Table of Content ...... iii List of Table ...... v List of Figure ...... vi Abstrak ...... vii Abstract ...... viii Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Overview ...... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ...... 1 1.3 Scope of the project ...... 2 1.4 Objective ...... 2 Chapter 2: Literature Review ...... 3 2.1 Safety and Fuel Economy Regulation ...... 3 2.2 Driving in urban vs highways ...... 4 2.3 The driving characteristics with safety and efficiency ...... 6 2.4 Safe Driving ...... 17 2.5 Efficient Driving ...... 18 2.6 The Correlation and the mathematical method ...... 18 2.2.1 Correlation definition...... 18 2.6.2 The correlation’s mathematical method and calculation ...... 20 2.6.3 Correlation may not be causation ...... 21 2.7 Difference between qualitative and quantitative research method...... 22 Chapter 3: Methodology ...... 23 3.1 Qualitative Research Method ...... 23 3.1.1 (a) Major Key Characteristic of safe driving ...... 23 3.1.1 (b) Major Key Characteristic of Efficient Driving ...... 24 3.1.2 Ranking for both safe and efficient driving characteristic in Urban and Highway...... 25 3.1.3 Different approach on arranging the weightage on safe and efficient driving characteristics ...... 28 3.1.4 Correlation and P-value Calculation ...... 29 3.2 Quantitative Research Method ...... 31 3.2.1 Questionnaire ...... 31 3.2.2 The analysis method from the survey ...... 32 iii Chapter 4: Result and Discussion ...... 35 4.1 Results Obtain from Qualitative Research Method ...... 35 4.2 Result Obtain from Quantitative Research Method ...... 47 4.2.1 Total weightage comparison between safe and efficient drivers...... 47 4.2.2 Driver’s efficiency vs Driver’s experience in accident...... 52 4.3 Discussion ...... 56 4.3.1 Discussion on Qualitative research method ...... 56 4.3.2 Discussion on Quantitative research Method ...... 57 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work ...... 59 5.1 Conclusion ...... 59 5.2 Future Work ...... 60 References ...... 61 Appendices ...... 65
iv List of Table
Table 3.1 Description on safety categories Table 3.2 Description on efficiency categories Table 3.3: Ranking for both safe and efficient driving characteristic Urban Table 3.4: Ranking for both safe and efficient driving characteristic in Highway Table 4.1: Weightage of driving characteristic in urban (First Approach) Table 4.2: Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in urban area. (First Approach) Table 4.3: Weightage of driving characteristic in highway (First Approach) Table 4.4: Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in highway. (First Approach) Table 4.5: Weightage of driving characteristic in urban (Second Approach) Table 4.6: Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in urban area. (Second Approach) Table 4.7: Weightage of driving characteristic in highway (Second Approach) Table 4.8: Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in highway. (Second Approach) Table 4.9: Weightage of driving characteristic in urban (Third Approach) Table 4.10: Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in urban area. (Third Approach) Table 4.11: Weightage of driving characteristic in highway (Third Approach) Table 4.12: Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in highway. (Third Approach) Table 4.13: Average result of correlation and p-value in urban and highway Table 4.14: Rank from highest to lowest point for both safe and efficient drivers from 71 respondents Table 4.15 Fuel efficiency from different respondent with different vehicle. Table 4.16 Fuel Efficiency of driver who involved in road accident and who never involved in road accident Table 5.1 Conclusion Summary v List of Figure
Figure 2.1 Motor vehicle crash deaths per 100 million miles traveled by land use, 1977-2015
Figure 2.2 Motor vehicle crash deaths by vehicle type and land use, 2015
Figure 2.3 Effect of acceleration rate on fuel consumption of a Ponitiac G5
Figure 2.4 Fuel consumption VS speed 1997 and 2008 vehicle
Figure 2.5 Effect of speed variation on fuel consumption
Figure 2.6 Safety belt use among fatally injured passenger vehicle occupants 13 and older by land use, 2006-2015
Figure 2.7 Type of correlation pattern
Figure 2.8 The P-value
Figure 3.1 Microsoft Excel data analysis method
Figure 4.1 Safety VS Efficiency in Urban (First Approach)
Figure 4.2 Safety VS Efficiency in Highway (First Approach)
Figure 4.3 Safety VS Efficiency in Urban (Second Approach)
Figure 4.4 Safety VS Efficiency in Highway (Second Approach)
Figure 4.5 Safety VS Efficiency in Urban (Third Approach)
Figure 4.6 Safety VS Efficiency in Highway (Third Approach)
Figure 4.7 Safety vs Efficiency For Top quartile drivers who are the safest and also most efficient
Figure 4.8 Safety vs Efficiency For Bottom quartile drivers who are the safest and also most efficient
Figure 4.9 Top quartile efficient driver's safety vs efficiency
Figure 4.10 Top quartile safe driver's safety vs efficiency
Figure 4.11 Bottom quartile Inefficient driver's safety vs efficiency
Figure 4.12 Bottom quartile Dangerous driver's safety vs efficiency
Figure 4.13 Safety vs Efficiency for Overall Respondents
vi Abstrak
Dalam kajian ini, beberapa pendekatan telah dilakukan atas faktor korelasi antara ciri- ciri utama cekap memandu dan pemanduan yang selamat. Kaedah mendekati adalah kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif yang pada dasarnya dan kaedah kajian kuantitatif. Kajian ini terutamanya adalah untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara penggunaan yang lebih selamat dan cekap memandu. Ia cuba untuk memberikan motivasi betul selamat memandu ke arah cekap memandu, kerana sebahagian daripada memandu cekap keadaan yang mungkin tidak selamat, dan kadang-kadang cekap memandu boleh membawa kepada keselamatan.
Semasa perkembangan penyelidikan, ciri-ciri utama memandu telah disenaraikan dan dianalisa tentang hubungan dengan keselamatan dan kecekapan. Walau bagaimanapun, tahap kecekapan dan tahap keselamatan pada salah satu daripada ciri- ciri setiap memandu tidak mempunyai cara yang standard untuk mengukur seperti ketinggian dan berat badan dikira centimetre dan kilogram. Untuk meletakkan penggunaan yang lebih selamat dan cekap memandu di dengan pengiraan, setiap satu daripada ciri-ciri setiap memandu telah disenaraikan dari yang paling selamat untuk paling berbahaya dan yang paling berkesan kepada yang paling dalam-cekap. Kedudukan setiap setiap ciri-ciri Keselamatan didasarkan pada peluang membawa ciri-ciri yang memandu kepada kemalangan dan keseriusan kemalangan jika kemalangan itu berlaku disebabkan oleh amalan ciri-ciri memandu. Ranking bagi setiap ciri-ciri setiap memandu pemanduan cekap diukur oleh faktor tahap melahu, pecutan, brek dan kelajuan. Skala wajaran yang diberi kepada kedudukan Peti Deposit Keselamatan.
Kajian ini telah membuat beberapa pendekatan untuk mendapatkan nilai-nilai berangka daripada faktor korelasi antara ciri-ciri utama cekap memandu dan selamat memandu yang pada mulanya kedua-dua tahap keselamatan dan tahap kecekapan memandu ciri-ciri yang telah boleh diukur. Faktor korelasi antara ciri-ciri utama cekap memandu dan pemanduan yang selamat adalah secara keseluruhannya positif dan signifikan.
vii Abstract
In this research, a few approaches were done on the correlation factor between key characteristics of efficient driving and safe driving. The approaching method was basically qualitative research method and quantitative research method. This research mainly was to indicate the relationship between safe driving and efficient driving. It attempts to give correct motivation on safe driving towards efficient driving, because some of the circumstances efficient driving may not be safe, and sometimes efficient driving can lead to safety.
During the progress of the research, the main driving characteristics were listed and analysed on the relationship with safety and efficiency. However, the level of efficiency and level of safety on each of every driving characteristics does not have a standard way to measure like height and weight is measured in centimetre and kilogram. In order to put safe driving and efficient driving in to calculation, each of every driving characteristics were ranked from the safest to most dangerous and the most efficient to the most inefficient. The ranking of each of every characteristics on safety were based on the chance of the driving characteristics leads to accident and the seriousness of the accident if the accident happened due to the practice of the driving characteristics. The ranking for each of every driving characteristics on efficient driving were measured by the factor of the level of idling, acceleration, braking and speed. Weightage scales were given to the ranking of safe driving and efficient driving where the magnitude of the safety or efficiency was represented by the numerical values of the weightage. Thus, calculation on the correlation factor could be conducted by the mathematical formula.
This research had made several approaches to obtain a numerical values of correlation factor between key characteristics of efficient driving and safe driving which initially both of the safety level and efficiency level on the driving characteristics were non- measurable. The correlation factor between key characteristics of efficient driving and safe driving was overall positive and significant.
viii Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Overview It is still unclear on the correlation factor between the key characteristics of safe driving and efficient driving. In this project, the relation between efficient driving and safe driving will be investigated. The key characteristics common to both driving pattern will be studied using quantitative and qualitative research method. Analysis of data will involve statistics that should yield an algorithm to be used for simulations. In qualitative research method, the study on the current definition available about what define correlation, safe driving and efficient driving and also categorise the key characteristic on safe driving and also the key characteristic on efficient driving. In quantitative research method, survey and statistical study was carry out to determine the correlation factor between key characteristics of efficient driving and safe driving.
1.2 Problem Statement
Most of the people think that safe driving is positive correlation with efficient driving, which the safer of the driving, the more efficient the driving is (Bob Belanger, 2017). However, some of the circumstances efficient driving is not relevant with safe driving or sometimes efficient driving may not be safe. For example, slow driving in highway may not be a safe driving as most of the vehicle are driving fast on the highway, however drive faster would not be driving efficiently base on fuel efficiency. Also, if one who are coasting across red traffic light is dangerous, however it is very efficient to skip the drive cycle of brake deceleration, pick up acceleration and idling. Thus the study on the actual correlation factor between key characteristics of efficient driving and safe driving is interesting to know and justify.
1 1.3 Scope of the project 1) Study on the key characteristic of safe driving and the key characteristic of efficient driving. 2) Study on the meaning of correlation factor. 3) Make a hypothesis on the correlation factor between key characteristics of efficient driving and safe driving 4) Study the relationship between each of every key characteristic of efficient driving and safe driving using quantitative and qualitative research method. 5) Make a conclusion on the correlation factor between key characteristics of efficient driving and safe driving.
1.4 Objective 1) To find the correlation factor between key characteristics of efficient driving and safe driving. 2) Give correct motivation on safe driving towards efficient driving.
2 Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Safety and Fuel Economy Regulation
The importance of automobile safety is evident simply from the scale of injuries and fatalities each year. In 2008 there were 37,261 fatalities in car accidents on U.S. roads and more than 2.3 million people injured.14 The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is tasked with monitoring and mitigating these risks and oversees numerous federal regulations that include both automobiles and the design of roads and signals.
To motivate the concern about fuel economy standards with respect to safety consider the very rough estimate provided in NRC (2002): approximately 2,000 of the traffic fatalities each year are attributed to changes in the composition of the vehicle fleet due to the CAFE standards. If we further assume that the standards are binding by about 2 miles per gallon, this translates to a savings of 7.5 billion gallons of gasoline per year. When valuing the accident risks according to the Department of Transportation’s methodology this implies a cost of $1.55 per gallon saved through increased fatalities alone. This does not consider injuries, or any of the other distortions associated with fuel economy rules, yet by itself exceeds many estimates of the externalities arising from the consumption of gasoline.
Conversely, a finding that accident risks improve with stricter fuel economy regulation would present an equally strong argument in favor of more stringent rules. The magnitude of the implicit costs involved in vehicle safety motivate the importance of a careful economic analysis, and mean that even small changes in the anticipated number of fatalities will carry great weight in determining the optimal level of policy. (Mark R. Jacobsen, 2012)
3 2.2 Driving in urban vs highways Driving environments is the factor that dictate the way of driving. While driving in urban, regularly the driver have to stop at traffic lights, stop and give-way signs, pedestrian crossings, the school, shops, for incidents on the road, and traffic jams. Even when moving, drivers almost always driving in a transient mode, such as accelerating, decelerating and braking. Which acceleration, braking and idling is maximised. Driving in highways usually more fuel efficient compare to urban as it is always getting going at a more stable speed, seldom brakes and the practice of force and un- force idling are not practical. Which so driving in highways is much more fuel efficient than driving in urban area. (Graham Smith , 2015)
If safe driving is efficient driving or vice versa, driving in highways is safer than driving in urban area, however this statement seems not right.
In 2015, the rate of crash deaths per 100 million miles travelled was 2.6 times higher in rural areas (more highways) than in urban areas (1.84 in rural areas compared with 0.71 in urban areas). From 1977 to 2015, the rate decreased by 58 percent in rural areas (from 4.35 to 1.84) and 70 percent in urban areas (from 2.35 to 0.71).
Figure 2.1
(Insurance Institude for Highway Safety , 2015)
4 The table below shows that driving in rural (highways) has higher death rate which 6845 in rural and 5402 in urban for cars and minivans.
Figure 2.2
(Insurance Institude for Highway Safety , 2015)
5 2.3 The driving characteristics with safety and efficiency
1. Glide in neutral gear on downhill road Most of the people feel that put the car in neutral gear during downhill may save fuel, however, it is not really save fuel but waste fuel compare to putting normal gear. Most of the surveyor in various forum and websites have the same comments that in modern computerized automobiles, the engine can cut off fuel if there is low load or no load on the engine. If the car stay in gear and let off the gas pedal while the engine speed is above idle, as would typically be the case on a long downhill, the engine will cut off fuel to combustion chambers so that you are using no gas. Because the car is in gear, the wheels will keep turning the engine so that it doesn’t stall. (Gary Richard, 2014) If the car is in neutral, the wheels will not turn the engine, so the engine has to send fuel to the combustion chambers to maintain idle RPM so that the engine doesn’t stall. (Gary Richard, 2014). Therefore, it is really un-efficient to glide in neutral compare to glide in gear on downhill road, (Brian Su, 2013) shows the experiment that gliding in gear is more fuel efficient than gliding in neutral. If the driver has to accelerate or quickly change lanes to avoid unsafe road conditions, the last thing the driver will think of is whether the vehicle is in gear. With the car out of gear, drivers and passengers are more at risk when it comes to reacting quickly, this action is very dangerous. (Gary Richard, 2014)
2. Smooth and gradual acceleration or braking
Figure 2.3 (Government of Canada, 2016)
6 During acceleration fuel efficiency generally improves as RPM increases until a point somewhere near peak torque (brake specific fuel consumption). However, accelerating to a greater than necessary speed without paying attention to what is ahead may require braking and then after that, additional acceleration. Experts recommend accelerating quickly, but smoothly to save fuel. (Anne Eisenberg, 2001) (Ashley Langer and Shaun McRaey, 2014) Generally, fuel efficiency is maximized when acceleration and braking are minimized. (Ashley Langer and Shaun McRaey, 2014) So a fuel-efficient strategy is to anticipate what is happening ahead, and drive in such a way so as to minimize acceleration and braking, and maximize coasting time. However, if one driver need to practice smooth and gradual acceleration or braking, the distance of the driver car between the car in front have to keep a distance which is long enough to practice smooth braking and acceleration by coasting. Therefore the practice of smooth and gradual braking and acceleration may leads to safety.
3. Maintaining an efficient speed
Figure 2.4 (Government of Canada, 2016)
7
Figure 2.5 (Government of Canada, 2016)
Since fuel efficiency is maximized when acceleration and braking are minimized, maintaining an efficient speed is an important factor in fuel efficiency. Optimal efficiency can be expected while cruising at a steady speed, at minimal throttle and with the transmission in the highest gear. (Ashley Langer and Shaun McRaey, 2014) The optimum speed usually reported to be between 35 mph (56 km/h) and 50 mph (80 km/h). (Government of Canada, 2016) Road capacity affects speed and therefore fuel efficiency as well. Studies have shown speeds just above 45 mph (72 km/h) allow greatest throughput when roads are congested. Individual drivers can improve their fuel efficiency and that of others by avoiding roads and times where traffic slows to below 45 mph (72 km/h). Communities can improve fuel efficiency by adopting speed limits or policies to prevent or discourage drivers from entering traffic that is approaching the point where speeds are slowed below 45 mph (72 km/h) (European Environment Agency, 2011) (C. Beckx , 2011) (World Record Academy, 2015) (Ina Andersen, 2015) In the US, the speed at which fuel efficiency is maximized often lies below the speed limit, typically 35 to 50 mph (56 to 80 km/h); however traffic flow is often faster than this. The speed differential between cars raises the risk of collision. However maintaining constant speed may generally safe in urban as it lengthen the distance between driver and the cars in the road due to the prevention of acceleration and braking in order to maintain constant speed.
8 4. Select the correct Gear Engine efficiency varies with speed and torque. For driving at a steady speed, drivers cannot choose any operating point for the engine—rather there is a specific amount of power needed to maintain the chosen speed. For a turbo diesel too low a gear will move the engine into a high-rpm, low-torque region in which the efficiency drops off rapidly, and thus best efficiency is achieved near the higher gear. In a gasoline engine, efficiency typically drops off more rapidly than in a diesel because of throttling losses. Because cruising at an efficient speed uses much less than the maximum power of the engine, the optimum operating point for cruising at low power is typically at very low engine speed, around or below 1000 rpm. This explains the usefulness of very high "overdrive" gears for highway cruising. For instance, a small car might need only 10– 15 horsepower (7.5–11.2 kW) to cruise at 60 mph (97 km/h). It is likely to be geared for 2500 rpm or so at that speed, yet for maximum efficiency the engine should be running at about 1000 rpm to generate that power as efficiently as possible for that engine (although the actual figures will vary by engine and vehicle). (Julian Edgar, 2012) (Augustine C. Osigwe, Ph.D, 2016) If one is driving manual transmission car, if the gear is not properly selected, it may cause accident due to the unexpected slow acceleration during pick up. Therefore select the correct gear is important on safety while driving.
5. Drive slowly Normally optimum fuel efficient speed is from 35 mph (56 km/h) to 50 mph (80 km/h). Drive slower than 35 mph (56 km/h) may not be fuel efficient. However, if driving 35 mph (56 km/h) and 50 mph (80 km/h) in highway is consider slow as most of the vehicle drive faster than 80km/h in highway. (Government of Canada, 2016) Therefore, drive slowly in urban area may not too efficient but drive slowly in high way is efficient. Furthermore, the need to brake is sometimes caused by unpredictable events. At higher speeds, there is less time to allow vehicles to slow down by coasting. Kinetic energy is higher, so more energy is lost in braking. At medium speeds, the driver has more time to choose whether to accelerate, coast or decelerate in order to maximize overall fuel efficiency. Also, at higher speeds wind resistance plays an increasing role in reducing energy efficiency. (Augustine C. Osigwe, Ph.D, 2016) ( Peter Valdes-Dapena, 2008)
9 However, drive slower may reduce the risk of accident as slower driving, driver can control and handle the vehicle better. It is safe to drive slowly.
6. Coasting or gliding Coasting dissipates stored energy (kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy) against aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance which must always be overcome by the vehicle during travel. Using stored energy (via coasting) for these purposes is more efficient than dissipating it in friction braking (Augustine C. Osigwe, Ph.D, 2016). When coasting with the engine running and manual transmission in neutral, or clutch depressed, there will still be some fuel consumption due to the engine needing to maintain idle engine speed. While coasting with gear, the vehicle actually using no fuel, therefore is very efficient to practice coasting. (Brian Su, 2013) However, to practice coasting or gliding, the driver have to keep a length of distance from the car in front, thus it leads to safety.
7. Tyres kept at proper pressure Underinflated tires wear out faster and lose energy to rolling resistance because of tire deformation. The loss for a car is approximately 1.0% for every 2 psi (0.1 bar; 10 kPa) drop in pressure of all four tires. Operating a vehicle with its tires underinflated by 8 psi (56 kPa) can reduce the life of the tires by 10,000 kilometres and increase the vehicle’s fuel consumption by four percent (Natural Resources Canada, 2017). However overinflated tires are rigid and stiff causing the tire’s contact patch (the amount of rubber that meets the road) to be reduced. That leads to a “harder” ride as well as uneven tread wear. The most common type of uneven tread wear due to overinflation is referred to as “center wear.” Exactly what it sounds like, the center of the tire will be smooth and worn down while there will be more tread on the sides of the tire. Due to the rigidity of an overinflated tire, it can be more easily damaged by everyday road hazards such as potholes and imperfections in the road (P.I. Stores , 2017) (Central Avenue Automotive, 2013) . Underinflated tires do not hold their shape and are flatter to the ground. Therefore, more of the tire comes in contact with the road, causing the shoulders of the tire to wear prematurely. That is referred to as “shoulder wear.” There will be a strip of normal tread down the center of the tire while the shoulders of the tire will be smooth and worn down. Underinflated tires are more flexible when they
10 roll, leading to increased rolling resistance and therefore a decrease in fuel economy. It’s surprising how much of an impact a little air in your tires can have on your safety while driving. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration found that poorly inflated tires were three times more likely to be the cause of an accident than properly inflated ones. A little more air can save a lot of damage. (Augustine C. Osigwe, Ph.D, 2016) Worryingly for motorists, during the time of the study, 66% of passenger cars were found to have incorrectly inflated tires on their cars. In some informal studies, that number has risen to 80%. Therefore kept the tires pressure properly may leads to safety.
8. Regular service and maintenance Wheel alignment, fuel evaporation while parked, and high engine oil kinematic viscosity, all reduce fuel efficiency. Poor wheel alignment may increase the friction between the road and the tyres. High viscosity of engine oil may increase friction of the piston inside the engine and thus increase the burden of the engine. Therefore, frequent car maintenance may leads to fuel efficiency. (Rogers Concepts, 2017) To maintain safety and reduce the cost of car repair, it is important that you have your car inspected regularly. Regular mechanical inspection should be done and not just a visual inspection of your automotive, since many components of your car cannot be inspected visually. Have regular car service and maintenance is important to avoid car breakdown on road which may cause road accident.
9. Momentum drive at junctions It is similar as practicing coasting or gliding. It is a behaviour of driving while turning without braking or accelerating. It is lead to fuel efficiency compare to braking or accelerating while turning. However it is dangerous, the car may turn over if the speed of the car is too fast while turning without braking.
11 10. Running across red light It is very efficient as it skip the process of the drive cycle which are brake, stop, idling, and accelerate to pick up. Coasting toward a stop sign or red light helps you conserve fuel and save money. It’s not only a fuel-efficient driving habit; it’s also easier on your tires and brakes, which helps you save on maintenance and repair costs. However, while running across traffic at the instant the traffic lights yet to turn red from yellow, the driver may accelerates more to cross the red light. This may leads to sharp acceleration which is not fuel efficient. However, running across red light is still consider as fuel efficient if the driver did not have sharp acceleration. (Ashley Langer and Shaun McRaey, 2014) However, it is very dangerous, most of the road accident was because of running across of red light. The severity of running across red light may cause death. It is too high risk to do so.
11. Running across stop sign It is almost the same as running across red light. However the time taken for idling is lesser compare to waiting a traffic light. It is also very dangerous to do so.
12. Practice illegal U turn It may skip unnecessary routes and shorten the travelling distance, therefore it save fuel and time. However it is dangerous to do so as it may cause accident as it gives unexpected driving behaviour to other driver.
13. Plan your routes While going across town or across the country, combine several errands in one outing, and plan the route to avoid heavy traffic areas, road construction, hilly trerrain, etc. With a little organization can group "town tasks" into fewer trips, saving time and fuel expense. However it seems no strong relation to safety, however it has a little leading to safety because it avoid heavy traffic areas, road construction, hilly trerrain, etc.
12 14. Tailgating/ Drafting Drafting occurs where a smaller vehicle drives close behind a vehicle ahead of it so that it is shielded from wind. Aside from being illegal in many jurisdictions it is often dangerous. Scale-model wind tunnel and Real-World tests of a car ten feet behind a semi-truck showed a reduction of over 90% for the wind force (aerodynamic drag). The gain in efficiency is reported to be 20–40%. Up to 10 ft @ 55 mph, the efficiency kept increasing. At its maximum, efficiency was up by 40%. At a distance of 2 ft, efficiency dropped because of the difficulty in keeping the car exactly 2 ft away from the big rig. Regardless, drafting does increase fuel efficiency. (Episode 80: Big Rig Myths, 2007) (Gaffney, 2007) However drafting increases risk of collision when there is a separation of fewer than three seconds from the preceding vehicle.
15. Looking ahead and surroundings Driver who stay focus while driving and looking ahead surroundings may not have strong relation to efficiency, however looking ahead while driving may avoid unnecessary braking and acceleration which may leads to a little improvement of fuel efficiency. It is really important for driver to stay focus to avoid accident.
16. Smooth and progressive steering It does not have any relation to efficiency however it is dangerous if one practice sharp turning and steering because accident may happed due to unexpected driving behaviour.
17. Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes It does not have any relation to efficiency however it is dangerous if one do not give signal when turning and shifting lane because accident may happed due to unexpected driving behaviour.
18. Putting both hands at 10-10 position while driving It does not related to efficiency however related to safety because driver may handle and control the vehicle better when emergency happened.
13 19.Using of smart phone while driving It seems have little relation to efficiency because if driver use smart phone while driving may not be focus on the road which may cause unnecessary braking and acceleration. It increase the risk of accident due to driver not focus on the road.
20. Fasten seat belt while driving Base on Alma Cohen, the mandatory seat belt law reduce the death rate in road accident but the average speed increase due to the psychological effect that driver feels safe when fasten seat belt and thus drive faster. Psychologically it seems not fuel efficient as the speed increase after practicing seat belts, however practically or physically it does not have any relation to efficiency. It is consider safe to fasten seat belt as in reality it reduce the death rate in road accident. (Alma Cohen and Liran Einav, 2003) According to a national daytime observational survey of motorists in 2015, safety belt use among front seat occupants was 87 percent in rural areas and 89 percent in urban areas. Unrestrained vehicle occupants are more likely than restrained occupants to be fatally injured in a crash, so belt use is much lower among fatally injured occupants. In 2015, 47 percent of fatally injured passenger vehicle occupants 13 and older were belted in both rural and urban areas. (Insurance Institude for Highway Safety , 2015)
Figure 2.6 (Insurance Institude for Highway Safety , 2015)
14 21. Open a window Rolling down the windows increased drag in the form of air resistance and thus consider as un-efficient driving characteristic. However it do not have strong relation to safety.
22. Overtaking Overtaking involve sharp acceleration which is not fuel efficient. Also, it increase the risk of accident while overtaking, however proper lane shifting and over taking by giving signal may reduce the risk of accident.
23. Stopping at T-junction Stop at T-junction is not fuel efficient as it need to stop, idle and pick up which is more time consuming and more fuel is used compare to coasting across the T-junction (Augustine C. Osigwe, Ph.D, 2016) . However it is safe to stop at T-junction to avoid accident.
24. High usage of air-conditioning Using air conditioning requires the generation of up to 5 hp (3.7 kW) of extra power to maintain a given speed. A/C systems cycle on and off, or vary their output, as required by the occupants so they rarely run at full power continuously. Air conditioning can increase a vehicle’s fuel consumption by as much as 20 percent (Government of Canada , 2016). However it seems like do not have any relation with safety.
25. Excess weight Drivers can also increase fuel efficiency by minimizing transported mass, i.e. the number of people or the amount of cargo, tools, and equipment carried in the vehicle. On a typical vehicle, every extra 100 pounds increases fuel consumption by 2% (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). Remove items such as salt, sand and sports equipment from your vehicle before setting out. The less weight in the vehicle, the less fuel the engine will need. Consider that the fuel consumption of a mid-size car increases by about one percent for every 25 kilograms of weight in the vehicle. On the other hand, the greater the mass of the vehicle, the greater the risk as the inertia of the
15 vehicle is greater, the effort to stop the car during emergency is harder. Is dangerous is the vehicle is in excess weight.
26. Aggressive driving Rapid acceleration and harsh braking reduce fuel economy by as much as 33 percent at highway speeds and 5 percent in town, according to the EPA. (Sean M. Lyden, 2013). "Jack-rabbit" starts and hard braking can increase fuel consumption by as much as 40% (Eartheasy, 2014). The proper way is to accelerate slowly and smoothly, then get into high gear as quickly as possible. (Augustine C. Osigwe, Ph.D, 2016) Moreover, aggressive driving is very dangerous according to a 2016 study by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, almost 80 percent of drivers across the country admitted to expressing some form of significant anger, aggression, or road rage in the past year. The study also revealed that aggressive driving is a factor in a staggering 56 percent of all traffic fatalities. ( Tyler Therriault, 2016)
27. Speeding over limit NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com)--Traveling faster makes the job even harder. More air builds up in front of the vehicle, and the low pressure "hole" trailing behind gets bigger, too. Together, these create an increasing suction that tends to pull back harder and harder the faster you drive. The increase is actually exponential, meaning wind resistance rises much more steeply between 70 and 80 mph than it does between 50 and 60. Every 10 mph faster reduces fuel economy by about 4 mpg, a figure that remains fairly constant regardless of vehicle size. ( Peter Valdes-Dapena, 2008) (Government of Canada, 2016) (Augustine C. Osigwe, Ph.D, 2016) Furthermore, is dangerous to speed over the limit as the faster the speed, the larger the impact when crush, the higher the death rate.
16 28. Put the car in Idling Energy biggest loss is from idling, or when the engine is in standby, which explains the large gains available from shutting off the engine. (Environmental Defense Fund, 2009) The estimated fuel consumption of an idling engine is 0.6 litres / hr per litre of engine displacement. This means that an idling 3.5 litre engine consumes more than 2 litres of gas per hour. Letting your engine idle 30 minutes a day for two winter months burns a full tank of gas without ever moving a kilometre. (Eco Mobile , 2008) (K P Tiwari, 2013) Therefore, put the car in idling is very un-efficient practice. However put the car in idling did not cause any dangerous to driver or passenger as the car does not move. So it is no relation to safety.
2.4 Safe Driving Safe driving could be define as driving which protected from or not exposed to danger or risk; not likely to be harmed or lost uninjured; with no harm done.
Safe driving may also be define as defensive driving. The standard Safe Practices for Motor Vehicle Operations, ANSI/ASSE Z15.1, defines defensive driving skills as "driving to save lives, time, and money, in spite of the conditions around you and the actions of others." This definition is taken from the National Safety Council's Defensive Driving Course. (National safety council, 2017)
In this research, the level of safety on each of every driving characteristics are measure by 2 factors which are the chance of the driving characteristics leads to accident and the seriousness of the accident if the accident happened due to the practice of the driving characteristics.
17 2.5 Efficient Driving Efficiency from various dictionary was define as (especially of a system or machine) achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Preventing the wasteful use of a particular resource. Efficiency may also describe as the ratio of the output to the input. However in term of driving efficiency, the input will be the amount of petrol and time, while the output will be the distance travel. (Dictionary & Vocabulary , 2017) (Investopedia, 2017)
In this research, efficiency in driving characteristics may not be measure directly from the fuel consumption rate [km/litre] of the vehicle. This is because different vehicle has different weight, shape and type of engine. Therefore, an assumption was first approach on the level of efficient driving which is measure by the amount of improvement in fuel economy after the driving characteristics were practiced. Whereby most of the factor which effect efficiency in driving are the level of idling, acceleration, braking, and speed.
2.6 The Correlation and the mathematical method
2.2.1 Correlation definition
Correlation is a statistical relationships involving dependence, though in common usage it most often refers to the extent to which two variables have a linear relationship with each other. Familiar examples of dependent phenomena include the correlation between the physical statures of parents and their offspring, and the correlation between the demand for a product and its price. However, in this project, the approach will be the correlation between safe driving and efficient driving.
Correlation is Positive when the values increase together, and Correlation is Negative when one value decreases as the other increases
18 Types of correlation patterns
Figure 2.7
Correlation can have a value:
1 is a perfect positive correlation 0 is no correlation (the values don't seem linked at all) -1 is a perfect negative correlation
The value shows how good the correlation is (not how steep the line is), and if it is positive or negative.
19 2.6.2 The correlation’s mathematical method and calculation
The Correlation
One of the method in calculating correlation factor is Karl Pearson’s method. It calculate correlation between sets of data is a measure of how well they are related. The most common measure of correlation in stats is the Pearson Correlation. The full name is the Pearson Product Moment Correlation or PPMC. It shows the linear relationship between two sets of data. In simple terms, it answers the question, Can I draw a line graph to represent the data? Two letters are used to represent the Pearson correlation: Greek letter rho (ρ) for a population and the letter “r” for a sample.
r = +/-0.5 consider as large effect r = +/-0.3 consider as medium effect r = +/-0.1 consider as small effect
The P-value
Figure 2.8
20 Confidence in a relationship is formally determined not just by the correlation coefficient but also by the number of pairs in your data. If there are very few pairs then the coefficient needs to be very close to 1 or –1 for it to be deemed ‘statistically significant’, but if there are many pairs then a coefficient closer to 0 can still be considered ‘highly significant’. The standard method that statisticians use to measure the ‘significance’ of their empirical analyses is the p-value. Suppose we are trying to determine if the relationship between safe driving and efficient driving of people is significant; then we start with the ‘null hypothesis’ which, in this case is the statement ‘safety and efficiency of people are unrelated’. The p-value is a number between 0 and 1 representing the probability that this data would have arisen if the null hypothesis were true. A low p-value (such as 0.01) is taken as evidence that the null hypothesis can be ‘rejected’. Statisticians say that a p-value of 0.01 is ‘highly significant’ or say that ‘the data is significant at the 0.01 level’. However in this project the relation may said to be significant if p-value is less than 0.05. (Quantitative Specialists, 2014), (Norman Fenton and Martin Neil, 2012).
2.6.3 Correlation may not be causation
Correlation does not imply causation just because two trends seem to fluctuate in tandem, this rule posits, that doesn’t prove that they are meaningfully related to one another. Correlations between two things can be caused by a third factor that affects both of them. There might be a third factor that was responsible for the correlation between safe driving and efficient driving. As a seasonal example, just because people in the UK tend to spend more in the shops when it's cold and less when it's hot doesn't mean cold weather causes frenzied high-street spending. A more plausible explanation would be that cold weather tends to coincide with Christmas and the new year sales.
(Am J Pol Sci, 2012)
21 2.7 Difference between qualitative and quantitative research method. Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and participation/observations. The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfil a given quota. (Susan E. Wyse, 2017)
However in this research, the qualitative method were to study each of every driving characteristic on the safety and efficiency through expert’s observation, opinions and comments to give idea for potential quantitative research later.
Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviours, and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations. (Susan E. Wyse, 2017)
However in this research, the quantitative method were to generate data from the respondents through online survey forms/questionnaire. The data were used for statistical data analysis.
22 Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Qualitative Research Method 1) The major key characteristic of safe driving and efficient driving was analysed and listed down. Which were based on the overall opinion from different experts and researchers discussion that shows in literature review. 2) Ranking for both safe and efficient driving characteristic for two group which are Urban and Highway was arranged. The reason of separating two group, Urban and Highway, is because some of the driving characteristic is absent in highway however present in Urban. Which are, running across red light, running across stop sign, momentum drive at junction, practice illegal U-turn, Smooth and progressive Steering, stop at T-junction, put the car in Idling and plan the route before driving. 3) Weightage for each of every characteristic was arranged and a graph for safety vs efficiency was plotted 4) The correlation between safety and efficiency was calculated and analysed.
3.1.1 (a) Major Key Characteristic of safe driving
Positive
1) Stop at T-junction 2) Drive slowly 3) Select the right gear 4) Fasten seat belt while driving 5) Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 6) Smooth/gradual braking 7) Smooth/gradual acceleration 8) Tyres kept at proper pressure 9) Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving 10) Smooth and progressive Steering 11) Regular service and maintenance 12) Overtaking 13) Looking ahead and surroundings
23 Negative
1) Use smart phone while driving 2) Practice illegal U turn 3) Running of red light 4) Running of stop sign 5) Revving 6) Aggressive driving 7) Tailgating 8) Momentum drive at junctions 9) Cruise/Glide at neutral on flat/down hill road 10) Speeding over limit 11) Excess weight 12) Coasting or gliding
3.1.1 (b) Major Key Characteristic of Efficient Driving
Positive
1) Smooth and gradual acceleration 2) Smooth and gradual braking 3) Select the right gear 4) Running of red light 5) Running of stop sign 6) Practice illegal U-turn 7) Tyres kept at proper pressure 8) Drive slowly 9) Momentum drive at junctions 10) Cruise/Glide at neutral on flat/down hill road 11) Maintaining an efficient speed 12) Regular service and maintenance 13) Coasting or gliding 14) Plan your routes
24 Negative
1) Stop at T- junction 2) Seeding over limit 3) Put the car in Idling 4) Revving 5) Aggressive driving 6) Open the window 7) Highly usage of air-conditioning 8) Excess weight
3.1.2 Ranking for both safe and efficient driving characteristic in Urban and Highway.
The ranking for each of every driving characteristics on safe driving are measure by 2 factors:
1) The chance/risk of the driving characteristics leads to accident. Where the chance determine by the probability of happening. 2) The seriousness of the accident if the accident happened due to the practice of the driving characteristics. Where the seriousness is determine by rate of death and the level damage/losses.
Which those characteristics were ranked by categories of “The safest, Safe, Slightly safe, No relation, Slightly dangerous, Dangerous, The most dangerous”.
Table 3.1 Description on safety categories
The safest With the practice of these driving characteristics may eliminate the risk of accident which may cause death and serious damage and losses. Safe With the practice of these driving characteristics may reduce the risk of accident which may cause vehicle damage only Slightly safe With the practice of these driving characteristics have no obvious reduction of the risk on accident. No relation No relation to safety Slightly The practice of these driving characteristics have no obvious increase of the dangerous risk on accident. Dangerous The practice of these driving characteristics may leads to accident which may cause vehicle damage only The most The practice of these driving characteristics have high risk on accident and dangerous may cause death and serious impact and losses.
25 As the fuel efficiency will maximised when the level of idling, acceleration, brakes and speed are maximised. Therefore, the ranking for each of every driving characteristics on efficient driving are measure by the factor of:
1) The level of Idling. 2) Acceleration and braking. 3) Speed.
Those characteristics were ranked by categories of “The most efficient, Efficient, Slightly efficient, No relation, Slightly inefficient, Inefficient, The most inefficient”.
Table 3.2 Description on efficiency categories
The most With the practice of these driving characteristics may leads to very high efficient fuel efficiency because idling, acceleration, and brakes are minimised and speed is controlled. Efficient With the practice of these driving characteristics may improve the fuel efficiency. Slightly With the practice of these driving characteristics have no obvious efficient improvement on the fuel efficiency. No relation No relation to fuel efficiency Slightly The practice of these driving characteristics have no obvious increase of the inefficient fuel consumption rate. Inefficient The practice of these driving characteristics may increase the fuel consumption rate. The most The practice of these driving characteristics may waste a lot of fuel because inefficient idling, acceleration, and brakes are maximised and speed is out of controlled.
26 In Urban
Table 3.3: Ranking for both safe and efficient driving characteristic Urban
Rank Efficient Driving Rank Safe Driving The most Coasting or gliding The safest Stop at T-junction efficient Tailgating/Drafting Drive slowly Smooth/gradual acceleration Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes Smooth/gradual braking Fasten seat belt while driving Select the right Gear Looking ahead and surroundings Maintaining an efficient speed Safe Smooth/gradual acceleration Running across red light Smooth/gradual braking Running across stop sign Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving Efficient Momentum drive at junctions Coasting or gliding Tyres kept at proper pressure Maintaining an efficient speed Regular service and maintenance Select the right Gear Practice illegal U turn Slightly Regular service and maintenance Slightly Plan your routes safe Smooth and progressive Steering Efficient Looking ahead and surroundings Tyres kept at proper pressure Smooth and progressive Steering Plan your routes Giving signal when No Put the car in Idling turning/shifting lanes Relation No relation Put both hands at 10-10 position Slightly Highly usage of air-conditioning while driving dangerous Slightly Use smart phone while driving Open the window inefficient Fasten seat belt while driving Dangerous Momentum drive at junctions Open the window Revving Inefficient Drive slowly Excess weight Stop at T-junction Overtaking Highly usage of air-conditioning The most Tailgating/ Drafting The most Speeding over limit dangerous Speeding over limit inefficient Overtaking Glide at neutral on down hill road Excess weight Use smart phone while driving Aggressive driving Practice illegal U turn Revving Aggressive driving Glide at neutral on downhill road Running across stop sign Put the car in Idling Running across red light
27 In Highway
Table 3.4: Ranking for both safe and efficient driving characteristic in Highway
Rank Efficient Rank Safe The most Coasting or gliding The safest Fasten seat belt while driving efficient Tailgating/Drafting Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes Smooth/gradual acceleration Looking ahead and surroundings Smooth/gradual braking Smooth/gradual acceleration Select the right Gear Smooth/gradual braking Maintaining an efficient speed Safe Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving Efficient Drive slowly Coasting or gliding Tyres kept at proper pressure Maintaining an efficient speed Regular service and maintenance Select the right Gear Slightly Looking ahead and surroundings Regular service and maintenance efficient Giving signal when Tyres kept at proper pressure turning/shifting lanes No relation Put both hands at 10-10 position No relation Highly usage of air-conditioning while driving Slightly Use smart phone while driving Slightly Open the window inefficient Fasten seat belt while driving dangerous Drive slowly Inefficient Open the window Revving Highly usage of air-conditioning Dangerous Excess weight The most Speeding over limit Overtaking inefficient Overtaking The most Tailgating/ Drafting Excess weight dangerous Speeding over limit Aggressive driving Glide at neutral on down hill road Revving Use smart phone while driving Glide at neutral on down hill road Aggressive driving
3.1.3 Different approach on arranging the weightage on safe and efficient driving characteristics
The reason of doing different approach was because different scaling method may lead to different result, therefore the comparison of different approach was done and average value of their result was calculated. First approach The total number of major driving characteristics that listed in urban was 30 and 22 in highway. The scaling for first approach scale from 1 to 30 for urban, and 1 to 22 for highway which is linear normalised scaling method.
*For Urban, Maximum weightage = 30; Minimum weightage= 1
*For Highway, Maximum weightage = 22; Minimum weightage= 1
28 Second approach However, the effect of the characteristics may have opposite relation between safety and efficiency, and some of the characteristics may have no relation between safety and efficiency, therefore second approach using + and – sign to indicate the relation. The scaling for second approach was from -10 to 10 for both urban and highway condition. Which is also liner normalised scaling method
*Maximum level of positive relation = 10; neutral relation =0; maximum level of negative relation = -10
Third approach Scaling by assuming
Greatest effect = 9, Great effect = 3, little effect = 1, no effect = 0
Which is categorisation scaling method.
3.1.4 Correlation and P-value Calculation
The calculation was based on Pearson correlation method which the formula is:
r = +/-0.5 consider as large effect r = +/-0.3 consider as medium effect r = +/-0.1 consider as small effect
29 The calculation of correlation factor and P-value were done by Microsoft Excel 2013 data analysis on the regression of two column of data.
Figure 3.1 Microsoft Excel data analysis method
30 3.2 Quantitative Research Method
1) A survey was conducted through questionnaire to collect data. 2) Analysing data and calculate the correlation between the level of safe and efficient driving.
3.2.1 Questionnaire
The questionnaire was conducted by using google doc, each of the respondent was been asked one by one in order to avoid repeating survey or filling without understanding. The questionnaire links was shown in appendix:
The survey was asking the respondents to rate them self from 0-10 whether how much they practice on each of the driving characteristics.
Never: 0 Seldom: 1-3 Sometimes: 4-6 Often: 7-9 Always: 10
This survey conduct through each of every respondent which were majority students and minority of them were outsider. This survey was conduct base on respondent’s feelings and memories because there are still no tools and accurate method to determine how frequent the respondent practice on each of every characteristics and also the actual average fuel efficiency. The additional questions was asked as a guide to understand the reality on the respondent fuel consumption rate and their actual safety, whether they involve in accident before.
Weekly fuel consumption? Period of car servicing? Distance travel before car servicing? Most probably you drive in urban or highway? What is your average speed while driving in Highway? What is your average speed while driving in urban/small road? What is your vehicle model? Years of driving experience Your age Had you ever involve in any road accident? and how many times? State the highest level of severity of the road accident that you had involve. When was your last road accident?
31 3.2.2 The analysis method from the survey
Imagine two driver; driver A and driver B. Where driver A always drive aggressively but yet to have any accident, compared to driver B who always drive as aggressive as driver A but involved in serious accident. Is hard to judge and compare the safety level through the method of measuring the seriousness and frequency of the accident involved.
Therefore, two different approach of analysis was done.
1) Total weightage comparison between safe and efficient drivers.
* The scaling of the weightage used in the calculation was -10 to 10 scaling which followed Table 3(h) which is more common.
How to Determine Safe Driving and Efficient Driving?
Example:
Assume the approach using Table 3(h) Weightage of safety a) Running across a red light = -10 b) Running across a stop sign= -9.286 Total Safety points = -10(7)-9.286(4)+…and so on.
Each of every respondents was ranked from highest point to lowest point for both safe and efficient drivers. Which Top 25% (Top quartile) of the ranked respondents were assumed to be the safest or most efficient drivers, whereas
32 bottom 25% (Bottom quartile) were assumed to be the most dangerous or inefficient drivers. Few analysis was done for the top and bottom quartile to determine the relationship between safe and efficient driving. The reason of considering top and bottom quartile was because it is more meaningful and accurate to analyses the safety-efficiency relationship on drivers who were the most qualify as a safe and efficient drivers.
Few methods of analysis were done on the data which were the comparison of the safety and efficiency on the drivers who were the safest but at the same time also the most efficient. And also the drivers who were the most dangerous but at the same time also the most inefficient.
Furthermore, analysis on the most efficient driver’s safety vs efficiency, the safest driver’s safety vs efficiency, the most dangerous driver’s safety vs efficiency, and the most inefficient driver’s safety vs efficiency were also carried out by Microsoft Excel regression data analysis.
Also, overall analysis on safety-efficiency relation was done on each of every respondents for further discussion.
33 2) Driver’s efficiency VS Driver’s experience in accident.
The respondents were separated into two groups which were a) Never experience road accident. b) Involved in road accident before.
to compare the fuel efficiency. Efficiency in driving may not be measure directly from the fuel consumption rate [km/litre] of the vehicle. This is because different vehicle has different weight, shape and type of engine. Therefore, an assumption was made which the level of efficient driving which is measure by the percentage difference of actual fuel consumption rate compare to the average fuel consumption rate (FCR) of the vehicle. Which the average FCR of each of every type of vehicle was contribute from the type of vehicle user from the site http://www.oneshift.com/new_cars/car-fuel-consumption.php?pid=3532
However, the respondent would never know their exact average FCR thus the average FCR for the respondents were assumed to be [Distance travel before car servicing/Period of months for every car servicing] / [4x weekly fuel consumption cost / petrol price per litre], which the information were easy for the respondents to recall and estimate. The petrol price is assumed to be the market price on 27/04/2017 as the survey was conducted on 11/05/2017 until 19/05/2017, by assuming the price of petrol expected by the respondent was 2 weeks before the survey.
34 Chapter 4: Result and Discussion 4.1 Results Obtain from Qualitative Research Method
First Approach Table 4.1 Weightage of driving characteristic in urban
Weightage Efficient Driving Weightage Safe Driving 30 Coasting or gliding 30 Stop at T-junction 29 Tailgating/Drafting 29 Drive slowly 28 Smooth/gradual acceleration 28 Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 27 Smooth/gradual braking 27 Fasten seat belt while driving 26 Select the right Gear 26 Looking ahead and surroundings 25 Maintaining an efficient speed 25 Smooth/gradual acceleration 24 Running across red light 24 Smooth/gradual braking 23 Running across stop sign 23 Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving 22 Momentum drive at junctions 22 Coasting or gliding
21 Tyres kept at proper pressure 21 Maintaining an efficient speed 20 Regular service and 20 Select the right Gear maintenance 19 Practice illegal U turn 19 Regular service and maintenance 18 Plan your routes 18 Smooth and progressive Steering 17 Looking ahead and 17 Tyres kept at proper pressure surroundings 16 Smooth and progressive 16 Plan your routes Steering 15 Giving signal when 15 Put the car in Idling turning/shifting lanes 14 Put both hands at 10-10 14 Highly usage of air-conditioning position while driving 13 Use smart phone while driving 13 Open the window 12 Fasten seat belt while driving 12 Momentum drive at junctions 11 Open the window 11 Revving 10 Drive slowly 10 Excess weight 9 Stop at T-junction 9 Overtaking 8 Highly usage of air- 8 Tailgating/ Drafting conditioning 7 Speeding over limit 7 Speeding over limit 6 Overtaking 6 Glide at neutral on down hill road 5 Excess weight 5 Use smart phone while driving 4 Aggressive driving 4 Practice illegal U turn 3 Revving 3 Aggressive driving 2 Glide at neutral on down hill 2 Running across stop sign road 1 Put the car in Idling 1 Running across red light
35 Table 4.2 Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in urban area.
Driving Characteristic and feature Fuel-efficient Safe Coasting or gliding 30 22 Tailgating/Drafting 29 8 Smooth/gradual acceleration 28 25 Smooth/gradual braking 27 24 Select the right Gear 26 20 Maintaining an efficient speed 25 21 Running across red light 24 1 Running across stop sign 23 2 Momentum drive at junctions 22 12 Tyres kept at proper pressure 21 17 Regular service and maintenance 20 19 Practice illegal U turn 19 4 Plan your routes 18 16 Looking ahead and surroundings 17 26 Smooth and progressive Steering 16 18 Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 15 28 Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving 14 23 Use smart phone while driving 13 5 Fasten seat belt while driving 12 27 Open the window 11 13 Drive slowly 10 29 Stop at T-junction 9 30 Highly usage of air-conditioning 8 14 Speeding over limit 7 7 Overtaking 6 9 Excess weight 5 10 Aggressive driving 4 3 Revving 3 11 Glide at neutral on down hill road 2 6 Put the car in Idling 1 15
Table 4.3 Weightage of driving characteristic in highway
Weightage Efficient Driving Weightage Safe Driving 22 Coasting or gliding 22 Fasten seat belt while driving
21 Tailgating/Drafting 21 Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 20 Smooth/gradual acceleration 20 Looking ahead and surroundings 19 Smooth/gradual braking 19 Smooth/gradual acceleration 18 Select the right Gear 18 Smooth/gradual braking 17 Maintaining an efficient speed 17 Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving 16 Drive slowly 16 Coasting or gliding 15 Tyres kept at proper pressure 15 Maintaining an efficient speed 14 Regular service and 14 Select the right Gear maintenance 13 Looking ahead and surroundings 13 Regular service and maintenance
36 12 Giving signal when 12 Tyres kept at proper pressure turning/shifting lanes 11 Put both hands at 10-10 11 Highly usage of air-conditioning position while driving 10 Use smart phone while driving 10 Open the window 9 Fasten seat belt while driving 9 Drive slowly 8 Open the window 8 Revving 7 Highly usage of air-conditioning 7 Excess weight 6 Speeding over limit 6 Overtaking 5 Overtaking 5 Tailgating/ Drafting 4 Excess weight 4 Speeding over limit 3 Aggressive driving 3 Glide at neutral on down hill road 2 Revving 2 Use smart phone while driving 1 Glide at neutral on down hill 1 Aggressive driving road
Table 4.4 Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in highway.
Driving Characteristic and feature Fuel-efficient Safe Coasting or gliding 22 16 Tailgating/Drafting 21 5 Smooth/gradual acceleration 20 19 Smooth/gradual braking 19 18 Select the right Gear 18 14 Maintaining an efficient speed 17 15 Drive slowly 16 9 Tyres kept at proper pressure 15 12 Regular service and maintenance 14 13 Looking ahead and surroundings 13 20 Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 12 21 Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving 11 17 Use smart phone while driving 10 2 Fasten seat belt while driving 9 22 Open the window 8 10 Highly usage of air-conditioning 7 11 Speeding over limit 6 4 Overtaking 5 6 Excess weight 4 7 Aggressive driving 3 1 Revving 2 8 Glide at neutral on down hill road 1 3
37 Urban Safe vs efficient 35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Figure 4.1
Correlation = 0.1840 (Medium) P-value = 0.3304 (Non-significant)
Highway Safe vs Efficient 25
20
15
10
5
0 0 5 10 15 20 25
Figure 4.2 Correlation = 0.5200 (Strong) P-value= 0.01310 (Significant)
38 Second Approach Table 4.5 Weightage of driving characteristic Urban
Weightage Efficient Driving Weightage Safe Driving 10 Coasting or gliding 10 Stop at T-junction 9.375 Tailgating/Drafting 9.333 Drive slowly Smooth/gradual acceleration 8.667 Giving signal when turning/shifting 8.75 lanes 8.125 Smooth/gradual braking 8 Fasten seat belt while driving 7.5 Select the right Gear 7.333 Looking ahead and surroundings 6.875 Maintaining an efficient speed 6.667 Smooth/gradual acceleration 6.25 Running across red light 6 Smooth/gradual braking Running across stop sign 5.333 Put both hands at 10-10 position 5.625 while driving Momentum drive at junctions 4.667 Coasting or gliding 5
4.375 Tyres kept at proper pressure 4 Maintaining an efficient speed Regular service and 3.333 Select the right Gear 3.75 maintenance 3.125 Practice illegal U turn 2.667 Regular service and maintenance 2.5 Plan your routes 2 Smooth and progressive Steering Looking ahead and 1.333 Tyres kept at proper pressure 1.875 surroundings Smooth and progressive 0.667 Plan your routes 1.25 Steering Giving signal when 0 Put the car in Idling 0.625 turning/shifting lanes 0 Put both hands at 10-10 -0.714 Highly usage of air-conditioning position while driving -7.69 Use smart phone while driving -1.429 Open the window -1.538 Fasten seat belt while driving -2.143 Momentum drive at junctions -2.308 Open the window -2.857 Revving -3.077 Drive slowly -3.571 Excess weight -3.846 Stop at T-junction -4.286 Overtaking -4.615 Highly usage of air- -5 Tailgating/ Drafting conditioning -5.385 Speeding over limit -5.714 Speeding over limit -6.154 Overtaking -6.429 Glide at neutral on down hill road -6.923 Excess weight -7.143 Use smart phone while driving -7.692 Aggressive driving -7.857 Practice illegal U turn -8.462 Revving -8.571 Aggressive driving -9.231 Glide at neutral on down hill -9.286 Running across stop sign road -10 Put the car in Idling -10 Running across red light
39 Table 4.6 Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in urban.
Driving Characteristic and feature Fuel-efficient Safe Coasting or gliding 10 4.667 Tailgating/Drafting 9.375 -5 Smooth/gradual acceleration 8.75 6.667 Smooth/gradual braking 8.125 6 Select the right Gear 7.5 3.333 Maintaining an efficient speed 6.875 4 Running across red light 6.25 -10 Running across stop sign 5.625 -9.286 Momentum drive at junctions 5 -2.143 Tyres kept at proper pressure 4.375 1.333 Regular service and maintenance 3.75 2.667 Practice illegal U turn 3.125 -7.857 Plan your routes 2.5 0.667 Looking ahead and surroundings 1.875 7.333 Smooth and progressive Steering 1.25 2 Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 0.625 8.667 Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving 0 5.333 Use smart phone while driving -7.69 -7.143 Fasten seat belt while driving -1.538 8 Open the window -2.308 -1.429 Drive slowly -3.077 9.333 Stop at T-junction -3.846 10 Highly usage of air-conditioning -4.615 -0.714 Speeding over limit -5.385 -5.714 Overtaking -6.154 -4.286 Excess weight -6.923 -3.571 Aggressive driving -7.692 -8.571 Revving -8.462 -2.857 Glide at neutral on down hill road -9.231 -6.429 Put the car in Idling -10 0
Table 4.7 Weightage of driving characteristic in highway
Weightage Efficient Driving Weightage Safe Driving 10 Coasting or gliding 10 Fasten seat belt while driving 9.09 Tailgating/Drafting 9.09 Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 8.18 Smooth/gradual 8.18 Looking ahead and surroundings acceleration 7.27 Smooth/gradual braking 7.27 Smooth/gradual acceleration 6.36 Select the right Gear 6.36 Smooth/gradual braking 5.45 Maintaining an efficient 5.45 Put both hands at 10-10 position speed while driving 4.55 Drive slowly 4.55 Coasting or gliding 3.64 Tyres kept at proper 3.64 Maintaining an efficient speed pressure
40 2.73 Regular service and 2.73 Select the right Gear maintenance 1.82 Looking ahead and 1.82 Regular service and maintenance surroundings 0.91 Giving signal when 0.91 Tyres kept at proper pressure turning/shifting lanes 0 Put both hands at 10-10 0 Highly usage of air-conditioning position while driving -1 Use smart phone while -1 Open the window driving -2 Fasten seat belt while -2 Drive slowly driving -3 Open the window -3 Revving -4 Highly usage of air- -4 Excess weight conditioning -5 Speeding over limit -5 Overtaking -6 Overtaking -6 Tailgating/ Drafting -7 Excess weight -7 Speeding over limit -8 Aggressive driving -8 Glide at neutral on down hill road -9 Revving -9 Use smart phone while driving -10 Glide at neutral on down hill -10 Aggressive driving road
Table 4.8 Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in highway.
Driving Characteristic and feature Fuel-efficient Safe Coasting or gliding 10 4.55 Tailgating/Drafting 9.09 -6 Smooth/gradual acceleration 8.18 7.27 Smooth/gradual braking 7.27 6.36 Select the right Gear 6.36 2.73 Maintaining an efficient speed 5.45 3.64 Drive slowly 4.55 -2 Tyres kept at proper pressure 3.64 0.91 Regular service and maintenance 2.73 1.82 Looking ahead and surroundings 1.82 8.18 Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 0.91 9.09 Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving 0 5.45 Use smart phone while driving -1 -9 Fasten seat belt while driving -2 10 Open the window -3 -1 Highly usage of air-conditioning -4 0 Speeding over limit -5 -7 Overtaking -6 -5 Excess weight -7 -4 Aggressive driving -8 -10 Revving -9 -3 Glide at neutral on down hill road -10 -8
41 Urban Safe vs efficient
15
10
5
0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -5
-10
-15
Figure 4.3
Correlation: 0.2377 (Medium) P-value = 0.2060 (Non-significant)
Highway Safe vs Efficient 15
10
5
0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -5
-10
-15
Figure 4.4
Correlation: 0.5325 (Strong) P-value= 0.01073 (Significant)
42 Third Approach
Table 4.9 Weightage of driving characteristic in urban
Weightage Efficient Driving Weightage Safe Driving 9 Coasting or gliding 9 Stop at T-junction 9 Tailgating/Drafting 9 Drive slowly Smooth/gradual acceleration 9 Giving signal when turning/shifting 9 lanes 9 Smooth/gradual braking 9 Fasten seat belt while driving 9 Select the right Gear 9 Looking ahead and surroundings 9 Maintaining an efficient speed 3 Smooth/gradual acceleration 9 Running across red light 3 Smooth/gradual braking Running across stop sign 3 Put both hands at 10-10 position 9 while driving Momentum drive at junctions 3 Coasting or gliding 3
3 Tyres kept at proper pressure 3 Maintaining an efficient speed Regular service and 3 Select the right Gear 3 maintenance 3 Practice illegal U turn 1 Regular service and maintenance 1 Plan your routes 1 Smooth and progressive Steering Looking ahead and 1 Tyres kept at proper pressure 1 surroundings Smooth and progressive 1 Plan your routes 1 Steering Giving signal when 0 Put the car in Idling 1 turning/shifting lanes 0 Put both hands at 10-10 -1 Highly usage of air-conditioning position while driving -1 Use smart phone while driving -1 Open the window -1 Fasten seat belt while driving -3 Momentum drive at junctions -1 Open the window -3 Revving -3 Drive slowly -3 Excess weight -3 Stop at T-junction -3 Overtaking -3 Highly usage of air- -9 Tailgating/ Drafting conditioning -9 Speeding over limit -9 Speeding over limit -9 Overtaking -9 Glide at neutral on down hill road -9 Excess weight -9 Use smart phone while driving -9 Aggressive driving -9 Practice illegal U turn -9 Revving -9 Aggressive driving -9 Glide at neutral on down hill -9 Running across stop sign road -9 Put the car in Idling -9 Running across red light
43 Table 4.10 Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in urban.
Driving Characteristic and feature Fuel-efficient Safe Coasting or gliding 9 3 Tailgating/Drafting 9 -9 Smooth/gradual acceleration 9 3 Smooth/gradual braking 9 3 Select the right Gear 9 3 Maintaining an efficient speed 9 3 Running across red light 9 -9 Running across stop sign 9 -9 Momentum drive at junctions 3 -3 Tyres kept at proper pressure 3 1 Regular service and maintenance 3 1 Practice illegal U turn 3 -9 Plan your routes 1 1 Looking ahead and surroundings 1 9 Smooth and progressive Steering 1 1 Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 1 9 Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving 0 3 Use smart phone while driving -1 -9 Fasten seat belt while driving -1 9 Open the window -1 -1 Drive slowly -3 9 Stop at T-junction -3 9 Highly usage of air-conditioning -3 -1 Speeding over limit -9 -9 Overtaking -9 -3 Excess weight -9 -3 Aggressive driving -9 -9 Revving -9 -3 Glide at neutral on down hill road -9 -9 Put the car in Idling -9 0
Table 4.11 Weightage of driving characteristic in highway
Weightage Efficient Driving Weightage Safe Driving 9 Coasting or gliding 9 Fasten seat belt while driving Tailgating/Drafting 9 Giving signal when turning/shifting 9 lanes 9 Smooth/gradual acceleration 9 Looking ahead and surroundings 9 Smooth/gradual braking 9 Smooth/gradual acceleration 9 Select the right Gear 9 Smooth/gradual braking Maintaining an efficient speed 3 Put both hands at 10-10 position 9 while driving 3 Drive slowly 3 Coasting or gliding 3 Tyres kept at proper pressure 3 Maintaining an efficient speed Regular service and 3 Select the right Gear 3 maintenance 1 Looking ahead and surroundings 3 Regular service and maintenance
44 Giving signal when 3 Tyres kept at proper pressure 1 turning/shifting lanes Put both hands at 10-10 0 Highly usage of air-conditioning 0 position while driving -1 Use smart phone while driving -1 Open the window -1 Fasten seat belt while driving -1 Drive slowly -3 Open the window -1 Revving -3 Highly usage of air-conditioning -3 Excess weight -9 Speeding over limit -3 Overtaking -9 Overtaking -9 Tailgating/ Drafting -9 Excess weight -9 Speeding over limit -9 Aggressive driving -9 Glide at neutral on down hill road -9 Revving -9 Use smart phone while driving Glide at neutral on down hill -9 Aggressive driving -9 road
Table 4.12 Compare weightage on the key-characteristic factor of safe driving and efficient driving in highway.
Driving Characteristic and feature Fuel-efficient Safe Coasting or gliding 9 3 Tailgating/Drafting 9 -9 Smooth/gradual acceleration 9 9 Smooth/gradual braking 9 9 Select the right Gear 9 3 Maintaining an efficient speed 9 3 Drive slowly 3 -1 Tyres kept at proper pressure 3 3 Regular service and maintenance 3 3 Looking ahead and surroundings 1 9 Giving signal when turning/shifting lanes 1 9 Put both hands at 10-10 position while driving 0 3 Use smart phone while driving -1 -9 Fasten seat belt while driving -1 9 Open the window -3 -1 Highly usage of air-conditioning -3 0 Speeding over limit -9 -9 Overtaking -9 -3 Excess weight -9 -3 Aggressive driving -9 -9 Revving -9 -1 Glide at neutral on down hill road -9 -9
45
Urban Safe vs efficient 10 8 6 4 2 0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10
Figure 4.5
Correlation = 0.1362 (Medium) P-value = 0.4731 (Non-significant)
Highway Safe vs Efficient 10 8 6 4 2 0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10
Figure 4.6 Correlation = 0.5301 (Strong) P-value = 0.01116 (Significant)
46 Table 4.13 Average result of correlation and p-value in urban and highway
Area Urban Highway Relation Correlation P-value Correlation P-value First Approach 0.1840 0.3304 0.5200 0.01310 Second Approach 0.2377 0.2060 0.5325 0.01073 Third Approach 0.1362 0.4731 0.5301 0.01116 Average 0.3365 0.5275 0.011663 0.1860 (Medium) (Non-significant) (Strong) (Significant)
4.2 Result Obtain from Quantitative Research Method A survey was done on 71 Respondents through a questionnaire, where the respondents are name from A to BS.
4.2.1 Total weightage comparison between safe and efficient drivers.
Table 4.14 Rank from highest to lowest point for both safe and efficient drivers from 71 respondents
Participant Efficient Points Participant Safety Points AC 337.4 B 697.0 B 294.6 W 601.9 W 283.6 AC 576.6 AQ 281.8 AQ 558.1 AR 281.8 AR 558.1 BR 271.8 AA 503.2 AF 267.1 Z 462.9 BO 257.6 AP 460.6 E 237.7 AW 458.8 AT 226.4 AU 450.2 AV 215.3 T 441.0 A 215.2 BO 436.0 BJ 210.1 L 430.7 J 204.2 BQ 411.5 BB 197.7 BB 409.0 H 197.6 AV 399.4 AX 183.9 AF 395.5 AY 180.7 R 383.9 AZ 179.9 BD 381.7 T 178.3 F 378.5 K 178.0 BP 374.1 BF 176.2 H 372.8 BQ 176.0 M 372.4 BH 167.5 AN 358.1 AU 162.3 BI 354.7 AW 157.9 S 343.1 AB 157.6 A 336.5
47 F 152.4 J 333.9 AP 146.7 AG 330.9 P 142.4 AO 328.3 M 140.5 BL 327.1 AJ 138.8 Q 325.3 AG 134.3 BK 322.9 AL 132.2 I 320.4 S 131.0 AD 318.5 BE 125.1 AH 315.2 AD 124.9 E 308.6 AE 124.7 AZ 293.4 R 124.4 BE 285.7 BL 123.1 AL 281.6 AH 119.3 BR 280.0 AS 114.4 AY 273.2 Z 111.0 AE 260.8 L 104.4 AT 245.9 AN 99.6 AS 245.8 X 96.5 BF 242.4 AA 94.6 C 235.9 D 85.3 V 231.7 BP 82.7 O 230.3 BA 80.9 AM 212.9 BK 79.5 K 208.2 N 76.6 N 192.8 BD 72.3 BJ 187.5 Y 70.8 U 172.2 Q 67.9 D 167.2 AK 64.9 AX 165.0 BI 62.4 Y 150.7 AO 61.9 BC 146.6 C 55.7 AB 138.0 O 51.3 BS 131.8 U 45.9 BN 123.5 I 44.0 BM 119.5 BG 40.5 AJ 107.2 BC 39.1 X 106.6 BM 37.0 BH 80.1 AM 23.3 BG 48.2 AI 23.1 AK 31.8 V 14.7 AI 27.6 BN -7.1 BA 16.8 BS -9.7 P 12.4 G -58.6 G -14.6 *Note: -Yellow highlight indicate top and bottom quartile of from the total respondents -Red highlight indicate the respondent who were the safest driver at the same time were also the most efficient driver
48 Safety vs Efficiency For Top quartile drivers who are the safest and also most efficient 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350
Figure 4.7
Correlation = 0.7242 (Strong) P-value = 0.02737 (Significant)
Safety vs Efficiency for Bottom quartile drivers who are the most dangerous and also inefficient 200
150
100
50
0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
-50
Figure 4.8 Correlation = 0.3964 (Medium) P-value = 0.2567 (Non-significant)
49 Top quartile efficient driver's safety vs efficiency 800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350
Figure 4.9
Correlation = 0.7491 (Strong) P-value = 0.000539 (Significant)
Top quartile safe driver's safety vs efficiency 750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Figure 4.10
Correlation = 0.5508 (Strong) P-value= 0.02195 (Significant)
50 Bottom quartile Inefficient driver's safety vs efficiency 400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -50
Figure 4.11
Correlation = 0.5245 (Strong) P-value= 0.02544 (Significant)
Bottom quartile Dangerous driver's safety vs efficiency
200
150
100
50
0 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-50
Figure 4.12
Correlation = 0.2217 (Medium) P-value = 0.3765 (Non-significant)
51 Safety vs Efficiency For Overall Respondents 800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 -100
Figure 4.13
Correlation = 0.6093 (Strong)
P-Value = 0.00000001711(Significant)
4.2.2 Driver’s efficiency vs Driver’s experience in accident.
Table 4.15 Fuel efficiency from different respondent with different vehicle.
Respondent’s Vehicle Model Respondent’s Average FCR from Fuel Efficiency (%) FCR (km/l) the site (km/l) Vios 11.733 13.280 -11.6 Myvi 10.864 13.318 -18.4 Kenari 14.505 19.700 -26.4 SUZUKI SWIFT 37.714 15.807 138.6 Myvi 16.000 13.318 20.1 Toyota vios 15.385 13.280 15.9 Proton 17.143 15.421 11.2 Toyota 52.800 15.421 242.4 nissan x trail 11.640 12.628 -7.8 Toyota Corolla 26.939 15.021 79.3 Honda City 5.867 17.299 -66.1 Perodua Myvi 8.000 13.318 -39.9 Perodua Myvi 11.282 13.318 -15.3
52 Mercedes-benz e220 12.571 19.230 -34.6 Vios 14.790 13.280 11.4 myvi 17.778 13.318 33.5 Perodua viva 13.200 20.100 -34.3 persona 58.667 12.615 365.1 Hyundai Veloster 6.769 13.535 -50.0 Subcompact. 50.286 15.421 226.1 Honda 13.333 15.421 -13.5 HONDA CITY 16.296 17.299 -5.8 Myvi 11.282 13.318 -15.3 Nissan Silphy 8.889 15.099 -41.1 Myvi 22.222 13.318 66.9 Myvi 8.000 13.318 -39.9 Honda Accord 38.596 14.339 169.2 Alto 16.541 24.500 -32.5 Myvi 19.341 13.318 45.2 Kia Citra 8.889 11.900 -25.3 Proton Suprima S 5.714 11.000 -48.1 TOYOTA VIOS 15.231 13.280 14.7 Proton saga 19.556 16.670 17.3 Viva 17.600 20.100 -12.4 Bmw 28.571 15.421 85.3 kenari 7.719 19.700 -60.8 Kancil 48.000 20.100 138.8 Toyota Vios 19.556 13.280 47.3 Myvi 6.769 13.318 -49.2 PERODUA KENARI 22.857 19.700 16.0 Kenari 41.905 19.700 112.7 Perodua Kancil 17.959 20.100 -10.7 Toyota 20.308 15.421 31.7 Toyota 20.308 15.421 31.7 HONDA/PERODUA/TOYOTA 19.556 15.421 26.8 Kancil 48.889 20.100 143.2 Honda Civic 3.259 15.940 -79.6 Altis 8.000 15.380 -48.0 Avanza 13.538 15.000 -9.7 Myvi 9.231 13.318 -30.7 Perodua Viva 17.143 20.100 -14.7 Perodua Axia 40.000 20.120 98.8 Civic 20.952 15.940 31.4 Volkswagen 16.000 15.421 3.8 Almera 25.882 13.900 86.2 Honda City 20.308 17.299 17.4
53 Toyota Innova 8.381 11.280 -25.7 Myvi 17.143 13.318 28.7 Myvi 13.538 13.318 1.7 Naza Citra 7.059 11.900 -40.7 Proton Iswara 8.800 13.890 -36.6 City 13.333 17.299 -22.9 Wira 22.222 12.480 78.1 AXIA 12.571 20.120 -37.5 Kenari 13.968 19.700 -29.1 Toyota 26.939 15.421 74.7 Bezza 8.980 11.000 -18.4 Perduo Myvi 34.921 13.318 162.2 Perodua Myvi 1.5 SE 7.273 13.318 -45.4 Kia Forte 17.778 11.000 61.6 Honda Civic 7.059 15.940 -55.7 *Note: The yellow highlight indicate the respondent who involved in road accident before
* Assumption made: Fuel efficiency = 100%*[Respondent’s FCR- Average FCR from the site]/ Average FCR from the site *FCR=Fuel consumption rate
The number of respondent who did not ever experience road accident was 23 The number of respondent who experienced or involved in accident before was 48 Table 4.16 Fuel Efficiency of driver who involved in road accident and who never involved in road accident
Fuel Efficiency of driver who involved in road Fuel Efficiency of driver who never accident (%) involved in road accident (%) -11.6 365.1 -18.4 169.2 -26.4 143.2 138.6 98.8 20.1 78.1 11.2 74.7 242.4 66.9 79.3 45.2 -66.1 31.7 -39.9 31.7 -15.3 31.4 -34.6 17.3 11.4 16 33.5 15.9 -34.3 -5.8 -50.0 -7.8
54 226.1 -14.7 -13.5 -32.5 -15.3 -39.9 -41.1 -45.4 -25.3 -48 14.7 -48.1 -12.4 -49.2 85.3 Average 38.9% -60.8 138.8 47.3 112.7 -10.7 26.8 -79.6 -9.7 -30.7 3.8 86.2 17.4 -25.7 28.7 1.7 -40.7 -36.6 -22.9 -37.5 -29.1 -18.4 162.2 61.6 -55.7 Average 14.3 %
55 4.3 Discussion
4.3.1 Discussion on Qualitative research method
In this method, the results was obtain by assuming the correlation between safety and efficiency were on each of every driving characteristics.
The earlier part of the results shows that driving characteristics in urban has medium correlation factor on the key characteristics between safe driving and efficient driving which average r = 0.1860 (0.3 < r < 0.1). There is no significant relation between safe and efficient driving characteristics because the average P-value = 0.3365 (P-value > 0.05).
However the results shows that driving characteristics in highway has strong correlation factor on the key characteristics between safe driving and efficient driving which average r = 0.5276 (r > 0.5). There is positive significant relation between safe and efficient driving characteristics because the average P-value = 0.011663 (P-value < 0.05).
Based on the results shown, the correlation factor between safe driving and efficient driving in highway is stronger than in urban. However, for overall review both correlation factor show positive relation between safe driving and efficient driving.
56 4.3.2 Discussion on Quantitative research Method
In this method, the results was obtain by assuming the correlation between safety and efficiency were on each of every respondents. Where the respondents rate themselves on each of every driving characteristics.
Total weightage comparison between safe and efficient drivers
Top quartile of the respondents are consider as the safest or the most efficient drivers. However bottom quartile of the respondents are consider as the most dangerous or the most inefficient drivers.
For top quartile which are 18 out of total 71 of the respondents, 50% or 9/18 of the respondents who were the safest driver at the same time were also the efficient driver.
For bottom quartile which are 18 out of total 71 of the respondents, 55.55% or 10/18 of the respondents were the most dangerous drivers at the same time were also the most inefficient drivers. Furthermore, the top 1 to 5 drivers on safe driving and efficient driving were the same respondents who were AC, B, W, AQ and AR. This result strongly leads to a thought that the safest drivers are the most efficient drivers or vice versa.
Moreover, correlation factor and P-value between safety and efficiency for drivers who were the safest drivers at the same time were also the most efficient drivers shows r = 0.7242 (>0.5) which indicate strong correlation and P-value = 0.02737 (<0.05) which indicate significant positive relation. The correlation factor and the p- value between safety and efficiency for drivers who were the most dangerous drivers at the same time were also the most inefficient drivers shows r = 0.3964 (0.1 < r < 0.5) which indicate medium correlation and P-value = 0.2567 (> 0.05) which indicate non- significant relation. Both result indicate positive safety-efficiency correlation.
For the most efficient driver’s safety-efficiency relation shows correlation factor r=0.7491 (>0.5) and P-value 0.000539 (<0.05) which indicate significant positive and strong correlation.
57 For the most inefficient driver’s safety-efficiency relation shows correlation factor r=0.5245 (>0.5) and P-value 0.02544 (<0.05) which indicate significant positive and strong correlation.
For the safest driver’s safety-efficiency relation shows correlation factor r=0.5508 (>0.5) and P-value 0.02195 (<0.05) which indicate significant positive and strong correlation.
For the most dangerous driver’s safety-efficiency relation shows correlation factor r=0.2217 (0.1
This shows that drivers who were the most efficient or inefficient generally had higher significance and stronger correlation factor between safety and efficiency compare to the drivers who were the safest or the most dangerous. Which in other words state that although both safe driving and efficient driving had positive correlation, the effect of efficient driver leads to safety is greater and more precise than the effect of safe driver leads to fuel efficiency.
In addition, if based on overall review on each of every respondents, the correlation factor, r= 0.609322 (>0.5) which indicate strong correlation and the p-value = 0.0000000171087 (<0.05) which shown very significant positive relation on the correlation factor between safe driving and efficient driving.
Driver’s efficiency vs Driver’s experience in accident.
The average fuel efficiency for driver who never involved in road accident is 38.8 % which is 24.5% more efficient than driver who involved in road accident which is 14.3 %. This result leads to a motivation that most driver who drive efficiently seldom involved in road accident, or whoever involve in road accident generally had lower fuel efficiency. Although it did not shows and quantify the degree of correlation or the correlation values, it suggest that safe driving and efficient driving has positive relation.
58 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work
5.1 Conclusion With qualitative research method, r = 0.1860 and P-value = 0.3365 for urban. For highway, r = 0.5275 and P-value = 0.011663.
With quantitative research method, 50% of the respondents who were the safest driver at the same time were also the efficient driver for top quartile of total respondents, similar to bottom quartile which is 55.55%. Furthermore, the top 1 to 5 driver on safe driving and efficient driving were the same respondents who are AC, B, W, AQ and AR.
For the most efficient driver’s safety-efficiency relation shows r=0.7491 and P-value 0.000539. For the most inefficient drivers shows r=0.5245 and P-value 0.02544. For the safest drivers shows r=0.5508 and P-value 0.02195. For the most dangerous drivers shows r=0.2217 and P-value 0.3765.
For the top quartile which the safest drivers who also efficient drivers shows r = 0.7242 and P-value = 0.02737. For bottom quartile which the most dangerous drivers who also inefficient drivers shows r = 0.396412 and P-value = 0.256748. However in overall respondents review, r= 0.6093 and the p-value = 0.00000001711.
On the other hand, the average fuel efficiency for driver who never involved in road accident is 38.8 % which is 24.5% more efficient than driver who involved in road accident which is 14.3 %.
Table 5.1 Conclusion Summary Qualitative r and p value Quantitative r and p value Urban: r = 0.1860 Top 25% safe and also r = 0.7242 P-value = 0.3365 efficient driver P-value = 0.02737 Highway: r = 0.5275 Bottom 25% danger and r = 0.3964 P-value = 0.011663 also inefficient driver P-value = 0.2567 The safest driver r = 0.5508 P-value = 0.02195 The most dangerous driver r = 0.2217 P-value = 0.3765 The most efficient driver r = 0.7491 P-value = 0.000539 The most inefficient driver r = 0.5245 P-value = 0.02544 Overall respondent r= 0.6093 p-value =1.711x10^-8
59 Average overall correlation factor = [0.1860+0.5275+0.7242+0.3964+0.5508+0.2217+0.7491+0.5245+0.6093]/9 = 0.4988 which can round off to be 0.5. With all the result on both qualitative and quantitative research, the correlation factor between key characteristics of efficient driving and safe driving can overall be conclude as positive which is average 0.5 correlation factor.
5.2 Future Work Although by conclusion overall safe driving and efficient driving has high correlation factor, however safe driving is not a causation of efficient driving, and efficient driving is also not a causation of safe driving. There are a lot of uncertainties and third party factor which makes the correlation to be positive. The motivation to fuel efficient driving and safe driving must be emphasise base on different situation because some of the driving characteristics may not have positive relation. For example, running or coasting across red light traffic is very efficient, however is not encourage to practice as the chances of accident to happened is too high and if it happen, it may cause very serious accident or death. Furthermore, the correlation will be different from urban area and highway, driving in highway may have better positive correlation between safe and efficient driving compare to urban.
In this research, the level of safety and the level of efficiency did not have an exact method or tools to quantify the units. This research is only an approach to indicate the correlation factor between the key characteristics of safe driving and efficient driving, further investigation and improvement have to be done. The actual fuel consumption and safety level (crash costs) for each of every driving characteristic may suggest to collect. Fuel consumption may be easier to measure than safety levels (crash costs), data manipulation and quality control may be time-consuming. However it is interesting to conduct the further investigating in order to have further improvement on the accuracy on the result.
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63 Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017. How to Maximize Your Vehicle’s Fuel Economy. [Online] Available at: http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/fuel-efficiency/how-to-maximize- fuel-economy#.WTdd9uuGOpo World Record Academy, 2015. Longest Trip In A Production Electric Car. [Online] Available at: http://www.worldrecordacademy.com/transport/longest_trip_in_a_production_electric _car_Tesla_Model_S_P85D_breaks_Guinness_World_Records_record_215435.html [Accessed MAY 2017].
64 Appendices
The questionnaires: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeV3b8xh2_LIfcSKVESsYN9trJGM5- YZo6X9O5YWw8NrypMIg/viewform?c=0&w=1
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