DOCSLIB.ORG

Salivary Profile in Diabetic Patients: Biochemical and Immunological

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Salivary Profile in Diabetic Patients: Biochemical and Immunological Lima‑Aragão et al. BMC Res Notes (2016) 9:103 DOI 10.1186/s13104-016-1881-1 BMC Research Notes RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Salivary profile in diabetic patients: biochemical and immunological evaluation Monica Virginia Viegas Lima‑Aragão, João de Jesus de Oliveira‑Junior, Márcia Cristina Gonçalves Maciel, Lucilene Amorim Silva, Flávia Raquel Fernandes do Nascimento and Rosane Nassar Meireles Guerra* Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and immunological characteristics of saliva from diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic adults. Methods: Eighty-eight diabetic adults and 39 non-diabetic adults (control) were included in the study. Glucose, urea, calcium, total protein and amylase were determined by a colorimetric method. The levels of secretory IgA and the IgA anti-Streptococcus mutans and anti-insulin IgA antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Caries status was evaluated using the DMFT index. Results: Glucose, urea, calcium, anti-S. mutans IgA, total IgA, and anti-insulin IgA were significantly higher in diabetic patients, whereas total protein and amylase levels were lower in these patients. There was no positive correlation between blood and salivary glucose levels in either group. Diabetic patients had a higher DMFT index. Conclusions: The present study showed for the first time that IgA levels in diabetic patients’saliva, shows correlation with systemic biochemical parameters. Thus the saliva is an useful tool to follow the systemic health status in these patients. Keywords: Saliva, Composition, Diabetes mellitus, IgA, Glucose, Urea, Calcium Background can serve as diagnostic parameters and saliva testing Diabetes mellitus is a public health problem since, in may therefore be added to the arsenal of complemen- addition to important social repercussions. It is a chronic tary tests [3]. Saliva has several advantages over serum, disease that affects a growing number of individuals including its simple and noninvasive collection and easy from different countries which are at different stages of storage, transport and handling [4]. The wide variety of economic and social development [1]. Diabetes is classi- components found in saliva permits its use for diagnosis, fied into four clinical types: type 1 diabetes which results prognosis and monitoring of human diseases [5], such as from β-cell destruction and usually leads to absolute hereditary or congenital diseases [6], autoimmune dis- insulin deficiency; type 2 diabetes which results from eases, cardiovascular diseases, infections [7], cancer [8], a progressive insulin secretory defect associated with diabetes [9], caries [10], and periodontal disease [11], insulin resistance; other specific types of diabetes due to among others. other causes, and gestational diabetes mellitus [2]. Differences in saliva production and composition have Systemic diseases such as diabetes compromise salivary been observed previously between diabetic and non-dia- gland function and consequently influence the quan- betic subjects [12, 13]. Some authors have shown variable tity and quality of saliva produced. Alterations in the correlation rates between serological and saliva data [9, chemical components and physical properties of saliva 12, 14]. However, despite this apparent controversial the saliva seems to be important and useful to evaluate physi- *Correspondence: [email protected] ologic alterations. Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bio- Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), 1966‑Centro, São Luís, MA 65080, Brazil chemical and immunological profile of saliva in diabetic © 2016 Lima-Aragão et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons. org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Lima‑Aragão et al. BMC Res Notes (2016) 9:103 Page 2 of 7 patients, considering the total production of IgA, and the Biochemical analysis concentration specific IgA anti-insulin and anti-Strep- Glucose, total protein, urea, calcium and amylase con- tococcus mutans, as additional biomarkers in saliva to centrations were determined by a colorimetric method. state the differences between diabetic and non diabetics The analyses were performed using automated proce- patients. dures on an Architect C8000 apparatus (Abbott®) for glucose, amylase, total protein and calcium. Individual Methods samples were tested in triplicate. Population The sample size was calculated based on the prevalence Determination of IgA levels of diabetes in Maranhão (MS Hiperdia [15]), with a confi- Salivary total IgA, anti-S. mutans IgA and anti-insu- dence interval of 95 %. Data were collected systematically lin IgA antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked during 6 month. The sample consisted of 142 subjects (93 immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as described previously diabetics and 49 controls). [11]. Briefly, anti-human IgA (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) The population was divided into two groups age-sex was diluted to a concentration of 50 µg/mL in carbonate- matched: DIABETIC and NON DIABETIC. The diabetic bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) and adsorbed onto ELISA group comprises patients with diabetes type I and Type strips in flat-bottom wells (NUNC, Roskilde, Denmark), II, since there are no statistic differences among them, followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C. The wells were with a previous diagnosis of more than 4 years. then washed five times with 0.15 M phosphate-buffered This study used a convenience sample based on the fol- saline (PBS; pH 7.2) containing 0.05 % Tween 20 (Pro- lowing inclusion criteria: age older than 18 years, a pre- mega, Madison, USA; PBS-T) and incubated in PBS vious diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and participation containing 1 % bovine serum albumin (Sigma) for 1 h in the Diabetes Program of Presidente Dutra University at 37 °C. The wells were washed five times and 100 µL Hospital, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Only 88 diabetic of tenfold dilutions (1:100 to 1:1000) of saliva samples patients, who met the inclusion criteria, had sufficient in PBS was added. After 30 min at 37 °C and further salivary flow for analysis and effectively agreed to par- washing, 100 µL alkaline phosphatase-labeled goat anti- ticipate in the study. The following criteria were used for human IgA (Sigma; diluted 1:1000 in PBS-T) was added inclusion in the control group: age older than 18 years, to the wells and the strips were incubated for 2 h at 37 °C. no systemic disease or diabetes, and no history of medi- The strips were then washed five times with PBS-T. The cation use. Only 39 non-diabetic adults, who met the color was developed by adding 100 µL of a solution of inclusion criteria, effectively participated in the study. ρ-nitrophenylphosphate (Sigma) and incubating the Sociodemographic data were obtained by semi-struc- strips for 30 min in the dark. The reaction was stopped tured interview. with 1 N NaOH (Sigma) and the optical density was All subjects received information regarding the objec- measured at a wavelength of 405 nm. tive and procedures of the study and only participated in the data collection after signing a free informed con- Clinical examination sent form. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics The caries status of the patients was evaluated using the Committee of Universidade Federal do Maranhão (Proto- DMFT (decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth) col No. 33104-149). index and was performed by a single examiner. Data on oral hygiene, access to dental care, and salivary flow were Collection of saliva samples also collected. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, in fasting, from diabetic and non-diabetic subjects over a period Statistical analysis of 5 min. After rinsing their mouth with filtered water, Quantitative variables were compared between the two the subjects were asked to spit saliva into a sterile groups by the Student t test. The correlation between flask. The flasks were sealed immediately after sample diabetic and non-diabetic patients was evaluated using collection and refrigerated at 4 °C before transport to Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient. A receiver oper- the laboratory. The saliva samples were centrifuged ating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for the (10,000 rpm, 10 min) to reduce salivary debris and vis- diagnostic test. This analysis considered glucose, total cosity. Glucose and total protein concentrations were protein, urea, anti-insulin Ig, and amylase concentra- determined immediately after centrifugation. The other tions. The test was defined as positive when alterations parameters were evaluated later in a supernatant stored in at least four parameters were observed. The sensitivity at −20 °C. of the test was 88 %, specificity was 90 %, and diagnostic Lima‑Aragão et al. BMC Res Notes (2016) 9:103 Page 3 of 7 accuracy was 89 %. Categorical variables were compared by Fisher’s exact test. The level of significance for rejec- tion of the null hypothesis was set at p ≤ 0.05 in all tests. All analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism 5.0 program. Results The control group consisted of 39 clinically healthy subjects with a mean (±SD) age of 23 ± 6 years (range: 19–50 years). The mean ±( SD) age of the diabetic patients was 52 ± 18 years (range: 18–84 years). Fifty-seven of the 88 diabetic patients were females and 31 were males, and 59 were using insulin. The time since Fig. 1 Salivary concentration of total IgA, anti‑mutans (Streptococ- diagnosis of diabetes was 11 8 years. Blood glucose lev- cus mutans) IgA and anti‑insulin IgA in diabetic patients and healthy ± controls. The results are reported as the mean standard deviation ± els were 261 ± 131 mg/dL.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Considerations for the Use of Saliva As Sample Material for COVID-19 Testing 3 May 2021
    [Type here] ECDC TECHNICAL REPORT Considerations for the use of saliva as sample material for COVID-19 testing 3 May 2021 Key messages • Nasopharyngeal specimens remain the gold standard for COVID-19 testing for use with RT-PCR and rapid antigen diagnostic tests. • Studies on the performance of RT-PCR tests have variously reported both higher and lower sensitivity for saliva samples compared with nasopharyngeal swabs. However, meta-analyses of such studies suggest an overall similar or non-statistically significant lower sensitivity associated with the use of saliva samples. • The reported heterogeneity is likely to, in part, reflect differences in sampling techniques, sampling times and the type of population being tested, with evidence that RT-PCR tests with saliva as sample material show similar sensitivity to those using nasopharyngeal swabs for symptomatic patients, if the sample collection is performed within the first five days from onset of symptoms, and when the viral load is high. • Saliva sample collection is easy, non-invasive, more acceptable for repeat testing and can be performed by non-healthcare professionals or individuals themselves who are properly instructed. • Evidence supports the conclusion that saliva can be used as an alternative sample material for RT- PCR testing when nasopharyngeal swabs cannot be collected in the following scenarios: in symptomatic patients and for repeated screening of asymptomatic individuals. • Further clinical studies are warranted on the sensitivity of saliva as sample material for RT-PCR analysis for symptomatic and asymptomatic children, and to standardise the sampling collection methods. • Current limited evidence does not support the use of saliva as an alternative sample material for rapid antigen or antibody tests.
    [Show full text]
  • Hormone Testing
    Hormone Testing Saliva Testing The Nutrition and Health Center utilizes the leading salivary-based testing and research laboratory in the United States to measure hormones. This method is called Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay; it measures “free fraction hormone levels,” giving more information than measuring “bound hormone levels.” The commonly used blood and serum hormone tests look only at the level of hormones that are present in a person’s tissues; this is known as “bound hormone levels.” Saliva testing has many advantages over blood testing including: • Saliva specimen collection does not require a blood draw and there are no risks to you • Saliva collections are convenient and can be done at work or at home • When stored properly, saliva samples are stable for several weeks • With an accuracy of 92-96%, saliva testing is more accurate than blood testing • The ability to collect more than one specimen which provides more information than a single collection • Compared to blood testing, saliva testing is also more affordable • Saliva testing looks at the “unbound hormone levels” also known as “free fraction hormone levels” which are the hormone levels that are available to be used by the body’s tissues. This gives a better idea of the levels of hormones that are actually influencing the tissues, rather than just the level of hormones that are present in the tissues Types of Saliva Tests There are various hormones in your body, so there are various corresponding saliva tests that can be administered. The tests that we use are the Female Hormone Panel™ (FHP™) test, Adrenal Stress Index™ (ASI), and the Flexi-Matrix Customized panel.
    [Show full text]
  • Adrenal & Male Hormone
    ADRENAL & MALE HORMONE BLOOD SPOT Lifestyle, physical and psychological stresses put constant demands on the adrenal glands. If they get depleted adrenal fatigue or insufficiency may be experienced. Symptoms include fatigue, hypotension, and lowered resistance to stress, salt cravings, hypoglycaemia, and lowered immunity. Assessing cortisol, DHEA and other adrenal hormone levels may help to identify these patients and will assist effective therapy. The aging male experiences a decrease in testosterone at a rate of 10% per decade from the age of 30. This reduction of testosterone and other androgens experienced as a consequence of the aging process has been named andropause or androgen deficiency of the aging male (ADAM). Symptoms associated with ADAM can be associated with impaired 5α reductase or aromatase activity, enzymes responsible for conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or estrogens. Diagnosing and treating androgen deficiency is vital for improving quality of life and reducing age-related health decline in the aging male population. This test provides a focused overview of the adrenal and male hormones: Salivary DHEAs and Cortisol, and Estradiol (E2), Testosterone, SHBG and PSA via blood spot. Stress, Hormones and Aging Lifestyle, physical and psychological pressure puts constant demands on the adrenal glands. Although they are designed to cope with stress, changing physiological functions to deal with the ‘fight or flight’, the adrenal glands suffer in today’s high stress society. Most individuals however who have depleted adrenal glands are not medical emergencies. They just go through life with fatigue, not knowing what is wrong with them. These people may be suffering from adrenal fatigue which is also known as hypoadrenia, subclinical hypoadrenia, subclinical adrenal exhaustion or adrenal insufficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Hormone Testing Jim Paoletti, B.S
    Hormone Testing Jim Paoletti, B.S. Pharmacy, FAARFM Establish the Need – Lab tests – Correlate patient assessment with testing results – Lab tests alone do not always tell the whole story – Lab values are guides to which direction therapy should be considered – Lab values should be used to “confirm the diagnosis” Testing Considerations • Limitations – Timing of cycle – No individual baseline in many cases – Lack of correlation of symptoms to levels – No consideration of influences on free hormone levels (such as SHBG) – Dosage form differences • Don’t rely on lab tests alone— Treat the patient, not the labs Testing Considerations • Are you comparing to the range of a person of the reported life stage or the range of the age you are attempting to replicate? – We don’t want menopausal levels in most cases Testing Considerations • When was the test done compared to the timing of the last dose? – Make sure patient is at steady state if possible • 8 -24 hrs post topical application • 4-8 hrs post oral dosing (SR capsules) • Be consistent with subsequent testing • Pay attention to changes in: • Site of application • Base • Volume applied Body Fluids Commonly Used for Testing Steroid Hormones • Serum/plasma • 24-hour urine • Saliva • Capillary blood (dried blood spot) Serum Testing Advantages • Wide range of hormones available • Familiar reference ranges • Many laboratories to choose from • Standard automated methods with appropriate proficiency testing • Insurance coverage Serum Testing Considerations • Established “gold standard” based on
    [Show full text]
  • Adrenals & Female Hormone
    ADRENALS & FEMALE HORMONE BLOOD SPOT Lifestyle, physical and psychological stresses put constant demands on the adrenal glands. If they get depleted adrenal fatigue or insufficiency may be experienced. Symptoms include fatigue, hypotension, and lowered resistance to stress, salt cravings, hypoglycaemia, and lowered immunity. Assessing cortisol, DHEA and other adrenal hormone levels may help to identify these patients and will assist effective therapy. Hormone imbalances are associated with numerous symptoms and health conditions. Assessing and diagnosing these changes are important to decrease unnecessary suffering and prevent degenerative diseases. Female hormones fluctuate through a menstrual cycle and at various times of a woman’s life. Imbalances in hormones are associated with PMS, menopause and more complex conditions like PCOS and endometriosis. This test provides a focused overview of the adrenal and female hormones: Salivary DHEAs and Cortisol, and Estradiol (E2), Progesterone, Testosterone, SHBG, FSH, LH via blood spot SYMPTOMS AND CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HORMONE IMBALANCES Low sex drive Insomnia and sleep disturbances Depression and irritability Cancer Fatigue Hair thinning and loss Weight gain and decreased muscle tone Osteoporosis Memory loss, foggy thinking & Alzheimer’s Cardiovascular disease Stress, Hormones and Aging Lifestyle, physical and psychological pressure puts constant demands on the adrenal glands. Although they are designed to cope with stress, changing physiological functions to deal with the ‘fight or flight’, the adrenal glands suffer in today’s high stress society. Most individuals however who have depleted adrenal glands are not medical emergencies. They just go through life with fatigue, not knowing what is wrong with them. These people may be suffering from adrenal fatigue which is also known as hypoadrenia, subclinical hypoadrenia, subclinical adrenal exhaustion or adrenal insufficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • LCMS Saliva Steroid & Steroid Synthesis Inhibitor Profile
    PROVIDER DATA SHEET LCMS Saliva Steroid & Steroid Synthesis Inhibitor Profile ZRT Laboratory now offers a comprehensive LC-MS/MS saliva assay that measures the levels of 18 endogenous steroid hormones (see Steroid Hormone Cascade Tests Included diagram on the next page) including estrogens, progestogens, androgens, Estrogens glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. In addition to endogenous hormones Estradiol (E2), Estriol (E3), Estrone (E1), the new assay quantifies the level of melatonin and the synthetic estrogen ethinyl Ethinyl Estradiol (EE) estradiol, present in most birth control formulations, as well as several synthetic Progestogen Precursors and Metabolites aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole and letrozole) and the 5α-reductase inhibitor Pregnenolone Sulfate (PregS), Progesterone (Pg), finasteride. Allopregnenolone (AlloP), 17-OH Progesterone (17OHPg) The LC-MS/MS assay expands beyond the 5-steroid panel of parent hormones Androgen Precursors and Metabolites (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, DHEAS, and cortisol) currently tested Androstenedione (Adione), Testosterone (T), by immunoassay (IA) at ZRT Laboratory. Testing the levels of both upstream Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), DHEA (D), precursors and downstream metabolites of these parent active steroids, listed DHEA-S (DS), 7-Keto DHEA (7keto) above and shown in the diagram on the next page, will help determine which steroid Glucocorticoid Precursors and Metabolites synthesis enzymes are low, overactive, blocked by natural or pharmaceutical 11-Deoxycortisol (11DC) Cortisol
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring by Stormy Li, RDH, Mhed, Kristen Stephens, RDH, MSDH, Edd, Michelle Hurlbutt, RDH, MSDH, Dhsc
    LifeLong Learning CE Course: Advances in Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring By Stormy Li, RDH, MHEd, Kristen Stephens, RDH, MSDH, EdD, Michelle Hurlbutt, RDH, MSDH, DHSc Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, resulting in increased glycemic load, insulin resistance, is a group of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by and obesity.3 Increased morbidity and mortality is hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, associated with T2D. Diabetes remained the seventh insulin action, or both. It is one of the oldest diseases leading cause of death in the US in 2017, with 83,564 known to man and reported in Egyptian literature dating death certificates listing it as the underlying cause of back over 3000 years. Most cases of diabetes fall within death, and a total of 270,702 death certificates listing 1 two broad etiopathogenetic categories: Type 1 Diabetes diabetes as an underlying or contributing cause of death. (T1D), an autoimmune pathologic process and Type 2 Overall, the risk for death among people with diabetes is Diabetes (T2D), a combination of resistance to insulin twice that of people of similar age without diabetes. action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory Today, diabetes remains one of the most common diseases diagnosed by family physicians, and despite response. In a new report from the Centers for Disease scientific advances and discoveries in treating diabetes; Control and Prevention (CDC) on diabetes statistics, the population diagnosed and undiagnosed continues to 34.2 million people of all ages—or 10.5% of the US grow. Since the majority of cases of diabetes are T2D population—have diabetes—with an estimated 88 million and the diagnostic tests are considered reliable, screening 1 people aged 18 years and older having pre-diabetes.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Saliva/Oral Fluid As an Alternate Drug Testing Specimen
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Evaluation of Saliva/Oral Fluid as an Alternate Drug Testing Specimen Author(s): Dennis J. Crouch, Jayme Day, Jakub Baudys, Alim A. Fatah Document No.: 203569 Date Received: February 2005 Award Number: 94-IJ-R-004 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Evaluation of Saliva/Oral Fluid as an Alternate Drug Testing Specimen NIJ Report 605−03 Dennis J. Crouch Jayme Day Jakub Baudys University of Utah, Center for Human Toxicology (CHT) Salt Lake City, UT 84112–9457 and Alim A. Fatah National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 July 2004 NCJ 203569 This report was prepared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, by the Office of Law En- forcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the direction of Alim A.
    [Show full text]
  • Salivary Hormone Testing AHS – G2120
    Corporate Medical Policy Salivary Hormone Testing AHS – G2120 File Name: salivary_hormone_testing Origination: 01/01/2019 Last CAP Review: 03/2021 Next CAP Review: 03/2022 Last Review: 04/2021 Description of Procedure or Service Definition Testing of saliva has been proposed as a noninvasive method to measure free (unbound to carrier proteins and thus active) steroid hormones, including estrogen, progesterone, androgens, and cortisol, for diagnosis of hormonal imbalance and administration of individualized hormone replacement therapy (ACOG & ASRM, 2012). Hypercortisolism can occur in several disorders, including Cushing's syndrome (pituitary hypersecretion of corticotropin/ACTH), or as a result of glucocorticoid administration resulting in obesity, hypertension, menstrual irregularity, and glucose intolerance (Lacroix, Feelders, Stratakis, & Nieman, 2015; Nieman et al., 2008; L. K. Nieman, 2019a; Quddusi, Browne, Toivola, & Hirsch, 1998). Related Policies: Hormonal Testing in Females Hormonal Testing in Males ***Note: This Medical Policy is complex and technical. For questions concerning the technical language and/or specific clinical indications for its use, please consult your physician. Policy BCBSNC will provide coverage for salivary hormone testing when it is determined the medical criteria or reimbursement guidelines below are met. Benefits Application This medical policy relates only to the services or supplies described herein. Please refer to the Member's Benefit Booklet for availability of benefits. Member's benefits may vary
    [Show full text]
  • Saliva Exhibits High Sensitivity and Specificity for the Detection
    diseases Review Saliva Exhibits High Sensitivity and Specificity for the Detection of SARS-COV-2 Ibrahim Warsi 1,2 , Zohaib Khurshid 3,* , Hamda Shazam 4, Muhammad Farooq Umer 5 , Eisha Imran 6 , Muhammad Owais Khan 7, Paul Desmond Slowey 8,9 and J. Max Goodson 2,10 1 Medical Sciences in Clinical Investigation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; [email protected] 2 The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi 74700, Pakistan; [email protected] 5 Al-Shifa School of Public Health, Al-Shifa Trust, Jhelum Road, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan; [email protected] 6 Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Medical Sciences, HITEC Dental College, Taxilla 751010, Pakistan; [email protected] 7 Dow International Dental College (DIDC), Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; [email protected] 8 Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; [email protected] 9 Oasis Diagnostics®Corporation, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA 10 Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA Citation: Warsi, I.; Khurshid, Z.; * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +966-558-420-410 Shazam, H.; Umer, M.F.; Imran, E.; Khan, M.O.; Slowey, P.D.; Goodson, Abstract: In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to assess the application of a multitude J.M. Saliva Exhibits High Sensitivity of effective diagnostic specimens for conducting mass testing, for accurate diagnosis and to formulate and Specificity for the Detection of strategies for its prevention and control.
    [Show full text]
  • Salivary Hormone Testing (All Lines of Business Except Medicare)
    MEDICAL POLICY Salivary Hormone Testing (All Lines of Business Except Medicare) Effective Date: 1/1/2021 Section: LAB Policy No: 339 Technology Assessment Committee Approved Date: 4/14; 4/15; 2/16 Medical Policy Committee Approved Date: 5/03; 5/04; 9/05; 7/07; 7/09; 4/17; 5/17; 8/17; 12/18; 1/19; 1/1/2021 12/19; 12/2020 Medical Officer Date See Policy CPT/HCPCS CODE section below for any prior authorization requirements SCOPE: Providence Health Plan, Providence Health Assurance, Providence Plan Partners, and Ayin Health Solutions as applicable (referred to individually as “Company” and collectively as “Companies”). APPLIES TO: All lines of business BENEFIT APPLICATION Medicaid Members Oregon: Services requested for Oregon Health Plan (OHP) members follow the OHP Prioritized List and Oregon Administrative Rules (OARs) as the primary resource for coverage determinations. Medical policy criteria below may be applied when there are no criteria available in the OARs and the OHP Prioritized List. POLICY CRITERIA I. The use of salivary cortisol testing (e.g., late night salivary cortisol) may be considered medically necessary and covered when all of the following criteria (A.-B.) are met: A. To diagnose suspected endogenous Cushing’s syndrome; and B. The sample is analyzed in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) approved laboratory. II. The use of salivary cortisol testing is considered investigational and is not covered when criterion I. above is not met. Page 1 of 15 LAB339 MEDICAL POLICY Salivary Hormone Testing (All Lines of Business Except Medicare) III. The use of salivary hormone tests for the evaluation of preterm labor are considered investigational and are not covered.
    [Show full text]
  • Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers and Glycated Haemoglobin Among
    Agho et al. BMC Oral Health (2021) 21:101 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01453-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Salivary infammatory biomarkers and glycated haemoglobin among patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus Ekhosuehi Theophilus Agho1*, Foluso John Owotade2, Babatope Ayodeji Kolawole3, Elijah Olufemi Oyetola2 and Tewogbade Adeoye Adedeji4 Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and improved detection tech- niques and biomarkers are urgently needed across the spectrum of diabetes initiation and progression. Infammatory biomarkers play a role in the development of the condition and blood is the gold standard body fuid for the diagno- sis of diabetes mellitus. Serum glycated haemoglobin is a widely used marker of chronic hyperglycemia, and it is cur- rently used to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus and it is the standard biomarker for the adequacy of management. However, saliva ofers an alternative to serum as a biological fuid for diagnostic purposes. Non-invasive measures of infammatory biomarkers (such as saliva diagnostics) are increasingly being investigated due to signifcant similarities between salivary and serum proteome. The role of saliva diagnostics in diabetes mellitus has not been explored in our study population. Objectives: This study investigated the association of selected salivary infammatory biomarkers (Interleukin 6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP], and Tumour necrosis factor α [TNF-α]) to glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) in type 2 diabetics. Materials and methods: Seventy-fve participants, 39 type 2 diabetics (52%) and 36 (48%) healthy controls were recruited. Saliva and blood samples were collected for each participant. The levels of selected salivary infamma- tory biomarkers (IL-6, CRP and TNF-α) were estimated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method and glycated haemogloin (HbA1C) was estimated using the liquid chromatography method.
    [Show full text]