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"Epopeia Do Comércio": Os Lusíadas Na Tradução De

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UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS EM INGLÊS CLÁUDIA SANTANA MARTINS A “Epopeia do Comércio”: Os lusíadas na tradução de William Julius Mickle (Versão Corrigida) São Paulo 2015 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS EM INGLÊS A “Epopeia do Comércio”: Os lusíadas na tradução de William Julius Mickle Cláudia Santana Martins Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês do Departamento de Letras Modernas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Letras. (Versão Corrigida) De acordo. São Paulo 2015 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Martins, Cláudia Santana. M386e A “Epopeia do Comércio”: Os lusíadas na tradução de William Julius Mickle / Cláudia Santana Martins ; orientadora Lenita Maria Rimoli Esteves. – São Paulo, 2015. 361 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Letras Modernas. Área de concentração: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês. 1. Estudos da Tradução. 2. Tradução. 3. Linguística Aplicada. I. Esteves, Lenita Maria Rimoli, orient. II. Título. CLÁUDIA SANTANA MARTINS A “Epopeia do Comércio”: Os lusíadas na tradução de William Julius Mickle Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Doutora em Letras Aprovada em: BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof(a). Dr(a). _________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: _________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). _________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: _________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). _________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: _________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). _________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: _________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). _________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: _________________________ A Maria da Graça e Luiz Carlos, sem os quais esta tese não teria sido possível. AGRADECIMENTOS À Profª. Drª. Lenita Maria Rimoli Esteves, pela orientação competente, apoio, incentivo e amizade. À Profª. Drª. Marcia Maria de Arruda Franco, pelos comentários e sugestões fornecidos por ocasião do Exame de Qualificação. À Profª. Drª. Maria Viviane do Amaral Veras, pelo apoio e estímulo, pelos comentários e sugestões fornecidos por ocasião do Exame de Qualificação e como membro da Banca de Defesa. Ao Prof. Dr. John Milton, pelo apoio e incentivo durante todo o percurso, assim como pela participação na Banca de Defesa. À Profª. Drª Ana Elvira Luciano Gebara e ao Prof. Dr. José Garcez Ghirardi, pela participação em minha Banca de Defesa e pelos interessantes comentários e sugestões apresentados. A meus pais, pela revisão da tese e comentários. À minha irmã Angela Tesheiner, pela ajuda em várias questões de tradução e redação. À amiga Theresa Ann Wymer, pela ajuda na tradução das poesias escritas em inglês setecentista. Ao amigo Prof. Henrique D’Arce, da Kingston University London, que me enviou pelo correio a cópia, obtida na British Library, da biografia de Mickle escrita pelo Rev. John Sim. À amiga Andreia Schweitzer, pelo auxílio na tradução do poema de Torquato Tasso em homenagem a Vasco da Gama. A todos os meus amigos e, em especial, aos colegas de mestrado e doutorado, por tornarem minha vida mais interessante e divertida. Aos amigos do grupo Valami Lesz, fonte constante de informação e inspiração. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo apoio financeiro. “Um grande império certifica outro. Talvez isso seja propaganda. Entretanto, comunidades imaginadas dependem de histórias e lendas que as mantêm agregadas. Tais histórias são a nação, como muitos teóricos dizem agora e os poetas sempre disseram. E muitas vezes o modo como um poeta lê os velhos mitos que lhe são mais importantes lança uma luz sobre as crenças, se não as mentiras, pelas quais ele e sua nação vivem.” (Lawrence Lipking) RESUMO MARTINS, Cláudia Santana. A “Epopeia do Comércio”: Os lusíadas na tradução de William Julius Mickle. 2015. 361 f. Tese (Doutorado em Letras) Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015.) O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é a tradução de Os lusíadas, de Luís Vaz de Camões, feita pelo poeta escocês William Julius Mickle e publicada na Inglaterra em 1776. Essa tradução foi um sucesso na época de sua publicação e no século seguinte, tornando-se, ao longo dos anos, a mais lida e citada de todas as traduções da obra para o inglês. Pretende-se mostrar que a tradução de Mickle reflete a intrincada rede de convenções, normas e interesses vigentes no Reino da Grã-Bretanha no final do século XVIII, e que as grandes liberdades tomadas por Mickle com o poema original se articulam a fatores históricos, sociais e econômicos, assim como às normas culturais da época, uma fase de transição entre o Neoclassicismo augustano e o Romantismo. A tese a ser demonstrada é que, em sua tradução e nos elementos paratextuais que a acompanham, Mickle reencena e atualiza o conceito medieval da translatio imperii et studii – a ideia de que haveria uma transmissão do leste para o oeste não só do controle imperial, mas também da cultura e do conhecimento. Mickle adaptou o épico camoniano para o público britânico do final do século XVIII, rotulou-o como “A Epopeia do Comércio” e acrescentou paratextos de cunho ideológico. Manipulando o poema original tanto no aspecto poético quanto ideológico, Mickle transformou Os lusíadas em uma narrativa a serviço do Império Britânico e contribuiu – como outros poetas de sua época que celebraram o crescimento da riqueza e do poder britânicos – para forjar uma identidade poética e cultural para o Império Britânico. Palavras-chave: Luís Vaz de Camões. William Julius Mickle. Estudos da Tradução. Ideologia. Manipulação. ABSTRACT MARTINS, Cláudia Santana. The “Epic Poem of Commerce”: Os lusíadas translated by William Julius Mickle. 2015. 361 f. Thesis (Doctor of Letters) Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015.) The object of study of this work is the translation of Luís Vaz de Camões’s Os lusíadas by the Scottish poet William Julius Mickle, published in England in 1776. This translation was a success in its time and in the ensuing century, having become over the years the most widely read and quoted among all the translations of Os lusíadas into English. It will be shown that Mickle’s translation reflects the intricate network of conventions, norms and interests prevailing in Britain in the late 18th century, and also that the great liberties he took with the original poem are connected to historical, social and economic factors, as well as the cultural norms of the time, a transitional period between the Augustan Neoclassicism and Romanticism. The thesis to be demonstrated is that, in his translation and paratextual elements that accompany it, Mickle reenacts and updates the medieval concept of translatio imperii et studii – the idea that not only imperial power, but also knowledge and culture, were transferred from East to West. Mickle adapted Camões’s epic for the late eighteenth-century British audience, labelled it as ‘The Epic Poem of Commerce’ and added ideologically charged paratexts to his translation. By manipulating the original poem both poetically and ideologically, Mickle transformed Os lusíadas into a narrative at the service of the British Empire and contributed – like other poets of his time who celebrated the growth of Britain’s wealth and power – to forge a poetic and cultural identity for the British Empire. Keywords: Luís Vaz de Camões. William Julius Mickle. Translation Studies. Ideology. Manipulation. LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1 – Mapa antropomórfico Europa Regina, de Johannes Putsch.............. 44 FIGURA 2 – Detalhe do mapa Europa Regina, de Putsch.......................................... 44 FIGURA 3 – Reprodução da folha de rosto de The Lusiad ....................................... 143 FIGURA 4 – Gravura de John Mortimer..................................................................... 146 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ......................................................................................................... 13 1 TRANSLATIO STUDII ET IMPERII.................................................................... 19 1.1 O “CLÁSSICO” E A ORIGEM DO CONCEITO DE TRANSLATIO......... 21 1.2 A TRANSLATIO NO INÍCIO DA IDADE MODERNA............................. 25 2. OS LUSÍADAS........................................................................................................ 28 2.1 CONTEXTO SÓCIO-HISTÓRICO-POLÍTICO-ECONÔMICO: A EXPANSÃO MARÍTIMA PORTUGUESA ...............................................
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