Nation Und Geschlecht. Frauen in Serbien Von Der Mitte Des 19

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Nation Und Geschlecht. Frauen in Serbien Von Der Mitte Des 19 Nation und Geschlecht. Frauen in Serbien von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg Von der Fakultät für Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaf- ten der Universität Leipzig angenommene DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIE (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Svetlana Stefanović geboren am 09. März 1970. in Karlovac, Kroatien Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Höpken Prof. Dr. Holm Sundhaussen Tag der Verteidigung: 30. Januar 2013 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort 5 Einleitung 7 Ziel der Arbeit 13 Die Gliederung der Arbeit 16 Forschungsstand 17 Zur Quellenlage 20 Teil A Nation und Geschlecht in Serbien von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges 24 I. Grundlagen 25 I. 1. Historischer Hintergrund: Von den serbischen Aufständen bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges (1804–1918) 26 I. 2. Demographischer und sozialer Wandel 42 I. 2. 1. Territorium und Bevölkerungsentwicklung 42 I. 2. 2. Sozialer Wandel 49 II. Die Lage der Frauen in der serbischen Gesellschaft 54 II. 1. Die Bauernfamilie 55 II. 2. Die Rechtsstellung der Frauen nach dem Serbischen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch (1844) und dem Strafgesetzbuch (1860) 60 III. Die Anfänge des weiblichen Engagements (ca. 1850–1870er Jahre) 67 III. 1. Der Hintergrund: Die Anfänge des Vereinswesens 68 III. 2. Die „Vereinigte Serbische Jugend“ 72 III. 2. 1. Die Frauen in der „Omladina“ 75 III. 2. 2. „Liebe Schwestern! nicht nur die Söhne, sondern im gleichen Maße auch die Töchter, gehören zu unserem Volk“: Die erste serbische Frauenrechtlerin „Schwester Draga“ 85 III. 2. 3. Svetozar Marković und die Frauenfrage 89 III. 3. Die Geschichte des serbischen Frauenvereinswesens in Südungarn 95 IV. Handlungsfelder der serbischen Frauenbewegung 105 IV. 1. Bildung (1846–1914/18) 106 IV. 1. 1. Grundschulen für Mädchen 106 IV. 1. 2. Die höhere Frauenbildung 109 IV. 1. 3. Die Frauenfachschule (Radnička škola) des Belgrader Frauenvereins 118 IV. 1. 4. Der Universitätszugang 122 IV. 1. 5. Weibliche Schul- und Berufserfahrungen 128 IV. 2. Sozialkaritatives Engagement und wirtschaftliche Förderung (1875–1914/18) 139 IV. 2. 1. Der Belgrader Frauenverein 139 IV. 2. 1. 1. Die Heimindustrie 143 IV. 2. 1. 2. Die Förderung der Heimindustrie: Der Pazar 145 IV. 2. 2. Mutterschaft – eine soziale Funktion 152 IV. 3. Frauen in der städtischen Gesellschaft 157 IV. 3. 1. Frauen und urbane Geselligkeit: Der Salon (Poselo) 157 IV. 3. 2. Frauen und Öffentlichkeit: Domaćica 165 IV. 3. 3. „Gott beglücke mein Volk, dem ich sechs Kinder geschenkt habe“: Frauen in der Ehe 172 IV. 4. Frauen und nationale Mobilisierung (1875–1914/18) 188 IV. 4. 1. Patriotische Wohltätigkeit: Der Belgrader Frauenverein 188 IV. 4. 1. 1. Die erste Schirmherrin des Belgrader Frauenvereins: Die Königin Natalija Obrenović 191 IV. 4. 1. 2. Die Kriege von 1877/78 und 1885/86 195 IV. 4. 2. Arbeit an der Nation: Das Engagement des Damenausschusses „Fürstin Ljubica“ in „Altserbien“ und Makedonien 199 IV. 4. 3. An der Seite von Nation und Armee: Der „Kranz der serbischen Schwestern“ 208 IV. 4. 4. Jüdische Frauen und Nation 226 IV. 4. 5. Intellektuelle Frauen und nationale Agitation: Das Beispiel Isidora Sekulić 232 IV. 4. 6. Wird jeder Serbe als Soldat geboren? – Patriotisch-wehrhafte Männlichkeitskonstruktionen241 IV. 4. 7. Kämpfende Frauen: „Amazonen“ 254 IV. 4. 8. Zwischen national-patriotischen und frauenspezifischen Anliegen: Der Serbisch-nationale Frauenbund 261 V. Zwischenfazit 279 3 Teil B Nation und Geschlecht im Zwischenkriegsjugoslawien 282 I. Grundlagen 283 I. 1. Entstehung und Entwicklung Jugoslawiens (1918–1941) 284 I. 2. Demographischer und sozialer Wandel 293 I. 2. 1. Territorium und Bevölkerungsentwicklung 293 I. 2. 2. Sozialer Wandel 297 II. Die Lage der Frauen in der jugoslawischen Gesellschaft 304 II. 1. Die Bauernfamilie 305 II. 2. Die Rechtsstellung der Frauen 313 III. Die jugoslawische Frauenbewegung 322 III. 1. Akademische Bildung, Berufsleben, Berufsverbände 323 III. 2. Politische Partizipationsforderungen: Kampf um das Wahlrecht 335 III. 3. Zwischen traditionellem Patriotismus und Jugoslawismus, zwischen Feminismus und Sozialismus 354 III. 3. 1. Nationaler Unitarismus 355 III. 3. 2. Die Emanzipation der patriarchalen Gesellschaft 366 IV. Zwischenfazit 384 Zusammenfassung 390 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 393 Quellen und Literatur 394 Quellen 394 Literatur 399 Verzeichnis der Karten, Tabellen und Graphiken 410 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen 412 Lebenslauf 413 4 Vorwort Das vorliegende Buch stellt die überarbeitete Fassung meiner Dissertation dar, die ich im Oktober 2011 an der Fakultät für Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaften der Universität Leipzig eingereicht habe. Hiermit möchte ich meinem Mentor Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Höpken für die freundliche Aufnahme als Doktorandin, sowie für die wissenschaftliche Betreuung der Dissertation und für seine Beratung danken. Ein herzlicher Dank richtet sich auch an den verstorbe- nen Prof. Dr. Holm Sundhaussen, der als Zweitgutachter mein Dissertationsmanuskript gelesen hat. Weiterhin möchte ich Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Mira Radojević meinen Dank für ihre Literaturhinweise und ihre freundschaftliche Unterstützung aussprechen. Ebenfalls bedanken möchte ich mich bei den Mitarbeitern der folgenden Institutionen für ihre freundliche und zuvorkommende Hilfe bei der Quellen-, Literatur- und Fotobe- schaffung: Archiv der Serbischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste, Archiv Jugoslawiens, Historisches Archiv der Stadt Belgrad und Archiv Serbiens (vor allem bei der Höheren Archivarin Frau Dr. Ljubinka Škodrić); desweiteren bei der Nationalbiblio- thek Serbiens, der Universitätsbibliothek „Svetozar Marković“, der Bibliothek der Ab- teilung für Geschichte an der Philosophischen Fakultät Belgrad, der Stadtbücherei Montabaur, der Bibliothek der Stadt Belgrad (Heimatabteilung), beim Museum der Stadt Belgrad, beim Pädagogischen Museum Belgrad und beim Pavle-Beljanski- Museum Novi Sad. Zu danken habe ich auch Jasmina Milanović, die mir freundlicher- weise die Fotografie des Lazaretts des „Kranzes der serbischen Schwestern“ zur Verfü- gung stellte. Besonderer Dank gilt Zorica Mijailović für ihr Lektorat und die Hilfe bei der Bereitstel- lung der Dissertationsfassung. Für das Korrekturlesen der überarbeiteten Fassung sei Kathleen Zeidler, wiss. Mitarbeiterin im GWZO an der Universität Leipzig, ganz herz- lich gedankt. Schließlich danke ich sehr herzlich meinen Freunden und meiner Familie – besonders Dejan Predović – ohne deren Hilfe und Unterstützung diese hier vorliegende Arbeit nur unter erschwerten Bedingungen möglich gewesen wäre. Dieses Buch ist meiner Groß- mutter Stanka Vučković (1909–1993) gewidmet, einer Bäuerin und Städterin, Analpha- 5 betin und Symphatisantin der Partisanenbewegung, die mit ihren Lebenserzählungen mein Interesse an der Frauengeschichte im Allgemeinen geweckt hat. 6 Einleitung „Geschichte ist nicht nur Geschichte männlicher, sondern ebenso weiblicher Erfahrung. Sie sollte nicht nur in männlicher oder scheinbar geschlechtsneutraler Perspektive studiert werden, sondern auch in weiblicher und geschlechtergeschichtlicher Perspektive.“1 Die Geschlechtergeschichte ging aus der „historischen Frauenforschung“ („her-story“ als Gegensatz zu „history“ – „his story“) hervor, die im Rahmen der neuen Frauenbe- wegung Anfang der 1970er Jahre entstand. Den Pionierinnen der Frauengeschichte ging es darum, die kollektiven und individuellen Erfahrungen von Frauen ins Zentrum der historischen Forschung zu stellen und die Spielräume selbstbestimmten Frauenhandelns zu erforschen. Die Geschlechtergeschichte unterscheidet sich von der klassischen Frau- engeschichte durch ihren komplexeren und stärker theorieorientierten Ansatz. „Ihr geht es nicht“, so schrieb die Historikerin Ute Frevert, „in erster Linie darum, die vergessene Geschichte der Frauen als Sonderform eines ‚Allgemeinen‘ zu schreiben; vielmehr soll jenes ‚Allgemeine‘ selber dekonstruiert, auf seine Geschlechterspezifik untersucht und neu zusammengesetzt werden“.2 Alle uns bekannten Gesellschaften kennen geschlech- terbestimmte Bereiche, Verhaltensweisen und Tätigkeiten. Überall existiert also eine geschlechterbestimmte Differenzierung, deren konkrete Bestimmung aber nicht in allen Gesellschaften gleich ist. Der konkrete Inhalt dessen, was es bedeutet eine Frau oder ein Mann zu sein, ist historisch und kulturell höchst variabel, so wie die Grenze zwischen Frausein und Mannsein und die Rigidität dieser Grenze. In dieser Hinsicht soll man, der Historikerin Gisela Bock zufolge, Geschlechter und ihre Beziehungen als soziale, politi- sche und kulturelle Größen verstehen. Hervorzuheben ist, dass die Frage nach ge- schlechterbestimmter Differenzierung und die Frage nach geschlechterbestimmter Hie- rarchie, bzw. dem Machtverhältnis zwischen Männern und Frauen, nicht immer und 1 Bock, Gisela: Geschichte, Frauengeschichte, Geschlechtergeschichte. In: Geschichte und Gesellschaft 14 (1988) 3, S. 364-391, hier: S. 390. 2 Frevert, Ute: „Mann und Weib, und Weib und Mann“. Geschlechter-Differenzen in der Moderne, Mün- chen 1995, S. 9 f. Vgl. Dies.: Geschichte als Geschlechtergeschichte? Zur Bedeutung des „weiblichen Blicks“ für die Wahrnehmung von Geschichte. In: Saeculum 43 (1992) 1, S. 108-123. Siehe auch Hage- mann, Karen/Jean H. Quataert: Einführung: Geschichte und Geschlechter. Geschichtsschreibung und akademische Kultur in Westdeutschland und den USA im Vergleich. In: Dies. (Hgg.): Geschichte und Geschlechter. Revisionen der neueren deutschen Geschichte, Frankfurt-New York 2008, S. 11-63, hier: S. 25-30. 7 nicht
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