FREE APPLICATION OF CHESS THEORY PDF Efim Geller,K.P. Neat | 270 pages | 01 Jan 1995 | EVERYMAN CHESS | 9781857440676 | English | London, United Kingdom Application of Chess Theory - Geller – Chess House The game of chess is commonly divided into three phases: the openingApplication of Chess Theoryand endgame. Those who write about chess theorywho are often also eminent players, are referred to as "theorists" or "theoreticians". The development of theory in all of these areas has been assisted by the vast literature on the game. Inpreeminent chess historian H. Murray wrote in his page magnum opus A History of Chess that, "The game possesses a literature which in contents probably exceeds that of all other games combined. Wood estimated that the number had increased to about 20, No one knows how many have been printed White Collection [10] at the Cleveland Public Librarycontains over 32, chess books and serials, including over 6, bound volumes of chess periodicals. The earliest printed work on chess theory whose date can be established with some exactitude is Repeticion de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez by the Spaniard Luis Ramirez de Lucenapublished c. Fifteen years Application of Chess Theory Lucena's book, Portuguese apothecary Pedro Damiano published the book Questo libro e da imparare giocare a scachi et de la partiti in Rome. It includes analysis of the Queen's Gambit Application of Chess Theory, showing what happens when Black tries to keep the gambit pawn with Nf3 f6? These books and later ones discuss games played with various openings, opening traps, and the best way for both sides to play. Certain sequences of opening moves began to be given names, some of the earliest being Damiano's Defense, the King's Gambit 1. The first author to attempt a comprehensive survey of the openings then known was Aaron Alexandre in his work Encyclopedie des echecs. International Master William Hartston called it "a superb work, perhaps Application of Chess Theory last to encase successfully the whole of chess knowledge within a single volume. The English master Howard Stauntonperhaps the world's strongest player from to[30] included over Application of Chess Theory of analysis of the openings in his treatise The Chess Player's Handbook. Freeborough and the Reverend C. Ranken published the first edition of Chess Openings Ancient and Modern ; later editions were published in, and Griffith and J. White published the first edition of Modern Chess Openings. It is now the longest-published opening treatise in history; the fifteenth edition commonly called MCOby Grandmaster Application of Chess Theory de Firmianwas published in April According to Hooper and Whyld, the various editions of Modern Chess Openingsthe last edition of the Handbuchand the fourth edition of Ludvig Collijn's Larobok in Swedishwith groundbreaking contributions by Rubinstein, Reti, Spielmann and Nimzowitch "were the popular reference sources for strong players between the two world wars. It was later translated into other languages. In the late s to early s Reuben Fineone of the world's strongest players, [44] also became one of its leading theoreticians, publishing important works on the opening, middlegame, and endgame. These began with his revision of Modern Chess Openingswhich was published in Horowitz published the page tome Chess Application of Chess Theory Theory and Practicewhich in addition to opening analysis includes a large number of illustrative games. Inthe first volume of Chess Informant was published in BelgradeYugoslaviacontaining annotated games from the leading chess tournaments and matches Application of Chess Theory the day. Its great innovation is that it expresses games in languageless figurine algebraic notation and annotated them using no words, but rather seventeen Application of Chess Theory, whose meanings were explained at Application of Chess Theory beginning of the book in six different languages. This enabled readers around the world to read the same games and annotations, thus greatly accelerating the dissemination of chess ideas and the development of opening theory. The editors of Chess Informant later introduced other publications using the same principle, such as the five- volume Encyclopedia of Chess Openings and Encyclopedia of Chess Endings treatises. Chess Informant was originally published twice a year, and since has been published thrice annually. Volume was published in In the s and thereafter, the Application of Chess Theory of opening theory has Application of Chess Theory further accelerated by such innovations as extremely strong chess engines such as Fritz and Rybkasoftware such as ChessBaseand the sale of multi-million-game databases such as ChessBase's Mega database, with over 5. Thousands of books have been written on chess openings. These include both comprehensive openings encyclopedias such as the Encyclopedia of Chess Openings and Modern Chess Openings ; general treatises on how to play the opening such as Mastering Application of Chess Theory Chess Openings in four volumesby International Master John L. Middlegame theory is considerably less developed than either opening theory or endgame theory. One of the earliest theories to gain attention was that of William Steinitzwho posited that a premature attack against one's opponent in an equal position could be repelled by skillful defence, and so a player's best bet was to slowly maneuver with the Application of Chess Theory of accumulating small advantages. Leading player and theorist Aron Nimzowitsch's [65] influential books, My System[66] Die Blockade in German[67] and Chess Praxis[68] [69] are among the most important works on the middlegame. He pointed out how in positions with interlocking pawn chains, one could attack the chain at its base by advancing one's own pawns and carrying out a freeing move pawn break. He also drew attention to the strategy of occupying open files with one's rooks in order to later penetrate to the seventh rank where they could attack the enemy pawns and hem in the opponent's king. Another of his key concepts was prophylaxis, moves aimed at limiting the opponent's mobility to the point where he would no longer have any useful moves. InFine published the page The Middle Game in Chessperhaps the most comprehensive treatment of the subject up until that time. Another key turning point in middlegame theory came with the release of Alexander Kotov's book Think like a Grandmaster in Kotov outlined how a player calculates by developing a tree of variations in his head, and recommended that players only examine each branch of the tree once. He also noted how some players seem to fall victim to what is now known as Kotov's Syndrome: they calculate out a large range of different lines, become dissatisfied with the result, and realizing that they are short on time, play a completely new candidate move without even checking whether it is sound. InWatson's Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch was published, in which Watson discusses the revolution in middlegame theory that has occurred since Nimzowitsch's time. Many significant chess treatises, beginning with the earliest works, have included some analysis of the endgame. Lucena's book c. Certain positions in the endings of rook and bishop versus rook, rook and pawn versus rook, and queen versus rook have become known as Philidor's position. Philidor concluded his book with two pages of in Application of Chess Theory English translation"Observations on the ends of parties", in which he set forth certain general principles about endings, such as: "Two knights alone cannot mate" see two knights endgamethe ending with a bishop and rook pawn whose queening square is on the opposite color from the bishop is drawn see wrong rook pawn Bishop and pawnand a queen beats a bishop and knight see pawnless chess endgame Queen versus two minor pieces. Staunton's The Chess-Player's Handbook includes almost pages of analysis of endgames. At pagehe wrote, "Three minor Pieces are much stronger than a Rook, and in cases where two of them are Bishops will usually win without much difficulty, because the player Application of Chess Theory the Rook is certain to be compelled to lose him for Application of Chess Theory of his adversary's Pieces. If, however, there are two Knights and one Bishop opposed to Application of Chess Theory Rook, the latter may generally be exchanged for the Bishop, and as two Knights are insufficient of themselves to force checkmate, the game will be drawn. Yet Reuben Fine, 94 years after Staunton, erroneously wrote on page Application of Chess Theory Basic Chess Endings that both types of rook versus three minor piece endings "are theoretically drawn. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis in a book expressly disagreed with Staunton, claiming that the rook versus two bishops and knight ending is drawn with correct play. Andrew Soltis, rethinking the chess piecesBatsfordp. At the time Benko and Soltis offered their assessments in andrespectivelyendgame tablebases had already proven that Staunton was correct, and that Fine, Benko, and Soltis were wrong, although the ending can take up to 68 moves to win. Staunton's conclusions on these endgames were, however, anticipated by the British master George Walkerwho wrote in and perhaps earlier :. Although the two Bishops and Kt win, as a general proposition, against Rook, yet the two Knights with a Bishop cannot expect the same success; and the legitimate result of such conflict would be a draw. The Bishops, united, are stronger than the Knights, as they strike from a greater distance. When the two Knights are left with a Bishop, the Rook has also the chance of exchanging for the latter, which can hardly be avoided by his adversary, and the two Knights, alone, have not the mating power. In Reuben Fine published his monumental page treatise Basic Chess Endingsthe first attempt at a comprehensive treatise on the endgame.