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Urbano ISSN: 0717-3997 ISSN: 0718-3607 [email protected] Universidad del Bío Bío Chile Simón Rojo, Marian; Couceiro-Arroyo, Andrés; Fariña-Tojo, José WEAK FOOD SYSTEM RELOCATION: DISCONNECTION BETWEEN TERRITORIAL AGENTS AND SPATIAL PLANNING Urbano, vol. 22, no. 39, 2019, May-October, pp. 106-123 Universidad del Bío Bío Chile DOI: https://doi.org/10.22320/07183607.2019.22.39.06 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19860787007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative relationships between producers and consumers. WEAK FOOD RELOCATION: It is therefore seen that a wide range of agents stand up for DISCONNECTION BETWEEN relocation, be these institutions with lines of research and policies focused on the matter, or social collectives that are TERRITORIAL AGENTS AND addressing it, like ecologists, health activists or social justice SPATIAL PLANNING activists, even farming unions, movements of cities and lands in transition, of slowfood and of degrowth. However, despite all these interests, urban food systems continue to essentially I. INTRODUCTION. RELOCATING FOOD depend on global flows (Toth et al, 2016). Aiming at exploring SYSTEMS the situation of the food system’s relocation processes, and how different representatives of the agricultural sector, The globalization models, which transformed the food systems academia, municipal institutions and civil society perceive the and relationships between cities are at a crossroads (Marsden, dynamics that affect these processes and the key factors behind 2013). The planet is facing an imminent socioecological crisis redirecting production towards local markets. All this, bearing in (de Castro et al. 2007) and food is one of the critical sectors mind the importance of food governance as a key instrument for where profound changes are needed (de Benito Morán et al. progress towards territorial cohesion and sustainability (Zazo 2018). The group of high-level experts (HLE) of the United Moratalla, 2015). Nations Committee on World Food Security defines sustainable For this reason, the case study of Vega del Bajo Jarama, next food systems as ones which respect the environment, protect to the metropolitan area of Madrid, is presented. Here, the biodiversity and ecosystems, allow satisfying nutritional needs, changes experienced in the agrofood system are analyzed providing culturally acceptable, accessible and healthy food from the perspective of the production sector and how the while protecting and improving rural means of life, quality and role spatial planning has had was perceived and what it might social wellbeing. Meanwhile, the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact play in the future. The three municipalities (Ciempozuelos, (MUFPP), launched in October 2015, has become a frame of San Martín de la Vega and Titulcia) exemplify how proximity to reference, as a voluntary treaty signed by cities on committing large centers of activity and consumption expels or complicates to working in the development of sustainable, inclusive, primary production. This article assumes the continuation of resilient, secure and diversified food systems, to guarantee prior research on how spatial planning is a necessary element healthy, accessible food for everyone. This in a frame of action to radically transform the organization of the production and based on rights, aiming at reducing food waste and preserving collective consumption (Simón-Rojo & Sanz Landaluze, 2019). 121 biodiversity, while mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change. In many ways, this matches the Sustainable Development Goals outlined in the United Nations summit. II. METHODOLOGY Food systems strategies, a relatively new tool for making local policies in the Global North, have the potential to amplify and The analysis is addressed at a local scale, focusing on Cuenca consolidate national and international efforts in this direction Baja del Jarama and Titulcia. The main changes seen in the and facilitate a more synergic approach to implementing SDGs. last ten years and the perspectives for the next thirty, regarding PÁG. 106 - 126 PÁG. (Ilieva, 2017) the agrarian systems and practices and the orientation of food The supply model based on nearby production, which production towards local markets, are identified through a was normal in the past, was broken up by widespread case study that covers three municipalities. Two representative products are analyzed, namely asparagus and olive oil. industrialization, modernization and urbanization (Simón ISSN 0717 - 3997 / 0718-3607 Rojo, 2015), completely changing the land’s biophysical A first research project is done, starting from orthophotos, matrix. However, since the mid-1980s, the interest of local geographic information systems and statistics databases about food networks and a reconnection between production and the agricultural sector and the area’s population (Agricultural DÉBIL: ALIMENTARIA RELOCALIZACIÓN LA consumption has been growing, whether through direct sales, Census and Demographic Census). This documentary analysis short routes, community-backed agriculture, farmers markets, is complemented with a second stage that involves making labelling (Feenstra 1997; Jarosz 2008; Marsden et al. 2000) or surveys to relevant advisers and a participative assessment and OCTUBRE2019 - 2019 MAYO / 39 Nº URBANO REVISTA participative social certifications. scenario-based workshop. Reflections about the relocation of the food system connect The research provided the quantitative base, while the with now veteran concepts like “bio-region” and other more interviews and workshop were essential to outline the qualitative aspect, exploring the perception the representatives recent ones like city-region agro-food systems (Renting et al, FARIÑA-TOJO JOSÉ , COUCEIRO-ARROYO ANDRÉS , ROJO SIMÓN MARIAN have regarding limiting factors and drivers of change. In the 2012; Dubbeling et al. 2017), foodsheds (Baysse-Lainé & Perrin, ESPACIAS PLANIFICACIÓN Y TERRITORIO DEL AGENTES ENTRE DESCONEXIÓN 2017), agricultural bio-districts. These all seem to be associated second phase, the issues related to public policies (urban and to designing sustainable food strategies and plans for cities. In territorial plans, food strategies, public procurement, markets, turn, the crisis and the proximity to the city induces changes labels, access to land and equipment, training, financial support in agricultural practices, adapting to the urban context and and the creation of companies, sensitization programs), new the growing urban demand for healthy nearby food and new technologies (with special attention on IT), and socioeconomic factors (dietary patterns, consumption guidelines, lifestyle, dynamics highlighted in the diagnosis. economic context, effect of the crisis) were explored. • Phase III. Discussion (30 minutes). The scenarios and The perception analysis of the agents who manage the territory, actions of each group are pooled. has been based on semi-structured individual interviews, made to key informants from the organized production sector, local Figure 2. Territory Game Workshop. January 2019 governments, technical administrative staff, researchers and representatives of social movements (Figure 1). 13 interviews The results allow comparing which factors identify the different were made between January and March 2019, applying the agents as drivers of change and barriers to relocating the food following key representative selection criteria: system and, in general, to the viability of the sector. Specifically, • Representativity (favoring people from groups or entities the perception they have of the spatial planning and its role in which comprise different entities, producers, etc.). the materialization of the desired scenario is also analyzed. • Knowledge of the study area, and in the case of the interviews about relocating the food system, having people who have first-hand knowledge about the market in III. RURAL MUNICIPALITIES TOGETHER the chosen products’ area (asparagus and olive oil). • Empirical or research experience in the relocation of food WITH THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF systems MADRID. VEGA DEL BAJO JARUMA • Diversity of profiles, with people from a broad range of AND TITULCIA sectors, from the primary sector to the administration, including expert researchers, agricultural organizations, Currently having, a food system relocated in the Community consultants or social movements. of Madrid is a remote idea. In 2010, imports represented 98% of the total. This is a figure which gives a clear idea of the food The participative workshop is based on a consolidated system’s dependence on global chains. In that sense, according methodology developed by Sylvie Lardon (Lardon & Piveteau, to the assessment of the Rural Development Program (PDR 2005), called Territory Game. The participants are divided in Spanish), the Community of Madrid is a region that “due to into groups formed by a person from each sector (production, its high population and strong hotel, restaurant and catering agricultural organizations, administration, consulting, research sector, is characterized for being a great buyer of food products, and social movements), a moderator, an observer and a given that its own food industry cannot serve the existing 122 notetaker. It is

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