DOCSLIB.ORG

New Data for the Last Glacial Maximum in Great Britain and Ireland D.Q

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Data for the Last Glacial Maximum in Great Britain and Ireland D.Q Quaternary Science Reviews 21 (2002) 89–101 New data for the Last Glacial Maximum in Great Britain and Ireland D.Q. Bowena,*, F.M. Phillipsb, A.M. McCabec, P.C. Knutza, G.A. Sykesa a Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3YE, UK b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, NewMexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA c School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland Received 15 March 2001; accepted 28 August 2001 Abstract Understanding the history of the British and Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has been advanced by new approaches, in particular, by cosmogenic nuclide surface-exposure dating, aminostratigraphy of ‘shelly’ glacial deposits, AMS radiocarbon dating, and the evidence from continental margin marine cores, all of which supersede the previously weak geochronologic control. It was formerly believed that Great Britain and Ireland was largely ice free between the last interglacial (oxygen isotope sub-stage 5e) and the Late Devensian, when the LGMoccurred. As such the BIIS was effectively out of phase with Laurentide and Scandinavian ice sheets, as well as inferences of ice volume from oxygen isotope stratigraphy. The BIIS during the Late Devensian maximum was also perceived as having been relatively stationary. New evidence shows that the LGMwas an important event during the evolution of an earlier BIIS when the extent of ice was greater. Repeated iceberg rafting events over the past 50 ka are shown by marine cores, while the derivative inference of numerous corresponding glacial advances is supported by several clusters of 36Cl ages on glaciated surfaces and glacial boulders, that are indicative of deglacial events between 40 and 12 ka. These appear to be associated with Heinrich events, the earliest being inferred as Heinrich 4 at about 40 ka. During this advance, the BIIS and Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) were in contact and all of Ireland was glaciated. The ice sheet appears to have fluctuated several times between 40 and 25 ka, although evidence for this is poorly preserved. But the 36Cl and 14C evidence is clear that the BIIS reached its LGMmaximum size about 22 ka, soon after Heinrich Event 2, when the BIIS and SIS were not in contact. One cluster of 36Cl and 14C ages, at 21.471.3 ka, records an initial pulse of deglaciation that was followed by extensive deglaciation about 17.470.4 ka just before Heinrich Event 1, when the ice sheet readvanced. Contrary to previous views, the BIIS probably existed throughout much of Devensian time as a mobile and sensitive ice sheet, during which the LGMadvance was but one important event. In places, glacial deposits of the earlier Devensian glaciation have previously been incorrectly identified as products of the later LGMglaciation. r 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction the precise timing of the maximum extent of ice during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The British and Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) consisted of The definition of the LGMused here is that lowland and upland centres of ice dispersal that were the recommended by the EPILOG project (Environmental main driving forces of ice sheet configuration and flow Processes of the Ice age: Land, Oceans, Glaciers) at on to the continental shelf. Thickened sediment wedges, ‘Chronozone Level 1’, between 19 and 23 cal ka (Mix ice-contact morainic ridges and terminal outwash et al., 2001). Following the recommendation of that spreads show that deglaciation was characterized by project, radiocarbon ages are calibrated to calendar ages shrinking ice sheet margins that contracted back to most using the CALIB-4 calibration scheme. of the original centres of ice dispersion. But until The standard view of the Devensian (Wisconsinan/ recently little sedimentologic, paleoclimatic and geo- Weichselian) was that the maximum extent of LGMice chronologic evidence has been available to understand largely coincided with the limit of ‘fresh’ relatively the environments of deposition, the climate forcing or unmodified glacial and fluvioglacial landforms. This stemmed from Wright’s (1914, 2nd edition 1937) distinction between ‘older’ and ‘newer drifts’, followed by Charlesworth (1928) in Ireland with the delineation *Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-29-2087-4830; fax: +44-29-2087- 4326. of the ‘South Irish End Moraine’ that marked the LGM E-mail address: bowendq@cardiff.ac.uk (D.Q. Bowen). limit. It was then correlated with other ‘newer drift’ 0277-3791/02/$ - see front matter r 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0277-3791(01)00102-0 90 D.Q. Bowen et al. / Quaternary Science Reviews 21 (2002) 89–101 landforms in England and Wales (Charlesworth, 1929). 2. Cosmogenic rock exposure ages Mitchell et al. (1973) defined the Late Devensian, when the LGMoccurred, as between 26,000 and 10,000 In many cases, pre-existing geochronologic limita- radiocarbon years ago. But they believed that all of tions have been overcome through the application of previous Devensian time, from the ‘last interglacial’ to cosmogenic nuclide surface-exposure dating. Cosmo- 26 14C ka BP, was ice free. This implied that the BIIS genic nuclides (3He, 10Be, 21Ne, 26Al, 36Cl) are produced was out of phase with both Laurentide and Scandina- in rocks at the surface of the earth by the action of vian ice sheets, as well as with ice volume changes cosmic radiation (Cerling and Craig, 1994). Most of the inferred from oxygen isotope stratigraphy (Shackleton cosmic ray flux is attenuated within the top one to two and Opdyke, 1973). meters of the surface of the solid earth and thus The CLIMAP reconstruction of the LGM (CLIMAP, processes such as glaciation that excavate rock 1981) adopted views then current on the location from greater depths and deposit it on the surface can of the ice margin in England (Boulton et al., 1977), be dated by measuring the accumulation of cosmogenic Wales (Bowen, 1973), and southern Ireland (Synge, nuclides. Gosse and Phillips (2001) have recently 1970). But in western Ireland it depicted ice that reviewed the principles and methods of cosmogenic extended offshore. It also showed the BIIS and nuclide dating. Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) to be in contact in the For this study, glacial erratic boulders and glacially North Sea (Andersen, 1981). The IGCP-24 project smoothed bedrock were sampled around the former ice (Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere) showed an margins. Criteria described in Gosse and Phillips (2001) LGMice margin corresponding to those shown in Fig. 1 were used in selecting sample sites. The possibility of for Ireland and Scotland. But in England and Wales it coverage by peat was a primary consideration but it is corresponded with the ‘earlier Devensian ice maximum’ believed that the sample sites presented here had, at shown on Fig. 1. This project also concluded that the most, a thin peat blanket. Close attention was given to BIIS and SIS were not in contact during the LGM weathering and surface degradation, attempting to (Bowen et al., 1986). sample whenever possible surfaces exhibiting glacial The timing of the ‘LGM’ was adduced from only five smoothing or striations. The samples were processed for ‘maximum’ radiocarbon ages from four localities. These 36Cl analysis by dissolution in hydrofluoric acid. An were 18,2407250 14C yr BP (21.97 cal ka) and isotopically enriched, stable 35Cl spike was added to the 18,5007499 14C yr BP (21.7 cal ka) at Dimlington, east- samples during processing so that the 36Cl and stable Cl ern England (Penny et al., 1969); 30,500 14CyrBP at concentrations could be determined by isotope dilution Four Ashes, West Midlands of England, (Shotton, mass spectrometry during analysis by accelerator mass 1967b); 18,000 14C yr BP (21 cal ka) in northeast Wales spectrometry at Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement (Rowlands, 1971); and 30,500 14C yr BP in northwest Laboratory (PRIME Lab) (Elmore et al., 1979). Sur- Ireland (Colhoun et al., 1972). Ubiquitous radiocarbon face-exposure ages were calculated using the data ages for deglaciation throughout the British Isles were reduction program CHLOE (Phillips and Plummer, available from peat samples that infilled kettle holes, 1996) according to the methods and production although these mainly provided Blling/Allerd ages. constants given in Phillips et al. (2001) and Gosse and The dearth of reliable ages for establishing the age of the Phillips (2001), and are given in Tables 1 and 2. Surface- LGMcontrasts greatly with North America where the exposure ages are affected by rock-surface erosion rates, advection of moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and thus ages are listed for possible erosion rates promoted tree growth close to the southern Wisconsinan ranging from 0 to 3 mm/kyr. Sample-specific erosion ice margin. Except for ‘interstadial’ tree growth during rates were estimated based on field observations. The oxygen isotope stage 5 (Jones and Keen, 1993) there is ages corresponding to the best-estimate erosion rates are no evidence in Great Britain of tree growth during the in bold type in Table 1. Devensian other than during the Blling–Allerd. Valuable information on extent of ice has been Europe may have been isolated from warm air masses obtained in Scotland based on cosmogenic dating of by west-to-east topographic barriers, and advection of trim lines around nunataks, from which ice profiles can warm moist air masses occurred only from the west be extrapolated (Stone et al., 1998). In Ireland and during times of relatively brief interstadial warmth and Gower, however, sampling was carried out close to the strong thermohaline circulation. Thus, without appro- limits of glacial stratigraphic units that define the former priate organic samples for radiocarbon ages, most ice sheet margins. The distribution of ages resulting sectors of the Devensian ice sheet lacked adequate from this sampling approach have yielded coherent geochronologic control.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WELLESLEY TRAILS Self-Guided Walk
    WELLESLEY TRAILS Self-Guided Walk The Wellesley Trails Committee’s guided walks scheduled for spring 2021 are canceled due to Covid-19 restrictions. But… we encourage you to take a self-guided walk in the woods without us! (Masked and socially distanced from others outside your group, of course) Geologic Features Look for geological features noted in many of our Self-Guided Trail Walks. Featured here is a large rock polished by the glacier at Devil’s Slide, an esker in the Town Forest (pictured), and a kettle hole and glacial erratic at Kelly Memorial Park. Devil’s Slide 0.15 miles, 15 minutes Location and Parking Park along the road at the Devil’s Slide trailhead across the road from 9 Greenwood Road. Directions From the Hills Post Office on Washington Street, turn onto Cliff Road and follow for 0.4 mile. Turn left onto Cushing Road and follow as it winds around for 0.15 mile. Turn left onto Greenwood Road, and immediately on your left is the trailhead in patch of woods. Walk Description Follow the path for about 100 yards to a large rock called the Devil’s Slide. Take the path to the left and climb around the back of the rock to get to the top of the slide. Children like to try out the slide, which is well worn with use, but only if it is dry and not wet or icy! Devil’s Slide is one of the oldest rocks in Wellesley, more than 600,000,000 years old and is a diorite intrusion into granite rock.
    [Show full text]
  • Model by Keven
    High-quality constraints on the glacial isostatic adjustment process over North America: The ICE-7G_NA (VM7) model by Keven Roy A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Physics University of Toronto © Copyright 2017 by Keven Roy Abstract High-quality constraints on the glacial isostatic adjustment process over North America: The ICE-7G_NA (VM7) model Keven Roy Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Physics University of Toronto 2017 The Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) process describes the response of the Earth’s surface to variations in land ice cover. Models of the phenomenon, which is dominated by the influence of the Late Pleistocene cycle of glaciation and deglaciation, depend on two fundamental inputs: a history of ice-sheet loading and a model of the radial variation of mantle viscosity. Various geophysical observables enable us to test and refine these models. In this work, the impact of the GIA process on the rotational state of the planet will be analyzed, and new estimates of the long-term secular trend associated with the GIA process will be provided. It will be demonstrated that it has undertaken a significant change since the mid-1990s. Other important observables include the vast amount of geological inferences of past sea level change that exist for all the main coasts of the world. The U.S. Atlantic coast is a region of particular interest in this regard, due to the fact that data from the length of this coast provides a transect of the forebulge associated with the former Laurentide ice sheet.
    [Show full text]
  • During the Last Ice Age As Ice Sheets Moved Southward Over Our Region, Glaciers Broke Off and Carried Pieces of the Underlying Bedrocks
    “Glacial Erratics and Fieldstones” Boulders and other rocks broken off and carried by ice sheets covering this region were left in place when the glaciers melted. Geologists call these “erratics.”. Early settlers called them “fieldstones” and used them to build their house walls. During the last Ice Age as ice sheets moved southward over our region, glaciers broke off and carried pieces of the underlying bedrocks. When the ice melted, the fragments were left scattered over the surface. Geologists call such transported rocks “glacial erratics,” because they are different from the native bedrock. Most of these were pebble- and boulder-sized, mixed into sands and clay. A few are more than 10 feet high, such as Haring Rock in the Tenafly Nature Center (Fig 1A) and Tripod Rock in Sussex County (Fig. 1b). Fig. 2 shows images of erratics of various sized in a state park. As the ice sheets moved, rocks underneath often scratched parallel grooves in the bedrocks. These are called “glacial striations” (Fig. 3). Until Englewood Township was formally organized in 1859, most of what is now our City consisted of small farms which stretched from Overpeck Creek uphill to the Hudson River. Like other early European settlers, the farmers needed to move the boulders and other glacial erratics to create plowable fields. Rocks were gathered to build stone walls typical of New England and other glaciated parts of the Northeast. (Fig. 4). Many of the stones collected from the fields (“fieldstones”) were trimmed to make the walls of homes and other buildings. Many of the remaining buildings from the Dutch/English colonial period and the early 19th Century here in Englewood and vicinity incorporated “fieldstones” in their walls.
    [Show full text]
  • Wales: River Wye to the Great Orme, Including Anglesey
    A MACRO REVIEW OF THE COASTLINE OF ENGLAND AND WALES Volume 7. Wales. River Wye to the Great Orme, including Anglesey J Welsby and J M Motyka Report SR 206 April 1989 Registered Office: Hydraulics Research Limited, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX1 0 8BA. Telephone: 0491 35381. Telex: 848552 ABSTRACT This report reviews the coastline of south, west and northwest Wales. In it is a description of natural and man made processes which affect the behaviour of this part of the United Kingdom. It includes a summary of the coastal defences, areas of significant change and a number of aspects of beach development. There is also a brief chapter on winds, waves and tidal action, with extensive references being given in the Bibliography. This is the seventh report of a series being carried out for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. For further information please contact Mr J M Motyka of the Coastal Processes Section, Maritime Engineering Department, Hydraulics Research Limited. Welsby J and Motyka J M. A Macro review of the coastline of England and Wales. Volume 7. River Wye to the Great Orme, including Anglesey. Hydraulics Research Ltd, Report SR 206, April 1989. CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 COASTAL GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 3.1 Geological background 3.2 Coastal processes 4 WINDS, WAVES AND TIDAL CURRENTS 4.1 Wind and wave climate 4.2 Tides and tidal currents 5 REVIEW OF THE COASTAL DEFENCES 5.1 The South coast 5.1.1 The Wye to Lavernock Point 5.1.2 Lavernock Point to Porthcawl 5.1.3 Swansea Bay 5.1.4 Mumbles Head to Worms Head 5.1.5 Carmarthen Bay 5.1.6 St Govan's Head to Milford Haven 5.2 The West coast 5.2.1 Milford Haven to Skomer Island 5.2.2 St Bride's Bay 5.2.3 St David's Head to Aberdyfi 5.2.4 Aberdyfi to Aberdaron 5.2.5 Aberdaron to Menai Bridge 5.3 The Isle of Anglesey and Conwy Bay 5.3.1 The Menai Bridge to Carmel Head 5.3.2 Carmel Head to Puffin Island 5.3.3 Conwy Bay 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY FIGURES 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Wisconsinan History of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
    Document généré le 30 sept. 2021 19:59 Géographie physique et Quaternaire The Early Wisconsinan History of the Laurentide Ice Sheet L’évolution de la calotte glaciaire laurentidienne au Wisconsinien inférieur Geschichte der laurentischen Eisdecke im frühen glazialen Wisconsin Jean-Serge Vincent et Victor K. Prest La calotte glaciaire laurentidienne Résumé de l'article The Laurentide Ice Sheet L'identification, surtout en périphérie de l'inlandsis, de dépôts glaciaires que Volume 41, numéro 2, 1987 l'on croit postérieurs à la mise en place de sédiments non glaciaires ou de paléosols datant de l'interglaciaire sangamonien (phase 5) et antérieurs aux URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032679ar sédiments non glaciaires ou des sols mis en place au Wisconsinien moyen DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/032679ar (phase 3) a amené de nombreux chercheurs à supposer que la calotte laurentidienne s'est d'abord développée au Sangamonien ou au Wisconsinien inférieur (phase 4). On passe en revue les différentes preuves associées au Aller au sommaire du numéro début de la formation de la calotte glaciaire wisconsinienne recueillies au Canada et au nord des États-Unis. En l'absence quasi généralisée de données géochronométriques sûres pour déterminer l'âge des dépôts glaciaires datant Éditeur(s) probablement du Sangamonien ou du Wisconsinien inférieur, on peut aussi bien supposer, pour une période donnée, que les glaces ont entièrement envahi Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal une région ou en étaient tout à fait absentes. En tenant pour acquis (?) que la calotte laurentidienne était en fait très étendue au Wisconsinien inférieur, on ISSN présente une carte montrant son étendue maximale et un tableau de 0705-7199 (imprimé) corrélation entre les unités glaciaires.
    [Show full text]
  • Pembrokeshire Beach Strategy 2018 – 2021
    Pembrokeshire Beach Strategy 2018 – 2021 ©Pembrokeshire County Council This strategy is supported by the following organisations: Pembrokeshire County Council www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk Natural Resources Wales www.naturalresourceswales.gov.uk Keep Wales Tidy www.keepwalestidy.cymru Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority www.pcnpa.org.uk National Trust www.nationaltrust.org.uk Royal National Lifeboat Institution www.rnli.org Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water www.dwrcymru.com H.M Coastguard http://www.dft.gov.uk Town and Community Councils http://www.pembstcc.co.uk/ The following organisations will also be consulted: Dyfed Powys Police www.dyfed-powys.police.uk Dogs Trust www.dogstrust.org.uk National Farmers Union (Cymru) www.nfu-cymru.org.uk Farmers Union of Wales www.fuw.org.uk Country Land and Business Association (CLA) www.cla.org.uk Document Date Version Owner Control May 2016 Final 1.0 DFT March 2018 2.0 NM Contact information for this document: Pollution Control Team Pembrokeshire County Council 1 Cherry Grove Haverfordwest SA61 2NZ Telephone: 01437 775721 E Mail: [email protected] The Beach Strategy for Pembrokeshire 2018 - 2021 Foreword Pembrokeshire has some of the best beaches in Britain. No other county has more Blue Flag, Green Coast or Seaside awards; which all reinforce Pembrokeshire’s environmental and tourism credentials. This strategy has been produced to ensure that the high quality of Pembrokeshire’s beaches are maintained . This aim includes partnership working with many other agencies including Natural Resources Wales, Dŵr Cymru, Keep Wales Tidy, Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority, Dyfed Powys Police, The Dogs Trust and Pembrokeshire Association of Voluntary Services.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers and Glaciation
    M18_TARB6927_09_SE_C18.QXD 1/16/07 4:41 PM Page 482 M18_TARB6927_09_SE_C18.QXD 1/16/07 4:41 PM Page 483 Glaciers and Glaciation CHAPTER 18 A small boat nears the seaward margin of an Antarctic glacier. (Photo by Sergio Pitamitz/ CORBIS) 483 M18_TARB6927_09_SE_C18.QXD 1/16/07 4:41 PM Page 484 limate has a strong influence on the nature and intensity of Earth’s external processes. This fact is dramatically illustrated in this chapter because the C existence and extent of glaciers is largely controlled by Earth’s changing climate. Like the running water and groundwater that were the focus of the preceding two chap- ters, glaciers represent a significant erosional process. These moving masses of ice are re- sponsible for creating many unique landforms and are part of an important link in the rock cycle in which the products of weathering are transported and deposited as sediment. Today glaciers cover nearly 10 percent of Earth’s land surface; however, in the recent ge- ologic past, ice sheets were three times more extensive, covering vast areas with ice thou- sands of meters thick. Many regions still bear the mark of these glaciers (Figure 18.1). The basic character of such diverse places as the Alps, Cape Cod, and Yosemite Valley was fashioned by now vanished masses of glacial ice. Moreover, Long Island, the Great Lakes, and the fiords of Norway and Alaska all owe their existence to glaciers. Glaciers, of course, are not just a phenomenon of the geologic past. As you will see, they are still sculpting and depositing debris in many regions today.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah Topography and Is Composed of Highly Resistant, Fractured Gabbroic Rock
    Using inherited cosmogenic 36Cl to constrain glacial erosion rates of the Cordilleran ice sheet Jason P. Briner* Terry W. Swanson Department of Geological Sciences and Quaternary Research Center, University of Washington, Box 351310, Seattle, Washington 98195 ABSTRACT Cosmogenic 36Cl/Cl ratios measured from glacially eroded bedrock provide the first quan- titative constraints on the magnitude, rate, and spatial distribution of glacial erosion over the last glacial cycle. Of 23 36Cl/Cl ratios, 8 yield exposure ages that predate the well-constrained deglaciation of the Puget Lowland, Washington, and are inferred to result from 36Cl inherited from prior exposure during the last interglaciation where ice did not erode enough rock (~1.80–2.95 m) to reset 36Cl/Cl ratios to background levels. Surfaces possessing inherited 36Cl evidently were abraded only 0.25–1.06 m, corresponding to abrasion rates of 0.09–0.35 mm˙yr –1. These results indicate that in the absence of glacial quarrying, the Cordilleran ice sheet may have abraded as little as 1–2 m of bedrock near its equilibrium-line altitude over the last glacial cycle, equating to only tens of meters over the entire Quaternary. INTRODUCTION Where independent age control constrains the timing of surface expo- Although many researchers have discussed the glacial origin of stoss- sure following a given geomorphic event, such as a glaciation, 36Cl concen- and-lee topography (e.g., Jahns, 1943; Hallet, 1979), only Jahns (1943) at- trations that are higher than expected can be inferred to reflect 36Cl inherited tempted to determine quantitative estimates of glacial erosion by using ex- from prior exposure, presumably attributable to a lack of sufficient glacial ero- foliation patterns in granitic domes that were differentially eroded by the sion to remove the surface rock in which 36Cl accumulated prior to glaciation.
    [Show full text]
  • Vebraalto.Com
    Fishguard Office: 21 West Street, Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, SA65 9AL T: 01348 873836 E: [email protected] Plas‐y‐Pinc Pwllderi, Trefasser, Goodwick, Dyfed, SA64 0LR Offers Over £425,000 * A spectacularly located 10 Acre Coastal Smallholding. * A Detached Character Cottage benefiting from Full Planning Permission to renovate and extend in accordance with the attached Sketch Plans providing 2/3 Rec, 2 Bath/Shower Room and 3/4 Bed accommodation. * Superb Rural views to Garn Fawr as well as distant Sea views to the North Pembrokeshire Coastline. * 10 Acres of adjoining productive Pasture Land with access onto the Council Road. * A rare opportunity to acquire a 10 Acre Holding on the North Pembrokeshire Coastline within a few hundred yards or so (by foot) of the Pembrokeshire Coastline at Porth Maenmelyn. SITUATION Open Plan Living Room Plas‐y‐Pinc stands on the Strumble Head Peninsula within 23'6" x 14'6" (7.16m x 4.42m) a few hundred yards or so of the North Pembrokeshire (approx). With part quarry tiled floor, staircase to First Coastline just below Garn Fawr. Floor, 4 windows, 2 fireplaces, open beam ceiling and door to:‐ The Coastal Town of Goodwick is some 4.5 miles or so north west. Former Scullery 14'0" x 7'0" (4.27m x 2.13m) Goodwick being close by has the benefit of several Shops, Stone wall remains only. a Post Office/Store, Primary School, Chapels, Public Houses, Restaurants, a Fish & Chip Shop Café/Take‐away, a Adjacent to the former Scullery are the stone wall remains Petrol Filling Station/Store, Supermarket and Repair of a:‐ Garages.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Devonian Glacial Erratics from High Mountain, Northern New Jersey, USA: Discovery, Provenance, and Significance
    Lower Devonian glacial erratics from High Mountain, northern New Jersey, USA: Discovery, provenance, and significance Martin A. Becker1*and Alex Bartholomew2 1. Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, USA 2. Geology Department, SUNY, New Paltz, New York 12561, USA *Corresponding author <[email protected]> Date received 31 January 2013 ¶ Date accepted 22 November 2013 ABSTRACT Large, fossiliferous, arenaceous limestone glacial erratics are widespread on High Mountain, Passaic County, New Jersey. Analysis of the invertebrate fossils along with the distinct lithology indicates that these erratics belong to the Rickard Hill Facies of the Schoharie Formation (Lower Devonian, Tristates Group). Outcrops of the Rickard Hill Facies of the Schoharie Formation occur in a narrow belt within the Helderberg Mountains Region of New York due north of High Mountain. Reconstruction of the glacial history across the Helderberg Mountains Region and New Jersey Piedmont indicates that the Rickard Hill Erratics were transported tens of kilometers from their original source region during the late Wisconsinan glaciation. The Rickard Hill Erratics provide a unique opportunity to reconstruct an additional element of the complex surficial geology of the New Jersey Piedmont and High Mountain. Palynology of kettle ponds adjacent to High Mountain along with cosmogenic-nuclide exposure studies on glacial erratics from the late Wisconsinan terminal moraine and the regional lake varve record indicate that the final deposition of the Rickard Hill Erratics occurred within a few thousand years after 18 500 YBP. RÉSUMÉ Les grand blocs erratiques fossilifères apparaissent disperses dans les formations basaltiques de Preakness (Jurassique Inférieur) sur le mont High, dans le conte de Passaïc, dans l’État du New Jersey (NJ).
    [Show full text]
  • RCHS Journal Combined Index 1955-2019
    JOURNAL of the RAILWAYRAILWAY and CANALCANAL HISTORICALHISTORICAL SOCIETYSOCIETY DECENNIAL INDEX No.1No.1 Volumes I to X INTRODUCTIONINTRODUC TION The first volumevolume ofof thethe JournalJournal ofof thethe RailwayRailway andand Canal Historical SocietySociety was published inin 1955; itit consistedconsisted of fourfour issuesissues of duplicated typescript in quarto format. CommencingCommencing withwith the secondsecond volume, six issues werewere publishedpublished eacheach year until the end of thethe tenthtenth volume,volume, after which thethe Journal was published asas aa prin­prin- ted quarterly. AA slight slight change change in in the the method method of of reproduction reproduction was was introducedintroduced withwith volume IX; thisthis and thethe succeeding volumevolume werewere producedproduced byby offset-lithooffset-litho process.process. The first fourfour volumesvolumes included notnot onlyonly original original articles,articles, compilations,compilations, book reviewsreviews and correspondence,correspondence, but also materialmaterial concerned concerned with with thethe day-to-dayday-to-day running of thethe Society,Society, suchsuch as announcementsannouncements of forthcoming events,events, accountsaccounts of meetings andand visits,visits, listslists of of new new membersmembers andand the like. CommencingCommencing withwith volume V,V, all such material waswas transferred to to a a new new andand separateseparate monthly monthly pub-pub­ lication, thethe R.R. di& C.C.H.S. H. S. Bulletin, aa practicepractice which which hashas continuedcontinued to the present time. The purpose of the present publicationpublication is toto provideprovide aa comprehensivecomprehensive andand detailed Index toto allall thethe originaloriginal material in the first tenten volumesvolumes ofof the Society'sSociety's JournallikelJournal likely y to be of interestinterest toto thethe canalcanal oror railwayrailway historian historian or or student.student.
    [Show full text]
  • Pembrokeshire County Council Cyngor Sir Penfro
    Pembrokeshire County Council Cyngor Sir Penfro Freedom of Information Request: 10679 Directorate: Community Services – Infrastructure Response Date: 07/07/2020 Request: Request for information regarding – Private Roads and Highways I would like to submit a Freedom of Information request for you to provide me with a full list (in a machine-readable format, preferably Excel) of highways maintainable at public expense (including adopted roads) in Pembrokeshire. In addition, I would also like to request a complete list of private roads and highways within the Borough. Finally, if available, I would like a list of roads and property maintained by Network Rail within the Borough. Response: Please see the attached excel spreadsheet for list of highways. Section 21 - Accessible by other means In accordance with Section 21 of the Act we are not required to reproduce information that is ‘accessible by other means’, i.e. the information is already available to the public, even if there is a fee for obtaining that information. We have therefore provided a Weblink to the information requested. • https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/highways-development/highway-records Once on the webpage click on ‘local highways search service’ The highway register is publicly available on OS based plans for viewing at the office or alternatively the Council does provide a service where this information can be collated once the property of interest has been identified. A straightforward highway limit search is £18 per property, which includes a plan or £6 for an email confirmation personal search, the highway register show roads under agreement or bond. With regards to the list of roads and properties maintained by Network Rail we can confirm that Pembrokeshire County Council does not hold this information.
    [Show full text]