Eine „Vergangenheit, Die Nicht Vergehen Will“

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Eine „Vergangenheit, Die Nicht Vergehen Will“ Kapitel 7 Eine „Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will“ Der Tod des „Führers“ Adolf Hitler bedeutete das unwiderrufliche Ende der Attraktion des bewaffneten Arms der SS. Zwischen 400.000 und 500.000 dieser Männer hatten den Weltkrieg überlebt. Die Mehrheit assimilierte und integrierte sich so geräuschlos, dass von diesem Anpassungsprozess kaum Papierspuren zeugen. Die von den Alliierten zunächst befürchtete Bildung einer „fünfte Kolonne“ blieb aus. Die Angehörigen der Waffen-SS, die aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg zurück- kehrten, verstanden sich mehrheitlich nicht als Teil der Allgemeinen SS, sondern machten geltend, als „vierter Wehrmachtsteil“ neben Heer, Luft- waffe und Marine für Deutschland gedient zu haben. Seit Anfang der 1950er Jahre fand sich unter dem Namen „Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit für Soldaten der Waffen-SS“ (HIAG) eine beachtliche Minderheit ehemaliger An- gehöriger zusammen.1 Trotz ihres Anspruchs repräsentierte die HIAG keines- wegs die ganze ehemalige Waffen-SS und zählte in den späten 1950er Jahren kaum mehr als 20.000 Ehemalige in ihren Reihen.2 An ihrer Spitze standen ehemalige Generale der Waffen-SS wie Felix Steiner und Paul Hausser,3 die sich öffentlich wortgewaltig für ihre Schützlinge einsetzten. Die HIAG ver- blieb in einer Grauzone: Sie beharrte fortwährend auf ihrer Rolle als Sozial- und Rechtsinstitution für die Männer der Waffen-SS, während sich ihre Angehörigen immer wieder mit ihrer Zugehörigkeit zu Hitlers Vorzeigetruppe brüsteten. So legitim ihr Ansinnen sein mochte, mit demokratischen Mitteln für eine rechtliche und soziale Anerkennung der Waffen-SS als eine der Wehr- macht gleichartigen Kampftruppe zu werben, ließ die Zusammensetzung ihrer Führungsgremien doch erkennen, dass die HIAG auch eine politische Agenda hatte. 1 Karsten Wilke, Die „Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit“ (HIAG) 1950-1990. Veteranen der Waffen-SS in der Bundesrepublik, Paderborn u. a.. 2011; ders., Veteranen der Waffen-SS in der frühen Bundesrepublik. Aufbau, gesellschaftliche Einbindung und Netzwerke der „Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit“, in: Schulte/Wildt (Hrsg.), Die SS nach 1945, S. 75-97; ders., Die Truppenkameradschaft der Waffen-SS 1950-1990. Organisationsgeschichte, Ent- wicklung und innerer Zusammenhalt, in: Schulte/Lieb/Wegner (Hrsg.), Die Waffen-SS. Neue Forschungen, S. 421-435. 2 Eichmüller, Die SS in der Bundesrepublik, S. 37. 3 Ebd., S. 24 f. © Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2020 | doi:10.30965/9783657704293_009 176 7 „Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will“ Der Anspruch, „Soldaten wie andere auch“ gewesen zu sein, stieß im Nach- kriegsdeutschland durchaus auf Verständnis. Selbst bei Widerstandskämpfern und manchen Hitlergegnern gab es eine Bereitschaft zur Differenzierung. Der Publizist Eugen Kogon, der jahrelang im KZ Buchenwald inhaftiert ge- wesen war, bemerkte 1947, es gebe selbstverständlich gerade bei der Waffen-SS „riesige Unterschiede nach Schuld, Verantwortung, Aktivität, Anteilnahme, Duldung und Unschuld“.4 Der SPD-Parteivorsitzende Kurt Schumacher schrieb am 30. Oktober 1951 an seinen Parteifreund Liebmann Hersch von der jüdischen Organisation „Der Bund“ in Genf, Hunderttausende seien „ohne ihr Zutun für die SS als Wehrmachtsteil eingezogen worden oder von anderen Formationen (…) gegen ihr Wollen zur Waffen-SS abkommandiert worden“. Sie seien inzwischen in eine „ausgesprochene Pariarolle“ geraten und würden „kollektiv haftbar“ gemacht für die „Verbrechen des SD und die Menschen- vernichtungsaktionen“, obwohl sie „als Waffen-SS kaum nähere Berührung damit hatten als andere Wehrmachtsteile“. Schumacher ging es weniger um Exkulpation als darum, diese ehemaligen Angehörigen der Waffen-SS, von denen er annahm, dass sie in ihrer überwiegenden Mehrheit der Ideologie ab- geschworen hatten, in die Demokratie zu integrieren: „Zu jedem totalitären System hat es gehört, mit allen Methoden der Verstrickung ein Ergebnis der Mitschuld aller zu erzeugen.“5 Wie anschlussfähig eine solche Haltung selbst im linken Parteispektrum in diesen Jahren war, zeigte ein Treffen zwischen Schumacher und dem letzten Kommandeur der LSSAH, Otto Kumm (1909- 2004), im Oktober 1951, an dem sogar Herbert Wehner teilnahm.6 Die Nach- sicht war umso verständlicher, als die Interessenvertreter der Waffen-SS und die HIAG-Funktionäre öffentlich versicherten, dem Nationalsozialismus ab- geschworen zu haben und der bundesrepublikanischen Demokratie loyal gegenüberzustehen: Es gehe, so lautete der Tenor ihrer Argumentation, in allererster Linie um die soziale und juristische Rehabilitierung ihrer Schutz- befohlenen. In ähnliche Richtung wie die SPD-Parlamentarier argumentierte zwei Jahre später Bundeskanzler Adenauer, obwohl es in der CDU zunächst sogar größere Vorbehalte gegen die Waffen-SS gegeben hatte als bei der SPD. Adenauer gab am 3. Dezember 1952 im Bundestag im Namen der Bundes- regierung eine Ehrenerklärung ab, „dass wir alle Waffenträger unseres Volkes, die im Namen der hohen soldatischen Überlieferung ehrenhaft (…) gekämpft 4 Kogon, Der Kampf um Gerechtigkeit, S. 375-377. 5 Der Brief Kurt Schumachers ist vielfach abgedruckt worden und wird hier zitiert nach dem Faksimile in: Heinrich Springer, Stationen eines Lebens in Krieg und Frieden, Rosenheim 1996, S. 185-187. Zur Haltung der SPD gegenüber der Waffen-SS vgl. auch Wilke, Die „Hilfs- gemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit“, S. 328-363. 6 Eichmüller, Die SS in der Bundesrepublik, S. 26 f..
Recommended publications
  • The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two
    The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two: Personal Accounts from Hitler’s Elite Soldiers By Terry Goldsworthy The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two: Personal Accounts from Hitler’s Elite Soldiers By Terry Goldsworthy This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Terry Goldsworthy All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0858-7 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0858-3 All photographs courtesy of the US National Archives (NARA), Bundesarchiv and the Imperial War Museum. Cover photo – An SS-Panzergrenadier advances during the Ardennes Offensive, 1944. (German military photo, captured by U.S. military photo no. HD-SN-99-02729; NARA file no. 111-SC-197561). For Mandy, Hayley and Liam. CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................... xiii VOLUME ONE Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 The rationale for the study of the Waffen-SS ........................................ 1 Sources of information for this book ....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • USHMM Finding
    https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection John M. Steiner collection Interviews with former members of the SS, other Nazi officials, and witnesses to Nazi Germany RG-50.593 The following is a draft English-language summary of an interview in German from the John M. Steiner collection. The translation has been not been verified for accuracy, and therefore, may contain errors. Nothing should be quoted or used from this summary without first checking it against the taped interview. Moreover, the description of events in the summary may not match the sequence, time-code, or track number of the audio files. Interview with Harald von Saucken Recorded in 1976 Speaker says that he will discuss his autobiography, with emphasis on his membership in the Waffen SS from 1934 to 1947. He talks about touring Dachau in November 1942. He discusses his years as an American POW and his post-war career managing American businesses in Germany. Says that he was born on April 23, 1915 in Heidelberg; that his parents divorced in 1921/2 and he spent his youth, either in boarding schools or with his mother. He lived in the Munich area, completed Gymnasium in Mainz in 1934, and then returned to his village, Oberallmanshausen on the Starnberger See. He wanted to continue his studies but had insufficient funds so he decided to join the military. He was deferred due to treaty limitations on the size of the Reichswehr and was very disappointed; however a neighbor told him that there was another avenue – the SS had a branch called the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT -SS Dispositional Troops).
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Introduction 1 Preface 1
    A European Anabasis: Introduction 11/17/03 4:39 PM 1. Introduction 1 Preface 1. Introduction The Volunteer Phenomenon Volunteer Phenomenon The participation of foreign nationals in the service of the German armed forces during the SS Recruiting Second World War has evoked both curiosity and consternation. Many Germans saw their Ideology & Race presence as evidence of the legitimacy of the war against Bolshevik Russia and proof of a New Order Russo-German reassuring measure of acceptance of the "New Order in Europe," the political structure the War German Reich's envisioned in occupied Europe. For the resistance movements and post-war 2. Propaganda liberated governments, these volunteers represented collaboration and treason of the 3. Neutral Variation basest order. 4. Transformation 5. Fanaticism What foreign nationals volunteered for service in the German forces? For what ends did 6. Collaboration they serve and why? How many served, and to what extent did they contribute to German Bibliography Maps military fortunes? This study attempts to analyze the experience of Western European volunteers in the German Army and Waffen-SS in order to discuss the character of their military collaboration, their motivations, and the effects of their service on the German war effort. In so doing, it will focus on German efforts to integrate non-German nationals into the German Wehrmacht (armed forces), how successful they were in doing so, and what measures they took to achieve their objectives. Although foreign nationals from virtually every European nation served in one or more branches of the German armed forces, those serving in the ground forces far outnumbered those who served in the air and at sea; they also took a more direct part in combat than the others.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungarian Rhapsody Personalities Compiled by Chip Saltsman
    Hungarian Rhapsody Personalities Compiled by Chip Saltsman The battles in Hungary during late 1944 and early 1945 featured an interesting cast of characters, some for their infamy and some for the mark they would make on the world stage in the years after the war. Leonid Brezhnev (December 19, 1906 - November 10, 1982) – Major General Leonid Brezhnev (center figure in the photo), is the future leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982. Helped in his rise by political patron Nikita Khrushchev, Brezhnev was the Political Officer of the 18th Army in the Caucasus, particularly supporting their landings at Novorossiysk (about which he wrote a book named “The Little Land”). During the Hungarian Rhapsody Campaign, Brezhnev was the Chief of the Political Directorate of the 4th Ukrainian Front (the white frame units in the northern part of the map). Oskar Dirlewanger (26 September 1895 – 7 June 1945) was arguably the evilest man in the Nazi SS. Dirlewanger served in France during World War I, was wounded 6 times, and apparently emerged shattered by the frenzied violence and barbarism of years in the trenches. This, combined with an amoral personality, alcoholism, and sadistic sexual orientation, determined his path to “terror warfare” in the Second World War. He was a member of the Freikorps and active with the SA between the wars, embezzling money from his employers which he funneled to the SA. He fought in the Spanish Civil War as a member of the Condor Legion, and was wounded three more times. At the start of World War 2, he joined the Waffen SS with the rank of Obersturmführer (first lieutenant), and eventually became the commander of the so-called Dirlewanger Brigade.
    [Show full text]
  • US Intelligence and the Subversion of Media in Post-War Germany
    Volume 2 Issue 4 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND March 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Project KMMANLY: U.S. Intelligence and the Subversion of Media in Post-War Germany Badis Ben Redjeb University of Tunis, Tunisia [email protected] Abstract This research explores the manner in which the Central Intelligence Agency orchestrated a black operation in West Germany in the early Cold War to enhance the national interests of the United States. At a time when the latter was openly condemning German military tradition, branches of United States intelligence were organizing a covert nationwide media campaign targeting pacifists and neutralists and all those opposed to the remilitarization of West Germany and its integration into a European military pact of defense. This article analyses how, through clandestine assets, the Central Intelligence Agency spent thousands of U.S. dollars to convince the German population of the necessity to rearm. Keywords: West Germany, Central Intelligence Agency, KMMANLY, remilitarization. http://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/index Page 384 Volume 2 Issue 4 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND March 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Introduction The start of the Cold War in 1947 and the creation of two antagonistic blocs dramatically altered world affairs, triggering new scopes and issues in the field of international relations.1 The Berlin Crisis of 1948-1949 and the beginning of the Korean War in 1950 made the United States realize that an open conflict with the Soviet Union could start at any time and that, in order to gain momentum, the geostrategic balance in Europe had to be adjusted.
    [Show full text]
  • Waffen-SS from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from Waffenss)
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Waffen-SS From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from WaffenSS) Navigation The Waffen-SS (German pronunciation: [ˈvafәn.ɛs.ɛs], Armed SS) was created as the Waffen-SS [2] Main page armed wing of the Nazi Party's Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron"), and gradually [3] Contents developed into a multi-ethnic and multi-national military force of Nazi Germany. Featured content The Waffen-SS grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions during World War II, and [4] Current events served alongside the Heer (regular army) but was never formally part of it. Adolf Hitler Active 1933–1945 Random article resisted integrating the Waffen-SS into the army, as it was to remain the armed wing of Country Nazi Germany Donate to Wikipedia [5] the Party and to become an elite police force once the war was won. Prior to the war Allegiance Adolf Hitler it was under the control of the SS Führungshauptamt (SS operational command office) Branch Schutzstaffel beneath Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. Upon mobilization its tactical control was Interaction Type Panzer given to the High Command of the Armed Forces (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht).[6] Help Panzergrenadier Initially membership was open to Aryans only in accordance with the racial policy of Cavalry About Wikipedia Nazi Germany, but the rules were partially relaxed in 1940, although Jews and Poles Infantry Community portal remained banned. Hitler authorized the formation of units composed largely or solely of Mountain Infantry Recent changes foreign volunteers and conscripts. By the end of the war, non-Germans made up Police Contact Wikipedia approximately 60 percent of the Waffen-SS.[citation needed] Size 38 Divisions and many minor units at its peak At the post-war Nuremberg Trials the Waffen-SS was condemned as a criminal Toolbox Part of Wehrmacht (de facto) organization due to its essential connection to the Nazi Party and involvement in Garrison/HQ SS Führungshauptamt, Berlin What links here numerous war crimes.
    [Show full text]
  • The SS: the End Result
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1973 The SS: The End Result Barry J. Klazura Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Recommended Citation Klazura, Barry J., "The SS: The End Result" (1973). Master's Theses. 2737. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2737 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1973 Barry J. Klazura p: . ~ Loyofa University of Chicago Master's Thesis THE SS: THE. END RESULT " by Barry J. Klazura ,. r . ~ ! I ! I I '- ,'<fl' TABLE OF COi~1'ENTS INTRODUC'rICN •••••••••••••• • •••• • ••••••••••• •. • •• • •. •.• • • • •. 11 CRAFTER I - BEGINi~lt{GS ••·; ~ ••••••• ·••• • ••••••••••••••••••••• CHAPTER II - PURPOSE OF THE SS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• CHAPTEH III - BECBUITNENT AND STANDARDS ••••••••••••••••••• 9 CHAPTEil IV - BRANCHES • • • •••• • • •• • •• • •• • •••• • •• •. • • • • ·• • • • • • 16 a. Gestapo •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 i b. Sicherheitsdienst •••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 ~ c. SS Po11ze1 Regeimente •••••••••• •.• •••••••• 26 d. Allgeme~ne SS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 i e. Totenkopfverbande •••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 .' f. Verfugungstruppe ·SS and
    [Show full text]
  • Amboy Guardian April 15
    April 15, 2020 * The Amboy Guardian .1 * WWW.AMBOYGUARDIAN.COM * Next Issue May 6, 2020 • VOL. 10 NO. 2 • 732-896-4446 • P.O. BOX 127 • PERTH AMBOY • NJ • 08862 • WEDNESDAY, APRIL 15, 2020 • Appreciation for our Healthcare Workers, Coronavirus Causes Disagreement Perth Amboy 4/9/20 *Photos by Paul W. Wang Regarding City Events 3/30/20 Caucus & Council Meeting via Phone Conference By: Carolyn Maxwell and nizations will have to decide cember 31, 2022. “What is the Katherine Massopust whether or not they will post- cost to the city?” PERTH AMBOY – The Caucus pone the festivals.” Carr responded, “$3,157.08 and Council Meetings originally Petrick said, “Since it’s only It’s $300,000 total and there are scheduled for March 23rd and four of us here to vote (Council- steps in salary ranges across the 25th were rescheduled to March woman Milady Tejeda was not board.” He also went back to let 30th due to technical difficulties. available in person or via tele- the council know for Ordinance The issues were worked out and conferencing due to work re- No. 3 the increase should be both meetings were held back- lated obligations), then it’s a 2-2 $97,000.” to-back. They could be viewed tie. This will cause the postpon- Councilman Irizarry conclud- and/or heard through the Zoom ing of a decision and the resolu- ed by thanking Mr. Carr and his App or through regular tele- tions have to be tabled.” team for a good job to settle this phone. Irizarry had a question re- (Ordinance No.
    [Show full text]
  • Lars Westerlund, the Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities
    LARS WESTERLUND The Finnish SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES 1941–1943 SKS The Finnish SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES 1941–1943 LARS WESTERLUND THE FINNISH SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES against Jews, Civilians and Prisoners of War in Ukraine and the Caucasus Region 1941–1943 An Archival Survey Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura – Finnish Literature Society Kansallisarkisto – The National Archives of Finland Helsinki 2019 Steering Group Permanent State Under-Secretary Timo Lankinen, Prime Minister’s Office / Chair Research Director Päivi Happonen, The National Archives of Finland Director General Jussi Nuorteva, The National Archives of Finland Legal Adviser Päivi Pietarinen, Office of the President of the Republic of Finland Production Manager, Tiina-Kaisa Laakso-Liukkonen, Prime Minister’s Office / Secretary Project Group Director General Jussi Nuorteva, The National Archives of Finland / Chair Research Director Päivi Happonen, The National Archives of Finland / Vice-Chair Associate Professor Antero Holmila, University of Jyväskylä Dean of the Faculty of Law, Professor Pia Letto-Vanamo, University of Helsinki Professor Kimmo Rentola, University of Helsinki Academy Research Fellow Oula Silvennoinen, University of Helsinki Docent André Swanström, Åbo Akademi University Professor, Major General Vesa Tynkkynen, The National Defence University Professor Lars Westerlund Researcher Ville-Pekka Kääriäinen, The National Archives of Finland / Secretary Publisher’s Editor Katri Maasalo, Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Proofreading and translations William Moore Maps Spatio Oy Graphic designer Anne Kaikkonen, Timangi Cover: Finnish Waffen-SS troops ready to start the march to the East in May or early June 1941. OW Coll. © 2019 The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Kirjokansi 222 ISBN 978-951-858-111-9 ISSN 2323-7392 Kansallisarkiston toimituksia 22 ISSN 0355-1768 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.
    [Show full text]
  • A[Edit] Gunter D'alquen
    A[edit] Gunter d'Alquen - Chief Editor of the SS official newspaper, Das Schwarze Korps ("The Black Corps"), and commander of the SS-Standarte Kurt Eggers. Ludolf von Alvensleben - commander of the SS and police in Crimea and commander of the Selbstschutz (self-defense) of the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Max Amann - Head of Nazi publishing house Eher-Verlag Benno von Arent - Responsible for art, theatres, and movies in the Third Reich. Heinz Auerswald - Commissioner for the Jewish residential district inWarsaw from April 1941 to November 1942. Hans Aumeier - deputy commandant at Auschwitz Artur Axmann - Chief of the Social Office of the Reich Youth Leadership. Leader of the Hitler Youth from 1940, through war's end in 1945. B[edit] Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski - Commander of the "Bandenkämpfverbände" SS units responsible for the mass murder of 35,000 civilians in Riga and more than 200,000 in Belarus and eastern Poland. Herbert Backe - Minister of Food (appointed 1942) and Minister of Agriculture (appointed 1943). Richard Baer - Commander of the Auschwitz I concentration camp from May 1944 to February 1945. Alfred Baeumler - Philosopher who interpreted the works of Friedrich Nietzschein order to legitimize Nazism. Klaus Barbie - Head of the Gestapo in Lyon. Nicknamed "the Butcher of Lyon" for his use of torture on prisoners. Josef Bauer SS officer and politician Josef Berchtold - Very early Party member, and the second Reichsführer-SSfrom 1926-27. Gottlob Berger - Chief of Staff for Waffen-SS and head of the SS's main leadership office. Werner Best - SS-Obergruppenführer and Civilian administrator of Nazi occupied France and Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • Punchayti Raj and Swachh Bharat Mission
    AIJRA Vol. III Issue I A www.ijcms2015.co ISSN 2455-5967 The Life History of Hitler – A Review *Girdhari Lal Meena ABSTRACT Adolf Hitler (German: [adɔlf hɪtlɐ] (listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.[a] As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust. Hitler was born in Austria—then part of Austria-Hungary—and was raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I. In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the NSDAP, and was appointed leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned. While in jail he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). After his release from prison in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-semitism and anti- communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy. By 1933, the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, but did not have a majority, and no party was able to form a majority parliamentary coalition in support of a candidate for chancellor.
    [Show full text]
  • FORZE TEDESCHE DURANTE LA BATTAGLIA DI BERLINO Dal Libro
    FORZE TEDESCHE DURANTE LA BATTAGLIA DI BERLINO Dal Libro di Antill, P., Battle for Berlin: April – May 1945..... OKW RESERVE (later allocated to the LVI Panzer Corps, 9th Army) 18th Panzergrenadier Division (Maj Gen Josef Rauch) 30th & 51st Panzergrenadier Regts 118th Panzer Regt (part) 18th Artillery Regt ARMY GROUP ‘VISTULA’ (Col Gen Gotthard Heinrici) III SS ‘Germanic’ Panzer Corps (SS Lt Gen Felix Steiner) (divisions later allocated to the 9th Army) 11th SS ‘Nordland’ Panzergrenadier Division (SS Maj Gen Jurgen Ziegler / SS Maj Gen Dr Gustav Krukenburg) 23rd ‘Norge’ Panzergrenadier Regt 24th ‘Danmark’ Panzergrenadier Regt 11th SS ‘Hermann von Salza’ Panzer Btn 503rd SS Heavy Tank Btn 11th SS ‘Nordland’ Armoured Reconnaissance Btn 23rd SS ‘Nederland’ Panzergrenadier Division (SS Maj Gen Wagner) (divisions later allocated to the 3rd Panzer Army) 27th SS ‘Langemarck’ Grenadier Division 28th SS ‘Wallonien’ Grenadier Division 3rd Panzer Army (Gen Hasso von Manteuffel) ‘Swinemunde’ Corps (Lt Gen Ansat) 402nd & 2nd Naval Divisions XXXII Corps (Lt Gen Schack) ‘Voigt’ & 281st Infantry Divisions 549th Volksgrenadier Division Stettin Garrison ‘Oder’ Corps (SS Lt Gen von dem Bach / Gen Hörnlein) 610th & ‘Klossek’ Infantry Divisions XXXXVI Panzer Corps (Gen Martin Gareis) 547th Volksgrenadier Division 1st Naval Division 9th Army (Gen Theodor Busse) 156th Infantry Division 541st Volksgrenadier Division 404th Volks Artillery Corps 406th Volks Artillery Corps 408th Volks Artillery Corps CI Corps (Gen Wilhelm Berlin / Lt Gen Friedrich Sixt) 5th Light
    [Show full text]