Dictionary-Of-Travel-Tourism-Hospitality.Pdf

Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality By the same author

Britain – Workshop or Service Centre to the World? The British Hotel and Catering Industry The Business of Hotels (with H. Ingram) Europeans on Holiday Higher Education and Research in Tourism in Western Europe Historical Development of Tourism (with A.J. Burkart) Holiday Surveys Examined The Management of Tourism (with A.J. Burkart eds) Managing Tourism (ed.) A Manual of Hotel Reception (with J.R.S. Beavis) Paying Guests Profile of the Hotel and Catering Industry (with D.W. Airey) Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century (with A. Lockwood eds) Tourism and Productivity Tourism Council of the South Pacific Corporate Plan Tourism Employment in Wales Tourism: Past, Present and Future (with A.J. Burkart) Trends in Tourism: World Experience and England’s Prospects Trends in World Tourism Understanding Tourism Your Manpower (with J. Denton) Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality

S. Medlik Third edition

OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803

First published 1993 Reprinted (with amendments) 1994 Second edition 1996 Third edition 2003

The right of S. Medlik to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers

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ISBN 0 7506 5650 6

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Printed and bound in Great Britain Composition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent, UK Contents

Preface vii

Part 1 Dictionary of Terms 1

Part 2 International Organizations 187

Part 3 National Organizations 201 Australia and New Zealand 203 North America 206 United Kingdom and Ireland 210

Part 4 Biographical Dictionary: Who Was Who 221

Part 5 Abbreviations 231

Part 6 Countries of the World 255

Part 7 Bibliography 267 Comments on earlier editions

‘An authoritative new resource ... deserving a place on many bookshelves.’ Travel & Tourism Programme News

‘... this important contribution to the literature of the world’s biggest industry.’ Tourism Management

‘His dictionary will, I predict, be an essential reference book on the shelves of all tourism teaching academics, and for many of their students it will be that invaluable support at critical moments of confusion and uncertainty. Professor Medlik’s unique Dictionary is very simply a good buy ...’ Tourism, The Bulletin of the Tourism Society

‘... it will become a very useful source of reference for the industry for years to come.’ Hotel, Catering & Institutional Management Association

‘Excellent compendium for all tourism students.’ Swansea Institute of Higher Education

‘... it will provide a real service for the industry.’ University of Nevada, Las Vegas

‘This book is recommended to those in the fields of travel, tourism and hospitality throughout the world, including those who perceive dictionaries as dull things. This one is certainly not.’ Annals of Tourism Research

‘... an exceptional dictionary of current terms used in travel, tourism and hospitality ... besides being an excellent authority on tourism terms today, browsing this dictionary is a treat.’ Journal of Travel Research

‘Easy to read, well expressed, extensive, accurate.’ British Hospitality Association

‘It fills a real need ... we will certainly recommend it to students on our business and operational management programmes.’ Hotel & Catering Training Company Preface

‘When I use a word’, Humpty Dumpty said in confined to what nobody would exclude. a rather scornful tone, ‘it means just what I Moreover, most accepted definitions go choose it to mean – neither more nor less.’ beyond the concept of tourism as a leisure or ‘The question is’, said Alice, ‘whether you holiday activity. According to the World can make words mean different things.’ Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism ‘The question is’, said Humpty Dumpty, comprises ‘the activities of persons travelling ‘which is to be the master – that’s all.’ to and staying in places outside their usual Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland environment ... for leisure, business and other purposes’. The view taken in this Dictionary is Of the three broad related fields covered by that conceptually tourism denotes a temporary this volume, travel is the most common activ- short-term movement of people to destinations ity for most people. It includes any journey outside their normal environment and their from one place to another, over short or long activities; within this broad concept ‘technical’ distances; to, from and as part of one’s work, definitions are formulated for particular during leisure and for any purpose; using any purposes, to include or exclude particular trips mode of transport by air, land or sea. Those and visits, mainly by reference to purpose, who travel are tourists, but also commuters, time and distance criteria. diplomats, migrants, nomads, refugees, as well Hospitality, too, is used by different people as other travellers. All tourism includes some in different ways. Common usage of the term travel but not all travel is tourism. is reflected in dictionaries as, for example, ‘the For most people tourism has a connotation act or practice of being hospitable; the recep- of leisure travel and tends to be synonymous tion and entertainment of guests or strangers with holidays (vacations). This is also reflected with liberality and goodwill’ [The Shorter in dictionaries, which commonly refer to Oxford English Dictionary]. In more recent years tourism as travel for pleasure. By contrast, a particular use of the term has become tourist boards and others concerned with the evident, which denotes hospitality that is the development, marketing and coordination of concern of the hospitality industry, also tourism in their countries tend to take a sometimes referred to as ‘commercial’ or broader view; for them tourism means travel ‘professional’ hospitality: the provision of for most purposes, with such exceptions as accommodation, food and drink for people travel to work, to migrate and as part of local away from home for reward. This is broadly in and neighbourhood activities. Between these line with the concept and practice of travel and ends of the spectrum lies business usage, the tourism in this volume, which indicates the language of those who earn their living from scope of the book in this direction. serving the tourists; most of them see tourism This book was conceived in the early 1990s in terms of the products they sell and the to provide first and foremost clear explanations markets they serve. Academics are not a of the meaning of the commonly used words homogenous breed, and between them proba- and phrases in travel, tourism and hospitality bly cover the whole spectrum. for those concerned with these fields in one Travel for pleasure with an overnight stay way or another. This aim seemed to be appears to be the lowest common denominator reinforced by an increasing need for a common of most perceptions of this activity. However, language in which, as in other walks of life, the the final test of any definition cannot be its same words mean the same things when the apparent harmony with its usage in everyday accuracy of expression matters, as well as by speech or, for that matter, that the definition is the apparent need to promote a greater under-

vii Preface

standing of what travel, tourism and hospital- for other reasons. Dictionary entries extend ity are about. beyond basic definitions to include further This revised and expanded edition includes explanations, when considered appropriate, more than 4000 entries. The major part and extensive cross-referencing (indicated in explains terms, acronyms and abbreviations. bold type). Other sections describe some 300 international Where the lexicographer’s task is the impar- and national organizations, profile 100 tial recording of usage, however illogical it outstanding individuals connected in some may be, the province of a technical dictionary way with travel, tourism and hospitality, and is the selection and definition of terms with give key data for well over 200 countries. such ends in view as contributing to more What is included in the Dictionary of Terms effective communication and promoting was selected from words used in the study of greater uniformity in terminology. This, these fields, by those who work in them and especially when combined with explanations by those who take part in them as consumers. beyond basic definitions, also offers an oppor- The selection process reflects for whom the tunity of enhancing the understanding of the book is intended. First, it is for academics, who subject area. are the main propagators and communicators Various types of organizations ranging from of definitions, and for students, their principal tourist boards to trade unions are explained in audiences; as lecturers appear to follow the Dictionary of Terms and international and increasingly their own paths rather than national organizations are listed with concise particular texts, this volume may also be used descriptions in the separate sections that by students as a flexible textbook. Second, it is follow; the latter cover Australia and New for those employed in a wide range of travel, Zealand, North America, United Kingdom and tourism and hospitality businesses and organi- Ireland. For other national bodies readers are zations who may need a ready source of refer- referred to sources in particular countries. ence in their work. Third, it should also be of Individuals connected with travel, tourism and interest to a still wider audience – the hospitality represent a new section in this travellers, tourists and guests – who are the edition, and the biographies offered are focus and the raison d’être of it all – and who confined to those no longer alive. Country may be excused for finding it sometimes diffi- entries show areas, populations, capitals and cult to understand some of the language to currencies, as well as country and currency which they are exposed. codes and political status. For the most part the Dictionary consists of The bibliography lists sources used and terms of three main types. First, terms drawn other known dictionaries, which provided from economics, geography and other disci- ideas on the approach adopted in this volume, plines, mainly social sciences. Second, many and their contribution is gratefully acknow- terms stem from particular industries and ledged. But generally, the definitions, explana- occupations, especially passenger transport, tions and descriptions are the author’s and his hotel and catering services, tour operations and contributors’. Hence, when information is travel agencies. Third, the study and practice reproduced from the only source of that infor- of travel, tourism and hospitality comprises mation, the source is given, but not when it is planning and development, marketing and available from a number of sources. organization, each with its own terminology. Several approaches are employed through- The Dictionary includes many business out to cross-referencing. First, terms repre- terms, which cover various arrangements sented by separate entries, when referred to between parties, documents and techniques, elsewhere, are printed in bold type, the main but generally stops short of basic accounting, exceptions being such frequently used terms as computing and statistical terminology, with travel, tourism and hospitality. Second, at the which users may be expected to be familiar or end of many entries, the words ‘see’ and ‘see which they may need to seek elsewhere. also’ indicate clarifying or complementary Common words in ordinary everyday use are entries included elsewhere. Third, in order to included only if they have a specialized or facilitate locating related terms, certain generic more specific meaning in travel, tourism and words are used as headings for a list of terms; hospitality than elsewhere, or if it was thought thus, for example, an entry headed airport that it might be helpful to have them explained terms gives cross-references to all entries viii Preface concerned with airports. A complete list of George Washington University; Rebecca these generic terms is given on page 2. Hawkins, author and consultant; David An early idea to produce a book of this kind Jeffries, author and consultant; Brian King, came from a friend and former colleague at the Professor, Victoria University of Technology, University of Surrey, John Burkart, after some Melbourne; Elaine Leek, freelance editor; joint authorship in the 1970s, and this book Victor Middleton, Consultant and Visiting owes much to that stimulus and association. A Professor; Philip Ogilvie, George Washington particular appreciation is due to a number of University; Ivan Polunin, Research Fellow, people who supplied information, commented Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; on drafts of entries in their fields of expertise, Trevor Ward, Managing Director, TRI suggested additional entries or contributed Hospitality Consulting, London; Stephen definitions of their own. Those who influenced Wheatcroft, Director, Aviation and Tourism this or earlier editions in one or more ways International, London; John Yacoumis, consul- included: tant; more than 50 users of earlier editions. David Airey, Professor of Tourism The end product owes again much to Management, University of Surrey; Thomas Margie Ward, whose word processor produced Bauer, Senior Lecturer, Victoria University of the final copy and the disk from which the Technology, Melbourne; Lester Borley, lecturer book was typeset. and consultant; Nicola Burrows, Assistant It is hoped that this volume will serve the Publisher, OAG Worldwide; the late Terry needs of its users as well as earlier editions Coppock, Professor Emeritus, University of appear to have done. Suggestions for additions Edinburgh; Catherine Doran, Market Research and other improvements for future editions are and Planning, Irish Tourist Board; Douglas welcome and should be addressed to the Frechtling, Professor of Tourism Studies, author, care of the publishers.

S. Medlik Guildford 2002

ix Part 1 Dictionary of Terms List of generic terms page airport terms 10 awards 17 baggage 18 bed types/descriptions 21 bonding schemes (UK) 24 competition 40 conventions and treaties 44 employment 61 environmental issues 63 food 71 geographical names 77 holidays (vacations) forms, terms, types 85 hotel tariff terms 87 hotel types 88 instruments 93 measures 112 measures of tourism distribution and impact 112 named trains 118 nautical terms 120 occupations 123 pricing 133 rail passes 138 religions of the world 141 restaurant types 142 roads 143 room types/descriptions 144 table service 160 taxes 160 travel/tourism forms/terms/types 171 travel-related illnesses 171 A

à la carte menu A menu providing a choice The media included are the press, television, of items, each of which is priced separately. See radio, cinema and posters. Thus, broadly also bill of fare; table d’hôte menu. speaking, above-the-line advertising expenditure is usually the responsibility of the agency. Abacus One of the main computer reserva- Sometimes called media advertising. See also tion systems (CRS) serving the Asian and below-the-line advertising. Pacific region, established 1987 to include All Nippon Airways, Cathay Pacific, China aboyeur French term for kitchen clerk who Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines, calls out orders from waiters to chefs and Royal Brunei and Singapore Airlines as princi- keeps the waiters’ written orders arranged by pal shareholders, with a partnership agree- tables. ment with the Amadeus and Worldspan systems. See also Fantasia. absorption Term used particularly in air transport in connection with joint fares when a abaft A nautical term denoting stern half of carrier accepts (i.e., absorbs) for its part of a ship. joint fare the difference between a regular fare and a lower fare as a result of computing a ABC Islands Term used to describe the joint fare. islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao off the north coast of South America. ABTA Bonding Scheme Bonding scheme operated by the UK Association of British abeam A nautical term denoting on a line at Travel Agents (ABTA), which requires all firms DICTIONARY OF TERMS right-angles to the ship’s or aircraft’s length, to put up a bond as a condition of membership. i.e., at right-angles to the direction of travel. The scheme covers products and services provided by ABTA members. For example, in aboard On, in or into ship, train, aircraft or the case of ABTA tour operator failure, while on another vehicle. holiday (vacation) the holidaymaker will be rescued; if the holiday has not been started, any abonnement Rail ticket available on the money held by the ABTA tour operator or Continent of Europe, which allows unlimited travel agent will be returned. See bonding travel within a specified area for a specific schemes (UK) for other schemes. period of time. See also rail passes. ABTOT Bonding Scheme Bonding scheme aborigine/aboriginal One of the original of the Association of Bonded Travel inhabitants of an area or a descendant of one, Organisers’ Trust Ltd operated by Travel and term used to describe, e.g., a member of the General Insurance Company, which covers all indigenous race of Australia as opposed to a money paid to travel organizers by holiday- colonist. Abo is a derogatory abbreviation. makers in the UK. See bonding schemes (UK) for other schemes. abort To cancel an aircraft take off in progress. Acapulco Document Outcome of a meeting above-the-line advertising Term used to convened in 1982 by the World Tourism describe advertising for which a commission Organization in Acapulco, Mexico, to imple- is normally payable by the media to advertis- ment the aims agreed by the Manila ing agencies operating on behalf of clients. Declaration.

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accessibility The ease of approach of a accompanying person A person who location from other locations, one of the accompanies a registered delegate to a confer- prime factors which, together with its attrac- ence, who does not normally attend the tions and amenities (the three As), determine business programme but may attend the social how important an area may be as a tourism programme or a special programme for destination. In tourism, accessibility is a accompanying persons. function of distance from centres of population, which constitute tourist markets, and of accreditation external transport, which enables a destina- (a) Appointment or authorization to act as, tion to be reached. It is measured in terms of e.g., a hotel representative by a hotel distance travelled, the time taken or the cost company, or a travel agent by a tour involved. operator or by a shipping conference. See also agency appointment. acclimatization The process by which living (b) Acknowledgement of competence or level organisms, including human beings, become of training received by individuals, firms accustomed to a new climate, i.e., one different and establishments or institutions. from their normal environment. Tourists vary in their ability to acclimatize, according, i.a., to acculturation A sociological term used to their age, gender, body build and ethnic describe the process and the results of interac- origin. tion between different cultures. The process may involve direct contact or, e.g., exposure accommodation through mass media. As a result, one or both (a) See tourism accommodation cultures are affected by assimilating new ways, (b) See acculturation as occurs, e.g., between visitors and resident host communities through travel and tourism. accommodation address Address used for Acculturation is also sometimes described as receiving mail and messages, which is not the accommodation or assimilation, particularly real address where a person lives or a business when referring to interaction between and is located. integration of immigrant or ethnic groups into receiving resident communities. accommodation classification (Australia) Prepared by the Australian Bureau of Statistics acid rain Rain contaminated by chemicals, (ABS), Standard Classification of Visitor mainly sulphur and nitrogen oxides, released Accommodation (SCOVA) defines the full range into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, of accommodation types, largely for the especially from coal-burning industrial plants purpose of statistical measurement. and power stations. Acid rain is the cause of such environmental problems as degeneration of

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY accompanied/unaccompanied baggage coniferous forest, the pollution of rivers and Accompanied baggage is carried in the same lakes and a destruction of fish and other wildlife, vehicle as the passenger (and may be checked and damage to monuments and exteriors of or unchecked baggage); unaccompanied buildings. Many affected areas to be found in baggage is carried separately as cargo. In order various parts of Europe and in the north-eastern to avoid excess baggage rates, it is sometimes United States are of tourism significance. cheaper for passengers to send some of their baggage as unaccompanied baggage. For ACORN Acronym for A Classification of example, airlines normally carry such baggage Residential Neighbourhoods, a socio-economic at 50 per cent of cargo rates, which is often less segmentation system by type of residential than half the rate charged for excess baggage, area in which consumers live based on Census but this is subject to particular airline and of Population data. It is of particular value in customs regulations. market and opinion surveys and target marketing. Also known as a geo-demographic accompaniment Small helping of food segmentation (population type by location). served with a dish, e.g., chutney with curry, horseradish sauce with roast beef, red currant ACP States African, Caribbean, Pacific jelly with venison. independent countries, which were signatories

4 A to the Lomé Conventions and eligible for assis- value added tax (VAT), and not as a fixed tance from the European Community (EC). amount as, e.g., is normally a departure tax. There were 77 ACP States in June 2000, which signed the Cotonou Agreement, successor to adaptation In sociology, term used to the Lomé Conventions. describe the process of psychological reaction whereby individuals or groups accept and acre (a) A British unit of area measurement, adjust themselves to fit into novel or unfamil- formerly denoting as much land as could be iar environments, as occurs, e.g., between ploughed in a day by a team of oxen, later tourists and host communities. defined by statute as 4840 square yards (0.4 hectare). One square mile equals 640 acres. additional holiday (vacation) Term used in some holiday (vacation) surveys, e.g., British acronym A word formed from the first letters National Travel Survey (BNTS), to distinguish of other words. See, e.g., tip = To Insure between main holiday (vacation) and others, Promptitude; UNESCO = United Nations when more than one holiday (vacation) is taken Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi- by respondents during the year, an important zation. trend in most developed countries. See also holiday (vacation) frequency; holiday acrophobia Morbid fear of heights. (vacation) propensity, gross. act of God An event resulting from natural add-on Extra, that for which an additional causes that is not preventable by reasonable charge is made as, e.g.: (a) an optional item, foresight or care, such as an earthquake or which may but need not be bought by the flood. See also force majeure. customer, such as sightseeing as part of an inclusive tour (see also option); (b) an item not activities host(ess) American term for an included in the advertised price, which must entertainment organizer in a hotel, resort or on be bought by the customer, such as travel board a cruise ship; the latter is also called insurance specified by the tour operator. cruise director. See also animator. add-on fare Additional air fare to construct a activity holidays (vacations) A generic through fare when, e.g., fare to/from a partic- term for holidays (vacations) based on a ular point is not published or when a domes- DICTIONARY OF TERMS particular sport, hobby or other interest, which tic fare is combined with an international fare. enable participants to pursue it as a form of active recreation, which may but need not be adjoining rooms Rooms in a hotel or undertaken with a view to improving their another building adjacent to each other standards of performance. See also adventure without direct access between them. See also holidays (vacations); special interest holidays connecting rooms. (vacations). admission The ticket price charged for activity rate The proportion of the population entrance by a facility such as a tourist/visitor of working age who are employed or attraction. unemployed but seek work. In recent years in the UK this has been above 70 per cent overall, made admissions up of over 80 per cent for men and over 60 per (a) The number of people entering a cent for women. See also participation rate. tourist/visitor attraction or facility over a given period of time. actual demand See demand for tourism (b) The amount of entry fees to a tourist/visitor attraction or facility over a ad hoc charter See charter given period of time. ad valorem ‘According to value’, term used as Adult and Continuing Education Term an adjective in conjunction with taxes, duties covering a broad spectrum of educational and similar payments, denoting that they are activities, in the UK ranging from non- levied in proportion to the value as, e.g., is vocational courses of general interest, through

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courses to acquire special vocational skills ments, to which an IT (inclusive tour) number needed in industry and commerce, to study for has been assigned, and which allows travel a degree of the Open University. See also agents to receive overriding commission in Further Education; Higher Education. respect of the air transport element of the tour.

Advance Booking Charter (ABC) A advertising Use of paid space in publications, charter that requires a minimum advance posters and outdoor advertising, or of time on booking period, designed to protect scheduled radio or on cinema and television screens, carriers from revenue dilution. intended to influence people to take a particular course of action or to form a particular Advance Purchase Excursion (APEX) attitude or point of view. This focus on the Special return air fare offered by airlines on buying of space or time in various media differ- scheduled flights, subject to various restric- entiates advertising from publicity on the one tions, including minimum advance booking hand and from sales promotion and merchan- period and minimum/maximum stay require- dising on the other hand. See also above-the- ment. Must be bought and paid for at the time line advertising; below-the-line advertising. of booking and cannot be altered or cancelled without charge. See also British National Rail advertising agency Organization employed Apex; Public Excursion (PEX); Seat Sale. by advertisers to manage their advertising. It is remunerated by commissions from the advance timetable A timetable issued by a media on the rates charged for media space or transport operator for planning purposes of time, charges for materials and services used in passengers and the travel industry in advance the preparation of advertisements, and fees of the period to which it is to apply, often in charged for non-commissionable services, such summary form; it may be changed subse- as market surveys. quently. aero- Prefix used in combination with nouns Advanced Passenger Train (APT) A high- usually relating to air and aircraft. Hence, e.g., speed train of British Railways, designed to aerodrome, aeroplane, aerospace; the physics of air operate on ordinary tracks using a special motion and its effects is aerodynamics; the tilting mechanism. After several years’ experi- science and practice of aircraft design, ments in the early 1980s, the train was intro- construction and operation is aeronautics. duced into service in 1984 but withdrawn because of technical problems in 1985. See also aerodrome/airdrome See airport Bullet Train; Train à Grande Vitesse (TGV). aerospace industry Firms and establish- Advantage Travel Centre Brand name of ments engaged in the manufacture of aircraft, agencies of members of the UK National spacecraft, missiles and related electronic DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Association of Independent Travel Agents equipment. (NAITA). affinity charter The charter of an aircraft by adventure holidays (vacations) Activity an affinity group. holidays (vacations) that contain an element of personal challenge, through controlled risk, affinity group Members of an organization daring and/or excitement, often in an inacces- formed for purposes other than travel, such as sible (wilderness) environment. Examples a school, firm or club, who get together to include caving, hang gliding, rock climbing, travel as a group and are then eligible for safaris, white water rafting. special group air fares. Such groups must not solicit members publicly and members must be advertised tour Term often used loosely to of not less than six months’ standing before the refer to any tour included in a brochure or date of travel. See also affinity group fares. other media. However, in the USA an advertised tour has a more precise meaning: it affinity group fares Air fares restricted to denotes an approved tour, which includes air bona fide affinity groups. See also air fare transport and meets specific airline require- rebates (groups).

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Afghani (Af) Unit of currency of agoraphobia Fear of open spaces. Afghanistan. agritourism, agricultural tourism, aft Originally a nautical term, now denoting agrotourism See farm tourism rear of a ship or aircraft. See also abaft; (a)midship(s); astern; bow; forward. AIDA A mnemonic for Attention, Interest, Desire, Action, attributed to American market- afternoon tea A light snack served in late after- ing academic E.K. Strong, and describing the noon, normally comprising sandwiches, cakes, sequence in the customer reaction to market- pastries and tea. See also high tea; cream tea. ing stimulus: to be effective, it has to move through a logical sequence based on attracting after-sales service Normally related to attention, arousing interest, creating desire and articles, the term covers the provision of repairs enabling action. and maintenance, and the supply of advice and spares, by the vendor or the vendor’s agent once AIDS An acronym from Acquired Immune the sale has been completed. When used in the Deficiency Syndrome, a condition caused by a context of travel, tourism and hospitality, after- virus known as HIV (Human Immuno-Deficiency sales service normally refers to the provision of Virus), which attacks the body’s immune advice and information to visitors or guests after system, making it unable to fight off infections. arrival at their destination and/or keeping in The virus can be passed on by contaminated touch with them after their stay or visit. blood or body fluids, e.g., through infected medical equipment or through sexual contact. agency agreement A contract between an The risk exists worldwide and people infected agent travel agent principal (such as ) and with HIV remain infected and infectious all hotel tour operator (such as , transport or ) their lives; there is no vaccine or cure. setting out the terms and conditions for the transaction of business by the agent with and air carrier on behalf of the principal. (a) An aircraft carrying passengers, mail or cargo. agency appointment Authorization of a (b) A firm engaged in air transportation of travel agent by a principal or by a conference passengers, mail or cargo. to represent them and sell their services. A fully fledged agency would normally hold a DICTIONARY OF TERMS air corridor See corridor number of appointments of individual companies, as well as appointments such as by the air fare rebates (groups) The following International Air Transport Association main parties are entitled to discounts off (IATA); the latter enables the agency to hold normal First, Club and Economy air fares, the international air ticket stocks of IATA members size of the reductions varying between regions and a validation stamp, and receive a commis- and according to other criteria: common inter- sion on sales. See also accreditation. est groups, convention groups, families, IATA passenger sale agents on familiarization trips, agency code An identifying code provided incentive tours, school parties, visitors to trade by a principal to a retail travel agent when fairs. Some similar reductions also apply in bus granted accreditation. and coach, rail and sea transport. See also air agency coupon The part of an airline ticket fare rebates (individuals). retained by an agency. air fare rebates (individuals) The follow- agency tour American term for a familiar- ing main categories of passenger are entitled to ization trip. discounts off normal First, Club and Economy air fares, the size of the reductions varying AGENDA 21 See Earth Summit between regions and according to other criteria: infants (under 2 years), children (over 2, agent Person with express or implied author- under 12 years), youth (over 12, under 22), ity to act for or represent another (principal). students (over 12, under 28), seamen/ships’ See also travel agent. crews, airline staff, IATA passenger sales

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agents (also accompanying spouse). Some is, e.g., available during the summer months on similar reductions also apply in bus and coach, the North Atlantic as a flight on the onward rail and sea transport. See also air fare rebates journey and a return sea crossing, or vice versa. (groups). air services agreement An agreement air fare types Main scheduled air fare types between two (bilateral) or more (multilateral) are: Supersonic (available only on Air France states, regulating air services between them. See and British Airways Concorde flights); First; also Bermuda Agreement; freedoms of the air. Business (not available on all flights and names differ between airlines, e.g., Club, Clipper); air steward(ess) See flight attendant Economy. The above are known as normal air fares and have few or no conditions or restric- air taxi A small aircraft operating within a tions attached. See separate entries for those limited radius for private hire; in the USA, an below known as promotional air fares: Advance aircraft carrying up to 19 passengers and Purchase Excursion (APEX); Eurobudget; operating within 250 miles of its home base, Excursion; Public Excursion (PEX); Seat Sale; used particularly by business travellers. Special Group Inclusive Tour fare. See also air fare rebates; tour-basing fare. air terminal A building in the town from which passengers travel by bus or train to the air hostess See flight attendant airport. Also known as city terminal. See also airport terminal. air mile See mile air traffic control A system of controlling Air Miles A promotional scheme operated by aircraft movements in and out of airports. In British Airways of awarding points when the UK it is the responsibility of the Civil purchasing certain goods and services which Aviation Authority (CAA), in the USA of the may be exchanged in full or in part for free Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). flights and some other products. air travel organizer A person who makes Air Passenger Duty (UK) Charge payable ‘available, as a principal or an agent, accom- on tickets for flights departing from UK modation for the carriage of persons or cargo in airports introduced in 1995 and amended from any part of the world’ requiring a licence to April 2001 and again November 2002. It varies operate by the UK Civil Aviation Authority between flights within and outside Europe and (CAA) (Civil Aviation Act 1971). This is a wider also between economy and higher class flights. term than tour operator and includes, for The amount is included in the price of ticket or example, air brokers acting as agents for holiday (vacation) by the operator and airlines. The licence is the Air Travel accounted for to the Treasury. Organiser’s Licence (ATOL). The licence shows DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY that the organizer of charter flights has lodged air quality A subjective concept indicative of a bond with CAA to safeguard the holiday- the level of air pollution and varying inversely makers’ money in case of the company failure. with that level. Although it can be assessed by reference to medical, biological or material Air Travel Organiser’s Licence (ATOL) damage, air quality also varies with wind Licence issued by the UK Civil Aviation speed, humidity and other meteorological Authority (CAA) to operators organizing parameters. It also varies culturally in that holidays (vacations) by air from the UK. different societies have different views on what constitutes bad air quality. Of increasing airborne An aviation term denoting the concern in developed countries are levels of period of flight between lifting off the earth’s pollution in cities arising from level of motor surface and landing, i.e., the time when the traffic. See also comfort index. aircraft is actually in the air.

air/sea An arrangement using both air and sea airbridge Corridor attached to aircraft doors transportation, normally booked at the same to enable people to enter from or leave the time or as a package at an inclusive price. This aircraft for the airport terminal.

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Airbus Wide body jet (see aircraft types) with speed greater than the speed of sound (741 the cruising speed of up to 600 miles per hour miles or 1190 km per hour) at sea level; subsonic and a large passenger capacity, designed denotes speed slower than the speed of sound. mainly for short haul flights on high density Concorde is the first and still (in 2002) the only routes, as between large cities. supersonic passenger aircraft, brought into regular service between London/Paris and aircraft Any machine used for flying which is New York in 1977. See also other aircraft types heavier than air with on-board means of entries. propulsion. See also airship and several entries for aircraft types. aircraft types: take-off and landing Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft aircraft grounding Voluntary or mandatory (including helicopters) can take off and land restriction or prohibition on flying an aircraft vertically; short take-off and landing (STOL) by an airline itself, aircraft manufacturers, aircraft can take off and land within a short aviation or other authorities, for such reasons horizontal distance; other aircraft types require as adverse weather conditions, industrial various horizontal distances for take-off and disputes and mechanical faults. landing. See also other aircraft types entries. aircraft leasing Lease or hire of aircraft for a aircraft types: wings A fixed wing aircraft has pre-determined period of time on specified wings fixed to the fuselage and may be conditions. A dry lease denotes the provision of propelled by either piston (internal combus- aircraft only. A wet lease includes the provision tion) engines or gas turbine (jet) engines. A of crew and supporting services, e.g., fuel. helicopter derives lift from revolving wings or Operational lease describes a short-term lease blades (rotors) driven by an engine on a verti- which need not be included in the airline cal axis; it can hover and take off or land verti- balance sheet. See also dry/wet lease; bareboat cally. See also other aircraft types entries. charter; provisioned charter. airfield See airport aircraft stacking Term used for aircraft flying in large circles at two or more levels at airline alliances Airline groupings in which busy airports awaiting permission to land. two or more airlines collaborate, without necessarily forming a separate independent DICTIONARY OF TERMS aircraft types: bodies organization, with a view to achieving one or (a) Regular/narrow body aircraft – jet aircraft more common strategic objectives. See also with a fuselage diameter less than 200 in. Oneworld; Star Alliance; Qualiflyer Group; and propulsion by turbine engines of less Skyteam; Wings. than 30 000 pounds per engine, e.g., Boeing 707 or 727. airline codes Two-letter airline designators, (b) Wide body aircraft – jet aircraft with a assigned and published by the International fuselage diameter exceeding 200 in. and Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), for use propulsion greater than 30 000 pounds per in reservations, timetables and ticketing, as engine, e.g. Boeing 747 or 767, commonly well as other inter- and intra-industry applica- also described as jumbo jet. tions. Thus, e.g., BA = British Airways, DL = See also other aircraft types entries. Delta Airlines, QF = QANTAS. See OAG Flight Atlas for a full list. See also code sharing. aircraft types: codes One-letter standard designators specified by the International Air airline clubs Special clubs created by most Transport Association (IATA) for use in major airlines for frequent travellers, offering timetables and other communications and various privileges and services, such as the use publications: J = Pure Jet, T = Prop Jet, P = of special airport lounges. Membership of Propeller, H = Helicopter, A = Amphibian/ clubs run by US airlines is usually open to Seaplane. See also other aircraft types entries. anyone prepared to pay a fixed annual membership fee. Membership of clubs run by aircraft types: speed A supersonic transport other airlines is often free but admission is (SST) aircraft is capable of a normal cruising restricted to those considered valuable enough

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customers. See also frequent flyer pro- payable either at check-in time or included grammes (FFPs). with the price of the ticket. See also departure tax. airpasses Airline tickets for extensive travel within large countries or areas, normally avail- airport terminal An airport building used by able only to visitors, who have to buy them in arriving and departing airline passengers. See their countries of residence. Some airpasses are also air terminal. valid for unlimited travel in a given period; others cover a set number of flights; yet others airport terms offer discounts rather than free travel. Seats are See aerodrome airstrip subject to availability; some airlines offer air traffic control alternate airport booking confirmed seats, others standby only. airbridge city/airport codes Airpasses are offered by most large US and airfield heliport Canadian airlines, some covering both airport holding bay countries; several cover Australia, New airport apron international Zealand and the Pacific islands, and combina- airport art airport tions of these countries. airport capacity landing fee airport codes landside airport An area used for the landing and take airport maintenance tax runway off of aircraft and including any related build- airport service charge slot ings and facilities. Aerodrome (US airdrome) is airport terminal tarmac synonymous with airport but now little used. airside time slot Airfield usually denotes a military airport or a airspace wayports small airport with limited facilities. airship A dirigible motor-driven balloon, airport apron Airport hard surface area off usually cigar-shaped, lighter than air. the runways, used for aircraft loading, unloading, servicing and other handling purposes. airsickness Motion sickness caused by the motions of the aircraft or altitude, manifesting airport art Pejorative term for souvenirs itself by nausea and vertigo. offered for sale at airports. airside Airport terminal area beyond the airport capacity Airport capacity is made up passport and security checks, used by depart- of the capacities of: ing passengers and also transit passengers (see (a) the terminal (the number of passengers passenger designations) waiting for connect- per hour moving through such parts of the ing flights where duty-free shops are located. terminal building as security, immigration See also landside. and customs); DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY (b) the apron (the number of aircraft handled airspace The space above the land and sea per hour, which depends on the number of territory of a state and subject to its exclusive parking stands and the aircraft servicing jurisdiction. See also freedoms of the air. capability); (c) the aircraft movements (the number of airstrip Short strip of rough land used by movements per hour that can be aircraft for take off and landing. supported by the airport). airworthiness See certificate of airworthi- airport codes See city/airport codes ness

airport maintenance tax A charge levied on AITO Trust Bonding Scheme Bonding airline passengers in some countries, e.g., scheme of the Association of Independent China, for the construction or maintenance of Tour Operators (AITO), which covers inclu- the airport and its facilities. sive tour (IT) holidays (vacations) from the UK operated by AITO Trust bonded compa- airport service charge Charge levied at nies. See bonding schemes (UK) for other certain airports on departing passengers, and schemes.

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Al Andalus Express Named train service in tees public access to the countryside by allow- Spain linking three major cities: Seville, ing visitors to hike, ride, cycle, picnic, as well Granada and Cordoba. as camp overnight on private land.

Alaskan Standard Time A US time zone allocation See allotment based on the 135th meridian. Time equals GMT –9. allocentric/psychocentric Terms to describe types of tourist, attributed to tourism researcher albergo Italian term for hotel. Stanley Plog. An allocentric is a traveller with a preference for exploration and inquisitiveness, alfresco In the open air, hence alfresco dining, continually seeking new destinations. A psycho- eating out of doors, as in a rooftop restaurant. centric is unadventurous, wants security, seeks the familiar and a ‘tried and tested’ destination. alien A person who is not a citizen of the In between these extremes is the midcentric who country of his/her residence. Tourists are has some of both characteristics and makes up normally classified for statistical purposes by the the bulk of the market. country of residence rather than by nationality. Resident aliens are, therefore, treated in statistics allotment Allocation of a specific number of of domestic and international travel/tourism as hotel rooms or transport seats to a tour opera- residents of the country. See also expatriate; tor or another travel organizer to sell until a migration; national; nomad; refugee. given date, when the unsold rooms or seats are ‘released back’ to the hotel or carrier without alienation In sociology, term used to describe payment. the estrangement of individuals from themselves and others, suffering from the alphanumeric Combination of letters and feeling of isolation, placelessness, powerless- numbers as, e.g., used in the UK and Canadian ness and meaninglessness. Tourism is seen by postcodes to aid computerized sorting of mail. some as providing the opportunity to escape, Other countries use a purely numeric code for however temporarily, from the condition. the same purpose, such as the Zip code in the USA. all found Employment term denoting remuneration which includes accommodation, Alpine Of the Alps or other high mountains; DICTIONARY OF TERMS food and other amenities in addition to wages, thus, e.g., Alpine climate, Alpine vegetation, an arrangement particularly common in the Alpine tourism. hospitality industry. See also fringe benefits. alternate airport An airport to which a flight all space hold Situation in which all function is diverted when a landing at the scheduled space in a facility such as a hotel or exhibition airport is not possible, e.g., because of adverse centre is reserved for a single user. weather conditions. all-expense tour See all-in alternative technology See appropriate technology all-in Term for inclusive arrangements, such as American Plan/en pension terms/full board alternative tourism Term generally used to for hotel stays, or inclusive tours including refer to forms of tourism that seek to avoid transportation, accommodation and possibly adverse and enhance positive social, cultural and other specified items for an inclusive price, the environmental impacts and perceived as alter- latter also described in North America as all- native to mass tourism. Usually characterized by expense tour. small scale; individual, independent or small group activity; slow, controlled and regulated all-suite hotel Hotel with all units arranged development; as well as an emphasis on travel as suites. as experience of host cultures and on maintenance of traditional values and societies. Also Allemansrätt Traditional Swedish law referred to variously as appropriate, green, respon- (meaning ‘every man’s right’), which guaran- sible or soft tourism. See also sustainable tourism.

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altimeter An instrument for measuring also English service; family-style service; altitude in aircraft and on the ground, using French service; Russian service. the relationship between the change in atmospheric pressure and height above sea level. See American ton See ton (tonne) also barometer. Americas Collective term for North, Central altitude The height of a point on the earth’s and South America. surface above its base, normally measured vertically from the mean sea level as a zero (a)midship(s) A nautical term denoting base. See also datum level/line. middle part of a ship. See also abaft; aft; astern; bow; forward. altitude sickness A feeling of nausea accompanied by sickness, which afflicts at high amoebiasis A recurrent dysentery, which altitudes those unaccustomed to them, caused contains blood and mucus, and can cause liver by breathing air deficient in oxygen. Also abscesses and peritonitis. It is spread by known as mountain sickness. infected carriers in unsanitary conditions in all tropical areas. Strict personal hygiene is the Amadeus One of two main European main precaution. computer reservation systems (CRS), established in 1987 by a consortium led by Air Amsterdam Treaty See Treaty of Amster- France, Iberia, Lufthansa and SAS, and includ- dam. ing several smaller airlines, with US System One supplying the software. Now owned in Amtrak Name used by the US National equal shares by Air France Group, Iberia, Railroad Passenger Corporation created by the Lufthansa and Sabena, with partnership agree- Rail Passenger Service Act 1970 as a semi- ments with Abacus and Worldspan. public body with the responsibility for marketing and operating US intercity passenger Amazonia Name used to describe the trains. Although a few private passenger trains Amazon Basin, an area of the size of Australia, continue to operate, the great majority of US between the Atlantic coast of Brazil and the rail services other than commuter trains are Andes mountains in Peru. The area is mainly operated by Amtrak. covered by tropical rain forests, which absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide and give out Amtrak California Rail Passes Rail Passes large amounts of oxygen. The large-scale issued by Amtrak which offer 7 days’ travel destruction of the forests with mining, ranch- within 21 days statewide or 5 days’ travel ing and other development (deforestation) has within 7 days in Northern or Southern become a global political issue, as less carbon California.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere contributes to global warming. Amtrak North America Rail Pass Rail Pass issued by Amtrak available for 30 consec- American breakfast A term used especially utive days of travel in both the USA and outside North America to describe a breakfast Canada to permanent residents of other that includes such small dishes as cereals, eggs, countries. corned beef hash, pastries and waffles, to differentiate it from, e.g., Asian breakfast. Amtrak USA Rail Passes Rail Passes issued by Amtrak for six different US regions and American Plan (AP) En pension or full- available to permanent residents of countries board hotel tariff, which includes room and other than the USA and Canada, normally valid three meals per day (breakfast, lunch, dinner). for 15 or 30 days with unlimited stopovers. Also referred to in the USA as bed and board. anchorage A place where a boat or ship may American service Style of restaurant table lie at anchor. service, in which food is portioned and plated in the kitchen before being served to anemometer An instrument for measuring customers. Also described as plate service. See and recording the strength and direction of

12 A wind, which is mainly influenced by the antitrust laws US legislation designed to gradient between high- and low-pressure promote competition and prevent unfair areas, by the earth’s rotation, and by topogra- practices that may lead to monopolies or phy. suppression of competition. animator Term of French origin (animateur) to apartment hotel An establishment combin- describe a person employed to organize social ing the features of an apartment building and and other activities for guests in a hotel, a hotel, i.e., providing furnished accommoda- holiday (vacation) centre or another location. tion with cooking facilities without service, and Often described as social or cruise director or also offering such optional facilities as maid officer on board a cruise ship and as entertain- service or a restaurant, catering commonly but ments director or officer in a resort. See also not exclusively for longer-stay residents. Also activities host(ess). known as apartotel. anomie A social condition characterized by apéritif Alcoholic appetizer, commonly sherry, breakdown of social interaction, which is seen gin and tonic, dry and sweet martini, whisky. by sociologists as a push-factor in tourism, providing motivation for people lacking inter- Apollo US computer reservation system personal contacts in the home environment. (CRS) originally owned 50 per cent by United Airlines and operated by the Covia Antarctic The area within the Antarctic Circle Corporation. Following the merger of Apollo (66°32' South), opposite to the Arctic; also as an and Galileo in 1992 with United Airlines as adjective, of that area; thus, e.g., Antarctic major shareholder in Galileo International, landscape. The region has a more limited the Apollo brand name is now used by tourism potential than the Arctic, except for Galileo International in the USA, Mexico and summer cruises. Antarctica is the term used to Japan. describe the continental area around the South Pole. See also overflights of Antarctica. appellation d’origine contrôlée (AOC) French wine classification which shows the Antarctic tourism Trips and visits to desti- area from which the wine comes and that it is nations within the Antarctic Circle, most by of certain quality. sea. See also Antarctic; Arctic tourism; over- DICTIONARY OF TERMS flights of Antarctica. Apple Isle A term used for Tasmania, off the Antipodean Day Day ‘gained’ by crossing south coast of Australia, where large amounts the International Date Line in the eastern of apples are grown. (American) direction. Also called Meridian Day. appropriate technology Technology suit- antipodes Places on earth’s surface diametri- able for an area in view of its stage of technically opposite each other, e.g., Australia and cal development. When intended to be used in New Zealand in relation to the British Isles. developing countries, typical requirements are that it should be easy to use by the unskilled, antiquities A general term, descriptive of have no parts difficult to obtain and be easily ancient historical monuments (particularly repaired. Also called alternative and intermedi- Greek and Roman) and archaeological features, ate technology. often in the care of a public body and frequently important attractions for tourists, appropriate tourism The type and scale of e.g., the Coliseum in Rome, the Parthenon in tourism which is considered suitable for an Athens, the Pyramids in Egypt and the Great area in view of its economic, social, environ- Wall of China. They are particularly numerous mental and other conditions. The term is also in Europe and Asia. What constitutes antiqui- used as a synonym for alternative tourism. ties varies with history; e.g., in the United States the antiquities legislation has been après-ski Activities which take place in the applied to pueblo dwellings of a fifteenth- evening after skiing at the hotel or another century Indian community. place of stay.

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apron islands and districts. In the mid 1990s, follow- (a) An airport tarmac area on which aircraft ing a major reorganization, the network of 32 are parked. boards was reduced to a total of 14. (b) The part of a theatre stage in front of the main curtain. Area(s) of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) Conservation areas in England, aquatic sports Sports conducted in or on Wales and Northern Ireland designated on water, such as swimming, scuba diving, water account of their scenic beauty and not large polo. enough or wild enough to be designated as National Parks, subject to strict planning control archipelago Term originally applied to the over development. Designation is made by the Aegean Sea between Greece and Asia Minor, Countryside Agency, Countryside Council for then to any sea or expanse of water studded Wales and Department of the Environment for (like the Aegean) with many islands. Northern Ireland. There were 42 AONBs in Nowadays the term is applied only to a group England and Wales and nine in Northern of islands as, for example, the Alexander Ireland in mid 2000. See countryside conserva- Archipelago in the Gulf of Alaska. tion designation schemes for other schemes. arrival/departure card Document completed architecture styles See Baroque; Gothic; by international travellers at borders, ports Neoclassical; Rococo; Romanesque and airports as an instrument of government controls. Information included often provides a Arctic The area within the Arctic Circle (66°32' basis for statistics of international tourism. North), opposite the Antarctic; also as an adjective, of that area; thus, e.g., Arctic climate. The Asian breakfast A term used especially in region is undeveloped as a tourism destination the region to describe a breakfast which and is currently visited mainly by scientists, includes Asian dishes, such as cougee (rice students and trekkers. But especially northern porridge), noodles and dim sum (different Canada and northern Scandinavia are attrac- small dishes), to differentiate it from, e.g., tive for those in search of wilderness and may American breakfast. receive more visitors in the future for adventure holidays (vacations) and summer cruises. assimilation See acculturation

Arctic tourism Trips and visits to destina- astern At/in/to the stern, a nautical term tions within the Arctic Circle, already signifi- denoting rear of a ship. See also abaft; aft; cant in Canada and Scandinavia where road (a)midship(s); bow; forward. access is possible. See also Antarctic; Antarctic tourism; Arctic. astronaut One who travels in space, outside the earth’s atmosphere. Also referred to as DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Area Tourism Companies (ATC) Area cosmonaut, especially in countries of Eastern framework of three bodies covering South and Europe and the former Soviet Union. West, Mid and North Wales, with local author- Athens Convention An international agree- ity and tourism industry participation and ment made in 1974 which limits the liability of operating under contract with the Wales shipping companies for loss of or damage to Tourist Board (WTB) to develop, promote and luggage and injury to or death of passengers coordinate tourism in their respective areas of on international services by sea. the Principality. Atlantic Standard Time A Canadian time Area Tourist Boards (ATBs) Network of zone based on the standard of the 60th merid- voluntary bodies with local authorities, tourism ian, also called Provincial Standard Time. Time industry and Scottish Tourist Board (STB) or equals GMT –4. Highlands and Islands Enterprise participation and funding, created under the terms of the atmosphere Local Government and Planning (Scotland) Act (a) The layer of gases (carbon dioxide, nitro- 1982, which transferred responsibility for gen, oxygen and others) that envelopes the tourism from regional to local level based on earth.

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(b) The air in any particular place as affected audit coupon Normally the top coupon of a by heat or cold or other influences. carrier’s ticket which is returned to the carrier (c) Mental, moral or other non-physical with the travel agent’s sales return. environment. aurora See Northern Lights ATOL Bonding Scheme Bonding scheme of the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in the Australasia Term used to denote (a) Australia UK, which requires any person selling and New Zealand, or (b) the region consisting holidays (vacations) by air or seats using of Australia, New Zealand and the islands of charter flights to the public, to hold an Air the Pacific east of Indonesia and the Travel Organiser’s Licence (ATOL). It covers Philippines. The latter comprise Melanesia (Fiji, package holidays including charter-type New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon arrangements on scheduled flights. See Islands, Vanuatu); Micronesia (Federated States bonding schemes (UK) for other schemes. of Micronesia, Guam, Kiribati, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau/ atoll A low coral island consisting of a ring- Belau); Polynesia (American Samoa, Cook shaped reef enclosing a lagoon, common in the Islands, French Polynesia, Niue, Tokelau, Pacific Ocean. Tonga, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa). See also Oceania. atrium Enclosed covered pedestrian space often forming the lobby or an interior court- Australia New Zealand Closer Economic yard of large buildings, including hotels. Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA) A treaty to establish a free attendance factor A rough measure of the trade area, which came into effect on 1 January effectiveness of a leisure facility or service, 1983, replacing the earlier agreement of 1 calculated by dividing total attendances by the January 1966. A review of the 1983 Agreement population within its perceived catchment in 1988 broadened it to include services and area. This may be compared with a national deepened it in other areas. Because of its norm derived from such sources as the emphasis on trade in goods and the absence of General Household Survey in Great Britain. barriers to the expansion of tourism, the Agreement has had little direct effect on attractions See tourist/visitor attractions. tourism between the two countries. However, DICTIONARY OF TERMS the Agreement has stimulated an increase in attribution theory An approach to under- business traffic and moves to a single aviation standing how people explain negative experi- market, representing a significant liberaliza- ences or problematic events. In tourism, the tion of air transport between and beyond the theory may help, e.g., with tourists’ two countries. complaints. Australian Dollar ($A) Unit of currency of auberge See brasserie Australia, Kiribati, Nauru, Norfolk Island, Tuvalu. audience Of the several uses of the term, probably the most relevant in the travel, Australian tourism statistics tourism and hospitality context is the meaning (a) Movements and activities of international attached to it for promotional purposes, i.e., visitors to Australia are recorded by group of people exposed to particular promo- International Visitor Survey from interviews tional media, usually cinema, radio or tele- conducted with outgoing passengers and vision. Data relating to the size of audiences published annually by the Australian and the composition, usually expressed in Bureau of Tourism Research (BTR). demographic, psychographic or socio- (b) Movements and activities of domestic economic terms, are of particular significance tourists within Australia are recorded by to advertisers of goods and services, including Domestic Tourism Monitor from household travel, tourism and hospitality products. interviews and are published annually by the Australian Bureau of Tourism Research audioconferencing See teleconferencing (BTR).

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authenticity The quality of being genuine, autopista A Spanish motorway. See also real or true, as opposed to simulated, contrived autobahn; autoroute; autostrada; expressway. or fake. Applied in tourism in particular to heritage sites and to event attractions, when autoroute A French motorway. See also referring, e.g., to buildings and objects of art or autobahn; autopista; autostrada; expressway. to ceremonies and performances. autostrada An Italian motorway, the first auto rental American synonym for car hire. motorway to be built in Europe in the 1920s. See also autobahn; autopista, autoroute; autobahn A German motorway, the first of expressway. their kind being built in the early 1930s. See also autopista; autoroute; autostrada; express- available seat kilometres (ASK) A trans- way. port measure calculated as the product of the number of aircraft seats available for sale and automated immigration lane Computer- the kilometres flown. controlled immigration procedure operated first as an international experiment in a available seat miles (ASM) A transport number of locations, such as airports and also measure calculated as the product of the the US–Mexico border, which uses biometrics number of aircraft seats available for sale and and identifies people from the characteristics of the miles flown. their hands. If the experiment is successful, it is envisaged that the technology might available tonne-kilometres (ATK) See ultimately replace passports. See also capacity tonne-kilometres INSPASS. avalanche The rapid descent down steep automated reservation systems See slopes of masses of snow, ice or rock, usually computer reservation systems (CRS) without warning. The term is commonly applied to snow, when it may be triggered by automated teller machines (ATMs) Also heavy falls in winter or by sudden spells of known as cash points or cash dispensers, facilities warm weather in spring. Most avalanches offered by banks and building societies to follow regular avalanche tracks and to that current account holders to obtain cash up to an extent are predictable in terms of location; but agreed amount and such other services as the avalanches may occur from time to time balance of one’s account by inserting a service unexpectedly in other areas. Avalanches are a card in the machine and keying a PIN number. particular hazard to climbers and skiers, especially those skiing off piste. automated ticket and boarding pass

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY (ATB2) Electronic ticket used by some average room rate (ARR) The average daily airlines, which contains information about the rate paid by guests in hotels and similar estab- passenger and the reservation on a magnetic lishments. The average room rate is calculated strip. The ticket enables travellers carrying by dividing room sales by the total number of hand baggage only to check in for a flight by occupied rooms, the average rate per guest by swiping the card against a magnetic reader and dividing room sales by the total number of board, without other check-in procedures. guests. The figures of room sales used are net of any taxes and service charges paid to automatic vending Retailing of products, employees. The average rates and occupancy including, e.g., food, beverages and cigarettes, are key operating ratios and measures of through vending machines. performance.

automobile club Individual membership avoirdupois The original British system of organization providing roadside and other weights still used in English-speaking services to motorists, such as the Automobile countries for goods except precious metals and Association (AA) in Great Britain, or the stones and medicines: American Automobile Association (AAA). See also 16 drams = 1 ounce (oz) motoring organization. 16 ounces = 1 pound (lb)

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14 pounds = 1 stone Excellence Through People 28 pounds = 1 quarter (qr) Hales Trophy 112 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt) Hospitality Assured 20 hundredweight = 1 ton* Investors in People *American ton = 2000 lb (20 cwt of 100 lb), Queen’s Awards also called short ton. Seaside Awards awards awning Roof made of canvas or other material See Best Practice Forum above the deck of a ship to provide shade from Blue Flag the sun, nowadays also used for a similar struc- Blue Riband of the Atlantic ture elsewhere, e.g., a shop or restaurant. BS 5750 BS EN ISO 9000 Axess A computer reservation system (CRS) European Prize for Tourism and the owned by Japan Air Lines and Korean Airlines Environment with a cooperation agreement with Sabre. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

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baby boomers Those born in the USA during London twice in two weeks (flying out one the ‘baby boom’ years of 1946–64. In the year weekday and returning the next each time) could 2000 this group occupied the 36–54 age group, be covered by buying two return tickets (both which shows higher propensities to travel and over Saturday nights) one London–Paris and the tourism than other age groups, and the other Paris–London, and ‘mixing’ the tickets. increased numbers, therefore, provided a boost to demand for travel, tourism and hospitality backpacking Informal recreation, particu- services. larly in mountainous and wilderness areas, by those carrying their gear and food supplies, baby-listening service Service offered by generally in rucksacks, and relying on sleeping some hotels to enable parents when out of the bags, tents or huts for accommodation. Hence, room or a member of staff to hear the baby cry backpacker, a traveller engaged in backpacking by means of a microphone placed in the room. who tends to be usually young and on a low budget. See also hiking. baby-sitting service Service offered by some hotels to look after a baby when the parents backward pricing Setting prices by reference are out of the room. to such criteria as competitors’ prices and customers’ attitudes, wants and preferences, bach A beach or lakeside holiday (vacation) and adjusting the costs and levels of service to home in North Island, New Zealand, called a the predetermined prices. crib in South Island. baggage Packed possessions taken by a back load See return load traveller on a journey. Usual term in the USA, luggage is more usual in the UK, but baggage is back of house The operational areas and in common use among carriers worldwide. staff, e.g., all parts of a hotel, motel or restau- See accompanied/unaccompanied baggage rant, not normally in direct contact with the baggage allowance

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY customer, such as kitchens, stores and admin- baggage check istrative offices. See also front of house. baggage claim area baggage master back-to-back A sequence of group arrivals baggage room and departures arranged so as to maximize the baggage tag utilization of the means of transport or accom- Bagtrack modation. For example, a charter aircraft trans- cabin baggage ports a group of passengers to a destination on carry-on baggage its outward flight and returns with another checked/unchecked baggage group, or hotel rooms vacated by a group of excess baggage departing guests are occupied the same day by hold baggage another group arriving. See also empty leg. baggage allowance Amount of baggage per back-to-back ticketing The practice (against passenger, determined by weight, number of IATA regulations) of buying multiple return pieces and/or dimensions, transported by a tickets to avoid regulations requiring Saturday carrier ‘free’. For example, under the weight night stay at the destination in order to qualify system used by many airlines, this is normally for a reduced fare. Thus, e.g., to visit Paris from 30 kg (66 lb) for first-class and 20 kg (44 lb) for

18 B each economy passenger. See also excess ble item; other transactions due to travel and baggage. tourism are submerged with other items. baggage check Receipt issued by a carrier to balance of trade See balance of payments a passenger for accompanied checked baggage, establishing the passengers’ right to Balboa (B) Unit of currency of Panama. The compensation. See also Property Irregularity US Dollar is also used. Report (PIR); Warsaw Convention. Balkans The peninsula of south-east Europe, baggage claim area An area of a transporta- bounded by the Adriatic, the Aegean, the tion terminal where accompanied checked Mediterranean, the Sea of Marmara and the baggage is claimed by passengers on arrival at Black Sea, comprising Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, the destination. See also baggage check; Romania, countries of the former Yugoslavia baggage tag. and Turkey in Europe. All countries of the region have substantial tourism resources but baggage master The person who controls their recent tourism development has been baggage handling on a ship. uneven. Greece and Turkey have shown fast growth; that of the former Yugoslav territories baggage room has been arrested by civil wars; Bulgaria and (a) An area of a ship where baggage is stored, Romania experienced a decline in the 1990s. which is available to passengers at certain times during the voyage, as distinct from balneology Scientific study of bathing and hold baggage, stored in the ship’s hold mineral springs and the healing effects of their and not available. waters. The treatment of disease by baths or (b) A room in a hotel where luggage is stored medicinal springs is balneotherapy, a significant on arrival before it is taken to the guest’s aspect of health tourism. room or after vacating the room before departure. balneotherapy See balneology baggage tag A personal identification Baltic States Term given to the countries on attached to a piece of luggage. the eastern side of the Baltic Sea – Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia – which were independent DICTIONARY OF TERMS Bagtrack A worldwide computerized system between the two World Wars, annexed by the used by most major airlines for tracing lost air Soviet Union in 1940, and have been indepen- passengers’ baggage, based on matching dent again since 1991. The Baltic States have details of baggage reported missing against many attractions but many facilities are still to details of unclaimed baggage. be developed for international tourism.

Baht Unit of currency of Thailand. bank buying rate The rate of exchange at which a bank will buy a foreign currency or bait and switch See switch selling traveller’s cheques (traveler’s checks). See also bank selling rate. balance of payments An account of a country’s transactions with the rest of the bank(er’s) draft A cheque (check) drawn by world, i.e., with other countries and interna- a bank, as distinct from a cheque drawn by a tional institutions. The main divisions are the bank’s customer. Banker’s drafts are used at current account and the capital account. The the request of a customer when a creditor is current account is sub-divided into visible not willing to accept a personal cheque in items (balance of trade, i.e., exports and payment. The drawer’s account is debited imports of goods) and invisibles (services, when the draft is drawn and the draft is return on investments, private transfers and regarded as cash, since it cannot be returned government transactions). The capital account unpaid. Used in travel, tourism and hospitality includes money flows for investment, grants in transactions between firms and other and loans. International travel spending in the organizations rather than by individuals. See countries visited is shown as a separate invisi- also bill of exchange; letter of credit.

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bank guarantee A guarantee by a bank that barometer An instrument for measuring it will pay in the event of default, so that no atmospheric pressure, also used in estimating enquiries regarding the solvency of an individ- altitude and in weather forecasting. See also ual need be made. altimeter.

Bank Holidays Days on which banks in the Baroque Architectural style of the seven- UK are legally closed, also usually kept as teenth and early eighteenth centuries in Europe public holidays. Bank Holidays in England, characterized by ornate decoration, complex Wales, Northern Ireland and the Channel spatial arrangement and grand vistas. The term Islands are: New Year’s Day, Good Friday, is also applied to the painting of the period. Easter Monday, Early May Holiday (first Monday in May), Spring Holiday (late barrage A structure built across a river to hold May/early June), Late Summer Holiday (last back water for such purposes as irrigation, Monday in August), Christmas Day, Boxing storage and also for flood control, as, e.g., the Day. In Scotland the public holidays fall on the Thames Barrier in London, which has become a same days as in England, except that 2 January major tourist/visitor attraction. Sometimes a is substituted for Easter Monday and August distinction is drawn between a barrage and a Bank Holiday is taken on the first Monday dam, the latter but not the former being used instead of the Late Summer Holiday. In for power generation. Northern Ireland 17 March (St Patrick’s Day), and in the Channel Islands 9 May (Liberation barrel A unit of capacity used in the brewing Day), are also public holidays. industry equal to 36 Imperial gallons.

bank selling rate The rate of exchange at barrier island A low sandy ridge running which a bank will sell a foreign currency or parallel to a coastline, from which it is traveller’s cheques (traveler’s checks). See also separated by a lagoon, so that it acts as a bank buying rate. barrier between the lagoon and the open sea. Well-known examples are to be found along Bank Settlement Plan (BSP) A system of the eastern seaboard of the USA, north coast of settlement of travel agency accounts with continental Europe and the coast of east Africa. airlines based on uniform documentation for See also barrier reef. all airlines, in which payments are made through a bank and not directly to carriers. barrier reef A coral reef running parallel to Under the system agents report airline sales a coastline, from which it is often separated by and their bank accounts are debited with the a lagoon, so that it acts as a barrier between amounts owed. the lagoon and the open sea. A well-known example is the Great Barrier Reef, extending for

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY bar code Universal Product Code (UPC), system over 2000 kilometres (1200 miles) off the coast of printed lines on a product, which gives a of Queensland, which is one of Australia’s price when read by a computer. chief tourist/visitor attractions. See also barrier island. bareboat charter An arrangement whereby a yacht or another vessel is hired without a crew barter Exchange of goods or services without or supplies for a specified period. Evidence of the exchange of money, to be found in primi- competence is usually required by the tive communities, but see also black economy. charterer and seashore facilities are usually available to provide fuel and other supplies. base fare The fare excluding taxes and other This is a highly developed approach in princi- surcharges. pal sailing areas, such as the Caribbean and is also common in Queensland, Australia; it is to basing fares See basing point be distinguished from crewed charter and provisioned charter. See also flotilla cruising. basing point A location to and from which air fares are established, and which is used in barge A wide flat-bottomed boat used mainly the absence of published fares for a given on rivers and in harbours. itinerary to construct through fares between

20 B the point of origin and the final destination. Beaufort scale A numerical scale of wind The component part fares are known as basing force, ranging from 0 (calm) to 12 (hurricane, fares. above 120 km per hour).

Bathing Water Directive European bed and board See American Plan (AP) Community Council Directive of 1975 laying down minimum or ‘mandatory’ and bed and breakfast stricter ‘guideline’ water quality standards (a) An establishment providing sleeping for beaches in member states. At the end of accommodation with breakfast, usually each bathing season member states have to operated by private households and partic- present the results of weekly testing to the ularly common in the British Isles. Often EC, which publishes the season’s results in referred to as a ‘B & B’. an annual report Quality of Bathing Water, (b) Accommodation tariff which includes sleep- available from public libraries and European ing accommodation and Continental or Documentation Centres. See also Blue Flag; English breakfast, offered by private house- Seaside Awards. holds as well as commercial establishments. See also Bermuda Plan (BP); Continental Bay Express New Zealand rail service linking Plan (CP); European Plan (EP). Wellington and Napier in the North Island. bed tax Tax levied by central or local govern- bazaar ment or another agency on staying visitors (a) An Oriental market place, usually consist- collected at the place of stay, as a means of ing of a large number of shops or stalls, raising revenue; sometimes the proceeds are such as the Istanbul bazaar, one of the applied to tourism purposes. May be also city’s major tourist/visitor attractions. called hotel, or room tax. See also resort tax; (b) A fair for the sale of articles, commonly tourist tax. with a charitable objective, attended mainly by residents of a locality, but bed types/descriptions sometimes also by visitors. See berth queen (size) bunk rollaway bed beach An area of sand or shingle on the shore double single of a lake or of the sea; when the latter, primar- double double sofa bed DICTIONARY OF TERMS ily between low and high water mark, but Hollywood studio bed often extending above highwater and backed king (size) twin by cliffs, dunes and vegetated land. On a rocky Murphy ‘Z’ bed coastline, in bays between headlands, beaches are characteristically arcuate in shape and less beehive-style hotel A Japanese-style sound- than a mile in length, but on soft coasts they proof, airconditioned cubicle with bed, table, can be much longer and straighter, e.g., Ninety television, telephone and small bathroom. Mile Beach in New Zealand. Beaches are a major tourist/visitor attraction, both in their bell boy American term for page boy in a own right and for water-based activities. While hotel. beaches are, within the tidal range, to a large extent self-cleansing, they, and the offshore bell captain American term for hotel head waters in densely settled areas, have been porter. See also concierge. greatly affected by pollution, by litter deposited by users, by refuse dumped bell hop American term for hotel porter, also offshore, by urban sewage, and by oil spills; called bellman. the European Union is attempting to promote clean beaches by a system of evaluation and bellman See bell hop the award of Blue Flags for those that achieve the required standard. below-the-line advertising Term often used to describe any form of advertising and beam A nautical term denoting the breadth of promotional activity other than in the commis- a ship at its widest point. sion-paying media, and including, e.g., direct

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mail and merchandising. See also above-the- Bermuda triangle A triangular area south of line advertising. Bermuda known for unexplained disappear- ances of ships and aircraft. beltway An American road round a town or city providing an alternative route for through Berne Convention An international agree- traffic, called bypass in the UK. ment made in 1961 and amended in 1966 for the regulation of transport by rail in Europe. Ben Gaelic term for mountain peak in Scotland and Ireland, e.g., Ben Nevis (the berth highest mountain in the British Isles). (a) Place where a boat or ship may lie when benchmark Something that serves as the at anchor, at a wharf or in a marina. standard by which similar items can be (b) A sleeping place on a ship or train, often compared or measured. Hence benchmarking in folding and attached to a wall. business involves comparing the performance of different businesses and identifying the best best available Term used in reservation practice, with a view to improving the perfor- requests and/or confirmations to seek and/or mance of one’s own organization. See also promise the best room available in the hotel, competitor analysis. for the required period, normally implying an undertaking on the part of the guest to pay the Benelux Group of countries consisting of appropriate price. Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, which in 1948 set up a customs union, abolish- Best Practice Forum (BPF) British ing internal tariffs, reducing import quotas and Government-backed initiative launched in adopting a common external tariff. This, September 2001 by six leading trade associa- together with a free movement of labour and tions in the tourism, hospitality and leisure capital within the union, preceded the three sectors to set best practice standards. See also countries’ joining the European Economic Excellence Through People (ETP); Hospitality Community (EEC) in 1958, to be followed by Assured (HA); Investors in People (IIP). increasing integration of their fiscal and monetary systems. With a combined popula- beverage cycle The sequence of stages in the tion of more than 26 million (2000) and a high beverage operation of a hotel or restaurant, standard of living, the Benelux countries are usually seen for control purposes as compris- significant generators of international ing purchasing, receiving, storing and issuing, travel/tourism. See also Low Countries. preparing, selling.

Benelux Tourrail Pass Unlimited travel first biannual Half-yearly, twice a year, e.g., a or second class rail ticket for any five days in biannual meeting. See also biennial.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY a month within Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg available from railway stations in biennial Every two years, e.g., a biennial those countries or agents elsewhere. See also festival. See also biannual. rail passes. Big Apple A term used for New York. Bermuda Agreement A bilateral air services agreement made in 1946 between the Big Orange A term used for the state of United Kingdom and the USA regarding air California, adapted from New York’s Big services between the two countries (renegoti- Apple. ated as Bermuda 2 in 1977), which established a model for other similar bilateral agreements, bilateral Concerning relationship between hence described as Bermuda-type agreements. two sides or parties as, for example, in bilateral See also Chicago Convention; freedoms of the agreements between countries, in which two air; traffic rights. countries agree reciprocal privileges not extended to others. Aspects of travel and Bermuda Plan (BP) Hotel tariff which tourism covered by bilateral agreements includes room and English breakfast. See also include, i.a., passport and visa requirements Continental Plan (CP); European Plan (EP). and scheduled air services between countries.

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However, compared with international trade in Cultural Organization (UNESCO). See goods, there is less regulation of international countryside conservation designation schemes travel and tourism; much that exists is multi- for other schemes. lateral rather than bilateral. Birr (EB) Unit of currency of Ethiopia. bilharziasis Also known as schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by a worm which bistro A small informal restaurant serving penetrates the skin and can cause damage to light meals and refreshments. See also bodega; the intestines, the liver and the urinary tract. brasserie. The risk is present in many tropical and sub- tropical areas, especially in waterways in black box See flight recorder Africa. There is no vaccine but the disease can be treated. The main precaution is avoiding black economy Economic activities not bathing and water/sports in streams, rivers declared to the authorities for taxation purposes and lakes in affected areas. and hence not included in national accounts and other official statistics. Also described as hidden, bilingual Fluent in two languages. informal or parallel economy. Guesstimates of the size of the black economy in the UK have bill of exchange ‘An unconditional order in ranged from 2 or 3 to 15 per cent of the gross writing addressed by one person to another, domestic product (GDP). Much of it appears to signed by the person giving it, requiring the be undertaken on a cash or barter basis and to person to whom it is addressed to pay on be particularly significant among small demand, or at a fixed or determinable future businesses and the self-employed, both promi- time, a sum certain in money, to or to the order nent in tourism and hospitality activities. See of a specified person or to bearer’ (Bills of also black market; ghosting; moonlighting. Exchange Act 1882). The bill becomes valid once the recipient has ‘accepted’ it and like a black market Illegal transactions in scarce cheque (check) it can be endorsed to bearer or commodities, officially controlled goods or to a named person. It is mainly used in inter- currencies. When currencies are to a significant national transactions but is of declining impor- extent bought and sold in the black market in tance. See also bank(er’s) draft; letter of credit. the course of international travel/tourism, it is difficult to arrive at reliable estimates of inter- DICTIONARY OF TERMS bill of fare Literally list of dishes served in a national tourism receipts and expenditures; restaurant, synonymous with menu. this is particularly the case when the estimates are based on such indirect methods as bank billabong An Australian term for a branch of reporting rather than visitor surveys. See also a river that flows away from the main stream black economy. and comes to a dead end. black tie Term used in invitations to social billion In Europe, one million million; in the occasions to indicate that formal dress is to be USA, one thousand million. American usage is worn. Black tie optional denotes that formal now common worldwide. dress is preferred but a dark suit is also acceptable. See also business attire; casual attire. biometrics A process that identifies people by their physical characteristics. The best-known block spacing An allocation by one airline to forms are finger-printing, retina scans, hand another of a number of seats on some of its geometry, voice recognition and digitized flights, which the airline sells to the travelling photography. See automated immigration public through its own marketing and distrib- lane and INSPASS for the application of ution system. A block spacing agreement is biometrics in travel and tourism. used when the allocating airline has spare capacity and the airline to whom the seats are Biosphere Reserves Conservation areas of allocated is for some reason unable to serve an land and coast with significant ‘biomass’ (i.e., airport. For example, under an agreement important wildlife species) designated by the between Delta Airlines and Virgin Atlantic in United Nations Educational, Scientific and mid 1990s, Delta bought between 50 and 100

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seats on every Virgin flight between London prior to boarding an aircraft, showing the and a number of US cities, thereby gaining passenger’s name, flight number, section of access indirectly to London Heathrow, as well aircraft and seat number. The analogous pass as boosting Virgin’s load factor. Among used in ships is called an embarkation card. European airlines the approach is particularly favoured by Finnair, Swiss, SAS, CSA and LOT boat and breakfast Overnight accommoda- Polish Airlines. tion on a boat with full American breakfast included in the price. Blue Flag Originally a pan-European award for beaches and marinas meeting the stricter boatel See botel ‘guideline’ water quality standards and environmental management of the EC Bathing bodega A Spanish term for a wineshop, wine Water Directive and offering good on-shore bar or cellar, also in use elsewhere. See also facilities, now extending also outside Europe. bistro; brasserie. A list of European Blue Flag beaches is available from the Foundation for Environmental Bolivar (B) Unit of currency of Venezuela. Education [www.fee-international.org]. See also Seaside Awards. Boliviano (B) Unit of currency of Bolivia.

Blue Riband of the Atlantic Common term Bonded Coach Holidays Bonding scheme for the Hales Trophy awarded to a passenger operated by the UK Confederation of vessel holding the speed record for crossing Passenger Transport (CPT) for coach holiday the Atlantic. The current holder is the UK (vacation) operators who subscribe to it on a Hoverspeed catamaran Great Britain, which voluntary basis. The scheme covers coaching succeeded SS United States in 1990. holidays in the UK and on the Continent of Europe. Around 100 coach holiday operators Blue Train Luxury train service linking belong to it (2000). See bonding schemes (UK) Pretoria, Johannesburg and Cape Town, a for other schemes. major tourist attraction in South Africa. bonding Purchase of a guarantee of financial blue-collar An American term used to protection for a premium from a bonding or describe manual workers, especially skilled insurance company. Often employees handling manual workers, nowadays also widely used cash require to be bonded as a condition of elsewhere. See also class; socio-economic employment. Bonding is also a requirement for group; white-collar. retail travel agents and tour operators in the UK and USA, as well as a number of other board countries, to protect principals and/or (a) To go on to a ship, train, aircraft or consumers against default and/or failure. For DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY another vehicle. bonding schemes in operation in the UK see (b) Meals provided to a guest or lodger. See bonding schemes (UK). bed and board. bonding schemes (UK) boarding house Establishment common in See ABTA Bonding Scheme the British Isles and other English-speaking ABTOT Bonding Scheme countries, providing accommodation and AITO Trust Bonding Scheme meals to residents. Generally a small owner- ATOL Bonding Scheme managed establishment, which often has the Bonded Coach Holidays character of an extended household, the board- FTO Bonding Scheme ing house has declined in popularity and is IATA Bonding Scheme now a minority provider of holiday (vacation) PSA Bonding Scheme accommodation. See also bed and breakfast; guest house; pension. boom A major increase in activity as, e.g., economic boom or baby boom. In the economic boarding pass A card given to airline passen- boom, demand, prices and wages rise, while gers on completion of check-in procedures unemployment falls.

24 B botel Two main uses of the term are evident: suggest ways of promoting solutions. The report (a) an establishment providing customary of the Commission under the title North–South: A hotel facilities and services on a permanently Programme for Survival, known as the Brandt anchored ship; (b) more generally, a hotel or Report, was published in 1980. motel adjacent to a marina and serving wholly or mainly boat users. Also referred to as boatel. brasserie An establishment of French origin serving simple quick meals at most hours of bothie/bothy Scottish term for one-room the day, whilst restaurants (some called building originally used for accommodating auberges or relais) tend to be more formal and workmen, nowadays also describing such basic open at traditional meal times. See also shelter without facilities to accommodate bodega; bistro. walkers, as in the Scottish Highlands. breakbone fever See dengue bottom line Colloquial term for net profit or net loss, i.e., the amount shown in the last line bridging loan A short-term loan to bridge of a profit-and-loss statement. the gap between the purchase of an asset and the sale of another, commonly used in the boutique Small specialized shop normally property and housing market. selling fashion clothing and similar items, sometimes a section of a department store or bridlepath/bridleway A path suitable for located in a hotel. use by pedestrians and horses but not vehicles, which may also be a right of way for pedes- boutique hotel A relatively new designation trians and riders on horseback in English law. of hotel accommodation, usually small in scale, privately owned and managed, with the brig Scottish term for a bridge. emphasis on high quality personal service, comfort, decor and design, often operated in a Bring Your Own (BYO) Term used for distinctive restored building. See also country restaurants and other food outlets in Australia house hotel. which allow customers to bring and consume their own beverages on the premises for a bow A nautical term denoting front of a ship small charge (corkage). They are particularly or boat, also called forward; opposite end to common in Australia’s second largest city, DICTIONARY OF TERMS abaft, aft or stern. See also (a)midship(s). Melbourne. See also brown bagging. brand An established product name, which Britain England, Wales and Scotland, more readily identifies and differentiates a product accurately called Great Britain, both to be from others in the minds of buyers. Avis, distinguished both from British Isles and Hilton and Thomas Cook are prominent United Kingdom (UK). examples in travel, tourism and hospitality. Brand awareness denotes the extent to which British Conference Market Survey (GB) potential buyers recognize a brand and its Annual survey of conferences conducted by characteristics. Brand image refers to the the British Tourist Authority since 1993 and impression people have of a product with a giving data on volume of activity, types of brand name. The extent to which customers conference, revenues, conference size and continue to purchase a particular brand rather length. than competitive products is known as brand loyalty, in contrast to brand switching. British Home Tourism Survey (BHTS) See British Tourism Survey (BTS) Brandt Commission Independent Commission on International Development set up in 1977 at the British Isles United Kingdom and the suggestion of the President of the World Bank Republic of Ireland, to be distinguished from under the chairmanship of Willy Brandt, German Britain and Great Britain. statesman and Nobel Peace Prize winner, to study global issues arising from economic and British National Travel Survey (BNTS) social disparities of the world community and to An annual sample enquiry carried out by

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personal interviews intermittently in the 1950s Disabled Railcard to people registered and then each year since 1960 by a market as disabled and research company for the British Tourist certain other categories Authority (BTA) to establish the extent of There are also Network Cards (for use in London holidays (vacations) away from home by and South-East England only) and Forces Cards British residents and information about the (issued directly through military units). holidays they take in Britain and abroad. For a time (1985–8) also referred to as British British Summer Time (BST) Local Tourism Survey Yearly (BTS-Y). Summary daylight saving time one hour in advance of results appear in the Digest of Tourist Statistics Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) observed in published by the British Tourist Authority. To the UK between late March and late October, be distinguished from National Travel Survey. in order to extend the period of daylight at the end of a normal working day. See also British National Rail Apex A return ticket standard time. following airline concept and terminology and available on InterCity trains from particular British Tourism Survey (BTS) Name given stations in Great Britain with fixed allocation to two separate sample surveys of British of seats, offering a significant saving on normal residents’ tourism between 1985 and 1988: (a) fare plus free seat reservation. Must be booked an annual holiday (vacation) survey in late at least seven days in advance and return date autumn, known as British Tourism Survey confirmed at the same time; travel must be on Yearly (BTS-Y), but until 1984 and again since the train nominated on the ticket; there is a 1989 as British National Travel Survey cancellation fee. See also British National Rail (BNTS); and (b) a monthly survey of tourism Saver; British National Rail Supersaver. for all purposes, known as British Tourism Survey Monthly (BTS-M), but formerly called British National Rail Saver A return rail British Home Tourism Survey (BHTS) and in ticket offered in Great Britain without advance 1989 replaced by United Kingdom Tourism purchase requirement at a higher price than Survey (UKTS). British Rail Supersaver but available on any day and with fewer restrictions. See also Britrail Pass An unlimited travel ticket for British National Rail Apex. periods up to one month over British rail network only sold overseas to visitors to Great British National Rail Supersaver A return Britain and intended for the independent rail ticket available on most InterCity trains in traveller who spends a number of days touring Great Britain on most days of the week outside London. See also rail passes. without advance purchase requirement, giving a major reduction off normal fare. See also broad/Broadlands/The Broads Broad is British National Rail Apex; British National used in East Anglia for shallow fresh water DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Rail Saver. lakes formed by the widening of a river where peat was extracted for fuel in mediaeval times. British railcards Discount cards for rail Broadlands or the Broads is the area on travel in Britain, which enable card holders to Norfolk/Suffolk border of major conservation buy discounted tickets for use at certain times and tourism interest popular for angling, during the week; most discounts apply nation- power boating, sailing and nature study. ally. There are four types available, all valid for Designated as a National Park in 2002. 12 months, with varying benefits and restrictions: brochures Printed material used to commu- Senior Railcard to anyone aged 60 nicate with existing or potential travellers in and over tourism destination promotion and in the Young Persons Railcard to those between 16 promotion of tourism-related facilities and and 25 years of age services such as hotels, cruises and inclusive and full-time students tours. over 25 Family Railcard for adults travelling brown bagging American term for the with children practice of bringing one’s own alcoholic drinks

26 B into a restaurant not licensed to sell them. See budget also Bring Your Own (BYO). (a) Estimate of future income and expenditure. brunch A meal served between normal break- (b) Term used to describe inexpensive facili- fast and lunch times and replacing breakfast and ties and services, e.g., budget hotels, budget lunch. An American concept, which has met fares, budget travel. with success when introduced in private households as well as hotels elsewhere in recent years. buffer zone The zone extending 225 miles north and south of the US border with Canada Brundtland Report See sustainable tourism and Mexico subject to special tax arrangements. Brussels Convention An international agreement made in 1961 for the regulation of buffet sea transport by stipulating the obligations of (a) A self-service meal consisting of a selection the carrier and the conditions of the carrier’s of dishes displayed on a table or counter. responsibility, to be distinguished from Inter- Hence, e.g., cold or hot buffet; buffet national Convention on the Travel Contract, breakfast, lunch or dinner. also adopted in Brussels. (b) An outlet serving food and refreshments at airports, other transport terminals, and BS 5750 A series of guidelines to companies similar locations. on what is required of a quality system (see total quality management) was first provided building conservation schemes Conserva- by the British Standards Institution in BS 5750, tion schemes for buildings, ancient monu- ISO 9000 being the international equivalent of ments and built-up areas considered worthy of BS 5750. Subsequently BS 5750 was renamed protection. For schemes in the UK see Listed BS EN ISO 9000 as part of a revision of the Buildings; Scheduled Ancient Monuments; Standard, in order to remove confusion caused Conservation Areas. See also countryside by the existence of both the British BS 5750 and conservation designation schemes. the international ISO 9000. built attractions See tourist/visitor attrac- BS EN ISO 9000 See BS 5750 tions DICTIONARY OF TERMS bubble car See dome car bulk fare American term for the fare charged by transport operators, normally to tour opera- bucket shop A slang term for a retail outlet tors, for a minimum number of booked seats. selling cut-price wares, e.g., a travel agency which deals in unofficially discounted airline bulkhead An interior wall separating areas in tickets, also known as discount ticket agency. The a ship or aircraft. Hence bulkhead seats, i.e., the practice of discounting arises because on many seats immediately behind a partition wall. routes the supply of seats exceeds demand. It is usually not an offence to buy discounted Bullet Train Japanese high-speed train intro- tickets but, as airlines agree with governments duced in 1964; until 1981 when the French TGV that they will not sell their tickets at discounted came into service, the bullet trains were the rates, in a number of countries including UK, fastest trains in the world. See also Advanced they and also travel agents render themselves Passenger Train (APT); Train à Grande liable to prosecution. Vitesse (TGV). buckshee Slang term for something extra or bumboat A boat engaged in selling stores free. alongside ships in a harbour. Hence bumboat- man, a person selling stores from a bumboat. Buddha Day See Wesak bumping Refusing to transport a passenger Buddhism The Asian religious system or accommodate a guest with a reservation, in founded by Buddha, a religious teacher in favour of another, as in case of overbooking. North India in the sixth and fifth centuries BC. A common airline practice is for passengers to

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be ‘bumped’ according to the order in which the country as opposed to the town. See also they check in, with those checking in last most outback. likely to lose their seats. However, an increasing number of airlines tend to follow the US business attire Semi-formal dress of business approach, where airlines must ask for passen- suit or jacket with shirt and tie for men and gers who want to volunteer to be bumped for day dress or suit for women. See also black tie; a payment. The Council of European casual attire. Community Transport Ministers agreed minimum levels of compensation to airline business centre passengers from April 1991. See also denied (a) Commercial centre of a town or city where boarding compensation. the main banks and shops are located (see central business district). bungee-jumping A significant adventure (b) Facility providing services such as photo- tourism activity whose modern version origi- copying, facsimile transmission (fax) and nated in New Zealand, but claimed to have its secretarial services, to business users when origins in the land diving still staged on the travelling, and located, e.g., in a hotel, island of Pentecost in Vanuatu. There it is airport or conference centre. performed by men diving head first from a 70 ft tower with vines attached to their ankles Business Class A class of transport, usually to break the fall. airline, service between first and economy class, i.e., less expensive than the former and bunk Two-tier bed, common in youth hostels, more comfortable than the latter, with various and ships; hence bunkhouse, a facility providing special amenities. Also known as Club Class on such accommodation, sometimes as a part of a some airlines. larger facility, such as a hotel or restaurant offering additional services, including meals business cycle Type of fluctuation in and refreshments, to bunkhouse users, found, economic activity around the longer-term e.g., in Scotland. trend observed in industrialized countries, consisting of general expansion followed by bureau-de-change An office dealing in similarly general recession. Reflected in the foreign currencies and traveller’s cheques level of national income, employment and (traveler’s checks). other aggregates, the fluctuation is recurrent but the span from peak to peak or trough to bus trough of the cycle varies, typically around five (a) In the UK, a road passenger motor vehicle years or more. The general cycle influences the operating short scheduled stage services, demand for travel, tourism and hospitality to be distinguished from vehicles operat- services, and vice versa, although different ing long distance services or tours and forms differ in the extent and also in the time DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY described as coaches. lag of the influence. (b) In North America, a road passenger motor vehicle operating scheduled or charter business house agency A retail agency services irrespective of distance. catering principally for the travel needs of (c) Also American term for clearing restau- commercial and industrial firms as clients rant tables, hence busboy or busgirl, or rather than the general public. busser, an employee responsible for the task. business mix Term used to describe the combination of market segments for which a busboy/busgirl/busser American term for business caters or plans to cater. Thus a visitor assistant waiter or waitress, who pours water, attraction may cater to local residents; day clears away plates and cutlery but does not visitors from within, say, three hours’ driving take orders or serve the food. distance from home; visitors on holiday (vacation) staying within, say, an hour’s drive; bush Term applied to uncleared or unculti- these groups may be subdivided into individ- vated areas in former British colonies, uals, schools and other groups. A hotel especially Africa and Australia, and hence to business mix may consist of leisure and

28 B business guests, subdivided between individu- excess of supply over demand, characterized als and groups. Also referred to as customer by falling prices. In travel, tourism and hospi- mix. See also sales mix. tality, a buyers’ market exists when there is, e.g., overcapacity of airline seats or hotel business travel department rooms. See also sellers’ market. (a) Department or section of a travel agency handling business travel. bylaw/by-law/byelaw Regulation made by a (b) In-house travel agency in a firm or organi- local authority or another public body, such zation, which makes travel arrangements as a railway company (not by central govern- for their employees and not the general ment). Many are directed, e.g., at visitors to public. In the USA, also called in-plant beaches, parks and users of travel facilities with agency. a view to preventing damage, offence or See also implant. nuisance. business travel/tourism Trips and visits bypass made by employees and others in the course of (a) Road round a town providing an alterna- their work, including attending meetings, tive route for through traffic. Called a conferences and exhibitions. beltway in the USA. (b) In the USA, selling by transport and tour buyers’ market A market for goods or operators direct to customer without the services in which buyers are in a strong negoti- use of travel agents, known as direct ating position, usually as a consequence of an selling in the UK. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

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cab Abbreviation of cabriolet, a two-wheeled cabotage In shipping, coastal trade or trans- one-horse carriage with a large hood, but port between ports of the same country. In civil nowadays used more widely for a vehicle for aviation, travel and transport on domestic hire by the general public with a driver and a routes or between territories of a sovereign meter for registering the fare, as a synonym for state, including its colonies and dependencies. taxi. Thus, e.g., not only London–Glasgow and New York–Los Angeles, but also London–Gibraltar cabana A room or structure on the beach or and Los Angeles–Honolulu are cabotage routes. by the swimming pool separated from the International agreements do not extend to main hotel building, which may but need not cabotage routes. Hence, residents of a country be furnished with beds. See also cabin. may be eligible for special reduced fares, known as cabotage fares. Cabotage rights refer to cabin the right of the country’s carrier to carry (a) Small simple dwelling, often a second passengers between two points in another home. country. (b) Simple room or structure on the beach or by the swimming pool. See also cabana. café Establishment providing food and (c) Enclosed lift (elevator). refreshments for consumption on the premises (d) Sleeping room on a ship. to the general public. Commonly a small unit (e) Passenger interior of an aircraft. with a limited menu and no alcoholic liquor Hence, e.g., cabin steward (a member of available, sometimes open only during the day ship’s crew); cabin attendant (a member of but not in the evening. See also bistro; bodega; aircraft crew); cabin crew (staff responsible brasserie; restaurant. for on-board safety and comfort of passengers of an aircraft). café complet A mid-morning or afternoon snack with coffee, sometimes also used to

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY cabin baggage See checked/unchecked describe Continental breakfast. baggage cafeteria Self-service restaurant often located cabin cruiser A power-driven vessel with in a factory, office block or another place of one or more cabins providing living and sleep- employment for the use of staff or in an educa- ing accommodation and sometimes also tional establishment for the use of students cooking facilities, and used for leisure and staff. purposes. cairn A mound of stones piled up as a route cabin lift American term for cable car. marker, landmark or monument.

cable car campaign As used in marketing, the term (a) A means of transport up the mountain describes any organized programme of action used mainly for sightseeing and skiing, in the promotion of goods or services to moved by an endless cable. In North achieve specific objectives. Each campaign is America, called cabin lift. normally planned over a specified period of (b) A tram car drawn by a cable set in the road time and has a common theme or message. in San Francisco, USA. Although the term has been traditionally most

30 C often used in relation to advertising, it is arid and semi-arid climates. A well-known equally applicable to other promotional aspects example and a major tourist/visitor attraction of the marketing mix, and several of them are is Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA, a National typically combined in a single campaign. Well- Park, where tourist pressures and erosion pose known marketing campaigns in travel, tourism serious management problems; flights by and hospitality have included ‘World’s biggest aircraft and rafting on the Colorado River add offer’ (British Airways); ‘We try harder’ to them. (AVIS); ‘I love New York’ (New York State). capacity limitation agreement An agree- camper See caravan; recreation(al) vehicle ment between carriers, commonly airlines, (RV) stipulating the maximum capacity to be offered by each carrier on a particular route. campground Synonym for camping site. capacity tonne-miles A measure of trans- camping site port output calculated as the product of (a) In Europe, an area used for camping in aircraft payload (measured in short tons of own tents and/or in static tents, which 2000 lb) and the miles flown. may be rented. (b) In North America, an area used for tents capacity tonne-kilometres A measure of as well as trailer and motor caravans. Such transport output calculated as the product of combined facilities are usually described in aircraft payload (measured in metric tonnes) Europe as camping and caravan sites. and the kilometres flown. Also known as available tonne-kilometres (ATK). See also load tonne- campus holidays (vacations) Holidays kilometres. based on student accommodation on a university campus during vacations, often activity capital Inter alia, main town or city in a holidays or what may be regarded as special country, state, province or another geographi- interest holidays (vacations). cal entity. In some countries the administrative capital and the business capital are separate as, canal An artificial watercourse constructed to e.g., in the Netherlands (The Hague and link rivers, lakes and other waterways for (a) Amsterdam), Scotland (Edinburgh and inland navigation, or (b) water supply and Glasgow) or Tanzania (Dodoma and Dar-es- DICTIONARY OF TERMS irrigation. Major examples of the former Salaam). include the Panama Canal and the Suez Canal; numerous canals in south-west USA and in capital gearing The relationship between Pakistan exemplify the latter. Long narrow loans and owners’ funds in the capital struc- boats with living accommodation used on ture of a firm, in the USA called leverage. canals are known as canal boats. Various approaches are used in the calculation of the ratio, but essentially high gearing cancellation Making void something that has denotes a high proportion and low gearing a been agreed or planned. Hence cancellation low proportion of fixed interest capital in charge (charge to be paid when a booking is relation to equity capital. Gearing influences cancelled); cancellation clause (clause in a the respective risks of owners and lenders. contract giving terms on which the contract may be cancelled); cancellation rate (proportion capital-intensive An economic activity is of all bookings cancelled). capital-intensive when capital represents a high proportion of resources used in produc- Canine Corps Dogs belonging to US customs tion compared with labour. Although tourism and the Department of Agriculture used to and hospitality services are generally consid- sniff out drugs and other contraband items at ered to be labour-intensive, such tourism- international airports. related industries as transport are highly capital-intensive. See also productivity. canyon A Spanish term describing a deep, steep-sided valley, with a river flowing at the captain’s table Dining room table on a ship, bottom, characteristic of plateau country under which passengers are invited to share with the

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captain during the voyage. by the Caribbean Tourism Organization, Sir Frank Walcott Building, Culloden Farm, St captive Term commonly used in relation to Michael, Barbados (Tel: (809) 427-5242, Fax: (a) an audience that cannot avoid exposure to (809) 429-3065). a communication (e.g., cinema-goers to screen advertising) or (b) a market, i.e., potential carnet Carnet de passage en douanes, a customs purchasers who have to buy a particular pass issued by motoring organizations to their product in the absence of alternatives (e.g., members, authorizing temporary importation meals and refreshments from the only restau- of motor vehicles, trailers and caravans into rant in an isolated resort). countries without payment of duties. A carnet is also used for temporary duty-free importa- car hire UK synonym for auto rental. tion of certain other goods, e.g., promotional material of no commercial value, works of art car hop An American term for an employee and capital equipment for temporary use in (a) who parks cars of arriving guests and exhibitions. returns them on departure; the practice is known as valet parking; carousel (b) who serves customers in their cars in a (a) Revolving mechanism from which passen- drive-in restaurant. gers claim checked baggage at airports and other transport terminals. car occupancy The number of people per car (b) Food and beverage self-service, in which visiting a tourist/visitor attraction or facility; food and/or drink is displayed on several an important statistic with implications for the revolving circular shelves at different provision of car parking. heights; from there the customer places his/her chosen items on a tray. caravan (a) A group of merchants, pilgrims or others carrier Any person or organization that travelling together through deserts and undertakes the conveyance of goods and/or other ‘empty’ areas in the East and in people for hire. The legal term common carrier northern Africa. See also caravanserai. implies an obligation to transport subject to (b) Accommodation vehicle for permanent, certain conditions (as, e.g., in the case of seasonal or temporary occupation, which railways), as distinct from private carrier who meets requirements for construction and makes no general offer to the public. The term use of road vehicles. Basic distinctions are designated carrier refers to an airline identified between trailer (towed) and motor (self- in a bilateral agreement to operate services propelled) caravans, also called campers between two countries. and in the USA motor homes. Caravan sites or parks are divided according to their use carrying capacity In tourism, the maximum DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY into permanent, static and touring sites, capacity of a site or area to sustain tourist activ- providing permanent places of residence ity without deterioration in the quality of the and second homes on the one hand and visitor experience of the environment. Hence, temporary short-term facilities for holiday carrying capacity may be seen to have physical, (vacation) use on the other hand. See also social (perceptual) and environmental dimen- recreation(al) vehicle (RV). sions and is normally expressed in terms of a given number of concurrent users of, e.g., a caravanserai An Eastern inn consisting of a historic attraction, beach or resort. The concept quadrangular building enclosing a large court was first applied extensively in tourism in the where caravans put up. 1960s when it was also incorporated in the planning of such major developments as the cardinal points The four main points of the Languedoc-Roussillon project in France. It has compass: north, south, east, west. assumed an enhanced significance more recently with an increasing concern for the environment. Caribbean tourism statistics Statistics of individual countries as well as for the region carry-on baggage See checked/unchecked as a whole are published in an annual report baggage

32 C cartel A group of firms in an industry agree- dress, such as slacks, for women. See also ing to act together to minimize competition by black tie; business attire. such means as regulating prices and output. Cartels and similar agreements are now illegal casual employee/worker One engaged for in the UK, the USA and many other countries irregular employment by the hour or on a day- as being monopolies not in the public interest. to-day basis, and usually paid wages in cash A prominent example of an international cartel on completion of each particular turn of duty. is the Organization of the Petroleum Sometimes also described as occasional Exporting Countries (OPEC) but many employee/worker. What constitutes a casual shipping conferences are also forms of cartel. employee/worker is sometimes defined specifically for statutory purposes or in collective cartography Representation of spatial infor- agreements between employers and employ- mation in the form of maps; mapmaking. ees or their representatives. carvery A restaurant where hot roast meals catamaran Originally describing a raft of two are offered at the buffet table for the customer boats fastened side by side, nowadays the term to carve his/her own portion or to be served is usually used for a twin hull ship or boat, by a chef and then to help himself/herself to designed to cut through the waves, such as vegetables and accompaniments. SeaCat operated as a ferry by Hoverspeed between the English coast and the Continent of cash and carry A method of selling, origi- Europe. nally used by manufacturers or wholesalers, whereby retailers would collect goods from catchment area In the context of travel, warehouses for resale to the general public. tourism and hospitality, an area from which Nowadays used, i.a., widely as a popular the majority of users of an attraction, facility or method of food and drink purchasing at service are drawn. Many, such as theatres or competitive prices by smaller catering estab- swimming pools, are usually local, with most lishments collecting purchases from a users coming from within a few miles; many warehouse for which they pay cash. theme parks and major leisure centres have regional catchment areas; some major attrac- cash bar A bar provided at a private function tions, such as Alton Towers in England, have where those attending pay for their own national catchment areas. DICTIONARY OF TERMS drinks. In North America, also called no host bar. See also host bar. catering In the USA the term denotes the provision of food and service for specific cash dispensers See automated teller occasions on particular dates in particular machines (ATMs) locations. In other countries, including the UK, the term has a wider meaning and refers to all cash points See automated teller machines food services. (ATMs) caveat emptor A legal expression meaning casino Originally, a public room used for ‘let the buyer beware’, i.e., a person being social meetings, especially music and dancing, assumed to exercise common sense when nowadays usually a purpose-built structure for buying and not being entitled to the protection gambling, a major attraction for tourists in of the law, if he/she fails to do so. In most centres such as Las Vegas and Monte Carlo. developed countries the rule is now of limited Seen by many smaller settlements as a means significance as a result of consumer protection of attracting tourists, e.g., Sun City in South legislation, which is particularly relevant in Africa and a number of Indian reservations in travel, tourism and hospitality, where the the USA. However, in the UK, under the buyer is often not in a position to inspect the Gaming Act 1968, casinos can legally only product before purchase. operate as clubs. caving A general term which has acquired casual attire Casual dress of a sport shirt, special meaning as active recreation exploring possibly with a jacket, for men and leisure caves, particularly in limestone areas, as in the

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Peak District National Park in England, where facilities, together with high density of land there are interlinked systems of caverns. use and high land values. Other common Problems can occur from the sudden rise in the features are high rise buildings, high traffic level of water in the caverns, which may result densities, and high daytime in relation to in cavers being trapped or drowned. Caves resident population. may be also tourist/visitor attractions in their own right, as with the Carlsbad Caverns in the central government See public sector USA, where the main cave has a maximum height of 285 feet (85 metres). central reservation system(s) (CRS) See computer reservation systems (CRS) cay A low sand and coral island, sandbank or reef, common especially in the West Indies and Central Standard Time A Canadian and US Florida. See also kay/key. time zone based on the standard of the 90th meridian. Time equals GMT –6. Cedi (C) Unit of currency of Ghana. certificate of airworthiness Document Celsius See centigrade issued by a national civil aviation authority to certify that an aircraft satisfies its safety and census A method of inquiry, in which data are other criteria. collected from every member in a specific population, as distinct from sampling. It is certificate of seaworthiness Document rarely used in market research because of cost issued by a national maritime authority to reasons. Probably best known are periodic certify that a ship satisfies its safety and other national population censuses nowadays carried criteria. out in most countries, which provide a wealth of demographic, economic and social data. They chain unit Individual establishment (such as have been carried out every ten years in the UK a hotel, restaurant or shop) that is part of a large since 1801 (except 1941) and in the USA since group of similar establishments with the same 1790. See also Census of Population (UK). management. Also referred to as multiple.

Census of Population (UK) Compre- Chamber of Commerce Voluntary non- hensive enumeration of the whole UK popula- profit making organization of businesses in a tion every ten years. Provides information on town or district to protect and promote their population size and characteristics, including interests through representation and providing demographic, economic and social characteris- services to members as well as promoting local tics. It is the most detailed and accurate source economic development. In some countries they of data relating to a particular point in time, also perform the functions of a local tourist i.e., Census day, which also provides bench- board, especially tourism promotion. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY marks for other surveys, estimates and projec- Chambers of Commerce are to be distin- tions. A census with similar objectives is guished from chambers of trade, normally local conducted in most countries at more or less associations of retailers with more limited regular intervals. purposes, and also from trade associations.

centigrade Measure of temperature using Chamber of Trade See Chamber of Celsius’ thermometer of 100 degrees, with Commerce freezing point of water 0° and boiling point 100°, now used almost everywhere except the Channel Tunnel See Eurotunnel USA. See also Fahrenheit. charge card An instrument which enables the central business district (CBD) A concept card holder to make purchases on credit by of American origin to describe the commercial presenting the card to the vendor in lieu of centre of a town or city (also called downtown cash. Issued by organizations such as in the USA). Its main characteristics are a American Express and Diner’s Club, charge concentration of retailing, financial, profes- cards (unlike credit cards) have no credit limit sional and personal services and of transport but accounts have to be settled in full each

34 C month. Together with credit cards, charge rooms on the day of departure, commonly but cards are the fastest growing methods of not necessarily 12 noon. See also late check-out. payment for travel, tourism and hospitality services. See also credit card; debit card. checked/unchecked baggage Accompa- nied baggage may be either handed over by charter The hire by contract of the whole or the passenger to the carrier at check-in time part capacity (part charter) of an aircraft, ship, and claimed at the destination or remain in the train or bus; when several operators share a passenger’s possession during the journey charter, this is known as split charter. Single or (also called cabin or carry-on baggage). several one-off arrangements are known as ad hoc charters, regular journeys contracted for as chef Person in charge of food preparation in a series charters; in the case of time charter an hotel or restaurant kitchen, also called chef de operator has an exclusive use of the vehicle cuisine; sous chef is the second in command; chef throughout the period of the charter. In travel de partie is in charge of a section of the kitchen, and tourism chartering has assumed a particu- e.g., soups; commis chef is an assistant to a chef lar significance in connection with inclusive de partie. In this ‘classical’ kitchen organiza- tours by air, which were responsible for much tion, chef entremêtier = vegetable chef; chef garde- of the growth of international travel/tourism manger = larder chef; chef pâtisser = pastry chef; following the Second World War. chef poissonnier = fish chef; chef potage = soup chef; chef rôtisseur = roast chef; chef saucier = château French term for a country home or sauce chef; chef tournant = relief chef de partie. castle. cheque (check) An order written by the check-in drawer to a bank, in which he/she has an (a) Procedure for registration of guests on account, to pay on demand a specified sum of arrival in hotels and other accommodation money to a bearer or a named payee. An open establishments, commonly by signing a cheque is payable over the counter; a crossed register. cheque can only be paid into a bank account. (b) Procedure for passengers completing Once a common method of payment for travel, airline formalities before flight departure, tourism and hospitality services, in most parts also sometimes applicable in other forms of the world the use of cheques has been to a of transport. great extent superseded by the use of charge DICTIONARY OF TERMS cards and credit cards. See also cheque (check) check-in time Term most commonly used to card; traveller’s cheque (traveler’s check). denote the latest time by which passengers are required to report at the airport terminal cheque (check) card A card issued by a before flight departure. The interval between bank to its customers guaranteeing that a check-in and departure times usually differs as cheque (check) drawn by a customer up to a between domestic and international flights, but specified amount will be honoured by a bank. also between scheduled and charter services to See also charge card; credit card; debit card. the same destination. The term is also used in relation to other forms of transport and Chicago Convention An international somewhat differently in hotels where latest agreement made in 1944 which, i.a., confirmed check-in time denotes how late a reserved room the doctrine that air space above sovereign will be held before it is let to another guest, territory was within the jurisdiction of the unless the hotel is notified of late arrival. sovereign country, and defined the so-called freedoms of the air. These are strictly speak- check-out Procedure for guests vacating their ing not rights but privileges, which may be rooms and settling their accounts in hotels and permitted by bilateral agreements between other accommodation establishments. The governments. Each country has to conclude a term is sometimes also applied to the desk or series of bilateral agreements with other counter where accounts are settled. countries, which may include all or some of the freedoms of the air codified at Chicago. See check-out time Latest time by which hotel also air services agreement; Bermuda guests are expected to vacate and pay for their Agreement; technical rights; traffic rights.

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Chinese New Year New Year’s Day based from a return or round trip, a trip from one on lunar calendar observed as a public holiday point to another and return. Thus, in China and other countries with large London–New York–Miami–London is a circle Chinese communities. It falls in January or trip, London–New York–London is a return or February and is celebrated as the most impor- round trip. See also Circle Pacific Fare. tant annual festival by Chinese communities. circuit tourism Trips involving visits to Chinese religions Religious systems primar- more than one destination and return to origin. ily concerned with the celebration of major See also circle trip; trip index. events in the life cycle and rituals in recognition of birth and death as rites of passage, with three circulation Number of distributed copies of a forms of religious teaching: Confucian ethics (in newspaper or periodical, as distinct from the relation to public life), Taoist teachings (about number of people who read it (readership). nature), and Buddhist ideas (about salvation). Total circulation consists of subscribed, i.e., paid for, and free, i.e., distributed free of charge, Chinese restaurant syndrome Name given circulation. Normally quoted is net circulation, to an allergic condition which manifests itself i.e., the number excluding distributed copies by violent headaches after eating food returned unsold or free copies. Controlled circu- flavoured with monosodium glutamate, used lation refers to a free distribution of a publica- in Chinese cooking. tion, which is restricted to specific groups of reader, usually by reference to occupation Chinook See föhn status. Circulation data are of particular significance to advertisers of goods and services, cholera An intestinal infection causing severe including travel, tourism and hospitality diarrhoea (diarrhea) which may lead to products. dehydration and even death. Caused by contaminated water and also food in areas of citizen poor sanitation in the Middle East, Africa, Asia (a) An inhabitant of a town or city. and South America, but relatively rare among (b) A member of a state by birth or natural- travellers even in those areas. It can be avoided ization, as such enjoying certain rights and by scrupulous attention to food, water and owing allegiance to it. personal hygiene; a vaccine originally offered See also national. gave very little protection and none is currently available. city In British Isles, strictly a town which is or has been the seat of a bishop and has a cathe- Christianity The monotheistic faith and dral, but more generally a large town. In the religion (including Eastern Orthodox, USA, the word is used more loosely as a synonym for town. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Protestant and Roman Catholic) based on the personal teachings of Jesus Christ, a prophet from first-century Palestine. city/airport codes Three-letter location identifiers assigned and published by the Chunnel See Eurotunnel International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in timetables, ticketing and Circle Pacific Fare Special air fare offered by other communications. Thus, e.g., LON = several Pacific carriers, which allows passen- London UK; LHR = London Heathrow Airport; gers to fly to Pacific Rim destinations includ- NYC = New York, USA; JFK = New York J.F. ing Australia, Asia, North and South America, Kennedy International Airport. See OAG Flight usually including four stopovers with Atlas for a full list. additional stopovers available at an extra charge. One condition is that passengers must city pair The origin and destination cities of travel in either clockwise or anti-clockwise an aircraft flight. direction. See also circle trip. city terminal Airline office located in town or circle trip A trip including more than one city centre away from the airport from which destination and return to origin, as distinct passengers can normally obtain transport to

36 C the airport, and sometimes also complete some dominant influence. Land surfaces heat up and or all check-in procedures for their flight. Also cool more rapidly than large areas of water; the called air terminal; see also airport terminal. oceans act as a store of warmth; hence, windward coasts and islands enjoy more city tourism See urban tourism equable climate, in contrast to extreme variations of continental areas. Relief has a major effect on class(es) weather where there are high mountains. (a) A division according to quality, e.g., aircraft or railway carriage seating. climatology Scientific study of the earth’s (b) A division of society according to status, climates. See also meteorology. e.g., into working, middle and upper class. Classes are usually represented in club consumer market analysis by such classi- (a) Normally an establishment providing food fications as socio-economic groups, which and drink, sometimes also entertainment, often reflect the foremost profile character- overnight accommodation and other facili- istics of tourists. ties and services, for members and not the general public. The exact meaning of the classification societies (shipping) term differs sometimes between the British Societies providing for the survey and classifi- Isles, where the club originated, and other cation of ships to specified standards and countries. A night club denotes a club open according to their construction, place of build, during the night hours, usually providing machinery, etc. Steel ships and their machinery dancing and other entertainment. are subject to regular surveys in order to (b) For use of the term in relation to air fares, maintain their classification. The principal see air fare types. classification societies are Lloyd’s Register of Shipping (the first to be established), American cluster Generally, a collection of things of the Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Der same kind in close proximity. In land use Norske Veritas, Germanischer Lloyd, Nippon planning, cluster development strategy aims to Kaiji Kyokai, Registro Italiano Navale. locate activities, facilities and services together Classification is voluntary, but its commercial in an area. In travel, tourism and hospitality, advantages are so marked that it is generally the term is used when referring, e.g., to a sought by shipowners. cluster of tourist attractions, transport termini DICTIONARY OF TERMS or eating establishments. classified advertisements ‘Small ads’ grouped together into categories or classifica- cluster analysis Technique often used in tions in one part of the newspaper or periodi- market segmentation in travel, tourism and cal, usually small type-set or semi-displayed hospitality, which aims to find groups of and not more than one column wide, paid for objects as homogenous as possible with respect on a line-by-line basis. This is a common use to certain criteria within clusters, and as of advertising by smaller firms and establish- heterogenous as possible between clusters. ments in travel, tourism and hospitality. See There are several methods for combining also display advertisements. objects into clusters. client Strictly speaking, an individual or coach organization that employs the professional (a) A railway carriage. services of another but nowadays also used (b) In the UK, a road passenger motor vehicle more generally as a synonym for customer. operating long distance services or tours, to be distinguished from a bus, which climate The long-term average weather condi- operates short scheduled stage services. tions – principally rainfall, sunshine, tempera- (c) In North America, economy class section ture – over an area. It may encourage or act as of aircraft. a constraint on the development of tourism and is determined by three main factors: latitude, Coastal Pacific New Zealand rail service distribution of land and sea areas, and relief. linking Invercargill and Picton in the South Latitude or distance from the equator is the Island.

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code of conduct A set of guidelines laying cohost An operator such as an airline or hotel down standards to which members of a profes- company paying for storage and display of its sion or association are expected to adhere in schedules, availability and prices in the reser- the exercise of their activities. Thus, e.g., in the vation system of another, which may include UK the Association of British Travel Agents sharing the cost of development and provision (ABTA) provides codes of conduct for retail of the system. travel agents and for tour operators, and individual members of the Hotel and Catering collective agreement A written agreement International Management Association between representatives of employers and the (HCIMA) are required to observe the trade union specifying the terms and condi- Association’s code of conduct. The agreement tions of employment and the procedures for between the International Hotel and the settlement of disputes. Also known as Restaurant Association (IHRA) and the union contract. Universal Federation of Travel Agents’ Associations (UFTAA) on hotel contracts collective tourism establishment An represents a bilateral Code of Practice at inter- accommodation establishment providing national level. In recent years a number of overnight lodging for the traveller in a room or Codes of Practice have been developed for the some other unit, but the number of places it regulation and control of the environment, provides must be greater than a specified e.g., by the Pacific Asia Travel Association minimum for groups of persons exceeding a (PATA). single family unit and all the places in the establishment must come under a common code sharing The use of the same airline commercial-type management, even if it is non- identification code for two or more sectors, profit making. Collective establishments which may be operated by different airlines; a include hotels and similar establishments, practice of relatively recent origin, designed to specialized establishments and other collective promote the use of airlines for connecting establishments [World Tourism Organization]. flights. See also airline codes. colloquium An academic meeting at which codes Standard abbreviations used in travel, one or more speakers deliver a lecture and tourism and hospitality by airlines, travel answer questions on it. agents and others, in internal as well as external communications, such as reservations, Colon (C/ ) Unit of currency of Costa Rica. timetables and ticketing. See aircraft types: codes; airline codes; city/airport codes; colonial An inhabitant of a colony, term often country/state codes; currency codes; ticketing used in the derogatory sense. In the USA, often codes. See also code of conduct; International used as an adjective to refer to the seventeenth

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Hotel (Telegraph) Code. and eighteenth centuries when the British territories which became the USA were still coffee shop An informal food and beverage colonies, e.g., colonial art, colonial architecture, outlet found in hotels, serving meals, snacks colonial dress. and refreshments through the day and into the night. The term differentiates a less formal Columbus Day Public Holiday observed in outlet with more limited menu and long many countries of the Americas (including the opening hours from a more formal hotel Caribbean) towards the middle of October. restaurant. In Asia the term coffee shop can also Also called in some countries Discovery of refer to a collection of private food sellers America Day. selling cheap meals in one establishment. Comenius The school education strand of the cognitive mapping Graphical representation European Union Socrates programme. of consumer perception of the distance to be travelled and the time to be spent in getting comfort index A subjective assessment, from point of origin to a destination. It is based on temperature and relative humidity, affected by the desirability of the destination ranging from extremely cold to very hot, with and the convenience to reach it. comfortable conditions occupying a median

38 C position. As temperature rises, relative humid- incentive payments. See also incentive ity should fall to maintain that sense of commission; overriding commission. comfort. The level of comfort is also affected by wind speed (see wind chill). The concept was commissionaire Uniformed door attendant developed in relation to white Americans, and at cinemas, hotels, theatres and other public values for the most comfortable weather vary buildings. throughout the world because people have adapted to different conditions; stays by commodization A process of human activi- tourists are, however, too short for them to ties acquiring monetary value and effectively become acclimatized. The comfort index also becoming goods for sale. In the tourism context differs at night and in daytime. Air conditioning the term often has pejorative connotation as, in rooms and vehicles has lessened the impor- e.g., when cultural or religious events become tance of this concept in travel and tourism. commercialized. commercial economies See economies of common carrier See carrier scale common interest travel/tourism A major commercial freedoms Term used for Third segment of travel and tourism to be distin- and Fourth freedoms of the air, which cover guished from holiday (vacation) and business most point-to-point traffic. travel/tourism, in which the visitor and the visited significantly share the common commercial hotel A description sometimes purpose of the trip/visit, e.g., visiting friends used for a transit hotel catering for business and relatives, education, religion. Relatively guests. price-sensitive and not readily influenced by promotion, common interest travel/tourism commissary A centralized food preparation often includes a relatively long stay but limited and production facility, from which food is use of commercial facilities and services in the distributed to satellite kitchens in a number of place visited. locations. This is in contrast to self-contained facilities in each location concerned with all common rated fares In air transport, identi- stages of food preparation and production. cal fares available from an airport to two or more destinations, e.g., most normal air fares DICTIONARY OF TERMS commission (organization) In relation to at most times of the year from London to organizations, designation normally used by or Edinburgh and to Glasgow. applied to a body of persons charged with a specified function, but also more loosely as a common rated points In air transport, two synonym for association or organization, e.g., or more destinations to which air fares from a Alpine Tourist Commission; Danube Tourist common point of origin are the same. Commission; European Travel Commission. community tourism Term used to describe commission (payment) Payment by a an approach to tourism in which the needs and supplier to an intermediary as a reward for his views of local residents are incorporated in the services, usually determined as a percentage of planning and development process. the value of the transaction. Hence, commissionable, that for which a commission is payable. In commuter A person who travels regularly, travel, tourism and hospitality this is most usually daily, between his/her places of commonly the amount received by a retail residence and work. Commuters are not travel agent on ticket sales from airlines and considered tourists or visitors and, therefore, other transport operators, on sales of tours from not included in tourism statistics, but may be tour operators, and on other products and included in some travel statistics, e.g., in data services from other principals. The percentage relating to passenger transport. varies between products and services and to some extent also between countries and opera- commuter airline An airline (usually a small tors. Many principals also reward their most one) providing regular and reasonably productive agents by higher rates or by other frequent scheduled flights between small

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communities and larger hub airports. See also competitive advantage An advantage over hub and spoke system. competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by lower prices or by companion fare/rate Charge for additional providing greater benefits that could justify person(s) sharing a trip, journey or accommo- higher prices. dation, normally requiring concurrent travel and use, often used by airlines and other carri- competitor analysis The process of compar- ers, as well as accommodation providers, as a ing the performance and strategies of compet- promotional tool. Also called spouse fare/rate. itive products or brands, in such terms as prices and quality, with a view to determining companion way/companionway A nauti- one’s competitive advantages and disadvan- cal term for the interior staircase between tages. See also benchmark. decks of a ship. complimentary Something offered without compactness index Measure of relative charge, e.g., complimentary registration, com- compactness and internal accessibility of a plimentary room. Also known as comp. region, attributed to W.J. Coffey, which depend on the shape of the region. Generally, more comptroller See controller compact regions have a greater degree of internal accessibility. See Smith, S.L.J. (1989) Tourism computer bureau A company which Analysis: A Handbook, London: Longman. performs various computing operations for clients for a fee as an alternative to their use of company A corporate body created in the UK in-house facilities. When selling time on a by royal charter or by an Act of Parliament, but computer, two basic approaches are batch more universally registered under and processing and real time. In batch processing, governed by relevant legislation, in which the information is sent daily, weekly or at some liability of members may be limited by shares other interval to a bureau on forms, punch or by guarantee, and which may be private or cards or magnetic tape for processing. In real public (public limited company, abbreviated time, on-line terminals are used on the client’s PLC). In the USA known as corporation. See own premises linked to the bureau computer. also partnership; sole trader. computer reservation system(s) (CRS) comparative advantage An economic Computer-based interactive electronic data concept which suggests that maximum systems providing direct access through ter- efficiency is attained if people, firms and areas minals to airline, hotel and other operators’ specialize in activities for which they are computers, to establish product availability, relatively better suited than for others. make reservations and print tickets. Also called Accordingly, in international trade countries DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY automated reservation systems, especially in should specialize in goods and services in North America, and central reservation systems. which they have a comparative advantage and See also Abacus; Amadeus; Apollo; Axess; this may be also applied to international DATAS II; Fantasia; Galileo; Galileo tourism, as well as to regional and local International; Gemini; Gets; Infini; PARS; tourism development. Sabre; System One; Worldspan.

compass An instrument used to find direc- concession A contractual arrangement tion, in which a needle is fixed to and swings between two parties, in which one party (the over a dial graduated in degrees. owner) grants the other (the concessionaire) the right to use land or premises to carry on a competition business. The relationships range from the user See duopoly non-price competition paying a rental as a tenant, to being paid for imperfect oligopoly providing a service, with various fee paying competition and/or profit sharing arrangements between monopolistic perfect the two. However, technically rentals denote competition competition greater independence than the use of premises monopoly price competition on certain conditions, which is the essence of a

40 C concession. Examples include newsagents, between seats. Also used to describe, e.g., the hairdressers and souvenir shops on hotel arrangement of rail carriages. premises, and catering rights in airports, public parks and theatres. See also manage- Confucianism The doctrines of Confucius ment contract. (famous Chinese philosopher of the sixth and fifth century BC) and his followers which concierge French term, in common use provide a code of humanistic ethics for the particularly in Europe, for a member of conduct of life. uniformed staff in hotels, variously responsible for guests’ luggage, the parking of their conglomerate A large firm engaged in a wide cars, provision of information and other guest range of dissimilar activities, normally consisting services. Also known as head (hall) porter and in of a holding or parent company, which controls a America as bell captain. number of subsidiary companies. Examples of travel, tourism and hospitality activities of condominium Building in which the interior conglomerates include, e.g., P & O Steam space of accommodation units is owned Navigation Company (shipping to property). individually and the land and building in common by the owners of the individual units. congress A formal meeting or assembly for Often located in resorts and units are used as information, consultation and discussion a second home. Colloquially abbreviated as purposes, especially a regular periodic meeting condo. See also timesharing. of an association or of a body of specialists. See also conference; convention. condotel A portmanteau word combining condominium and hotel and denoting a hotel conjunction tickets A set of two or more wholly or partly consisting of individually airline tickets to cover a single itinerary, owned condominium units, which may be stapled together and issued at the same time, offered with their owners’ agreement at par- which constitute a single contract of carriage. ticular times for short-term letting. connecting flight/train The subsequent confederation See federation; confederation is flight or train service that will continue the nowadays mainly used for an alliance of states passenger’s journey to the next destination. In rather than associations. But the latter use air transport, a maximum time between DICTIONARY OF TERMS continues, e.g., Confederation of British connecting flights is sometimes laid down in Industry (CBI); Confederation of Passenger order to prevent the abuse of rules relating to Transport (CPT). stopovers. A passenger may need to check-in again, before joining a connecting flight. conference (a) A formal meeting or assembly for infor- connecting rooms Rooms in a hotel or mation, consultation and discussion another building adjacent to each other with purposes, sometimes also called congress direct access between them without the need to or convention. use a corridor, hall or another area, although (b) In transportation, a formal or informal they can also be used as separate accommoda- agreement or alliance between carriers, to tion. See also adjoining rooms. promote their common interests and, when its scope extends to such matters as route- connecting time Although applicable in most and rate-making, restrict competition. In forms of transport, of particular importance in shipping, lines acting together to offer air travel, where it is the minimum specified standard rates to shippers are referred to time to be allowed for a passenger between as conference lines. See also traffic confer- arrival on one flight and departure on a connect- ence areas. ing flight. The time varies between airports, domestic and international flights, on-line and configuration As a transport term, most off-line, and according to other circumstances. commonly an arrangement of seats in an aircraft or another vehicle, with particular size connectivity index Measure of internal and number of seats in a row and seat pitch accessibility of a region based on established

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routes composed of links connecting nodes, consortium A voluntary group of independent which form a transportation network; the business or other organizations joined together higher the level of connectivity, the better for for a common purpose. This may range from tourism; attributed to S.L.J. Smith (Tourism joint ownership of an enterprise to cooperative Analysis: A Handbook, London: Longman. associations in a particular trade or industry 1989). involved in a joint approach to marketing, purchasing and provision of operational and connoisseur Critical judge in matters of taste, technical advice and services to members. Main one competent to make judgements in art. examples in travel, tourism and hospitality are to be found in the hotel field (e.g., internation- conservation Protection from decay, deple- ally Best Western, with almost 4000 members in tion and destruction, as a positive approach to 80 countries in 2001), but there are also national maintaining, enhancing and managing natural and regional (sub-national) consortia of visitor and man-made resources, for the benefit of attractions and other tourism-related future generations. There is a close relationship businesses. See also joint venture. between tourism and conservation; tourism depends on conservation for the continuing conspicuous consumption Term attributed existence and appeal of many attractions, and to American economist Thorstein Veblen to in turn contributes through the income it describe purchases that satisfy a psychological generates to their conservation. Conservation is (rather than physical) need for esteem of usually distinguished from preservation, which others. Although difficult if not impossible to implies maintaining something in its present establish empirically, the choice of travel, form, and also from restoration, which means tourism and hospitality products as status returning something to its previous appear- symbols or to ‘keep up with the Joneses’ is ance or condition. considered by some as a significant motivation. See also sunlust; wanderlust. Conservation Areas Built-up areas in United Kingdom considered worthy of protec- constant prices See real terms; see also tion and designated under the Civil Amenities current prices. Act 1967 by local authorities, which have a duty to preserve and enhance their character consumer Ultimate user of goods and and appearance. Individual areas cover groups services who may but need not be the of houses and streets, as well as whole towns customer, i.e., buyer. Hence, e.g., consumer and villages, and no building may be demol- advertising (advertising directed at individuals ished in them without consent. There were and households); consumer goods and services more than 10 000 Conservation Areas in the (goods and services for use by individuals and UK in mid 2000 (over 9000 in England, 600 in households as distinct from business and other Scotland, over 500 in Wales, 50 in Northern DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY organizations); consumer research (market(ing) Ireland). See building conservation schemes research among consumers). for other schemes. Consumer Price Index In the USA and consolidation some other countries term for cost of living (a) The practice of some travel companies of index. combining bookings from several travel companies or individual members of the consumer protection by tour operators public with a view to achieving the neces- (UK) Regulations of the Department of Trade sary minimum numbers to benefit from and Industry (see Package Travel Directive) group fares. Hence the company is called provide three ways for tour operators to consolidator. protect their customers: (b) The practice of tour operators of combin- (a) Bonding, when tour operators lodge an ing flight departures to the same destina- amount equivalent to a proportion of their tion with a view to achieving higher load turnover with a bond holder who is then factors; flights may be consolidated with responsible for refund or repatriation of other flights of the same operator or with the holidaymaker in case of a tour opera- flights of another operator. tor collapse.

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(b) Insolvency insurance, provided by a sometimes also served with juice, cheese and specialist company to whom the tour cold meat. See also American breakfast; Asian operator pays an annual membership fee breakfast; English breakfast. and from whom he buys insurance cover notes, which are issued to customers. continental divide The main watershed in a (c) Trust fund set up by the tour operator into continent, e.g., in North America where the which all customers’ payments are paid streams flow on one side of the divide to the and which are held in trust on behalf of the Pacific and on the other side to the Atlantic customer until return from holiday. Oceans. consumerism An organized social movement Continental Plan (CP) Hotel tariff which to protect the interests of consumers in includes room and Continental breakfast. See response to the growing market power of large also Bermuda Plan (BP); European Plan (EP). business. It has increased its influence in many walks of life, including travel, tourism and contour A line on a map joining points on the hospitality. earth’s surface at the same height above sea level. consumer expenditure Personal expenditure on goods and services consisting of household contraband Illegally exported or imported expenditure on goods and services (including goods, i.e., goods smuggled out of or into a income in kind, imputed rent of owner-occupier country. dwellings and administrative cost of life assur- ance and superannuation) and final expenditure contract catering Provision of catering by non-profit making bodies. Excluded are services by specialist firms under contract to interest payments, all business expenditure and clients whose main activity is in some other the purchase of land and buildings [United field, on clients’ own premises for a fee. The Kingdom National Accounts]. In 2000 tourist major reason for the employment of a contrac- spending in the UK exceeded 6 per cent of total tor is to relieve the parent organization of an consumer spending. unfamiliar service and to draw on the contractor’s wider resources. Contract catering is content analysis Any systematic attempt to prominent in employee catering but also examine the subject matter in communications, widespread in education, hospitals and other DICTIONARY OF TERMS such as newspapers, books, brochures, films institutions, as well as increasingly in other and broadcasts. As a research technique it fields. measures the meaning of communicated material through the classification and evalua- contribution pricing See marginal cost tion of selected words, themes, concepts and pricing symbols. Applications cover the content of advertising and other promotional material, controlled circulation See circulation including that used in travel, tourism and hospitality. controller In the USA, the chief accounting executive of an organization, normally continent concerned with financial reporting, taxation (a) One of the main continuous bodies of land and auditing. Also known as comptroller. on the earth’s surface: Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, conurbation A large continuous urban area Australia, Antarctica. The first two are formed by the expansion and joining together sometimes described as Eurasia. of previously separate urban areas, also known (b) The Continent in British parlance denotes as metropolitan area, especially in the USA. mainland Europe, which is also described Seven conurbations are officially recognized in as ‘Continental Europe’. Great Britain: Central Clydeside, Greater London, Merseyside, South-East Lancashire, Continental breakfast Breakfast normally Tyneside, West Midlands, West Yorkshire. consisting as a minimum of tea or coffee, Conurbations tend to be major tourism gener- bread, toast or rolls, butter and preserves, but ating areas.

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convenience foods Foods partially or fully of enquiries or responses received to an adver- prepared by the manufacturer and used as tisement or another promotion. See also labour-saving alternatives to raw foods. Three response rate. main processing methods – dehydration, canning and freezing – are used for fruit and convertible currency See currency vegetables, meat, poultry and fish. cook–chill A catering system in which food convenience products Products bought is cooked, followed by fast chilling and storage frequently at a relatively low price, which are at a low controlled temperature just above widely available, satisfy basic needs, and are freezing point, before it is reheated when likely to be branded, such as breakfast cereals required for consumption. Compared with but also, e.g., bank services. See also shopping cook–freeze, cook–chill has a short shelf life of products. up to five days.

convention cook–freeze A catering system in which food (a) A large meeting or assembly commonly so is cooked, followed by fast freezing and described in the USA, when referring to an storage at a low controlled temperature of association meeting held on an annual –18 °C or below, before it is reheated when basis, whilst conference or congress is required for consumption. Compared with more often used elsewhere. cook–chill, cook–freeze has a long shelf life. (b) An agreement or covenant between parties, especially between states and cooperative when the outcome of a meeting. See, e.g., (a) A synonym for consortium. Athens Convention; Chicago Convention; (b) An American term for a form of apartment Warsaw Convention. ownership in cities when shares are bought in the building in which the apart- Convention and Visitor(s) Bureau See ment is sited, rather than individual apart- Visitor(s) and Convention Bureau ments, which is the essence of condominium. conventions and treaties See Athens Convention cooperative marketing An arrangement Australia New Zealand Closer Economic between two or more parties for joint action Relations Trade Agreement and sharing of costs in some aspect of market- (ANZCERTA) ing, such as destination promotion by a tourist Berne Convention board and an airline serving the destination. Brussels Convention Thus, e.g., in the 1990s some two-thirds of the Chicago Convention British Tourist Authority (BTA) expenditure on marketing campaigns abroad was DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Cotonou Agreement General Agreement on Tariffs and contributed by commercial companies and Trade (GATT) local authorities. Cooperative marketing is Helsinki Accord also relevant to firms joining together which International Convention on the Travel operate within the same single sector, such as Contract hotel companies. Lomé Convention Maastricht Treaty coral reefs Coral reefs are produced by lime- North American Free Trade Agreement secreting colonial polyps and occur mainly (NAFTA) between 30° North and South, in unpolluted Schengen Agreement waters at temperatures of not less then 21 °C Treaty of Amsterdam (73 °F) with access to sunlight; they are in part Treaty on European Union the product of rising sea level in the post- Treaty of Rome glacial period. They occur as fringing reefs Warsaw Convention adjoining the shore, as barrier reefs, separated from the land by a lagoon, and as atolls, a ring conversion rate In marketing, the ratio of of coral enclosing a lagoon. Because of the rich customers who buy a product to the number variety of fish life, and of forms of coral, acces-

44 C sible reefs are major tourist/visitor attractions, the sea, such as the Israeli corridor to Elat particularly the Great Barrier Reef, along the on the Red Sea. coast of Queensland, the islands inside the Reef (b) An international air route allowing access in the Red Sea, off the coast of East Africa, and by air over the territory of a country to around the Caribbean and Pacific islands. other countries.

Corbett Scottish term for a mountain between corridor train 2500 and 3000 ft (762–914 m) high. See also (a) A train consisting of coaches with corri- Munro. dors and individual compartments, as distinct from open plan coaches. Cordoba (C$) Unit of currency of Nicaragua. (b) A train service in parts of Continental Europe, which leaves the country of origin cork charge See corkage and runs through another country without stopping before returning to the country of corkage A charge per bottle by a hotel or origin, thus avoiding a long detour restaurant for permission to bring in and between two areas of a country. consume one’s own alcoholic liquor on the premises. In the USA also called cork charge. cosmonaut See astronaut See also Bring Your Own; brown bagging. cosmopolitan A person with a global outlook corporate Of, or belonging to, a body of free from national limitations. people such as a firm or organization. Hence, e.g., corporate advertising (which promotes the cost benefit analysis (CBA) Systematic body generally rather than its particular evaluation of the costs and benefits of a project, products or activities); corporate identity (the which takes into account not only economic outward means by which the body projects but also social and environmental costs and itself to the outside world, including, e.g., benefits accruing to the project. May be used design, logos etc.); corporate image (the overall for existing situations to determine whether impression people have of the body); corporate they should be continued or for proposed planning (setting out the longer-term goals and projects to determine whether they should the ways of achieving them); corporate rate proceed. This is a technique in increasing use, (discounted price offered as a promotional tool especially in the assessment of public projects DICTIONARY OF TERMS by hotel, car hire and other firms to business to decide between alternative schemes, as in users); corporate travel (synonym for business various forms of transportation. See also feasi- travel). bility study; investment appraisal. corporation See company cost of living index See index numbers; see also Consumer Price Index. correlation The degree to which two sets of data are related, expressed as a coefficient with costa Spanish term for a coast, especially one values ranging between +1.0 and –1.0. A value on the Mediterranean, developed as a holiday of one indicates an exact relationship, the sign (vacation) region, such as Costa Blanca, Costa + a positive one and the sign – an inverse one; Brava, Costa del Sol. a value of zero indicates no relationship. Thus, e.g., there is likely to be a high positive corre- cost-plus pricing Any method of setting lation in the population between the use of prices in which a mark-up is added to product telephones and incomes and a high inverse cost. When the full cost is used as a mark-up correlation between the use of telephone and base, the addition represents the expected telegrams. However, an association between profit. This approach continues to be used, e.g., variables does not necessarily mean causation. in development contracts when it is not possible to estimate eventual costs accurately in corridor advance. When only a part of the total cost is (a) A strip of territory belonging to one used as a basis, the mark-up has to cover the country running through the territory of balance of cost as well as profit as, e.g., in another, e.g., to give the former access to catering when a margin is added to food cost;

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the margin then serves to cover labour and e.g., Australia (total eight, e.g., TS = Tasmania); overhead costs as well as profit. Canada (total 13, e.g., OT = Ontario); USA (total 51, e.g., NV = Nevada). See, e.g., OAG Cotonou Agreement An accord concluded Flight Atlas for a full list. in Cotonou, Benin, in June 2000 by European Union and ACP heads of state and govern- countryside conservation designation ments with 77 ACP countries, for a period of schemes Conservation by designating areas 20 years to continue assistance previously of countryside and providing a framework for provided under Lomé Conventions. development and other controls against undue change. couchette Convertible sleeping berth on (a) International (World Heritage Sites; European Continental trains with four to six Biosphere Reserves, Ramsar Sites). places per compartment, each with a sheet, (b) Regional (e.g., Special Protection Areas blanket and pillow, but unlike sleeping car and Environmentally Sensitive Areas, accommodation, no toilet or washing facilities. both designated by the European See also parlor car; Pullman; roomette; Community). Wagon-Lits. (c) National, e.g., within the UK National Parks, Special Protected Areas (England), counter staff Collective term for front of house Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (not employees who work ‘behind the counter’ and Scotland), Heritage Coasts (England and deal directly face-to-face with customers, as in Wales), National Nature Reserves, Sites banks, shops and travel agencies. of Special Specific Interest, National Scenic Areas (Scotland). country house hotel A hotel usually See also building conservation schemes. operated in a large converted house in the country, often in its own extensive grounds, courier with an emphasis on personal atmosphere and (a) A person employed by a tour organizer service. See also boutique hotel. and escorting a group tour, who may also act as a guide. In North America, more country of residence For purposes of inter- commonly described as tour conductor, national tourism statistics, the country where director, leader, or manager. the visitor has lived for most of the past 12 (b) An airline passenger carrying packages for months, or for shorter periods if he or she courier companies for urgent and safe intends to return within 12 months to live there delivery. [World Tourism Organization]. courier fare Return air fare available on some country park A public recreational land area scheduled flights for passengers taking in the countryside close to major concentra- packages as part of their luggage for courier DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY tions of populations, sometimes including companies. water, often with signposted nature trails and information provided about the local flora and courtesy bus Free bus service provided by a fauna for visitors. May be in public or private hotel between the airport and the hotel. ownership and in England, Scotland and Wales designated as a country park by local authori- cover In catering, utensils laid for each person ties. Strathclyde Country Park in Scotland was at a table, hence the number of covers in a by far the most visited country park in the UK restaurant denotes its capacity or the number in the 1990s. of customers served.

country/state codes Two-letter standard cover charge A fixed charge per person made abbreviations published by the International by a restaurant, night club or similar estab- Organization for Standardization (ISO) for lishment in addition to charges for food and use by airlines as well as in other communica- beverages served, especially when entertain- tions. Thus, e.g., GB = United Kingdom, DE = ment is provided. The additional charge is Federal Republic of Germany, US = United sometimes made to cover such costs as the States of America. Published state codes cover, bread roll and butter and other items not

46 C priced on the menu, but also in lieu of a fictitious point of origin or destination, with a minimum charge to discourage low-spending view to undercutting the fare which applies customers from using the premises. between the actual point of origin and destination. Thus, to travel between country Y and cream tea Afternoon tea served with scones, country Z, a ticket issued in country X routed cream and jam. See also high tea. via country Y may be cheaper than a ticket issued in country Y, taking advantage of special credit card An instrument which enables the fares and/or rates of exchange. But discarding card holder to make purchases on credit up to the first sector of the ticket and boarding in an amount authorized by the credit card country Y breaks IATA regulations. company, by presenting the card to the vendor in lieu of cash, or to draw cash from partici- cross-elasticity of demand An economic pating banks or automated teller machines concept which measures the responsiveness of (ATMs). The companies normally charge the demand for one product to a change in price vendor and the card holder and also interest to of another. If the two products are close substi- the latter on outstanding balances. Together tutes for each other (e.g., beach holidays with charge cards, credit cards are the fastest (vacations) in neighbouring Mediterranean growing methods of payment for travel, countries), the cross-elasticity is likely to be tourism and hospitality services. See also positive; an increase in the price of holidays in cheque (check) card; debit card. one country may be expected to lead to an increase in the demand for holidays in the credit rating An assessment of the credit- other country. If the two products are comple- worthiness of an individual or organization, mentary, the cross-elasticity is likely to be which indicates to what extent it is safe to negative; e.g., an increase in fares to a holiday grant credit. island may be expected to result in a fall in demand for accommodation on the island. See crewed charter An arrangement in which the also income elasticity of demand; price hire of a yacht or another vessel includes the elasticity of demand. crew. This is to be distinguished from bareboat charter and provisioned charter. See also cross-subsidy See subsidy flotilla cruising. cruise A voyage by ship for pleasure – DICTIONARY OF TERMS crib A beach or lakeside holiday (vacation) commonly by sea but also on lakes, rivers and home in South Island, New Zealand, called a canals – of varying duration, which may but bach in North Island. need not depart from and return to the same port or include scheduled calls at ports en critical path analysis (CPA) Also called route. The Caribbean and the Mediterranean network analysis, a technique used in project are the principal sea cruising areas, drawing in planning for scheduling of component tasks in the main on the North American and European such a way as to enable the project to be markets; other year-round areas include the completed in the shortest possible time. Each Atlantic off the West coast of Africa, southern task calls for a certain amount of time and and western Pacific, and North Pacific off the some tasks must be completed before others, western coast of North America; the Baltic and whilst some may be carried out simultan- Norwegian Seas are popular summer cruising eously. The critical path shows the sequence of areas. tasks, which minimizes the time between the start and finish of the project. In travel, cruise director See animator tourism and hospitality, as elsewhere, common uses of the technique are in such areas as new cuisine French term for kitchen, cookery or product development and marketing planning, style of cooking. Hence, e.g., haute cuisine (high as well as in building and civil engineering class French cooking); nouvelle cuisine (French projects. cooking characterized by light traditional dishes, small portions and attention to presen- cross border selling/ticketing The practice tation with the use of contemporary ingredi- of writing an international airline ticket with a ents and modern equipment).

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cultural heritage Monuments and groups of Yen; USD = US Dollar. At 1 January 1990, the buildings or structures of outstanding univer- International Air Transport Association sal value from the point of view of history, art (IATA) converted its former currency codes to or science, and sites of outstanding universal ISO designations. See, e.g., OAG Flight Guide value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnolog- Supplement for full list. ical or anthropological points of view [based on UNESCO Convention for the Protection of currency control See exchange control the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972]. currency surcharge See surcharge

cultural relativism current prices Money values (such as (a) A sociological term denoting that beliefs tourism expenditure) not adjusted for infla- are relative to a particular society and are tion. See also constant prices. not comparable between societies. (b) A method of analysing different societies customer The actual buyer of goods and or cultures objectively without using the services who may but need not be the values of one to judge another. One way is consumer. Thus, e.g., a tourist buying an to describe the practices of a society from inclusive tour for him/herself is both customer the point of view of its members. and consumer. On the other hand, the See also ethnocentricism/ethnocentricity. business travel department of a company is the customer of carriers and hotels making cultural tourism In a narrow sense, special travel arrangements for employees who are the interest holidays (vacations) essentially actual consumers. motivated by cultural interests, such as trips and visits to historical sites and monuments, customer mix See business mix museums and galleries, artistic performances and festivals, as well as lifestyles of commu- customer satisfaction questionnaire nities. In a broad sense, including also activi- (CSQ) Self-completion questionnaire used as ties with a cultural content as parts of trips and an instrument of quality control for service visits with a combination of pursuits. See also products. Completed, e.g., by customers at the wanderlust. end of an airline flight, hotel stay or package holiday (vacation), often as part of periodic culture shock The effect sometimes experi- sample surveys carried out to provide primar- enced by travellers when they leave their own ily regular monitoring of customer perceptions cultural environment and enter a new and of satisfaction/value for money received. It unfamiliar one. may be also used to measure the effectiveness of marketing activities.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY currency Notes and coins used as a medium of exchange in a country. Convertible currency is customs freely exchangeable for other currencies and (a) Established patterns of behaviour and for gold. International currency is one acceptable belief of a society relating both to routines for the settlement of international debts and of daily life and to features which distin- includes gold and certain national currencies, guish one culture from another. They are such as the US Dollar. However, countries may of significance as motivations in tourism impose currency restrictions limiting the and in interactions between tourists and amount of currency which may be taken out of residents. a country, and thereby affect international (b) The government agency responsible for travel/tourism flows. See exchange control; see collecting duties on imports, including also rate of exchange. goods acquired abroad and brought into a country by visitors and returning currency codes Three-letter standard abbre- residents. Hence, customs duty, the duty viations of the International Organization for levied on imports, and customs declaration, Standardization (ISO) for use in, i.a., airline the process of declaring such goods to tariffs, ticketing and other applications. Thus, customs and also the official document e.g., GBP = Pound Sterling; JPY = Japanese used for the purpose.

48 C customs channels cyclic(al) menus A series of menus repeated (a) Green channel for passengers with nothing by a catering establishment at set periods of to declare. time, sometimes weekly but more commonly (b) Red channel for passengers with goods three- or four-weekly. liable for duty. (c) Blue channel for passengers arriving in a cyclone A circular storm circulating anticlock- member country from within the Euro- wise in the northern hemisphere and clock- pean Union. wise in the southern hemisphere round a centre of low barometric pressure. cutting in line North American term for the practice of queue jumping. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

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D train (Durchgehender Zug) German term DATAS II US computer reservation system for an express train. (CRS) owned by Delta Airlines, which merged with PARS; both were replaced by Worldspan dacha A Russian country cottage, commonly system in 1990. owned or part-owned through a cooperative, or rented by city dwellers for holidays datum level/line The zero altitude base for (vacations). the measurement of elevation. For British official maps heights above the sea level are dahabeeyah Originally sailing boat on the derived from the mean sea level at Newlyn, Nile, now motorized. Cornwall, England.

Dalasi (D) Unit of currency of The Gambia. day rate (a) The rate available in some hotels for dale A broad open valley mainly in northern daytime use of bedrooms, particularly England, a term often used in place names. common in airport hotels. (b) The rate charged to conference delegates dam A structure built across a river to hold for a day’s attendance, which normally back water for such purposes as flood control, includes morning coffee, lunch and tea, in irrigation or storage. Sometimes a distinction is addition to participation in conference drawn between a dam and a barrage, the sessions. former but not the latter being used for power generation. A well-known example is Hoover day visitor A visitor who does not stay Dam on the border of Arizona and Nevada, overnight in the country or place visited. Also USA, which is a major tourist/visitor attrac- known as an excursionist. See also same-day tion, and Lake Mead, created by the dam, a visitor. large water recreation area. In some countries, e.g., in Australia, a dam denotes a man-made Day Visits Survey (DVS/UK) Household

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY body of water or reservoir, not just the struc- sample survey conducted every second year ture itself. since 1992 (pilot) and 1994 (full year) and sponsored by a consortium led by the damper Australian expression denoting a Countryside Agency and the Department of bush loaf made from flour and water. It Culture, Media and Sport. symbolizes outback tourism where travellers gather around a camp fire with tea boiled in a daylight saving time Local time observed tin container called a billy. by certain countries for part of the year, normally one hour in advance of the local database Collection of data nowadays standard time, in order to extend the period of commonly stored on a computer and retriev- daylight at the end of the working day; in the able from a shared file for different purposes. UK known as British Summer Time (BST). Hence, database marketing, the collection, storage, analysis and use of a database, which days of service For most purposes the calen- enables customer behaviour to be predicted dar week in travel and tourism begins on through analysis of customer characteristics Monday. In timetables and other published and past behaviour. See also direct response material, days of service are often designated marketing. by numerals 1-7, beginning with Monday = 1.

50 D deadhead de-industrialization The decline in goods- (a) Aircraft or another vehicle travelling producing secondary industries and an without passengers or cargo. Hence, e.g., increase in services (tertiary industries), deadhead flight. marked by the movement of employment from (b) Airline or another carrier’s employee the former to the latter, a phenomenon travelling free. common to a greater or lesser extent to most See also ferry mileage. developed countries in the twentieth century. Travel, tourism and hospitality services are deadweight tonnage See tonnage (ship- prominent examples of the change. See also ping) industrialization. debit card An instrument issued mainly by Delhi belly Commonly used term for a banks, which enables the card holder to pay for diarrhoea (diarrhea) suffered when travelling goods and services and to obtain cash abroad as a result of eating unwashed fruit or advances by electronic funds transfer (EFT) drinking contaminated water. Also called from his/her current bank account. Delta and Montezuma’s revenge. See also traveller’s Switch are the most widely used debit cards. diarrhoea (traveler’s diarrhea). See also charge card; credit card; cheque (check). Delphi technique A method of forecasting future developments by a group of experts, in debus To alight from a bus or coach. which a sequence of questionnaires and feedback of information representing a group deck A nautical term for floor of a ship. view is used to reach a consensus. The method uses the advantages of group decision-making without such disadvantages as the influence of decreasing returns An economic term to dominating members and the reluctance of describe a situation when less than a propor- members to change their views. Well-known tionate increase in output can be observed, applications of the method include, i.a., studies after a certain point has been reached, from a of future trends in tourism in Austria, given increase in inputs. Also known as dis- Switzerland and Canada. Although the economies of scale, these are internal and exter- technique originated and has been most exten- nal. Internal diseconomies often arise from sively used in forecasting, it has been also used problems of management and coordination, as DICTIONARY OF TERMS to identify and assess other complex problems. the size of the firm or establishment continues to increase. External diseconomies arise from delta A broadly triangular area at the mouth such problems as shortage of labour or traffic of a river formed by deposits of solid material congestion. See also economies of scale; law of on the river bed which build up faster than diminishing returns. they are moved by tide or other currents. dedicated line A communication or trans- demand for tourism Normally defined in portation link used exclusively for a particular terms of the number of tourists. In this a purpose as, e.g., a telephone line connecting a distinction may be drawn between actual (those travel agent tour operator viewdata and a in a currently participating in tourism) and potential system, or a high-speed railway line connect- (those who do not participate currently but city airport ing a centre and an . may so do in the future); for marketing purposes both have to be backed by the neces- deferred demand See demand for tourism sary purchasing power for the demand to be effective. Unsatisfied demand, which may exist deflation A sustained reduction in general due to such reasons as absence of a suitable price level in a country, often accompanied by product to meet a particular need or shortage a decline in the output of goods and services of supply, is referred to as latent or deferred and in employment. See also inflation. demand. deforestation See acid rain; Amazonia; land demarketing Term to describe activities resources depletion aimed at reducing demand for a product,

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which may be undertaken to discourage overbooking. Most airlines also reimburse customers in general or certain groups of passengers for reasonable expenses incurred customers in particular, by such methods as by them as a result of not being able to travel differential pricing, trading up and reduced as scheduled. As a result of a European promotion. Demarketing has an important role Community Regulation, since April 1991 in travel, tourism and hospitality in case of passengers with a valid ticket for a scheduled excess demand for particular destinations or flight from an airport within the European products or to discriminate against particular Union (EU) denied boarding because the flight market segments. was already full, have been entitled to an immediate cash compensation, the amount demi-pension Half-board hotel tariff, which depending on the distance to be flown and the includes room, breakfast and one main meal amount of delay caused. See also bumping. per day, usually dinner. See also Modified American Plan (MAP). departure tax Tax levied on passengers leaving a country. Varies in its scope and appli- democratization A process whereby oppor- cation; e.g., it may be levied at airports only but tunities are extended to wider strata of society, sometimes also at other exit points; it may be as has been the case with travel and tourism. levied on all passengers or only foreign visitors or only residents travelling abroad. Also known demography The statistical study of popula- in some countries as exit tax, Air Passenger tions. Such characteristics as geographical Duty in UK, Passenger Movement Charge in distribution and age, sex and household Australia. See also airport service charge. composition are known as demographics and are of particular importance in tourism planning, dependant pass/permit/visa Terms used development and marketing, as they provide for a permit to stay in a country issued to the the basis for market segmentation. Such data spouse of a non-national working in that are available in most countries from popula- country. tion censuses. deplane To leave an aircraft. See also enplane. demonstration effect Tendency for an individual or a group to imitate the behaviour depressed area An area with high of another and to assimilate it as one’s own. unemployment, low income per head, migra- This process is often observed in tourism, tion (especially of young people) out of the especially in developing countries, when local area, declining traditional industries, and an residents are influenced by the behaviour of unattractive environment. A major need in tourists and assume their characteristics. Thus, such areas is to attract new economic activities they may change their mode of dress and and in many of them tourism is seen to have a consumption patterns, e.g., demand goods major potential. See also ghost town. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY imported for the use of tourists. deregulation Removal or relaxation of Denar Unit of currency of Macedonia. regulation of economic activities by governments and public authorities, usually in order dengue An infection, also known as breakbone to introduce or increase competition. Like fever owing to its painful symptoms in the privatization, deregulation has been pursued bones and joints, and which may give rise to a by many countries in recent years, including spotty rash; it is not fatal in adults. It is trans- such travel- and tourism-related fields as mitted by the bite of an infected mosquito and various forms of transport. The Airline occurs in the tropics, especially the Far East. Deregulation Act 1978 in the USA marked a There is no vaccine available; the only preven- major break in the growth of regulation since tion is to avoid mosquito bites. the Second World War and the beginning of the trend to deregulation generally. denied boarding compensation Payment by an airline to a passenger with a confirmed derived demand The demand for a particu- reservation for a specific flight not honoured lar product that is dependent on the demand by the airline, commonly for such reasons as for another product. For example, the demand

52 D for air travel depends on the demand for developing countries Also referred to as tourism; the demand for restaurants on the underdeveloped, less developed and Third World, demand for eating out; the demand for confer- these are countries with a relatively low level ence interpreters on the numbers of interna- of economic and social development reflected tional conferences held. in their standard of living. According to United Nations lists they number some 180 designated carrier See carrier (including OPEC member countries) in various stages of development and with widely varying desk research Collecting and drawing on incomes. Most of them have low holiday secondary data, including published and other (vacation) propensities but many are signifi- readily accessible sources, such as internal cant international tourism destinations. In company records, as distinct from field recent years they have increased their share of research. international tourist arrivals and account for around 30 per cent of all international tourism destination See tourism destinations receipts. See also developed countries. destination management company See development plans ground arrangements; incoming tour operator (a) More or less comprehensive plans for a particular development, e.g., tourism destination marketing organization development. (DMO) A national, regional or local organi- (b) Overall plans for the land use and devel- zation whose major function is the promotion opment in a particular area. See land use of its destination. planning; land use planning systems (UK) determinants of tourism Factors determining the scale and patterns of participation in DG XXIII Department of the European tourism. Demand determinants of private Commission with a responsibility for tourism. travel include such economic and social influences as the standard of living; supply deter- diet A generic term denoting the amount and minants include the availability, quality and range of food a person eats. Hence, e.g., price of tourist attractions, facilities and balanced diet (one that includes the right services, and their promotion. The volume of amount and variety of basic nutrients); dietetics DICTIONARY OF TERMS holidays (vacations) abroad is additionally (study of food and its nutritional value). strongly influenced by the size of the country of residence, its geographical location and the differential pricing See price discrimina- relative costs of domestic and foreign holidays. tion See also motivations. dime US ten-cent coin. detrain To alight from a train. Dinar Unit of currency of Algeria (DA), devaluation See rate of exchange Bahrain (BD), Iraq (ID), Jordan (JD), Kuwait (KD), Libya (LD), Sudan (SD), Tunisia (TD) developed countries Also called advanced and Yugoslavia (New Dinar). countries and industrialized countries, these are countries with a relatively high level of dine-around The provision of a range of economic and social development reflected in restaurant opportunities, which allows hotel or their standard of living, usually taken as the restaurant guests a choice of dining at differ- member countries of the Organisation for ent establishments when staying on full- Economic Co-operation and Development pension or demi-pension terms (see en pension). (OECD). Most of these have high holiday (vacation) propensities and high levels of diner domestic travel/tourism, are leading genera- (a) Small restaurant. tors of international travel/tourism, and also (b) A person eating in a restaurant. significant international tourism destinations. (c) Also American term for a restaurant car on See also developing countries. a train.

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dinkies Term derived from double income no technology. See also direct selling; target kids and denoting an affluent childless married marketing; telemarketing/telephone market- couple who may be expected to be large ing. spenders on goods and services, including travel, tourism and hospitality products. direct selling Selling goods and services, which involves direct communication between diphtheria Until the 1930s, one of the most the producer and customers, without the use important causes of childhood death world- of retail outlets, distributors, wholesalers or wide, but the mass immunization of children any other type of middleman. Often includes since the 1940s has effectively eradicated the direct mail and telephone selling. An airline disease in developed countries. However, it selling a seat to a customer calling at its office, remains a serious disease, especially in tropical a hotel selling rooms by telephone to a countries where there is overcrowding and business travel department, or a tour operator poor hygiene. It is caught by close contact with selling a holiday(vacation) through a brochure an infected person. For unimmunized adults a and a booking form sent out by direct mail, are special low-dose vaccine is available. common examples in travel, tourism and hospitality. Called bypass in North America. direct flight A flight between two points with or without stops on the same aircraft. directional bias index Measure of the travel patterns of an origin in relation to its destina- direct mail Mailing of promotional material tions, attributed to R.I. Wolfe [Smith, S.L.J. to selected prospects. These may be previous (1989) Tourism Analysis: A Handbook, London: customers but increasing use is made by many Longman]. firms and other organizations of available lists of specifically targeted prospects. Lists, which Directive A legislative decision of the may be purchased, are used to do own mailing; European Union Council of Ministers, which is in the case of lists owned by third parties, such binding on member states but allows them to as credit card and other membership organi- decide how to enact their own required legis- zations, the names and addresses are not lation. released, but material is normally distributed with routine mailings to members. Dirham Unit of currency of Morocco (DH) and United Arab Emirates (Dh). direct response advertising The use of advertising inviting a direct contact by the Disabled Railcard See British railcards customer with the advertiser by telephone, letter or commonly by means of a return discount ticket agency See bucket shop coupon, to order the advertised product or Discovery of America Day See Columbus DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY request information or a call by a representative, without the use of intermediate distribu- Day tion channels. This is a common approach in travel, tourism and hospitality, which avoids discretionary income Personal disposable the use of travel agents, although it may be income of individuals or households remain- also used to direct the customer to contact the ing after spending on necessities, such as food, travel agent. clothing and housing, i.e. freely disposable or threshold income, from which spending can direct response marketing Also called take place on non-essential goods and services. database marketing, an approach to marketing in This is the most important income concept for which producers and customers are linked in holiday (vacation) and other forms of travel a two-way communication through a computer and tourism, which involve discretionary use database, which records details of actual and of money and time, as spending on them is prospective customers and their buying behav- more closely correlated with discretionary iour. The primary objective is to achieve more income than with disposable income. cost-effective marketing on the basis of knowledge of customers and direct communication diseconomies of scale See decreasing with them made possible by information returns

54 D disembark To leave a ship, aircraft or services are transferred from producers to another vehicle. consumers and which provide points of sale or access for consumers. In travel and tourism, dish of the day A special dish served on the providers of tourist attractions, facilities and day not appearing on the printed menu. Often services may sell direct to consumers (at their referred to by the French term plat du jour. place of operation or through their own retail outlets) or use one or more intermediaries displacement effect Term used to describe (such as tour operators and travel agents). the effect of one activity being displaced by Most large producers use a combination of another as, e.g., agriculture and fishing being distribution channels for their products and displaced by tourism, which draws away this combination is described as the distribu- labour from them, as has occurred in many tion mix. destinations. distribution mix See distribution channels; display advertisements Press advertise- marketing mix ments using layout, typography and sometimes also illustration to enhance the diversification Introduction of new products impact of the message. Semi-display advertise- into existing markets or of existing products ments are more limited in size, variety of into new markets, also but less frequently of typeface and graphics. See also classified new products into new markets. Commonly advertisements. undertaken to increase sales and more particularly to reduce reliance on a too narrow range disposable income Personal income of of products and/or limited market. Thus, e.g., individuals or households after income tax and an airline may enter hotel operations and other other compulsory deductions, i.e., income from more or less related activities, and a hotel which spending and saving are generated. company may diversify geographically and Estimates of disposable income are published operate in countries where it was not repre- by many countries and there is usually a sented previously. relatively close correlation between levels of and changes in disposable income and holiday Diwali Hindu festival celebrated in October (vacation) propensities. See also discretionary or November each year and observed in India income. and other countries with Hindu populations. DICTIONARY OF TERMS distance decay A geographical term measur- Dobra (Db) Unit of currency of São Tome ing the (generally exponential) decline in the and Principe. level of interaction between phenomena with distance. An important tool in tourism and Dollar Unit of currency of Australia (see recreational planning, by relating the popula- Australian Dollar), Bahamas (B$), Barbados tion of generating areas and the attractiveness (Bds$), Belize (BZ$), Bermuda (B$), Brunei (B$), of destinations, in order to permit predictions Canada (C$), Cayman Islands (CI$), Fiji (F$), of likely volumes of tourist flows and recre- Guyana (G$), Hong Kong (HK$), Jamaica (J$), ational travel (which usually decrease as the Liberia (L$), Namibia (N$), New Zealand (see distance increases). See also gravity model. New Zealand Dollar), Singapore (S$), Solomon Islands (SI$), Taiwan (now New Taiwan distance learning A form of learning usually Dollar, NT$), Trinidad and Tobago (TT$), undertaken at home, away from the teaching United States of America (see United States centre, such as correspondence courses, Dollar), Zimbabwe (Z$). See also Eastern sometimes combined with attendance of a Caribbean Dollar. study centre or short courses. In a number of countries, including the UK, distance learning dome car A railway carriage with a glass roof methods are available for education and train- designed for sightseeing. Also called bubble car ing in travel, tourism and hospitality. or observation car. distribution channels Marketing term domestic airline An airline operating describing channels through which goods and services entirely within one country.

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domestic beer/wine Beer or wine produced domestic travel/tourism Travel/tourism by in the country where it is consumed. residents of a country to other areas within the same country, as distinct from international domestic escorted tour (DET) American travel/tourism. Resident aliens are treated as term for an inclusive tour with a courier residents in travel and tourism statistics. within one’s own country. domestic traveller Any person on a trip domestic independent tour (DIT) within his/her own country of residence American term for an unescorted trip itinerary (irrespective of the purpose of travel and within one’s own country prepared by a travel means of transport used, even though he/she agent for an independent traveller. may be travelling on foot) [World Tourism Organization]. domestic same-day visitor For statistical purposes, a domestic visitor who does not domestic visitor For statistical purposes, any spend the night in a collective or private person residing in a country, who travels to a accommodation in the place visited [World place within the country, outside his/her usual Tourism Organization]. Also known as a environment for a period not exceeding 12 domestic day visitor or excursionist. months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remuner- domestic tourism expenditure Defined for ated from within the place visited. This defin- statistical purposes as expenditure received as a ition covers two classes of visitors: ‘domestic direct result of resident visitors travelling within tourist’ and ‘domestic same-day visitor’ their country of residence [World Tourism [World Tourism Organization]. Organization]. Thus, e.g., the spending of Australian residents travelling within Australia, domicile The country or place of a person’s of British residents within Great Britain or permanent home, which may differ from that Canadian residents within Canada, all represent person’s nationality or country or place of domestic tourism expenditure in those countries. residence.

Domestic Tourism Monitor (DTM/ Dong Unit of currency of Vietnam. Australia) Annual survey of overnight and dormette See sleeper seat/sleeperette day trip travel behaviour of Australians aged 14 years and over conducted since 1978 by AGB dormitory town/village A town or village Bureau of Tourism Research McNair for the from which many residents travel regularly to (BTR) , to provide estimates of volume of work in a nearby town or city. Some of them domestic travel , periodic comparisons of are former thriving resorts, e.g., Southend-on- tourism activity, and information about charac- Sea and Tunbridge Wells in England. See also

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY domestic travellers teristics and behaviour of . commuter.

domestic tourist For statistical purposes, a double Adjective used, i.a., with such nouns domestic visitor whose visit is for at least one as bed (standard approx. 54 ϫ 75 in.); room (a night and whose main purpose of visit may be room with such bed); occupancy (by two classified under one of the following three persons); occupancy rate (charge for two groups: (a) leisure and holidays; (b) business persons occupying a room). See also double and professional; (c) other tourism purposes double; single; twin. [World Tourism Organization]. double booking See duplicate reservation Domestic Travel Study (New Zealand) Annual study by personal interviews of double double American term for a room residents over 15 years of age as part of the with two double beds. McNair Omnibus Survey. Results are published in the form of separate regional double occupancy rate reports, a demographic report, accommodation (a) Per person hotel tariff for a shared room, and transport reports, origin/destination commonly used for organized tours. See report, and a general report. also single supplement.

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(b) Ratio of rooms to guests calculated by ordered and served indoors but also through a dividing the total number of guests by window to motorists without leaving their total number of occupied rooms, which vehicles for consumption elsewhere, to be may be expressed as a percentage or as found mainly in North America and to be guests per room. For example, 50 rooms distinguished from drive-in (restaurant). occupied by 75 guests gives a double occupancy of 50 per cent or 1.5 guests per dry/wet lease Hire of a yacht, or another occupied room. This is also described as vessel without crew, fuel or supplies is double occupancy factor to differentiate it described as dry lease; when these are included from (a). in the hire, this is described as wet lease. See also aircraft leasing; bareboat charter; provi- down time An aviation term used in two sioned charter. different ways: (a) as the time period an aircraft is on the dry rent See wet rent ground; (b) to indicate the time of landing. dual career families Families in which both husband and wife have careers, also sometimes down-market Colloquial term denoting called two-income families, of significance as a market with lower prices, expectations of segmentation criterion in the marketing of quality and/or level of service. See also travel, tourism and hospitality. downgrade; trading down. dude ranch A cattle-breeding establishment downgrade To change to an inferior in North America providing tourist accommo- standard, as in moving an airline passenger dation, riding expeditions and the opportunity or hotel guest or their reservations to an to sample the cowboy lifestyle. inferior seat or accommodation, whether initi- ated by the airline or hotel or by the passenger dumb waiter or guest. See also upgrade. (a) Waiter’s sideboard in a restaurant. (b) Small food lift between kitchen and dining downsizing Contraction of the activities of a room located on separate floors. firm with a view to creating a smaller, more flexible organization better able to respond to dumping Term used in international trade to DICTIONARY OF TERMS changes in its markets. describe selling for export at a significantly lower price than in the domestic market and downtown See central business district often below the cost of production. The (CBD) practice tends to be adopted for two main reasons. One is the desire of the exporting Dram Unit of currency of Armenia. country to penetrate a foreign market, another is to dispose of surpluses in order to avoid draught (draft) As a nautical concept, the price reductions in the domestic market. depth of water which a vessel draws, i.e., the Dumping is prohibited under the Treaty of depth of the bottom of a ship below the water Rome and by the World Trade Organization. surface. See also price discrimination. dress code Suggested acceptable dress. See dune A ridge or hill of sand, deposited by the also black tie; business attire; casual attire. wind and characteristic of coasts and deserts. Where it is not stabilized by vegetation it can drive-in (restaurant) Type of establishment migrate downwind. Of significance for tourism in which food is ordered by and served to and recreation because of their vulnerability to motorists in their parked vehicles, to be found human pressure which can cause severe mainly in North America, and to be distin- erosion, particularly in coastal locations backing guished from drive-through (restaurant). popular beaches or where used by off-road recreation(al) vehicles, such as dune buggies. drive-through (restaurant) Type of establishment in which food may be normally duopoly In economics, a market situation

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which exists when the whole supply of a single when only one will be used. Also called double product is in the hands of two suppliers, who booking. between them dominate the market, determine the quantity supplied and control the price. See duty-free Term applied to (a) goods on which also monopoly; oligopoly. tax or customs duty is not levied, and (b) shops at international airports, ports and ships in duplex Accommodation unit on two floors which passengers travelling abroad can buy connected by a private stairway. When consist- such goods. Duty-free allowance denotes the ing of two rooms, one is normally used as a quantity of dutiable goods allowed to be taken bedroom and the other as a living room, or into a country without paying tax or duty. both may be used as bed-sitting rooms. Duty-free allowances between European Union countries were abolished in 1999. duplicate reservation Two or more reservations of a hotel room or passenger seat for the dwell time In transport, the period of time a same person for the same night or journey vehicle is at rest at a terminal. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

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e-commerce Business transactions conducted Boards, before its scope was enlarged to cover by electronic means via the Internet. In also Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire following essence, a form of direct selling, which enables the demise of the Thames and Chilterns even small firms to compete with large ones Tourist Board, to be subsequently renamed and offer the customer the convenience of East of England Tourist Board. The Broads, shopping from home. heritage and the coast are major attractions of the region. e-ticket Electronic ticket issued from a passenger operated machine. Eastern Caribbean Dollar (EC$) Unit of currency of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, early arrival One who arrives at a hotel or Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts and another establishment before the date of reser- Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines. vation or before the arranged time. Eastern Orient Express Luxury rail service early-bird rate A special rate for early linking Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and booking. Singapore, a major tourist attraction.

Earth Summit United Nations Conference on Eastern Standard Time A Canadian and US Environment and Development held in Rio de time zone based on the standard of the 75th meridian. Time equals GMT –5. Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992, concerned with DICTIONARY OF TERMS the impact of world population and economic activities on the biosphere. Agreements ecology See ecosystem reached at the Summit included Agenda for Action in the 21st Century, known as econometrics Application of mathematical AGENDA 21, a framework of principles to techniques to the solution of economic guide international action on the environment. problems, using models describing economic Although travel, tourism and hospitality were relationships, testing the hypotheses and not specifically identified as key industry estimating the parameters. Forecasting interna- sectors, the Summit and AGENDA 21 are tional tourist flows with the use of regression equally relevant for them. See also environ- analysis models is a prominent example of the mental issues; Kyoto Agreement. econometric approach in travel and tourism. easement A right, such as a right of way, that Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) one owner of land has over the land of another. Unification of the economies of member countries of the European Union through such East Anglia The area of England originally steps as the introduction of a single currency. comprising the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk and the old county of Cambridgeshire but in economic climate The external conditions in recent times the term has come to include also which firms and other organizations operate, Essex and what used to be Huntingdonshire over which they have no control, but to which (now part of Cambridgeshire). This was also they need to respond, e.g., changes in interest the area covered by the East Anglia Tourist rates or rates of exchange. Also called economic Board, one of the English Regional Tourist environment.

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economies of scale Advantages accruing of a foreign country, more commonly known from an increase in the size of an establish- as cabotage rights. E.g., Air France had such ment, firm or industry. Internal economies are rights for many years on internal domestic open to a single establishment or firm as a routes in Morocco. The incidence is increasing result of an increase in the scale of output in Europe under European Union liberaliza- independently of the action of others and are tion measures; one of the first such rights has of five main types: technical, managerial, been taken by British Airways to fly between commercial (marketing and purchasing), finan- (London)–Hanover–Leipzig. cial and risk-spreading. They are present, i.a., in hotel and catering services and various elapsed flying time The actual time spent in forms of transport. External economies are flight between two points, i.e., after allowing shared by firms when an industry as a whole both for time on the ground and for any time expands, particularly when it is concentrated changes. See also elapsed travel time. geographically, as is evident, e.g., in the case of hotels in a large resort. elapsed travel time Of particular relevance in air travel, the actual time taken to travel ecosystem Ecological system, a system in between two points, after allowing for any which living organisms interact with each time changes. To calculate the elapsed time, other and with the environment in which they i.e., how long the journey actually takes, it is live. Ecology, the study of the interrelation- necessary to convert the local departure and ships, is of importance in the context of arrival times into equivalent Greenwich Mean tourism, which, like most human activities, Time (GMT). See also elapsed flying time. may disturb the ecological balance of an area. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is elasticities of demand Measures of the increasingly required in many countries for responsiveness of demand to changes in the certain types of development. determining factors. See cross-elasticity of demand; income elasticity of demand; price ecotourism Open to differences in interpreta- elasticity of demand tion but commonly denoting ecologically sustainable trips and visits to enjoy and appre- elderhostel (US) Study programmes for men ciate nature, which promote conservation, and women over 60 years of age which enable have low visitor impact, and include involve- them to learn with travel experiences. ment of local populations. It generally focuses on small-scale activities in well-defined areas, electronic funds transfer (EFT) Transfer of often under some designated form of protec- money between accounts through an electronic tion, and on retention of the local traditional communication system, which provides direct economy as a major employer. links between terminals in retail outlets and computers in banks. Such systems are in DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY educational trips/visits growing use in hotels, restaurants and travel (a) Trips/visits undertaken primarily for agents. See also Delta and Switch debit cards. education purposes, e.g., by school parties. (b) Familiarization trips or ‘fam trips’. electronic mail (e-mail) The transfer of communications between computers, which effective demand See demand for tourism are connected by cables or telephone lines, using a modem. efficiency American term for a hotel or motel room or apartment with cooking facilities. electronic ticketing First introduced by low- cost US domestic airlines in the early 1990s, egocentrism The perspective of one preoccu- electronic ticketing was extended to interna- pied with oneself and relatively insensitive to tional flights by the mid 1990s. Commonly others, i.e., self-absorption and self-centredness. operated with cards issued by airlines, which enable passengers to book a flight by telephone Eighth freedom In civil aviation a right (not or through travel agents and obtain a board- specified in the Chicago Convention) to carry ing pass from a machine at the airport, having traffic between two points within the territory paid with a credit card.

60 E embargo Restriction or prohibition by a consecutive scheduled stops. This occurs, e.g., government or another authority, originally of when an aircraft chartered to take passengers shipping and of goods entering or leaving a in one direction returns empty rather than country. Now used in a wider sense, e.g., when waiting for a return load. Similarly tour opera- referring to a ban on airline flights and on tors chartering aircraft for the season are faced release of information. with empty legs on the first return flight and the last outward flight. See also back-to-back. embark To go on board a ship, aircraft or other vehicle. empty nesters An American term for couples whose children have left home, when more embarkation card See boarding pass time and money tends to be available to be spent on non-essentials, including tourism and emigrant See migration eating out. employee buyout See management buyout; en pension Inclusive terms for hotel stays. En leveraged buyout pension or full-board terms normally include room and three meals per day (breakfast, employment lunch, dinner); see also American Plan (AP). See all found Demi-pension or half-board terms normally casual employee/worker include room, breakfast and one main meal, collective agreement usually dinner; see also Modified American employment pass/permit/visa Plan (MAP). family employee/worker flexitime en route On the way (to, for). fringe benefits full-time en suite Term used in such descriptions as full-time equivalent ‘bedroom with bathroom en suite’ or ‘bedroom ghosting with en suite bathroom’, i.e., with private greeter bathroom attached. guest worker holiday leave loading enclave A small territory within a state holidays with pay belonging to another state; e.g., until 1990 West DICTIONARY OF TERMS industrial awards (Australia) Berlin was from the point of view of the job sharing German Democratic Republic an enclave of the long service leave Federal Republic of Germany. The term is also moonlighting used for other small areas surrounded by occasional employee/worker larger ones (see tourist enclave) or for distinct part-time ethnic groups surrounded by others (e.g., seasonal employee/worker Chinese quarters in many cities). See also self-employed exclave. Social Chapter Social Charter endemic Adjective denoting that which is split shift regularly found in certain places, such as an spreadover of hours endemic disease. teleworking union contract energy crisis The situation created in the mid See also occupations. 1970s and early 1980s by the intervention of the principal oil-producing countries in the market employment pass/permit/visa Terms used for oil, which led to sharp and successive for a permit to stay and work in a country increases in the price of petrol, aviation fuel issued to non-nationals, also known as labour and other products based on oil. The effects permit or work permit and under other names in extended far beyond increases in transport different countries. costs, to reduced industrial activity and high unemployment worldwide. Travel and tourism empty leg An empty flight between two stood up to the effects of the first recession in

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1974–75 relatively well but the 1980–81 reces- entry requirements Travel documentation sion produced a greater impact and travel and required to enter a country, specified by its tourism declined or stagnated until well into government, which may include a passport or 1983. another proof of citizenship, visa and other documents such as vaccination certificates. energy management Systems and processes Compared with international trade in goods, used by companies and other organizations to much international tourism is a relatively free reduce their use of electricity, fuel and other market with a high degree of freedom of energy resources for cost or environmental movement of people between countries. This reasons. Such approaches are core components freedom is increasing, as border controls are of cost control and environmental programmes reduced and simplified, but entry require- in travel, tourism and hospitality operations. ments of varying intensity continue to be applied by most countries to control immigra- Engel’s law One of the generalizations put tion and for political or other reasons. forward by German political philosopher Friedrich Engels, stating that as income entry tax Tax levied on passengers entering a increases, the proportion of it spent on food country, usually foreign visitors, at airports declines (and the proportion spent on but sometimes also at other entry points. consumer goods and services increases). See also income elasticity of demand. entry visa See visa

English breakfast Breakfast commonly environment The surrounding conditions or served in the British Isles, normally consisting influences. May refer to physical, e.g., natural of juice and/or cereal, main dish, toast, butter or built environment or some other set of and preserves, tea or coffee. The main dish conditions or influences as, e.g., economic, usually consists of meat, fish or eggs or combi- social, cultural or political environment. nations of these. In Scotland, called Scottish Environmental impact usually refers to the breakfast. See also American breakfast; Asian effects of some development, such as tourism, breakfast; Continental breakfast. on the natural environment. Concern for the protection of the natural environment finds an English service Style of restaurant table expression in environmentalism, a concept or service, mainly used for private functions, in philosophy which forms the basis of the so- which food is not portioned in the kitchen, but called Green movement. first presented to guests, as, e.g., whole joints of meat, before carving by the host or by staff. environmental audit A formal evaluation See also American service; family-style to assess the impact of a company’s activities service; French service; Russian service. on the environment. A site audit focuses on a

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY location such as a leisure complex; an opera- enplane To board an aircraft. tions audit examines the environmental impact and performance of a company’s business enterprise agreements See industrial awards processes; associate audits examine the (Australia) environmental performance of the company’s partners such as suppliers; an issue audit entertainments director/officer See animator assesses potential impact of emerging issues on the business. entrain To board a train. environmental impact assessment (EIA) entrée In menu terminology, originally a dish A set of procedures to assess in advance the served before the joint of meat; nowadays the likely environmental effects of a development main dish, which may be meat, fish, poultry or project. Such an assessment is required by law any other. in many countries for certain types of development, including the USA and the countries entrepreneur A person who undertakes an of the European Union; it is also sometimes enterprise, makes decisions on and controls its made voluntarily in the absence of a legal conduct, and bears the risk. requirement.

62 E environmental issues equinox Time when sun is directly overhead See acid rain at noon along the equator and day and night air quality are equal length: vernal equinox about 21 Amazonia March and autumnal equinox about 22 global warming September. See also solstice. Green Globe land resources depletion equity In business terminology the net worth ozone layer depletion of a business as a difference between its total pollution assets and total liabilities. It represents the water resources depletion and pollution owners’ capital, and according to the form of See also building conservation schemes; ownership, is represented by the shareholders’ countryside conservation designation schemes; capital in a company and by capital accounts Earth Summit; ecosystem; ecotourism; energy in a partnership or sole proprietorship. management; environment; environmental audit; environmental impact assessment; Erasmus The Higher Education strand of the environmental management systems; Environ- European Union Socrates programme, mentally Sensitive Areas; green holidays designed to encourage student and staff mobil- (vacations); International Hotels Environ- ity, inter-university and other higher educa- mental Initiative; Kyoto Agreement; Queen’s tion cooperative activities. Awards; recycling; waste management; water management. ergonomics Systematic study of the relationship between man and his working environ- environmental management systems ment with the application of anatomy, (EMS) Range of techniques used to monitor or physiology and psychology. Aspects studied manage the impacts of business and industry include, for example, human body measure- operations on the environment, such as ments, the use of energy, and effects of light, environmental audit and environmental heat and noise on work performance, with a impact assessment, as well as carrying capac- wide scope in hotel and catering services, ity assessment and cost benefit analysis. transportation, and other tourism-related industries. Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) Conservation areas designated by the erosion The wearing away of the land surface DICTIONARY OF TERMS European Community as part of the scheme to by the action of running water, ice and waves halt overproduction on farms, in which farmers to produce a sequence of landforms. This is a are encouraged to farm voluntarily in a tradi- slow and inexorable natural process, the rate of tional way for the benefit of the landscape and which depends on slope, climate and rock wildlife. By the end of 1999, more than 19 000 composition and structure; thus soft coasts of farmers in the UK signed ESA management sand and clay are particularly vulnerable, with agreements to promote environmentally benefi- measurable retreat of the coast in historic time. cial farming. See countryside conservation Often used as a synonym for accelerated designation schemes for other schemes. erosion through removal of soil, resulting from human actions in removing or disturbing epicure vegetation cover; areas in the tropics, under- (a) One devoted to a life of ease and luxury lain by deep weathered rock and subject to and to sensuous enjoyment. torrential rain, and semi-arid areas subject to (b) One who cultivates a taste for good food overgrazing, are particularly vulnerable. See and drink. See also gourmand; gourmet. also canyon; dune. equator The longest parallel of latitude, errors and omissions insurance See equidistant between the north and south poles, professional indemnity insurance where the sun is overhead at the spring and autumn equinoxes. Traditionally, passengers escarpment Also shortened to scarp, a steep by sea crossing the equator for the first time slope usually in areas of gently dipping undergo a ritual immersion by Neptune, God sedimentary rocks where more resistant rocks of the Sea. See also hemisphere. overlie more easily eroded rock. Can give rise

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to striking scenery as, e.g., with Table tribes in India, the Lapps in Northern Mountain in South Africa and the Brecon Scandinavia, the San Blas Indians in Beacons in Wales. The term is also applied to Panama. any steep slope. (b) Travel whose primary motivation is ethnic reunion, e.g., travel to the country of one’s escrow An arrangement whereby payment for ancestry. Thus UK, Greece, Ireland and goods or services is held in a separate bank Poland are among the principal countries account or by a third party and released only with significant ethnic tourist arrivals from when the goods or services have been abroad, as a result of emigration of earlier supplied. Thus, e.g., some contracts in travel generations. Ethnic arrivals are also impor- and tourism require that tour operators and tant in countries such as Australia, New travel agents keep customers’ deposits and Zealand, Canada and Israel, all destina- prepayments in escrow accounts. tions of major migrations.

Escudo Unit of currency of Cape Verde. ethnocentricism/ethnocentricity The belief that the attitudes and behaviour of one’s own esky A portable insulated box-like container ethnic group are superior to those of others, used in Australia to transport and keep food and the tendency to apply the standards of and drink cold for picnics, barbecues and other one’s group to other groups. As tourism brings outdoor functions. together people of different backgrounds and cultures, it is sometimes claimed to create a esplanade A levelled raised ground along the better appreciation of other people and their sea front in a coastal resort, carrying a road ways of life and to be a lever for change of and a promenade between the road and the attitudes and behaviour on the part of seashore. residents as well as visitors. However, the effect of visitors on host communities is a establishment A separate place of business contentious issue, especially for many devel- at a separate address, in which one or more oping countries. See also cultural relativism. economic activities are carried on, e.g., a factory, a hotel, a retail shop. An establishment Eurailpass First class rail ticket for residents does not necessarily coincide with the ultimate other than those of Europe and North Africa unit of ownership and control; see firm. for unlimited travel within 17 countries for 15 days to 3 months of consecutive travel. ethical investment An investment opportu- Different prices apply to those under 12, 12–25 nity offered to investors, which does not and over 25 years of age. See also rail passes. compromise their ethics, usually in the form of unit trusts that avoid, e.g., investing in alcohol, Eurail Selectpass First class rail ticket for tobacco and weapons or in countries with residents other than those of Europe and DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY oppressive regimes. Such investments are also North Africa for unlimited travel in three available in companies that adopt positive adjoining European countries for a maximum policies to the environment and to Third of 10 days. Different prices apply to those World development. under 12, 12–25 and over 25 years of age. See also rail passes. ethnic Relating to a particular racial, national or other group with a common background. Eurasia See continent

ethnic food Food of a particular country, euro A currency introduced in the European region or racial group, such as Caribbean, Union on 1 January 1999 and since adopted by Chinese or Indian; hence ethnic restaurant, 12 member countries (excluding Denmark, serving such food. Sweden and the UK). The twelve countries agreed to link their own currencies to the euro ethnic tourism for three years to 31 December 2001, during (a) Visits to places inhabited by indigenous which time the national currencies continued and other exotic people, to observe their to be traded alongside the euro. Euro notes and lifestyles and cultures, e.g., the Assam hill coins were introduced in January 2002; after a

64 E short transitional period the euro became the days within a two-month period. Different only currency in which payments can be made. prices apply to those under 12, 12–25 and over See also eurozone. 25 years of age. See also rail passes.

Eurobudget Special return air fare available European Cities of Culture A programme on scheduled flights in Europe as a promo- for the designation of cities by the European tional business class fare. Must be booked and Union. The annual title was first awarded by paid for at the same time. A cancellation the Council of Ministers of the European charge applies; the booking may be changed Community to Athens in 1985, then to on payment of the difference between Florence in 1986, Amsterdam 1987, Berlin Eurobudget and normal business class fares. (West) 1988, Paris 1989, Glasgow 1990, Dublin See also air fare types for other promotional 1991, Madrid 1992, Antwerp 1993, Lisbon 1994, fares. Luxembourg 1995, Copenhagen 1996, Thessaloniki 1997, Stockholm 1998, Weimar EuroCity European rail network of fast 1999. Nine cities shared the designation in comfortable trains, which replaced TEE (Trans 2000: Avignon, Bergen, Bologna, Brussels, Europe Express) trains. Cracow, Helsinki, Prague, Reykjavik, Santiago de Compostella; Rotterdam and Oporto Eurodollars Dollars deposited with commer- followed in 2001, Bruges and Salamanca 2002, cial banks outside the USA, which constitute Graz 2003, Genoa and Lille 2004. A new the Eurodollar market. The main use of short- programme of European Capitals of Culture was term Eurodollar loans is the financing of inter- announced to begin in 2005. See also European national trade and longer-term loans are used Cultural Months. to finance investment. Eurodollars are subject to less regulation than currencies in domestic European Cultural Months A programme markets; they are often easier and also less for the designation of cities by the European expensive to borrow. The same applies to other Union. The first city to host the programme Euro-currencies, such as Euro-Sterling or Euro- was Cracow in 1992, followed by Graz 1993, Swiss Francs, which are balances held outside Budapest 1994, Nicosia 1995, St Petersburg the UK or Switzerland respectively. 1996, Ljubljana 1997, Linz and Valetta 1998, Plovdiv 1999, Riga and Basle 2001. (There were EuroDomino Pass Unlimited travel rail no designations in 2000 and 2002.) DICTIONARY OF TERMS ticket for those resident in Europe for at least six months available in first or standard class European Currency Unit (ECU) Unit of for three to eight days in a one-month period account of the European Community (EC) within one of 28 countries in Europe and North introduced as part of the European Monetary Africa. Different prices apply to those under System (EMS) in 1979; it was replaced in 12, 12–25 and over 25 years of age. See also rail January 1999 with the introduction of the euro passes. as part of the Economic and Monetary Union.

Eurolines The name of a network of sched- European Economic Area (EEA) A free uled international motor coach lines intro- trade area with the free movement of goods, duced by the International Road Transport services and capital, implemented on 1 Union in cooperation with 40 European coach January 1994 by the European Union (EU) operators. with five members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – Austria, Finland, Europabus International network of motor Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Austria, Finland coach services of European railways providing and Sweden have since joined the Union and inclusive tours by luxury coaches with multi- Liechtenstein the EEA. By the end of 2000 the lingual guides and using quality hotels. EEA covered 18 countries with more than 370 million consumers. Europass First class ticket for residents other than those of Europe and North Africa for European Monetary System (EMS) unlimited travel in France, Germany, Italy, Monetary system introduced by the European Spain and Switzerland for between 5 and 15 Community (EC) in 1979 with the broad aim

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of promoting monetary stability in Europe, to (b) separate Eurotunnel freight shuttles for which all member states belonged. Its key heavy goods vehicles; elements included the European Currency (c) passenger trains and freight operated Unit (ECU) and the Exchange Rate jointly by Eurostar (UK) Ltd and national Mechanism (ERM). The system was replaced railways of France (SNCF), and Belgium in January 1999 by the exchange rate arrange- (SNCB). ments of the Economic and Monetary Union. In 2000 Eurotunnel claimed 60 per cent of the total cross-Channel traffic. European Plan (EP) Hotel tariff which includes room only and no meals. See also eurozone The 12 countries of the European American Plan (AP); bed and breakfast; Union which have adopted the euro currency: Bermuda Plan (BP). Austria, Belgium, Finland, France (including French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, European Prize for Tourism and the Mayotte, Monaco, Réunion, St Pierre Environment An award established by the Miquelon), Germany, Greece, Irish Republic, European Commission in 1995, which aims to Italy (including San Marino), Luxembourg, identify the perfect balance between tourism Netherlands, Portugal, Spain together with and the environment. The award is made to Andorra and Spanish North Africa (January the destination that most innovatively and 2002). effectively develops a tourism policy that respects the environment. event attractions See tourist/visitor attractions European Year of Tourism 1990 The year marked as such under the auspices of the everglades Wetlands with small islands, such European Commission, aimed at heightening as those found in the Everglades National Park the awareness of the political, economic and in Florida, USA. social importance of tourism. A total of 18 European countries were involved and more ex gratia As an act of grace. Hence, e.g., ex than 2000 related events were held in the UK gratia payment: payment made as a sign of alone. See also International Tourist Year goodwill, without legal obligation. 1967. Excellence Through People (ETP) British Eurostar Passenger rail service operating accreditation scheme launched by the British through Eurotunnel between London and Hospitality Association (BHA) in January Brussels, Lille and Paris, jointly by Eurostar 1998 with initial Government funding to (UK) Ltd, French Railways and Belgian encourage employers in the hospitality indus- Railways under the commercial direction of try to introduce basic best employment Eurostar Group. practices. See also Best Practice Forum (BPF); DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Hospitality Assured (HA); Investor in People Eurostat Statistical Office of the European (IIP). Communities, which collects, analyses and publishes data on the European Union and its excess baggage Amount of baggage member states, including travel and tourism. (luggage) exceeding baggage allowance set by the carrier, which may be carried on payment Eurotunnel The name of the tunnel between of an additional charge. Under the weight Great Britain and France, which opened to system used by many airlines, the normal traffic in 1994, popularly known as the Channel charge for every kilo of excess weight is one Tunnel, and of the British-French group operat- per cent of the applicable one-way first-class ing the tunnel, which has a 65-year operating fare; under the piece system, the excess charge concession from British and French govern- depends on the distance flown, with additional ments. The railway system connecting termi- charge for the actual weight and size. nals at Coquelles near Calais and Folkestone in Kent carries three types of traffic: excess mileage Percentage supplement (a) Le Shuttle, operated by Eurotunnel for cars payable by an airline passenger if the and coaches; maximum permitted mileage (MPM) between

66 E two points is exceeded. The additional amount and thus preventing dilution of full-fare is assessed at 5, 10, 15 or 25 per cent, corre- revenue. They are less restrictive than APEX or sponding broadly to the additional mileage. PEX fares and, e.g., allow stopovers if specified See also more distant point principle. at the time of booking. Whilst more expensive than APEX and PEX, they are fully refundable. excess value Amount which may be declared See also Advance Purchase Excursion (APEX); by airline passengers at the time of check-in Public Excursion (PEX); Seat Sale. and by which, on payment of a fee to the airline, the possible compensation in the event excursionist A synonym for day visitor. See of baggage loss or damage is increased. Excess also same-day visitor. value is applicable to both checked and unchecked baggage but is not an insurance: exile A person compelled by political or other the airline will not necessarily compensate to circumstances to live away from his/her native the full amount and negligence has to be country. See also refugee. proved on its part. See also Warsaw Convention. exit tax See departure tax excess weight See excess baggage exit visa See visa exchange controls Restrictions on the expatriate A person living voluntarily away purchase and sale of foreign exchange from his/her country of citizenship, not neces- operated in various different forms by many sarily permanently but relatively long-term. In countries. The UK abolished all exchange statistics of domestic and international controls in 1979. travel/tourism, expatriates are treated as residents of the country in which they live. See exchange rate See rate of exchange also alien; migration; nomad; refugee.

Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) An export tourism See inbound travel/tourism. arrangement introduced by the European Community (EC) as part of the European expressway An American multi-lane divided Monetary System (EMS) in 1979, under which highway designed for fast through traffic, with the participating countries kept their curren- limited access and no surface crossroads, DICTIONARY OF TERMS cies within agreed limits against each other which may be a freeway or tollway. See also with a view to maintaining exchange rate motorway. stability. A new exchange rate mechanism (EMS) was introduced in 1999 to regulate the external diseconomies See decreasing returns relationship between the single currency and the currencies of member states not participat- external economies See economies of scale ing in monetary union. externalities The impact of the actions of one exclave An outlying part of a state separated individual or body on another, over which the from it and surrounded by the territory of affected individual or body has no direct another state. E.g., until 1990 West Berlin was control. The effects may be positive (i.e. benefi- from the point of view of the Federal Republic cial) or negative (i.e. adverse). E.g., a new of Germany its exclave in the German tourist/visitor attraction may create positive Democratic Republic. See also enclave. externalities for residents of the area by bringing additional spending power and employ- excursion Generally a short pleasure trip, also ment but also negative externalities, such as a sightseeing trip (usually optional) as part of increased traffic and congestion. an inclusive tour. extrapolation Calculation from known terms, Excursion fares Special return air fares by such as predicting a future situation on the airlines on scheduled flights, which are subject basis of past data or events. E.g., one approach to various restrictions, such as specifying to forecasting future visitor numbers to a desti- minimum and/or maximum length of stay, nation is to project past trends into the future.

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face to face selling See personal selling fall Term used with the name of a large water- fall, such as Niagara Falls in America or Victoria facilitation Generally, action or process of Falls in Africa. moving forward, promoting or rendering something easier. In travel and tourism, facili- familiarization trip Trip commonly tation usually refers to measures taken by arranged by tourist boards and similar organi- authorities to remove restrictions on zations for journalists, tour operators and movement, such as reduction and simplifica- travel agents in generating areas to visit desti- tion of border controls, or marketing facilitation, nations and to become acquainted with their as provided by tourist boards to support firms attractions, facilities and services. These trips, engaged in tourism through, e.g., organization popularly known as fam trips, may be viewed of trade shows and workshops, familiarization as part of sales promotion and as one of the trips, and provision of travel trade manuals. facilitation techniques used by tourism organizations to assist the tourism industry. They facsimile transmission (fax) High speed also have a public relations role in providing electronic transmission of an exact copy of a opportunities for influencing communication document from one location to another using and distribution channels for travel and the national or international telephone tourist products and through them ultimately networks, which was the fastest growing potential customers. They are also referred to means of business communication in the as educational trips or educationals, and as 1980s. agency tours.

factory tourism Trips and visits by members family employee/worker One in the of the public to working factories to observe employ of relatives who usually lives in the processes, which may also enable them to same household. purchase products from a factory shop. See

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY also industrial tourism. Family Expenditure Survey (FES) Continuous household sample inquiry into the Fahrenheit (F) Measure of temperature using expenditure patterns of private households in Fahrenheit’s thermometer, with freezing point the UK, based on a sample of about 12 000 of water 32 °F and boiling point 212 °F; now households. The results of the survey are used largely superseded by centigrade except in the for such major purposes as the calculation of USA. the weights given to various items of the cost of living index and as a source of data on fair An event usually held periodically for a consumers’ expenditure. Results are published limited duration to provide a location for in annual Family Expenditure Survey Reports. promoting and selling one or more type of goods or services. Prominent are, e.g., agricul- Family Railcard See British railcards tural fairs, which are normally of local or regional significance, and trade fairs, which family room Hotel room large enough to may have a national or international appeal, accommodate a family, usually with four or and thus a tourism significance. more beds.

fale See Polynesian bure family table service See family-style service

68 F family-style service Style of restaurant table away. Hamburgers, fish and chips, and pizzas service in which bowls and platters of food are are typical examples. See also fast food outlet. placed on the table from which guests help themselves. See also American service; fast food outlet A limited menu retail outlet English service; French service; Russian offering quick, often counter, service and take- service. away service. Usually based on systems with standard recipes, procedures and products, Fantasia One of two main computer reserva- many fast food outlets are chain-operated with tion systems (CRS) serving the Asian and brand names. Pacific region, owned by QANTAS, Japan Airlines and American Airlines, using Sabre fast lane software and giving its subscribers access to (a) The outer traffic lane on a motorway. the Sabre system in the USA. See also Abacus. (b) Slang term for high living.

Far East (FE) Term used to describe collec- fathom A nautical measure of depth of water, tively but not precisely countries of east and based on the span of the outstretched human south-east Asia, including China, Korea, Japan arms, equivalent to 6 feet or 1.829 metres. and countries to the south of these. This is the feasibility study A systematic assessment of fastest growing destination region of the world the prospects for a new venture, which normally in international tourism with rates of growth consists of market feasibility and financial feasi- well above the global average; it is also an bility studies. Thus, e.g., a market feasibility increasingly important tourism generating study for a new hotel may identify the best area. See also Pacific Rim. market opportunity, a gap in the market, a location or choice between alternative locations, fare Generic term for the price charged by a for a particular hotel concept; or, given a partic- carrier and the cost of a ticket for travel by ular location, the study can determine the most public transport. Hence, e.g., air fare or bus fare; appropriate hotel concept. The financial feasibil- concessionary fare (reduced fare for certain ity of the project is then determined by using one passengers such as senior citizens); full fare or more investment appraisal methods. See also (adult full price); single fare (US one-way fare); cost benefit analysis. return fare (US round trip fare).

featherbedding A practice of creating DICTIONARY OF TERMS Fare Construction Unit (FCU) The basis of additional jobs or spreading work by placing air fare calculations established by the limits on production, requiring more people International Air Transport Association than necessary to do a job, or requiring the (IATA), and in use between 1974 and 1989, performance of superfluous work. replaced by Neutral Unit of Construction (NUC) on 1 July 1989. federation Designation normally used by or applied to organizations with institutional farm tourism/farm stay tourism Holiday rather than individual membership, in which (vacation) tourism centred on a working farm, each constituent member retains control over which takes various forms but invariably its own affairs. Thus, e.g., an international includes accommodation and often other organization may consist of national associa- services for users. The two main forms are with tions, such as the Federation of Nordic Travel serviced accommodation in or adjacent to the Agents’ Associations. farm premises and with self-catering accommodation based on the farm land, e.g., cottages, fee-based pricing An approach to travel caravans and camping sites. Farm tourism may agent’s remuneration in which a mark-up is be seen as a form of rural tourism and is also added to the cost of services provided accord- called agritourism, agricultural tourism, ing to an agreed schedule, i.e., cost-plus pricing, agrotourism, farm stay tourism and vacation farm as an alternative to commission payment. tourism, especially in North America. feeder airline A local airline operating fast food Food prepared, served and scheduled services between outlying airports consumed quickly on the premises or taken and a major airport. See hub and spoke system

69 F

feeder route A local route of scheduled private land, frequently in some form of multi- airline services between outlying airports and ple land use. Angling and shooting, as well as a major airport. See hub and spoke system being undertaken by landowners and their friends, are let commercially to visitors, partic- feeder vessel A small ship used to carry ularly angling for game fish and shooting of loads discharged at a port from larger vessels, grouse, pheasant and red deer; angling and to various destinations. shooting may also be available to those staying at hotels. Apart from stag hunting on Exmoor, fens Area of low-lying wetlands in eastern England, hunting takes place in winter over England. farmland and is both a participant and spectator sport. Large tracts of the uplands, especially ferry A boat (ferryboat) or an aircraft (air in Scotland, are devoted to field sports, notably ferry) used to transport passengers, goods deer stalking and grouse shooting. and/or vehicles on a regular route between two points, usually across a river, lake or other fieldwork See field research body of water. Because the coast of Europe is highly indented, the ferry in general and the fiesta Term of Spanish origin, denoting a car ferry in particular are especially prominent festivity or holiday. features of European travel and tourism along the coast between the Baltic in the north and Fifth freedom See freedoms of the air the Aegean Seas in the south. financial economies See economies of scale ferry mileage The distance a ship, aircraft or another vehicle has to travel without passen- fiords/fjords Heavily glaciated coastal gers valleys that have been invaded by the sea, (a) to return to its base; characteristically deep, but with a shallow (b) to deliver it from one location to another; threshold at the seaward end. They share many (c) to move it to and from a maintenance base. of the characteristics of glaciated lakes and See also deadhead. often provide spectacular scenery, as in the western coasts of Norway and Scotland, British festival A celebratory event normally held at Columbia and South Island, New Zealand. regular intervals with a particular religious or They are important tourism resources, both for secular theme, such as art, food or music, cruising and for those touring by land. which may range from local to national or international and, therefore, tourism signifi- firm A more or less independent business unit, cance. in which final decisions are made and ultimate control is exercised; it raises capital, employs and organizes productive resources, and is the DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY fête Small local festival of a day’s or half- day’s duration, such as a school or village fête. ultimate unit of accountability and profitability. A firm may operate more than one establish- fictitious fare construction points See ment and in more than one industry. See also hypothetical fare construction points conglomerate; holding company; parent company; subsidiary company. field research Obtaining information by methods requiring direct contact with respon- First freedom See freedoms of the air dents, such as existing or potential customers or members of the public, including face-to- First World Collective term for the countries face, telephone or postal contact, as distinct of Western Europe, North America, Australasia from desk research. Also referred to as field- and Japan with a predominantly market work, although some limit the meaning of field- economy, as distinct until recently from work to face-to-face interviews. countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR with a planned economy. See also Second World. field sports A general term, especially in the United Kingdom, to cover angling, hunting firth Scottish term for an area of coastal water, and shooting, conducted largely on or over e.g., arm of the sea, an estuary.

70 F fixed wing aircraft See aircraft types: wings floor As a designation for the same level of a building, the floor numbering differs in the UK flag carrier A carrier designated by a and the USA: in the UK the floor at street level government to operate international services. is called the ground floor and in the USA the Hence, e.g., flag airline of a country. first floor. flag of convenience The practice of floor service See room service shipowners of registering their ships in countries other than those of their own home Florin See Guilder/Florin ports, for such reasons as avoiding taxes, government regulations, high wage rates and flotilla cruising An arrangement in which a manning requirements. group of yachts sails in a fleet under the guidance of a lead boat with a small crew flagship Originally ship having an admiral on usually consisting of a skipper in overall board, nowadays the largest or best ship of the charge, an engineer, and sometimes also a fleet, whether that of the navy or of a shipping hostess. See also bareboat charter; crewed company. The term is also used to denote the charter; provisioned charter. leading member of a group or chain of properties, when referring, e.g., to hotels or stores. fly cruise A holiday (vacation) arrangement consisting of scheduled or charter flight to flexitime Flexible working arrangement, and/or from a port and a sea cruise. under which each employee can choose within limits his/her working hours, as long as they fly drive An arrangement of scheduled or cover ‘core’ times and the total weekly hours charter flight and car hire (rental), normally of work. Thus in offices with a working week booked at the same time or as a package at an of 35 hours, common ‘core’ times are inclusive price. sometimes set between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. and employees may begin as early as 8 a.m. and fly rail An arrangement consisting of air and finish as late as 6 p.m. rail travel, normally booked at the same time, or as a package; it may include a rail pass, flight attendant Member of cabin crew of an which entitles the holder to unlimited rail aircraft, also known as air steward(ess) or air travel at the destination for a specified period DICTIONARY OF TERMS hostess. of time. flight coupon The portion of a passenger ticket flying boat An aircraft that can land on and which covers a flight between particular points, take off from water, in which a boat serves as surrendered at check-in time. In addition to one both fuselage and float. See also seaplane. or more flight coupons, the ticket contains issuing office and airline audit copies. föhn A warm dry wind characteristic of mountainous regions, sometimes given its own flight deck crew The pilots, flight engineers name. E.g., Chinook blows down the eastern and navigators responsible for flying an slopes of the Rocky Mountains over the aircraft, as distinct from cabin crew. adjacent US and Canadian plains, and causes snow in winter to disappear rapidly, hence its flight numbers Flight designations normally nickname, the ‘snow eater’. Santa Ana blows consisting of two letters (airline codes) and from east to north east, west of Sierra Nevada three figures. Some domestic and also intra- Mountains, especially in the pass and river European flight numbers have four figures. See valley near Santa Ana, California. also code sharing. food flight recorder Device carried in the aircraft See à la carte Asian breakfast which records technical information about the accompaniment bill of fare flight and which should be recoverable in case afternoon tea brunch of an accident. Also known as in-flight recorder American breakfast buffet and referred to as the black box. American service café complet

71 F

food cont. railway lines. In countries of more recent settle- catering grub ment, such paths are largely confined to public Continental breakfast gueridon lands. See also long-distance footpath. convenience foods halal cook–chill haute cuisine force majeure An event or effect that cannot cook–freeze health food be reasonably anticipated or controlled, such as cream tea high tea an earthquake, war or strike. See also act of cuisine hors-d’oeuvre God. cyclical menus junk food diet kosher Forces Railcard See British railcards English breakfast nouvelle cuisine English service organic produce foreign escorted tour (FET) American term entreé plat du jour for an inclusive tour abroad with a courier. epicure plate service ethnic food portion foreign exchange Foreign currency, i.e., family-style service recipe currency of another country that is purchased fast food Russian service for one’s own currency. See also exchange food cycle smörgåsbord controls; exchange rate. French service supper gastronomy table d’hôte foreign independent tour (FIT) American gourmand tapas term for an unescorted trip itinerary abroad gourmet vegetarianism prepared by a travel agent for the independent traveller. food court A catering concept in which a number of different food outlets share a Forint Unit of currency of Hungary. common eating area. Usually comprising self- service fast food outlets, food courts are often Form E111 Form used in the European located in shopping malls, transport terminals Economic Area (EEA), which entitles residents and other places with a high density of pedes- of a member country to free or reduced-cost trian traffic, and also major holiday (vacation) medical treatment in another country. centres. See also hawker centre. forward Originally a nautical term, now food cycle The sequence of stages in the food denoting front part of a ship or aircraft. See operation of a hotel or restaurant, usually seen also aft; abaft; (a) midship(s); astern; bow. for control purposes as purchasing, receiving, storing and issuing, preparing, selling. forward buying Inter alia, buying foreign exchange for a future date, to cover a payment

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY food service contracting See contract catering that has to be made in foreign currency at a later date, e.g., by tour operators to hotels and footpaths Narrow, unpaved routes for pedes- other suppliers abroad. trians across countryside in England and Wales. Most are public rights of way across forwarding address Address to which mail farmland and through woodlands; local may be sent after a person or business has left authorities have had to prepare definitive their current address. May be arranged by a maps of such paths. Mainly used for informal guest with a hotel or in most countries with walking in the countryside by day visitors. the Post Office. Since 1949, long-distance footpaths have been created around parts of the coast and on hills four Ps See marketing mix and uplands, linking existing paths and creating new ones where necessary, to give oppor- Fourth freedom See freedoms of the air tunities for long-distance travel; the oldest and longest is the Pennine Way (opened 1965, 256 Fourth World Term sometimes used for the miles or 412 kilometres long). Other footpaths least developed countries of the world, i.e., have been created along canals and abandoned countries with the lowest gross domestic

72 F product (GDP), share of manufactures in the free port A port in which cargo may be economy, and literacy rate. In recent years the unloaded and stored without the imposition of United Nations listed between twenty and import duties and taxes, which is of particular thirty such countries, most of them in Africa value when imported goods are to be re- and Asia. exported. Several hundred such ports have been established in various parts of the world, Franc Unit of currency of Burundi, Comoros, with a view to assisting international trading Congo Dem. Rep., Guinea (FG), Liechtenstein and the balance of payments of the countries (SF), Madagascar, Rwanda, Switzerland (SF). in which the ports operate, Hong Kong, See also Franc CFA; Franc CFP. Rotterdam and Singapore being the largest.

Franc CFA Franc de la Communauté financière freedom of the seas A principle of interna- africaine (African Franc), unit of currency in tional law that no state has any imposing right Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central in the open seas and navigation on the open African Republic, Chad, Congo Rep., Côte seas must be free of any interference. d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea- Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo. freedoms of the air Privileges agreed by the Chicago Convention which may be included Franc CFP Franc des Comptoirs Français du in bilateral air services agreements between Pacifique (Pacific Franc), unit of currency in countries. French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and First: Overflying a country without landing Futuna. (e.g., a British non-stop flight London– Rome overflying France). France Railpass Unlimited travel rail ticket Second: Landing for technical reason (e.g., to available in first or standard class for three to refuel). nine days within a one-month period in the Third: Setting down passengers, cargo or mail. French National Railways network. Different Fourth: Picking up traffic, as for the Third. prices apply to those under 12, 12–25, 26–60 Fifth: Setting down and picking up passen- and 60+ years of age, as well as with a French gers in the territory of a third country Saverplan when two to eight people travel (e.g., a US airline flying between New together. See also rail passes. York and Athens and carrying passengers boarding in London and disem- DICTIONARY OF TERMS franchising A contractual relationship between barking in Rome). two parties for the distribution of goods and See also Bermuda Agreement; Sixth freedom; services, in which one party (the franchisee) sells Seventh freedom; Eighth freedom; technical a product designed, supplied and controlled by rights; traffic rights. and with the support of the other party (the franchisor). Although interdependent, both free-market economy See mixed economy parties are legally and financially independent business units. Franchising is particularly freesale An arrangement that enables a tour prominent in filling stations, fast-food outlets, operator to sell an agreed number of hotel retailing, repairs and other personal services, rooms without first checking availability with also increasingly in civil aviation. It is also the hotel, whereby reservations can be common in hotels, particularly in the USA, confirmed immediately to the client. where franchising is most developed generally. See also management contract. freeway See turnpike road free circulation See circulation French Canada Term used for the Province of Quebec, one of Canada’s 12 provinces. free house Term most commonly used in relation to a public house in Great Britain French service Style of restaurant table owned by a proprietor other than the brewery service, in which the food is portioned and who is under no obligation to obtain supplies arranged on silver salvers in the kitchen; the from any particular source. See also tied salvers are placed in the restaurant on a gueri- house. don with a small heater, and the food is served

73 F

from the salvers on to the guest’s plate. See particular industry or occupation. also American service; English service; However, what is full-time employment is family-style service; Russian service. usually defined for particular purposes; thus, e.g., full-time workers are defined for frequent flyer programmes (FFPs) See statistical purposes by the UK Department frequent user programmes. Brand names of for Education and Skills as people some major airlines’ programmes are: normally working for more than 30 hours AAdvantage (American Airlines), Flying a week. Dutchman (KLM), Mileage Plus (United (b) The term is variously defined in the Airlines), Miles and More (Lufthansa), context of education. Worldperks (North West Airlines), Freeway See also part-time. (Virgin Atlantic). full-time equivalent (FTE) Standardized frequent user programmes Promotional unit arrived at by converting part-time programmes, also known as loyalty schemes, employment into full-time for accounting and typically targeted at business travellers and statistical purposes. When data are available, operated by carriers, hotel and car hire as well this is usually done on the basis of hours as other companies, in which the frequent worked. However, a common approximation is (loyal) user of the company’s services earns to convert numbers employed into full-time free or discounted travel, hotel stays or other equivalent persons employed on the assump- benefits. Some programmes are operated by a tion that part-time employees work on average single company, others jointly by two or more half the hours of full-time employees, and that companies, e.g., an airline and a hotel. See also the self-employed work full-time. airline clubs. funicular (railway) A cable railway fringe benefits Benefits received by employ- constructed for the ascent of a mountain, in ees in addition to normal remuneration, such which the weight of an ascending car is partly as free meals, medical insurance, pension or wholly counterbalanced by the weight of the arrangements. See also all found. descending car.

front of house The operational areas and Further Education (FE) In the UK, generally staff, e.g., all parts of a hotel, motel or restau- defined as all non-advanced education outside rant in direct contact with the customer, such schools, i.e., following the period of compul- as foyers, bars and dining rooms. Staff in these sory education after the age of 16 up to and areas are critical to the customer’s quality including the Advanced level of General perception of the tourist product, which is Certificate of Education (GCE) and its equiva- largely experiential and involves much lent, excluding those studying in higher educa- customer–supplier interaction. See also back of tion (HE) at universities and certain colleges. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY house. In Australia this public sector education provision is known as Technical and Further Education FTO Bonding Scheme Bonding scheme of (TAFE). See also Adult and Continuing the Federation of Tour Operators (FTO), Education. which covers any inclusive tour (IT) holiday (vacation) not covered by ATOL Bonding fuselage The main body of an aircraft Scheme. See bonding schemes (UK) for other containing the passenger and cargo compart- schemes. ments and the flight deck, i.e., excluding the wings, tailplane and undercarriage. fuel surcharge See surcharge futures full-board See en pension (a) Contracts to sell or buy commodities or currencies at a future date, to provide a full-time (FT) hedge against price changes or for specu- (a) Generally normal hours of work excluding lative reasons. overtime and main meal breaks considered (b) The study of the future, which seeks to to constitute a full working week in a identify, analyse and evaluate possible

74 F future developments. Futures research, futurism Term originally used to refer to a using various forecasting techniques, is of movement in art and literature representing a growing importance in many fields, radical departure from traditional methods. including travel, tourism and hospitality, Nowadays used also to describe an outlook in providing a basis for decision-making. emphasizing contemplation of and planning See also futurism. for the future. See also futures. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

75 G

Galileo One of two main European computer gaming Playing games of chance for money reservation systems (CRS) established in 1987 or money’s worth. In Great Britain gaming is, by a consortium led by Alitalia, British subject to certain exceptions, generally prohib- Airways, KLM and Swissair and including also ited in premises to which members of the Aer Lingus, Austrian Airlines, Olympic public have access (such as public houses, Airways, SABENA and TAP, with US Covia restaurants or hotels), unless the premises are Corporation supplying initial software and licensed for gaming under the law. United Airlines being a partner in the system. In 1992 Galileo and Apollo merged to form gangway Galileo International as a global distribution (a) Passage between rows of seats in an system. auditorium. (b) Ramp for embarking and disembarking Galileo International A global computer ship passengers. reservation system (CRS) formed in 1992 by (c) Staircase on wheels used to load and the merger of the Apollo network in the USA unload aircraft. and the Galileo network in Europe, owned in equal shares by three North American carriers gasoline/gas US term for petrol, hence (United Airlines, USAir and Air Canada) and gasoline/gas station. European partners of the former Galileo system, including SAS, former founder of Gasthaus/Gasthof A small hotel or inn in Amadeus. In Canada Gemini acts as the local Austria, Germany and Switzerland. distribution company for Galileo; in the USA, Mexico and Japan Galileo uses the Apollo gastronomy Art and science of good eating. brand name. Hence gastronome, expert on or judge of food and drink. galley Originally ship’s kitchen, nowadays also aircraft area used for food preparation, as gateway A city or another main point of

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY distinct from in-flight kitchen, a ground food access to a country or region, usually because preparation facility. of its location and/or transport links. Thus, e.g., London is the main gateway to the UK gallon (gal.) An English cubic measure of and Copenhagen the main gateway to capacity for liquids and a dry measure for such Scandinavia; Nairobi performs an analogous substances as corn. The imperial gallon role for East Africa and Nadi in Fiji for most 1 contains 277 ⁄4 cubic inches and equals 4.55 islands of the South Pacific. litres; the wine-gallon of 231 inches is the standard in the USA and equals 3.79 litres. A gazebo A structure on the roof of a house, a gallon is divided into 4 quarts or 8 pints; 1 bulk projecting window, balcony or similar, with barrel is 36 gallons. extensive views, also one erected on the ground. game reserve An area designed and managed to conserve wildlife, which may be gearing See capital gearing also used for research and to provide controlled access for visitors. There are no Gemini Computer reservation system (CRS) game reserves in the UK, but see National owned by Air Canada, Canadian Airlines Nature Reserves. International and Galileo International, which

76 G acts as the local distribution company for generating country For purposes of interna- Galileo in Canada. tional tourism statistics, the country whose residents travel to other countries. See also genealogy A study of one’s descent from receiving country. ancestors, a pedigree. geo-demographic segmentation See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ACORN (GATT) International agreement on reducing restrictions on trade between countries super- geographical mile See mile seded by World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1 January 1995 as the legal and institutional geographical names foundation of the multilateral trading system. See ABC Islands Levant The WTO also administers and implements Amazonia Low Countries multilateral agreements with a total coverage Americas Melanesia of all internationally traded services. Antarctic Metropolitan Arctic France General Delivery See poste restante Australasia Micronesia Balkans Middle East General Household Survey (GHS) Multi- Baltic States Near East purpose continuous survey of all adults in a Benelux New England household designed to provide information on Britain Nordic countries a large number of topics about private house- British Isles Oceania holds in Great Britain, based on a sample of Broadlands/The Broads Orient about 12 000 households. The flexible form of East Anglia Pacific Rim the questionnaire enables the Survey to meet Eurasia Polynesia specific needs and interviews carried out as a Far East Riviera trailer to the survey have been, e.g., used in French Canada Scandinavia recent years for day visits surveys (DVS). Great Britain Seven Seas Findings of the GHS are published in reports Great Lakes Silk Road by the Office for National Statistics (ONC). Gulf States Spice Island Heart of England Sub-Saharan Africa General National Vocational Qualifi- Iberia United Kingdom DICTIONARY OF TERMS cations (GNVQs) A framework of vocational Indian Subcontinent West Country qualifications for England, Wales and Northern Lapland West Indies Ireland developed primarily for young people Latin America Yugoslavia between the ages of 16 and 19 as work-related education in schools and colleges and as a Gets A computer reservation system (CRS) vocational alternative to academic qualifications. designed principally to meet the needs of smaller Based on broad occupational areas, they provide airlines and operated by Société Internationale des both preparation for employment and a route to Télécommunications Aeronautiques. higher qualifications, including higher education; areas covered include hospitality and cater- geyser A hot spring that emits columns of ing and leisure and tourism. GNVQs are offered water intermittently, to be found in volcanic at three levels – Foundation, Intermediate and areas, especially Iceland, New Zealand and the Advanced (the last equated to two GCE A- United States, where geysers are major levels) – and the Scottish equivalent is General tourist/visitor attractions. Scottish Vocational Qualifications. ghetto Historically, the part of a town or city General Sales Agent (GSA) Agent in which Jews lived in Europe. Nowadays appointed by an airline or another principal to commonly used to refer to an area where handle variously promotion, reservations, members of a minority live or where tourists ticketing and enquiries for that airline or other are concentrated (tourist ghetto). principal in a particular territory, and then may be also known as sole agent. See also ghost town A term applied to a formerly thriv- overriding commission. ing town, which has been abandoned by all or

77 G

most of its inhabitants. Such towns, to be found global reservation system (GRS) See particularly in Australia and North America, global distribution system many of them former mining settlements, are now sometimes historical tourist/visitor attrac- global tourism regions Grouping of tions. See also depressed area. countries in conformity with the six Regional Commissions of the World Tourism ghosting Term used, i.a., for the incidence of Organization, used for statistical purposes: not declaring one’s sole paid employment to Africa; Americas; East Asia and the Pacific; the authorities for taxation purposes, to be Europe; South Asia; Middle East. distinguished from moonlighting. See also black economy. global warming Increase in global temperatures caused by the release and accumulation gîte French name for self-catering holiday in the atmosphere of certain gases, which (vacation) accommodation in a countryside allow solar radiation to penetrate but prevent location, which may be an apartment, cottage heat from escaping. Described as the green- or the whole or part of a house. Many are house effect, it may cause increases in sea converted from farm outbuildings, flats in levels, which could destroy low-lying coastal former presbyteries or school houses, and resorts, but also affect ski resorts, and damage wings of a château. There are around 10 000 coral reefs and other tourist/visitor attrac- gîtes throughout France. Gîte de France and Gîte tions. Ruraux de France designations indicate that the accommodation meets the standards set by globalization Growth of global markets and those organizations. multinational companies to service them, with a convergence in world tastes, product prefer- giveaway A promotional gift item given free ences and lifestyles leading to increasing to customers and/or industry contacts, such as standardization and market homogenization. branded travel bags, T-shirts, stationery and Travel and tourism provides a stimulus, souvenirs. Also called promotional items. especially to globalization of culture, and also displays many of its features. glacier A large mass of ice, resulting from the compaction and crystallization of snow and Golden Age Passport Card available to moving slowly downslope under the influence those of 62 years of age and over, which allows of gravity. There is a distinction between unlimited access to parks and sites operated by piedmont and valley glaciers, the former spread- US National Park Service. ing out over a broad front and the latter being narrowly confined and often moving more golden era of bus and coach travel rapidly. Glaciers are now found mainly in Description given in Great Britain to the inter- mountainous country in high and middle DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY War period 1918–1938 when more passengers latitudes, particularly Scandinavia, the Alps, were carried on buses and coaches then ever the northern Rockies and South Island, New before or after. Zealand, where they left their mark in the rugged scenery, overdeepened valleys and Golden Week Term used for a week in May fjords of mountain country; such areas are in Japan, in which several public holidays hence attractive to visitors. occur, resulting in heavy Japanese demand for tourism facilities and services both in and out glen Gaelic term for a deep narrow valley, of Japan, when tour, transport and accommo- usually forming the course of a stream, as dation prices rise sharply in response to the distinct from strath. excessive peaking of demand.

global distribution system (GDS) gondola Light flat-bottomed boat with a high Worldwide computer reservation system point at each end worked by one oar at stern, (CRS), such as Galileo International, also used as a means of transport on Venetian called global reservation system (GRS), which canals. has the capacity to distribute airline and other travel services throughout the world. gorge Deep steep-sided narrow river valley.

78 G go-show American term for airline standby Great Britain (GB) England, Wales and passenger. Scotland, also referred to ambiguously as Britain, which is sometimes used erroneously Gothic Architectural style of the twelfth to for British Isles and United Kingdom (UK). sixteenth centuries in Europe, of which the main characteristics are the pointed arches and Great Lakes Name given to five linked lakes ribbed vaulting. The term is also applied to the on the border of the USA and Canada: Lakes painting and sculpture of the period. Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario.

Gourde Unit of currency of Haiti. green audit See environmental audit gourmand One fond of eating, one who eats Green Belt An area of countryside, which greedily, glutton. See also epicure; gourmet. may comprise farmland, woodland as well as other land, surrounding a large built-up area, gourmet A connoisseur of food and drink. See in which building development is strictly epicure gourmand also ; . controlled in order to prevent unplanned spread of urban areas, and neighbouring towns gram(me) (g) A metric measure of weight merging, as well as to preserve the special equal to one-thousandth of a kilogram(me). character of historic towns and to assist in Great Britain Grand Tour Term to describe travel by the urban regeneration. In Green younger members of the English society in Belts have been established around major countries of Continental Europe, increasingly cities, including London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, in evidence between late sixteenth and early Liverpool and Greater Manchester, as well as cities nineteenth centuries. Undertaken for what may several smaller and towns. nowadays be labelled as wanderlust motivations to become ‘educated and civilized’ by green field site An undeveloped plot of exposure to European art, manners and land, usually in a rural area, for which devel- society; much of it took place with tutors and opment is intended or in progress. servants, often over two or three years. manage- Together with early travel to spas and coastal Green Globe Global environmental ment resorts, the Grand Tour represents the begin- and awareness programme for travel and tourism companies committed to environmen- nings of tourism as we know it today. DICTIONARY OF TERMS tal practice improvement, developed by World gratuity A sum paid voluntarily by a Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). customer in addition to normal price, to one rendering a personal service as in catering, green holidays (vacations) Holidays hairdressing and taxi transport. See also (vacations) spent in the countryside on work to service charge; tip; tronc. improve the environment, usually sponsored by public and voluntary agencies. gravity model Based on Newton’s law of gravitation, one of several attempts to explain green tourism See alternative tourism the factors which affect tourist flows and determine the volume of flows between regions. greenhouse effect See global warming The two main factors are ‘the mass’ of the regions (e.g., the population) and the distance Greenwich Mean/Standard Time between them (in linear, time or cost terms): (GMT)/(GST) The local time at the zero the larger ‘the mass’ and the smaller the meridian of Greenwich, England, and the distance, the greater the flows. Mathematically, standard time for the British Isles, from which in its simple form, flows between two regions the standard time round the world is calcu- are predicted by multiplying their mass and lated. dividing it by the square of a measure of distance. See also distance decay. greeter American term for a male employee who receives guests in a restaurant and shows greasy spoon Term describing a small, them to their tables. Such a female employee is inexpensive and often unsavoury-looking café. called a hostess.

79 G

grid route system A network of airline ground breaking A ceremonial turning of routes based on a number of airports from the first piece of earth at a construction site. which flights are scheduled to operate on a number of combined routes. See also hub and ground handling agent See ground spoke system; line route system. arrangements, incoming tour operator

gringo Term, usually derogatory, for a ground operator See ground arrangements; foreigner in Spain or Spanish America, incoming tour operator; land arrangements especially an American or an Englishman. grounding See aircraft grounding grockles Disparaging term applied to tourists in Great Britain. It originated in Torbay, group inclusive tour (GIT) An inclusive Devon, and is reputed to mean that tourists tour for members of an organized group quali- look like little Grocks. (Grock was an interna- fying for a group-based air fare offered by tionally famous circus clown whose typical scheduled airlines; the members must travel prop was a suitcase.) together on the same outward and return flights. gross domestic product (GDP) A measure of the value of the goods and services grub Colloquial term for food. Hence, e.g., produced by an economy over a period of pub grub, food typically served in pubs, such time, normally a year or a quarter, in value as sandwiches, pies, salads and fast food. added terms, i.e., excluding the value of intermediate products. The ratio of tourism receipts Grundtvig The adult and other education to GDP is sometimes used as an indication of strand of the European Union Socrates the relative importance of tourism to an programme. economy. Thus, e.g., in the 1990s UK income from tourism was in the region of 4 per cent. Guarani (G) Unit of currency of Paraguay. However, it has to be borne in mind that tourism receipts usually include expenditure guaranteed payment reservation Advance on imported goods and services and taxes on hotel booking with payment guaranteed even expenditure and, therefore, unless these are if the guest does not take up the accommoda- allowed for, the ratio tends to overstate the tion. contribution of tourism to GDP. gueridon Trolley from which final prepara- gross national product (GNP) A measure tion and service of a dish is performed in a of the value of output of an economy equal to restaurant. Hence, gueridon service. See also gross domestic product (GDP) plus the income French service.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY of the country’s residents from economic activity abroad and from property held abroad guest house minus the income earned in the domestic (a) Small owner-managed establishment economy accruing to non-residents. normally providing accommodation, food and drink to residents only, also known in gross registered tonnage See tonnage Continental Europe as a pension. See also (shipping) boarding house. (b) In the Far East a small state-owned hotel grotto Small picturesque cave or room for official guests. decorated with shells in imitation of a cave. guest questionnaire See customer satisfac- ground arrangements Local services tion questionnaire (CSQ) provided for tourists at destinations, such as hotel transfers, car hire (rental) and sightseeing, guest worker A person who moves by a person or organization variously known as temporarily to another country for employ- ground operator, ground handling agent, incoming ment. Such temporary migration normally tour operator and destination management takes place from a country with high company. In USA, also called land arrangements. unemployment to one with labour shortages,

80 G as was the case, e.g., until recently between (AFl), Netherlands Antilles (NA Fl), Suriname Mediterranean countries and countries of (Sf). Central and Northern Europe. As travellers whose main purpose of visit is the exercise of Gulf States an activity remunerated from within the place (a) American states bordering the Gulf of visited, guest workers are not included in Mexico: Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Texas. tourism statistics. (b) States bordering the Persian Gulf: Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Guilder/Florin Unit of currency of Aruba United Arab Emirates. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

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habitat An ecological term describing the handbill A printed sheet handed to potential physical conditions required and used by customers or posted through their letter boxes species of plants and animals. A major aim of and used to advertise a variety of products and nature reserves is to preserve examples of all services including, e.g., restaurants. the main habitats and species in the national territory. Human activity has had major hansom (cab) A two-wheeled one-horse impacts on natural habitats, through grazing, carriage for two passengers, with a driver forest clearance for cultivation, draining and mounted behind the reins going over the roof, burning, and what is thought of as natural is nowadays used mainly for sightseeing rather often semi-natural, e.g., much of the remaining then transport between two points. grasslands of the world. happy hour A promotional device to encour- hacienda Spanish-American term for an age customers, denoting the time when drinks estate, plantation or ranch building. are offered at reduced prices in hotels, restaurants and other establishments, usually early HAG Colloquial acronym for ‘Have-a-go’ evening. passenger who has checked in late but is allowed to proceed to departure gate. hard class See soft class

Hague Declaration on Tourism Declaration hard currency A currency in high demand in adopted by the Inter-parliamentary Conference relation to its supply, with a stable or rising on Tourism held at The Hague, Netherlands, in rate of exchange, typified, e.g., by the US April 1989, organized jointly by the Inter- Dollar in the 1960s and 1970s and by the Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the World German Mark and the Japanese Yen in the Tourism Organization (WTO). The Declaration 1980s and 1990s. See also soft currency. comprises ten principles for tourism develop-

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY ment and emphasizes the necessity of a global hard tourism Term used in contrast to soft approach and international cooperation involv- or alternative tourism, to describe large-scale ing both governments and the private sector. tourism and indiscriminate tourism development motivated by economic considerations Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca, which all Muslims and neglecting its social, cultural and environ- must make at least once during their lifetime, mental impacts. See also sustainable tourism. which takes place during the last month of the Moslem calendar (which varies from year to haute cuisine See cuisine year) and represents a major example of religious travel/tourism. hawker centre A collection of privately operated food stalls with shared tables and halal (Of food, shop or restaurant) fulfilling seating, synonymous with inexpensive simple requirements of Muslim law. local food, often in an alfresco or makeshift semi-outdoor setting. Food is ordered from Hales Trophy See Blue Riband of the different hawkers who deliver dishes to Atlantic customers who may share tables. Common in South-East Asia and seen as a local experience half-board See demi-pension for tourists. See also food court.

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(head) hall porter See concierge England Tourist Board, one of ten English Regional Tourist Boards, which covers the head wind Wind blowing towards a ship or counties of Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, aircraft and making it travel at a slower speed. Herefordshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, See also tail wind. Northamptonshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire headland A relatively high steep projection of and certain districts. The Cotswolds, land into the sea or a lake. Shakespeare’s Country and the Marches are the major tourism destinations in the region. health club A club or area in a hotel or apartment block with fitness equipment and often hectare (ha) A metric unit of area, equivalent including a swimming pool, frequented by to 10 000 square metres or 2.471 acres; 100 people who wish to improve their health by hectares equals 1 square kilometre. taking exercise. hedonism Philosophy stating that pleasure is health declaration form A form required by the chief good or the proper end to one’s some countries to be completed by arriving actions. Hence, hedonist, hedonistic. visitors declaring good health, freedom from disease and no recent contact with specified helicopter See aircraft types: wings regions where certain diseases are endemic. Increasing concern about AIDS spread by helipad Small area of tarmac for the landing tourists has prompted some authorities to ask and take-off of helicopters. See also heliport. for health forms to include an HIV clause. Exact requirements are available in OAG Guide heliport Landing and take-off area used to International Travel and other travel reference solely for helicopters. See also aircraft types: manuals. take-off and landing; aircraft types: wings. health farm Residential clinic in the country- Helsinki Accord A declaration of principles side where people stay with a view to improv- adopted by the European Conference on ing their health and appearance by dieting, Security and Cooperation held in Helsinki, exercise and relaxation. Finland, 1975. As well as acknowledging the significance of international tourism, the 35 DICTIONARY OF TERMS health food Term used to describe natural participating countries declared themselves, foods or food with no additives, such as i.a., in favour of simplification and harmoniza- cereals, fruit and vegetables, yoghurt, consid- tion of administrative formalities in the field of ered beneficial to one’s health. international transport, and expressed their intention to encourage increased tourism in health resort A resort with health-giving several specific ways. qualities, such as air, sun and mineral waters, and special facilities, visited for treatment, hemisphere One of the halves into which the convalescence and relaxation. See also health globe is divided by a plane passing through its tourism. centre. The earth’s surface is commonly divided by the equator into the northern and health tourism Also known as health-care southern hemispheres, and by the meridians tourism, trips and visits to health resorts and 20° West and 160° East into the eastern and other destinations whose main purpose is western hemispheres. health treatment, ranging from therapeutic treatments for various diseases to fitness and hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis) An infec- relaxation programmes. Some of these services tion of the liver, which causes fever and are also offered by many hotels and cruise abdominal pain and may cause jaundice. It is lines and by such establishments as health usually caused by consuming contaminated farms. food and water and may also be spread in faeces. The risk exists worldwide, especially in Heart of England The name given to the warm climates where sanitation is primitive. region within the scope of the Heart of The main precautions are care with food and

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water and personal hygiene; immunoglobulin noon in the North of England, Scotland and or another vaccine gives short-term immunity. Wales, commonly consisting of a cold or hot main dish, cakes and tea. See also afternoon hepatitis B (serum hepatitis) An infection tea; cream tea; supper. of the liver with symptoms similar to hepatitis A but rarer and more dangerous, which may Higher Education (HE) In the UK generally lead to chronic liver disease. It is commonly defined as education leading to qualifications spread through contaminated blood or body above the General Certificate of Education fluids, e.g., infected equipment or sexual Advanced Level, Scottish Certificate of contact. This occurs worldwide but more likely Education Higher Grade and their equivalent, in developing countries in areas with poor which is provided mainly in universities and hygiene. The best way to prevent infection is colleges of higher education. See also Adult to avoid exposure; a vaccine is also available. and Continuing Education, Further Edu- cation. hepatitis C An infection of the liver spread in the same way as AIDS and hepatitis B. There hiking Recreational walking, particularly in is no vaccine. The best way to avoid infection open and wild country, and covering both day is to take the precautions recommended trips and extended vacations. The word also against AIDS and hepatitis B. appears in a number of guises depending on the kind of terrain and vegetation, as with bush heritage Those aspects of the environment walking, hill walking and trekking, which are consisting of natural and man-made resources both a physical challenge and a way of seeing of outstanding value and interest considered much attractive scenery. See also backpacking. worthy of conservation for the benefit of Hitch-hiking denotes travel by obtaining lifts future generations. See also cultural heritage; from car and lorry drivers. natural heritage. hill station A settlement at a high altitude heritage attraction Tourist/visitor attraction usually founded by Europeans in former based on cultural or natural heritage. colonial territories as a retreat to escape the summer heat and humidity of lowlands, e.g., Heritage Coasts Stretches of undeveloped by the British in India and the Dutch in coast of particular scenic beauty in England Indonesia. and Wales defined jointly by government countryside bodies with local authorities. By Hinduism The Asian polytheistic religion mid 2000 45 coasts of 1540 km (960 miles ) had and social system of the Hindus with beliefs in been so defined. See countryside conservation the transmigration of the soul and veneration designation schemes for other schemes. of the cow, formulated between 500 BC and Coastline of great natural beauty and recre- 500 AD as sacred texts in Sanskrit by the DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY ational value is also protected in England, Brahmans, from which Hinduism developed. Wales and Northern Ireland by the National Trust through its Enterprise Neptune, and in hippie Term describing those who reject Scotland by the National Trust for Scotland. middle-class values and conventions, many of whom adopt communal and/or nomadic heritage tourism Holiday (vacation) special lifestyles. interest tourism with a particular focus on visits to heritage attractions. See also cultural hitch-hiking See hiking tourism. hold A nautical term originally, now denoting hidden economy See black economy baggage or cargo/freight storage space below aircraft or ship deck. high seas The open seas beyond the three- mile limit of the shore outside the jurisdiction hold baggage Accompanied checked of any state. See also territorial waters. baggage stored in the hold of a ship or aircraft, which is not available to passengers during the high tea A large meal eaten in the late after- journey.

84 H holding bay Area of the airport where the number in the population who make at aircraft wait until they receive permission to least one trip in a given period (usually 12 take off. months), i.e., the average number of trips taken by those who make any trips. See also holding company See parent company additional holiday (vacation); holiday (vacation) propensity, net; holiday (vacation) holiday propensity, gross. (a) A day on which work is suspended by law or by custom. holiday (vacation) ownership See (b) Outside the USA, a vacation or time away timesharing from home. holiday (vacation) propensity, gross The In most countries the number of days of public total number of holiday (vacation) trips made holiday appears to have stabilized at around in a given period (usually 12 months) in ten a year, but for many people in the longer relation to total population. As distinct from term both annual and weekly leisure time net propensity, this measure shows the continues to increase through increased number of trips per 100 population, and holiday entitlements and reductions in reflects the tendency for individuals to make working hours. However, after a point, more than one trip in a given period. See also holidays away from home increase much more additional holiday (vacation); holiday slowly than available leisure time. (vacation) propensity, net; holiday (vacation) frequency. holiday camp An establishment first developed around the coasts of Great Britain in the holiday (vacation) propensity, net The 1930s by commercial entrepreneurs offering proportion of the total population or a partic- inexpensive self-contained holidays (vaca- ular group in the population (e.g., income tions) in chalet accommodation, with meals, group or age group) who make at least one recreational facilities and a wide variety of holiday (vacation) trip in a given period entertainment. Facilities have been upgraded (usually 12 months). This is a basic measure of considerably since 1945 to meet competition participation in tourism and is derived from from package holidays (vacations) in national holiday (vacation)/travel/tourism Mediterranean coastal resorts and rising expec- surveys. Highest propensities in Europe have DICTIONARY OF TERMS tations and the term ceased to be used. A major been recorded in Germany, Sweden and post-war development has been self-contained Switzerland (70 per cent or more), Denmark, holiday centres and villages throughout the Netherlands and the UK (60 per cent or more). world, notably by organizations such as Club See also holiday (vacation) frequency; holiday Mediterranée. (vacation) propensity, gross. holiday home See second home holidays (vacations) forms/terms/types See activity holidays (vacations) holiday insurance See travel insurance additional holiday (vacation) adventure holidays (vacations) holiday leave loading Payment in Australia campus holidays (vacations) of a 17.5 per cent supplement over an fly cruise employee’s normal wage during the main fly drive annual holiday (vacation) of four weeks. fly rail Originally introduced to supplement otherwise green holidays (vacations) reduced income for workers reliant on long holidays (vacations) overtime and providing them with the main holiday (vacation) resources to go away on holiday, the loading short breaks has become an entitlement for most short holiday (vacation) Australians. special interest holidays (vacations) water sports holidays (vacations) holiday (vacation) frequency The ratio of winter sun the total number of holiday (vacation) trips to See also travel/tourism forms/terms/types.

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holidays with pay (UK) Annual leave hospitality industry Imprecise term, most entitlements generally determined by negotia- commonly used as a synonym for hotel and tion, but see Working Time Regulations. catering industry/services.

holistic Term used to denote the whole host bar American term for a bar provided at produced from the ordered grouping of private functions where those attending are separate units or as a system of interacting entitled to free drinks; also called open bar. See parts. Thus holistic definitions of tourism also cash bar. embrace its essential elements as, e.g., formulated by the Australian author Neil Leiper: host community The local inhabitants of ‘The elements of the system are tourists, gener- tourism destinations. Their culture, environ- ating regions, transit routes, destination ment and values may be influenced by regions and a tourist industry. These elements tourists, both adversely and favourably; hence are arranged in spatial and functional connec- there is an increasing awareness on the part of tions. Having the characteristics of an open planners and developers of the need to involve system the organization of the five elements host communities in the planning and devel- operates within broader environments: physi- opment process (community tourism). cal, cultural, social, economic, political, technological, with which it interacts’ [Annals of hostel An establishment providing inexpen- Tourism Research, 6(4), 1979]. sive accommodation and often also food, usually for specific groups, rather than the Hollywood American term used to describe general public, such as employees of a firm, (a) twin beds joined by a common headboard students, young travellers (youth hostel). (Hollywood bed) or (b) extra long bed, approx. 80–85 in. instead of 75 in. (Hollywood length hostelry Term of mediaeval origin for an inn, bed). nowadays especially used to describe a traditional inn. honeypots Places of strong appeal, which attract large numbers of visitors and tend to hostess A woman who looks after passengers become congested at peak times. Honeypots (e.g., air hostess or ground hostess) or guests (e.g., may develop naturally or as a matter of in the USA, an employee who receives guests planned policy, with a view to providing facil- in a restaurant and shows them to their tables). ities for visitors and/or drawing visitors away See also greeter. from sensitive areas. See also intervening opportunity. hot springs Continuous flow of water, at temperatures between 20 and 100 °C horizontal integration See integration (65–212 °F) in areas of present or recent

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY volcanic activity and contrasting with the hors-d’oeuvre French term for a cold dish periodic and forceful ejection of water from served at the beginning of a meal, consisting of geysers. Common in, e.g., Iceland and North such items as pâté, hard-boiled eggs with Island, New Zealand. Sometimes called thermal mayonnaise, salad or several items brought springs. Also occur in some non-volcanic areas together as mixed hors-d’oeuvres. as, e.g., in Bath, England.

hospitality See Preface p. vii. hotel Establishment providing accommodation, food and drink for reward mainly to Hospitality Assured (HA) British accredita- travellers and temporary residents, usually tion scheme established by Hotel and Catering also meals and refreshments to other users, International Management Association and often other facilities and services. More (HCIMA) in June 1998 to encourage higher specific meaning is sometimes attached to the standards of customer service together with term in particular countries for legislative or higher standards of professional organization other purposes, thus, e.g., ‘an establishment in the hospitality industry. See also Best held out by the proprietor as offering food, Practice Forum (BPF); Excellence Through drink and, if so required, sleeping accommo- People (ETP); Investors in People (IIP). dation, without special contract, to any

86 H traveller presenting himself who appears able (Scotland) Act 1976. See also on-licence; and willing to pay a reasonable sum for the public house licence. services and facilities provided and who is in (b) The same term is used for licences for hotel a fit state to be received’ [Great Britain: Hotel operation in various other countries. Proprietors’ Act 1956]. In 2000 there were estimated more than 60 000 hotels and guest hotel registration houses in the UK. (a) Registration of guests on arrival in hotels. (b) Listing of hotels resulting in an inventory hotel and catering industry/services which may be extended also to other Collective term for firms and establishments tourist accommodation. In order to be providing accommodation, food and drink comprehensive, registration normally has away from home for payment, variously to have legal authority and be adminis- defined for particular purposes in various tered by a government or statutory body, countries. See, for example, Standard which may require compliance with Industrial Classification (SIC). See also hospi- certain minimum standards. Registration tality industry. schemes are operated in most countries under fire prevention, or other health and hotel classification The categorization of safety consumer protection legislation, for hotel accommodation by type and range of planning purposes, and/or as a basis for available facilities and services, which may be hotel classification and grading. extended also to other tourist accommodation. Normally administered by tourist boards, hotel representative A person or organiza- motoring organizations and similar bodies, tion retained by hotels to provide reservation classification schemes often include minimum services for travel agents and individuals. Such standards for each type or class of accommo- arrangements are of particular value to dation and may be combined with hotel independent hotels but also to hotel groups in grading. lieu of maintaining own reservation offices abroad. hotel garni Type of hotel, particularly common on the Continent of Europe, with hotel tariff List or schedule of prices of hotel restricted facilities and services, normally services. Prices of accommodation and related confined to the provision of accommodation charges may be quoted on a ‘per room’ or ‘per DICTIONARY OF TERMS with breakfast, but sometimes also with person’ basis, as separate charges or more or limited service of drinks, snacks and light less inclusive terms, with or without service refreshments to residents. and taxes. Different prices may apply to individuals and to groups, during the week hotel grading Quality assessment of hotel and at weekends, and at different times of the facilities and services, which may be operated year. See hotel tariff terms also for other tourist accommodation. The assessment may extend to physical features, hotel tariff terms food and drink, and/or other services, and See American Plan may be expressed individually for each or bed and board collectively for the establishment as a whole bed and breakfast by letters, numbers or symbols. Bermuda Plan Continental Plan hotel industry Collective term most demi-pension commonly applied to hotels and motels but en pension sometimes also variously extended to include European Plan such establishments as guest houses and full-board boarding houses. See also lodging industry. Modified American Plan hotel licence hotel tax Tax levied by central or local (a) A licence for the sale of alcoholic liquor in government or another agency on staying residential premises in Scotland granted visitors, collected at the place of stay, as a by licensing boards under the Licensing means of raising revenue; sometimes the

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proceeds are applied to tourism purposes. May crossings, including shallow water. See also be also called bed tax, room tax or visitor tax. See hydrofoil. also resort tax; tourist tax. Hryvna Unit of currency of the Ukraine. hotel transfer See transfer hub and spoke system A network of airline hotel types routes through a major airport (hub) used as a See albergo motel staging point for feeder services to and from all-suite hotel motor hotel outlying airports (the spokes). This approach is apartment hotel motor inn conducive to higher load factors than the beehive-style hotel motor lodge provision of direct services between a large boatel/botel parador number of airports, and applies also to other boutique hotel pousada transport modes. Its greatly increased commercial hotel residential hotel incidence in air transport is one of the main condotel ryokan outcomes to emerge from airline deregulation country house hotel townhouse hotel in the USA and from the liberalization of Gasthaus/Gasthof transit hotel competition on international routes. hotel garni Hubbart formula Method of pricing hotel hotel voucher Coupon usually issued by a accommodation, as a particular form of rate-of- tour operator or travel agent to cover such return pricing, developed for the American prepaid elements of a trip as accommodation Hotel and Motel Association. and meals, surrendered by the guest on arrival at the hotel, which then claims payments from humidity Amount of moisture in the air. As whoever issued it. air can hold more moisture at higher and less at lower temperature, the maximum possible hotels and similar establishments Term moisture content is expressed as a percentage used by tourism organizations normally to at a given temperature, i.e., relative humidity. include hotels, motels, inns, guest houses and Low humidity results in rapid evaporation; boarding houses. According to the World perspiration evaporates easily and wet clothes Tourism Organization (WTO), hotels and dry quickly. Those conditions prevail in hot similar establishments are typified as being and dry climates, as in North Africa, inland arranged in rooms, in number exceeding a Western USA and mid Western Australia, in specified minimum; as coming under a contrast to hot humid climates, as in Central common management; as providing certain Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, services, including room service, daily bed- South-East Asia and the Pacific Islands. making and cleaning of sanitary facilities. Humidity varies seasonally and throughout However, the exact meaning of the term tends the day, even in hot humid climates. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY to differ between countries, and essentially reflects the designation given to accommoda- hunting Term differently interpreted on the tion establishments in each country. See also two sides of the Atlantic. In the USA, hunting supplementary tourist accommodation. is one of the most popular sports, and involves shooting a variety of birds and animals, albeit houseman American term for an employee with controls over the numbers that can be performing general duties in an hotel. shot. In the United Kingdom, hunting involves the pursuit of foxes, hares and stags by much hovercraft Vessel moving above the water smaller numbers of people on horseback or on surface on a cushion of air maintained by a foot, aided by a pack of dogs; fox hunting in ‘skirt’, thus achieving substantially higher particular is also important as a spectator speeds than a conventional ship, as well as sport. There are moves to ban or restrict it by greater manoeuvrability and faster turn-round licensing. See also field sports. in ports. However, it has limited capacity and range of operation, and also less stability in hurricane A powerful tropical storm with rough seas and winds. Thus the hovercraft is torrential rain and high winds capable of particularly suitable for relatively short sea causing widespread damage on land as well as

88 H representing a serious hazard to shipping. hypothetical fare construction points Hurricanes form mainly in the West Indies Airline term to describe points (i.e., airports) and Gulf of Mexico and in the Indian and included in an itinerary in order to construct a Pacific Oceans. lower air fare, also known as fictitious construction points. The passenger does not actually fly hydrofoil Vessel moving above the water to these points; they are shown in the fare surface on retractable submerged fins or foils construction part of the airline ticket, which similar to aircraft wings. Its derivative jetfoil is does not include a flight coupon for them. propelled by a turbine engine pushing water Example: It is less expensive to fly London– through a jet at the back of the craft, thus Milan–Madrid–London by using Ibiza as a providing a further enhancement of speed hypothetical fare construction point between advantage over a conventional ship and also Milan and Madrid, although the ticket is over hovercraft. written out for a straight London–Milan– Madrid–London routing. hygrometer An instrument for measuring humidity. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

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IATA Bonding Scheme Bonding scheme hepatitis A, typhoid operated by International Air Transport (d) For infected areas:* Association (IATA), to protect the IATA Antimalarial tablets and precautions airlines and ensure that they receive payment against insect bites in case of a travel agent failure. The scheme Yellow fever (compulsory for some covers scheduled flights with IATA airlines countries) booked through IATA appointed agents. For (e) In certain circumstances:* other schemes, see bonding schemes (UK). diphtheria booster, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis, measles/MMR, meningitis, Iberia Name of the peninsula in south-west rabies, tickborne encephalitis, tuberculosis Europe shared by Spain and Portugal, a * Consult doctor or health clinic favourite holiday (vacation) destination for Source: Department of Health, Health Advice for northern Europeans since the 1960s. Spain was Travellers, February 2001 one of the first countries to enter the mass inclusive tour (IT) market and tourism has made a imperfect competition In economics, a major contribution to the country’s economic market situation which departs from perfect development; more recently Spain has competition. This may be because there are attempted to move away from its mass tourism few sellers and the actions of each affect the image. Portugal was a later entrant into tourism, others or because there is product differentia- has made a determined effort to avoid some of tion, so that the products are no longer perfect the worst excesses of Spanish tourism develop- substitutes for each other in the eyes of the ment, to control the impact of tourism, and to buyers. Imperfect competition exists in most attract the more affluent tourist from the outset. markets for travel, tourism and hospitality products. See also duopoly; monopoly; image A composite mental picture of an monopolistic competition; oligopoly. organization or its products, how they portray themselves to people or how they are imperfect oligopoly See oligopoly

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY perceived as portraying themselves. implant Travel trade term for a travel agency immigrant See migration business travel team located in a large firm or organization to make travel arrangements for immunization Protection by vaccination its employees, as distinct from outplant, against a particular disease. dedicated staff dealing with the account on the travel agency premises. See also business immunization for travellers travel department. (a) For all areas: if not previously immunized: diphtheria, import content of tourism expenditure poliomyelitis, tetanus Imports of goods and services from abroad to (b) For all areas except North and Western provide for tourists’ needs, which enter into Europe, North America, Australia and New purchases made by tourists. At sub-national Zealand: (regional and local) level the import content poliomyelitis (booster dose if immunized includes also goods and services bought from more than 10 years ago) other parts of the country. See also leakages. (c) For areas where standards of hygiene and sanitation may be less than ideal: import substitution The replacement of

90 I imported goods by home produced goods. The inclusive tour fare (ITX) A tour-basing fare term is usually applied in a balance of made available by some airlines to operators payments context to goods rather than producing minimum quantities of promotional services. However, it is equally applicable to literature for inclusive tours. services and there is the same favourable balance of payments effect when, e.g., domes- income elasticity of demand An economic tic holidays (vacations) are substituted for concept which measures the responsiveness of holidays (vacations) abroad. demand to changes in income. When a given change in income leads to a more than propor- import tourism See outbound travel/ tionate change in demand, the demand for a tourism. product is said to be income-elastic; when a given change in income leads to a less than impulse buying Product purchase without proportionate change in demand, the demand previous intention to buy and usually without is said to be income-inelastic. Much demand evaluation of competing brands. for travel, tourism and hospitality services is income-elastic and income elasticity is of inaugural In travel and tourism, term used in practical importance in assessing their future relation to formal ceremonial introduction of a growth. See also cross-elasticity of demand; new ship, aircraft type or route, as in inaugural price elasticity of demand. voyage or inaugural flight. See also maiden. incoming tour operator A person or organi- inbound travel/tourism Travel/tourism to zation providing local services for tourists at a given country by residents of other countries. destinations, such as hotel transfers, car hire See also international travel/tourism; out- (rental) and sightseeing, also known as bound travel/tourism. inbound tour operator, ground operator, ground handling agent and destination management incentive commission Additional commis- company according to the scope of its functions sion paid by a principal (such as an airline or and services, which may include, e.g., arrange- tour operator) to a travel agent as a bonus or ments for conferences and exhibitions. incentive to generate high sales. See also overriding commission. index numbers Summary numbers which measure relative changes over time in relation to DICTIONARY OF TERMS incentive travel/tourism Travel by employ- a base, usually equated to 100. Thus an index ees, dealers or agents, often with spouses, paid number at a particular time indicates the relative by a firm as a reward for achieving sales or value at that time compared with the value at other targets, for outstanding performance, or the time taken as a base. Probably the best as a stimulus to future attainment. Specialist known example is the cost of living/Consumer businesses known as incentive companies exist Price Index (Retail Price Index), which represents to organize incentive travel programmes for the trend of a series of prices paid by households clients, and many airlines offer discounted for a representative sample of goods and fares known as incentive fares for incentive services. See also real terms. groups. Indian Pacific Australian rail service linking inclusive tour (IT) A package of transport, Sydney and Perth. accommodation and possibly other travel services such as sightseeing, sold as a holiday Indian Subcontinent The area of South Asia (vacation) for an inclusive price, which is comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, usually significantly lower than could be India, Nepal, Pakistan and usually also Sri obtained by the customer booking the individ- Lanka. An area of limited international ual elements separately. Inclusive holidays by tourism, attracting less than one per cent of air are the most conspicuous form, but in world arrivals and receipts, more than half of practice inclusive tours may be constructed the total accounted for by India. using any form of transport and also any form of accommodation with various other services. Indian Summer A period of calm, dry, mild See also tour operator. weather with clear skies but hazy atmosphere

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occurring in the late autumn in the UK and the opments in transport and communications. See USA. also developed countries; developing countries. indigenous tourism Term used to describe tourism activities, in which indigenous people industrial tourism Trips and visits to places are involved, i.e., people in their original of work, such as breweries and distilleries, habitats, and in which indigenous culture food manufacturing and textile factories, but represents a major attraction. also to mines and power stations, to observe processes. See also factory tourism. indirect route principle Airline term used to describe the general rule allowing passen- industrialization The process of change from gers paying full fares on IATA airlines to an agricultural and handicraft economy to a deviate from the direct route between any two manufacturing economy, marked by the points without extra payment, as long as the movement of employment from the former to maximum permitted mileage (MPM) for the the latter and internal migration from rural to route listed in the tariff manuals is not urban areas, which are of major importance for exceeded. Example: The direct mileage the generation of tourism. See also de-industri- between Montreal and London is 3484, the alization; Industrial Revolution; urbanization. MPM is 3902. Hence the passenger may travel (and stopover) via Dublin, Glasgow and industrialized countries See developed Manchester at the same price as the normal countries Montreal–London one-way full fare. industry In practice, there are usually certain industrial awards (Australia) The central- economic activities carried on by a number of ized system of wages and associated benefits firms and establishments which have a bond prevalent in Australia. The minimum rate for a of interest among themselves, and which come particular activity or function is described as to be regarded as an industry. The bond may the ‘award wage’. Decentralization of the exist- be one of the type of product, use of materials ing system is occurring as so-called enterprise or process, or a still looser one – such as their agreements are arrived at to cover terms and general function and place in the total conditions at the enterprise level, including economic activity. The industry in which an some in the travel, tourism and hospitality individual is engaged is determined (whatever sectors. Enterprise agreements sometimes may be his/her occupation) by reference to the involve the payment of rates above the award business or other establishment for the wage for enhanced productivity and may also purpose of which his/her occupation is include the waiver of ‘penalty rates’ in travel, followed. See also Standard Industrial tourism and hospitality businesses for work Classification (SIC); tourism industry; hotel undertaken outside ‘traditional’ hours. and catering industry; hospitality industry. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

industrial heritage attractions Tourist/ Infini A computer reservation system (CRS) visitor attractions based on former industrial owned by All Nippon Airways with coopera- establishments, such as coal mines or tion agreements with Abacus and Worldspan. shipbuilding yards, with exhibits of products and sometimes working processes. inflation A sustained increase in general price level and decline in the value of money in a Industrial Revolution Process of change country when the volume of purchasing power from an agricultural and handicraft economy runs ahead of volume of available goods and to an industrial and manufacturing economy, services. See also deflation. which spread from England in the eighteenth century to other parts of the world from the in-flight On board an aircraft during the early nineteenth century onwards. Major facets flight as, e.g., in-flight catering, in-flight enter- of the change of relevance to travel and tainment, in-flight magazines. These passenger tourism included population growth and services may be provided free or in some cases urbanization, structural changes in the society, for payment. See also galley for meaning of in- increases in the standard of living and devel- flight kitchen.

92 I informal economy See black economy problems. In recent years tourism has been seen in many countries as a means to inner city information technology Use of computers renewal by attracting tourism-related indus- and other electronic means to process and tries and activities and by bringing spending distribute information. power to the area. infrastructure All forms of construction innkeeper’s lien Legal right of hotels to required by an inhabited area in communica- detain in certain circumstances guests’ tion with the outside world, which support property against unpaid bills. Based on English and make economic development possible. It common law, the right has been given sta- includes roads and railways, harbours and tutory authority in most English-speaking airports, as well as public utility services of countries, which usually also gives the right to water supply, drainage and sewage disposal, sell the goods held on lien. power supply and telecommunications. The infrastructure has to precede other develop- inoculation See vaccination ment and has to be adequate to serve the needs of both residents and visitors; it is commonly in-plant agency See business travel depart- provided by the public sector. See also super- ment structure. input–output analysis Means of tracing in-house Within a firm or organization, as systematically flows between sectors of the e.g., in-house laundry (laundry provided inter- economy by determining the sources of nally in a hotel as distinct from an outside purchases of each sector (inputs) and the desti- laundry); in-house research (research conducted nation of its outputs. The resulting tables show by own staff as distinct from research commis- each sector’s input from each of the others in a sioned or bought from an external source); in- column and the distribution of its output to house travel agency (see business travel each of the others in a row. The tables present department). a bird’s-eye view of the working of the economy and enable the effects of changes in inland waterways Navigable rivers and one part to be traced through to other parts. canals in countries (mainly in Europe) with Input–output analysis is a widely used extensive canal networks built primarily for technique for measuring tourism expenditure DICTIONARY OF TERMS commercial traffic but now increasingly used impacts on the economy. for water-based recreation and cruising holidays (vacations). In Great Britain more INSPASS An acronym for Immigration and than one-half of the network of 3200 km (2000 Naturalization Service Passenger Accelerated miles), for which the British Waterways Board Service System, an experimental automated is responsible, is known as cruising waterways, immigration lane project introduced at J.F. and is being developed for boating, fishing and Kennedy airport in New York in 1993, avail- other leisure activities. able to US and Canadian nationals and nationals of the countries in the US visa waiver inn Unlike in earlier times when the term was scheme. See biometrics for the basis of the used, sometimes with legal sanction, to differ- system. entiate establishments providing overnight accommodation from taverns and ale-houses, instruments no specific meaning attaches to it at present. It See altimeter hygrometer is used more or less indiscriminately for hotels anemometer pedometer and also eating outlets without overnight barometer seismograph/seismometer accommodation. Although probably more compass tachograph commonly applicable to smaller establish- flight recorder ments, it is not confined to them, as shown by such companies as Holiday Inns. integrated resort Generally, a resort development where all components, including inner city An area within a large urban area infrastructure, superstructure and supporting often characterized by economic and social services, are planned, developed and operated

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in an integrated and complimentary way, e.g., intermediary A person or organization a number of hotels may share elements of acting between parties, e.g., a travel agent infrastructure, recreational and other facilities. selling a tour operator’s holidays (vacations) The term is used in contrast to ad hoc resort to tourists. development where individual aspects are built and operated independently. In some intermediate technology See appropriate countries resort-specific legislation is relevant: technology e.g., in the state of Queensland, Australia, the Integrated Resort Development Act (Qld) 1987 intermodal Anything involving two or more established a special category of resort called modes, e.g., in transport fly cruise, fly drive, fly ‘integrated’ and specified the roles of public rail represent intermodal journeys. Intermodal and private sectors in managing the land substitution refers to one mode replacing another covered by such resorts. as, e.g., the motor car replacing the train. Intermodal transfer refers to a change from one integration In business usage, the merging of mode to another as occurs, e.g., at points of two or more firms. If in the same line of interchange between rail and bus. business, e.g., two hotel companies, it is known as horizontal or lateral integration. If the internal diseconomies See decreasing merger is of firms in successive stages of returns production and distribution, it is known as vertical integration. When a firm integrates to internal economies See economies of scale secure the sources of supply, as when a restaurant company acquires a food manufacturing internal travel/tourism From the point of company, it is vertical backward integration. view of a country, comprises for statistical When a firm integrates towards the market, as purposes domestic travel/tourism plus when a tour operator acquires retail travel inbound travel/tourism, e.g., French residents’ agents, it is vertical forward integration. and foreign visitors’ travel/tourism in France.

intercontinental Between two continents, international airport Any airport desig- e.g., intercontinental flight. See also transconti- nated by the contracting state in whose terri- nental. tory it is situated as an airport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where inter-governmental organization (IGO) the formalities incident to customs, immigra- International organization established by treaty tion, public health, animal and plant quaran- between states, in which the states are tine and similar procedures are carried out members represented in it by delegates of [International Civil Aviation Organization]. member governments. The treaty which provides for the creation also defines the DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY international company See multinational organs, functions and competence. The organi- company/corporation zation normally possesses legal personality and enjoys certain privileges in international International Convention on the Travel law. World Tourism Organization (WTO) is Contract International agreement adopted in an example. See also non-governmental Brussels in 1970 to harmonize different legal organization (NGO). provisions with a view to the tourist obtaining maximum information and protection in his/her interline Anything involving two or more relations with travel agents and tour operators. passenger or cargo carriers, particularly in Few countries ratified the Convention; as a result air transport. Hence, e.g., interlining, an the approach to this continues to differ from one arrangement in which a trip involves more country to another. To be distinguished from the than one airline. Such arrangements are Brussels Convention. normally governed by agreements between the carriers, which enable one carrier to international currency See currency include the services of another carrier in its tickets and to share the revenue. See also on- International Date Line An imaginary line line/off-line. broadly corresponding to the meridian of 180°

94 I from Greenwich, England, with some devia- International Hotels Environment tions to accommodate certain land areas, at Initiative (IHEI) An international network of which the calendar day is assumed to begin hotel executives committed to making the and end, so that at places east and west of it environment a priority in their business opera- the date differs by one day. The calendar on tions, launched in London in 1993 as part of the the western (Asian) side of the Date Line is Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum always one day ahead of the eastern (PWBLF), an international network to promote (American) side. Hence travellers crossing the corporate responsibility. IHEI helps members Date Line in the eastern direction ‘gain’ a day by facilitating access to the experience of and those crossing in the western direction others. ‘lose’ a day. See also standard time; time zones. International Load Line A mark on the hull of a ship showing the maximum permitted International Direct Dialling (IDD) level to which the ship may be submerged by Direct dial telephone facility not requiring the the weight of the cargo. Also called Plimsoll assistance of an operator, which can be slow Line. and costly. Although a few of the more remote places in the world still cannot be dialled international nautical mile See mile directly, virtually all international calls from a country such as the UK can use IDD. International Passenger Survey (IPS) The principal source of statistics of incoming and international fare expenditure Defined for outgoing travel and tourism to and from the statistical purposes as any payment made to United Kingdom since 1964, carried out as a carriers registered abroad by any person continuous sample survey by personal inter- resident in the compiling country. This views at air, sea and tunnel ports with passen- category corresponds to ‘Transportation, gers entering and leaving the country by the passenger services, debits’ in the standard Office for National Statistics. The results are reporting form of the International Monetary published in Travel Trends (annually), MQ6 – Fund [World Tourism Organization]. Thus, Overseas Travel and Tourism (quarterly) and in e.g., international fare expenditure of the UK the First Release series Overseas Travel and includes amounts paid by UK residents to Tourism (monthly), as well as in the Digest of foreign transport companies. Tourist Statistics by the British Tourist DICTIONARY OF TERMS Authority (BTA), and online from the Office international fare receipts Defined for for National Statistics. statistical purposes as any payment made to carriers registered in the compiling country of international same-day visitor For statisti- sums owed by non-resident visitors, whether cal purposes, an international visitor who or not travelling to that country. This category does not spend the night in collective or corresponds to ‘Transportation, passenger private accommodation in the country visited. services, credits’ in the standard reporting This definition includes: form of the International Monetary Fund (a) Cruise passengers who arrive in a country [World Tourism Organization]. Thus, e.g., UK on a cruise ship and return to the ship each international fare receipts include amounts night to sleep on board even though the received by UK airlines and shipping lines ship remains in port for several days. Also from overseas visitors to the UK and also from included in this group are, by extension, other non-residents of the UK using their owners or passengers of yachts and services. passengers on a group tour accommodated in a train. International Hotel (Telegraph) Code A (b) Crew members who do not spend the night letter code initially introduced for telegraph in the country of destination; this group communications and designed to reduce to a also includes crews of warships on a minimum the number of words required to courtesy visit to a port in the country of make a hotel reservation, as well as to help destination, and who spend the night on overcome language barriers. There is little board ship and not at the destination. evidence of its use nowadays. [World Tourism Organization]

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International Tourism Exchange An international travel/tourism Travel/ annual international travel and tourism trade tourism between countries, i.e., foreign fair held in Berlin in March each year since travel/tourism by residents of one country to, 1966, usually abbreviated ITB from the German from and within other countries, as distinct name. from domestic travel/tourism; for statistical purposes residents include resident aliens. international tourism expenditure From the point of view of a country, interna- Defined for statistical purposes as expenditure tional travel/tourism consists of inbound and of outbound visitors in other countries includ- outbound travel/tourism, e.g., in the case of ing their payments to foreign carriers for inter- France, foreign visitors to France and French national transport. It should in practice also residents abroad. include expenditure of residents travelling abroad as same-day visitors, except in cases international traveller Any person on a trip when these are so important as to justify a outside his/her own country of residence separate classification. It is also recommended (irrespective of the purpose of travel and that, for the sake of consistency with the means of transport used, and even though balance of payments recommendations of the he/she may be travelling on foot) [World International Monetary Fund, international Tourism Organization]. See also traveller. fare expenditure be classified separately [World Tourism Organization]. international visitor For statistical purposes, ‘any person who travels to a country international tourism receipts Defined for other than that in which he/she has his/her statistical purposes as expenditure of interna- usual residence but outside his/her usual tional inbound visitors, including their environment for a period not exceeding 12 payments to national carriers for international months and whose main purpose of visit is transport. They should also include any other other than the exercise of an activity remuner- prepayments made for goods/services received ated from within the country visited. This in the destination country. They should in definition covers two classes of visitors: inter- practice also include receipts from same-day national tourist and international same-day visitors, except in cases when these are so visitor’ [World Tourism Organization]. important as to justify a separate classification. It is also recommended that, for the sake of consis- International Visitor Survey (IVS) tency with the balance of payments recommen- Australian study conducted annually since 1969 dations of the International Monetary Fund, by A.G.B. McNair for the Australian Bureau of international fare receipts be classified Tourism Research to provide a profile of the separately [World Tourism Organization]. characteristics, behaviour and expenditure of international visitors to Australia.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY international tourist For statistical purposes, ‘an international visitor who travels Internet An international computer network to a country for at least one night and whose linking computers of educational institutions, main purpose of visit may be classified under government agencies, industrial and other one of the following three groups: (a) leisure organizations and individuals. The network and holidays; (b) business and professional; (c) can be accessed with a personal computer, a other tourism purposes’ [World Tourism modem and a telephone line by subscribing to Organization]. a service provider who supplies the software and the host computer. In addition to access- International Tourist Year 1967 The year ing different sources of information, designated as such by the XXI United Nations subscribers can interact with other users, take General Assembly when it formally acknowl- part in discussions and send electronic mail (e- edged the importance of tourism with an mail) messages. By 2001 there were estimated unanimous resolution recognizing that to be some 30 million Internet users around the ‘tourism is a basic and most desirable human world. See also TRINET. activity deserving the praise and encouragement of all peoples and all governments’. See interpretation centre Visitor facility located also European Year of Tourism 1990. at or near a heritage attraction, such as a

96 I historic monument or a nature reserve, provid- and facilities, normally using one or more of ing display, information and interpretation of three basic appraisal methods – pay back the meaning, significance and other aspects of period, average rate of return on capital the attraction. Frequently used as a means to invested, discounted cash flow. See also cost educate and to enhance the visitor experience, benefit analysis (CBA); feasibility study. interpretation centres also serve as an instrument for managing visitor flows and minimiz- investment incentives Measures of governing damage. ment assistance to encourage firms to invest, either generally or in particular industries or Inter-Rail Pass Unlimited travel rail ticket in particular locations. Forms of assistance available to those resident in Europe for at common in travel, tourism and hospitality least six months, valid for 12/22 days in eight range from financial (e.g., grants, loans, loan geographical areas in up to 28 countries of subsidies) and quasi-financial incentives (e.g., Europe and North Africa. Different prices loan guarantees, exchange rate guarantees) to apply to those under and over 26 years of age. fiscal incentives (e.g., tax exemption or reduc- See also rail passes. tion). The main effect of financial incentives is to reduce the investment outlay for the recipi- interstate/intrastate Between/within states, ent; the main effect of fiscal incentives is to terms used particularly in relation to one or reduce operating costs; quasi-financial incen- more states of the United States of America. tives act to secure the investment. Thus, e.g., an airline or a bus company providing services between two or more states is an investment intensity The relationship interstate carrier, and one operating within a between fixed assets, such as land, buildings state, an intrastate carrier. and equipment, and current assets, such as cash, debtors (accounts receivable), stocks interval ownership American term for (inventories). Most transport and hotel compa- timesharing. nies have high investment intensities (i.e., a high proportion of total investment in fixed intervening opportunity A geographical assets), which contributes to high fixed costs of concept denoting, i.a., locations between the their operation through depreciation and other home or tourist base of prospective visitors expenses of property ownership. Tour opera- and a major recreational resource, particularly tions and travel agencies on the other hand DICTIONARY OF TERMS one that is vulnerable to, or has been adversely display low investment intensities. affected by, recreational pressure. They are important as a tool for managing tourist flows: Investors in People (IIP) British accredita- by creating or promoting existing intermediate tion scheme for organizations that pursue attractions, pressure may be relieved at a more business success through the continuous devel- distant destination. Examples in England opment of their management and staff. It is include the construction of country parks based on a national standard, providing indica- between major cities such as Manchester and tors to which an organization can work and a the Lake District National Park. See also benchmark against which progress can be honeypots. measured. See also Best Practice Forum (BPF); Excellence Through People (ETP); Hospitality Intranet Private computer network within a Assured (HA). single organization similar to Internet but only accessible to authorized individuals. invisibles Receipts and payments included in the current (as distinct from capital) balance of intrastate See interstate/intrastate payments account, from services (as distinct from goods), investments abroad, private investment appraisal Evaluation of the transfers and government transactions with anticipated costs and revenues of a prospective other countries. Receipts and payments arising investment in a capital project to determine from international travel/tourism and whether it should proceed. This is a common comprising spending in the countries visited approach to assessing the viability of private represent invisible exports and imports and sector projects, including tourist attractions appear as separate items; international fare

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payments are included in the current account Islam The monotheistic Muslim faith as with transport. revealed by Mohammed in the Koran, the sacred book of Mohammedans. Iron Curtain A term coined by Winston Churchill in a speech in 1946 describing the iso- A prefix for lines drawn on a map divide (which continued until 1989) between connecting points of equal value or quantity, the USSR and associated communist states in e.g., isobar (atmospheric pressure), isohel Eastern Europe on the one hand and the (sunshine), isohyet (rainfall), isotherm (tempera- countries of Western Europe on the other ture). hand. Although there was a large volume of travel and tourism within the countries of ISO 9000 See BS 5750 Eastern and Western Europe respectively, for the greater part of the period after the Second isthmus A narrow strip of land, with water World War, the Iron Curtain was a barrier on each side, connecting two larger land areas. between East and West in travel and tourism as in other walks of life. Following the itinerary Description of a journey, showing overthrow of communism in Eastern Europe in dates and times, mode of transport, places the late 1980s, Europe entered an era of major visited and activities. growth in East–West tourism. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

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Jainism The Asian religious system of the jetty A structure projecting into the sea, lake East Indian sect holding doctrines closely or river, usually constructed to protect the resembling those of Buddhism and also dating shore or harbour or to serve as a landing stage. from the sixth and fifth century BC. jitney A motor vehicle akin to a bus provid- Japanese encephalitis A viral inflammation ing passenger transport for a small fare over a of the brain, which can be fatal. It is transmit- flexible route picking up and setting down ted by mosquitoes, which have bitten infected passengers anywhere en route. It is a common farm animals, and occurs in South-East Asia, form of public transport, e.g., in the Caribbean mainly in rural areas and during the monsoon Islands. season. A vaccine is recommended for travellers who stay in risk areas for a month or job rotation An approach to multi-skilled more and all visitors should avoid mosquito employment by rotating staff through a range bites. of jobs, in order to reduce boredom, increase motivation and improve staffing flexibility. Japanese religions Religious traditions of Thus, e.g., in a hotel the same people may Japan are based on Buddhism, Confucianism alternate as maids, barmaids and waitresses. and Christianity, and local tradition of Shinto as the religion of emperor-worship, which job sharing Arrangement whereby a full- became the official state religion in the time job is performed by more than one nineteenth century with an emphasis on the person, each working part-time. DICTIONARY OF TERMS loyalty to the state as a religious duty. But the post World War II constitution promotes joint venture A contractual arrangement religious freedom and separation of state and involving two or more separate parties in the religious institutions. joint ownership of business units and joint participation in their financial outcome, as well jet boating A form of recreation and a signif- as usually an involvement of the parties in the icant tourist/visitor attraction on rivers using management and operation of the venture, as jet boats (fast moving boats with a shallow defined in the agreement. This is a common draft invented by a New Zealander), which arrangement in hotel and property fields and offer to participants an exhilarating experience is increasingly used in joint projects between often in scenic settings. public and private sectors as, e.g., in resort development. See also concession; consortium; jet lag A condition experienced by people management contract. flying long distances across a number of time zones and caused by the disruption of the Judaism The monotheistic belief system natural rhythms of the human body. It documented in the Bible and the Jewish Law commonly manifests itself in sleeplessness and taught by the ancient Hebrew priests as a other disorders and is usually found to be revelation of the divine will; the profession and more prominent on eastbound than westbound practice of Jewish religion. flights, but the effect varies between individuals. jumbo jet See aircraft types: bodies jetfoil See hydrofoil jump seat A stowable seat in an aircraft,

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often in the cockpit, which a passenger may be junket In travel and tourism, colloquially a allowed to use if a flight is full. business trip that is in fact a pleasure trip, often at public expense. In casino terminology, junior suite See suite an arrangement to attract high spending customers with the offer of a complimentary junk food Term used for food relatively high trip, which includes free transport and hotel in calories but low in nutritional value. Also a stay. derogatory term for fast food. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

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kay/key Variation of cay as, e.g., in Florida Koori tourism Tourist activity which incor- Keys. porates an element of culture of the indigenous population of south-east Australia called keelage A fee paid by ship owners for permis- Kooris. Unlike the aborigines of northern sion to dock in certain ports and harbours. Australia, many of whom have a traditional lifestyle, Kooris are more concentrated in kibbutz Israeli communal living establish- urban areas, and Koori tourism often involves ment, often providing opportunity for working purpose-built ‘cultural centres’ which portray holidays (vacations) and sometimes also guest historic and contemporary Koori life. house accommodation for paying tourists. Koruna Unit of currency of Czech Republic kilogram(me) (kg) A metric measure of (Kc˘) and Slovakia (Sk). weight, equal to 2.20462 pounds. A grammes kilogram(me) is divided into 1000 kosher (Of food, shop or restaurant) fulfilling (g) tonne ; 1000 kilogrammes = 1 (t). requirements of Jewish Law. kilometre (km) A metric unit of length, currency equal to 0.62 of a mile or 3280.84 feet. A Krona (Kr) Unit of of Iceland and kilometre is divided into 1000 metres. In Sweden. measures of area one square kilometre equals currency 100 hectares each of 10 000 square metres. Krone (Kr) Unit of of Denmark (also Faroe Islands and Greenland) and Norway. Kina (K) Unit of currency of Papua New

Guinea. Kroon Unit of currency of Estonia. DICTIONARY OF TERMS king room A hotel room with a king (size) Kuna Unit of currency of Croatia. bed. Kwacha (K) Unit of currency of Malawi and king (size) Term used to describe an extra Zambia. wide, extra long double bed, min. 72 ϫ 80 in. ϫ (180 200 cm). See also queen (size). Kwanza (KZ) Unit of currency of Angola. currency Kip (K) Unit of of Lao PDR (now Kyat (K) Unit of currency of Myanmar New Kip). (Burma). Kiwi A flightless bird widely recognized as an emblem of New Zealand; a colloquial term for kyle Gaelic term for a narrow channel a New Zealander. between two islands or between an island and the mainland as, e.g., in Kyles of Bute, a signif- knocking copy Advertising copy that icant tourist/visitor attraction in Scotland. See attacks a rival product. also sound. knot A measure of speed equivalent to one Kyoto Agreement Following the Earth international nautical mile (1.852 kilometres Summit, agreement by developed countries or 6076 feet) per hour. reached at the Conference held in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, for legally binding targets to Konvertibilna Marka (KM) Unit of reduce emissions of the basket of six main currency of Bosnia and Hercegovina. greenhouse gases

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labelling of alcoholic beverages European laissez-faire French term for government Commission Directive of April 1987 concerns abstention from interference, especially in the indication of alcoholic strength by volume business. in the labelling of alcoholic beverages for sale to the ultimate consumer in member countries. lanai A Hawaiian term for veranda, hence room with a patio or a balcony, usually with a Labor Day American national holiday scenic view or overlooking a landscaped area. celebrated as a public holiday on the first Monday in September. land arrangements American term for ground arrangements. Labour Force Survey (LFS) British household sample survey conducted every three land operator American term for ground years to 1983 and then annually until 1991, for handling agent. which interviews were normally carried out in the late spring, using a sample size of approx. land resources depletion There is an 60 000 addresses. From spring 1992 the Survey increasing depletion of minerals, fossil fuels, has been quarterly. Provides estimates of fertile soil, forests, wetlands and wildlife as a self-employed employees, and unemployed at result of human activities. Serious long-term national and regional level. Summary results implications for travel, tourism and hospitality Labour Market Trends (incorpo- are published in include potential loss of new destinations, rating Employment Gazette). deterioration of existing ones, and higher fuel labour permit See employment pass/permit/ prices leading to operational price increases in visa tourism-related industries.

labour productivity See productivity land use planning The process of designating land for specific uses on the basis of labor union American term for trade union. environmental, social and economic considera-

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY tions to meet present and future needs, e.g., labour-intensive An economic activity is industrial, housing or recreational. In such labour-intensive when it calls for a high labour planning, tourism may be subsumed with contribution in comparison with other produc- recreation or represent a separate element tive resources, such as capital. Tourism is when meeting visitors’ needs is important, as generally considered to be labour-intensive, in resort areas. See also development plans; but such tourism-related industries as trans- land use planning systems (UK); physical port are highly capital-intensive. However, on planning; zone. the whole a given level of tourist spending supports more employment than a comparable land use planning systems (UK) In England sum of consumer spending in many other and Wales, structure plans prepared by county economic activities. See also productivity. planning authorities, some unitary and National Park authorities set out broad policies; local lagoon development plans prepared by some unitary and (a) A shallow area of coastal water separated National Park authorities and district councils from the open sea by a low sandbank or a provide detailed guidelines for development coral reef. expected to start within about ten years, in (b) An area of water enclosed in an atoll. general conformity with structure plans; unitary

102 L development plans combine broad policies and Russia, lying mainly in the Arctic Circle, inhab- detailed guidelines for metropolitan districts ited by the Lapp race with its own language. and boroughs. In Scotland, structure plans are prepared by regional and islands authorities, Lari Unit of currency of Georgia. local plans by districts, general planning or islands authorities. In Northern Ireland, develop- Lats (LVL) Unit of currency of Latvia. ment plans are prepared by the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland. late arrival Term used by hotels to apply to a guest who arrives or is scheduled to arrive landau Term of German origin for a four- after the latest check-in time specified by the wheeled horse-drawn carriage with a two-part hotel, usually after undertaking of guaranteed top, which may be fully closed or half- or fully payment and/or prior notification of late opened, sometimes used for town and city arrival is received by the hotel. sightseeing. late cancellation Cancellation of accommo- landbridge Term used in Ireland to refer to dation, transport or another reservation after travel by sea to/from continental Europe via the designated time limit. This may incur a Great Britain. charge if the cancelled room or seat cannot be resold. landing card Card given to passengers to fill in and to be handed to immigration and late check-out Check-out by a guest in a passport control. hotel later than the stipulated time, commonly but not necessarily noon. Hotels may make an landing fee Payment made by an airline to additional charge, but it is common practice to airport aircraft authorities for landing an . extend a guest’s check-out time on request, if the room is not required for another guest. landlocked country A country without a coast and hence direct access to the sea, e.g., latent demand See demand for tourism Switzerland in Europe, Zambia in Africa, Nepal in Asia, Paraguay in South America. See lateral integration See integration also corridor. Latin America Collective term for countries landscape From a Dutch term for the repre- DICTIONARY OF TERMS New World sentation of scenery in a painting, term used to of the where Spanish or describe the totality of the scenery or the land Portuguese is spoken, comprising South defined by a particular type of scenery. In America (except Guyana, French Guyana, England the landscape garden movement in Suriname), Central America (except Belize), the eighteenth century, particularly associated Cuba, Dominica and Spanish-speaking islands West Indies with the names Humphrey Repton and of the . Mexico and the Caribbean international tourist Capability Brown, attempted to devise a are the most important destinations region harmonious whole in the park surrounding a in the , which owe their large country house; an important feature of tourism growth to their proximity to the large market gardens and associated parks open to the wealthy North American . public, as at Blenheim Palace, now important tourist/visitor attractions. latitude The angular distance of any point on the earth’s surface north or south of the landside Airport terminal area before equator, as measured from the earth’s centre in passport and security checks with free access. degrees, minutes and seconds. There are 90 See also airside. degrees from the equator to each of the poles, each degree is subdivided into 60 minutes and Langlauf German term for cross-country each minute into 60 seconds. See also parallel skiing, a winter sport particularly popular in of latitude; longitude. Scandinavia. Laundromat US term for launderette, an Lapland The area of northern Finland, establishment with coin-operated washing Norway, Sweden and Kola Peninsula in machines for public use.

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law of diminishing returns This economic leg See sector law states that sooner or later additional units of an input, whilst other inputs are held Legionnaires Disease An uncommon form constant, can be expected to result in less than of pneumonia which occasionally occurs in a proportionate increase in output. Thus, e.g., holiday-makers. It is spread through aerosols in a given situation, for a time the more of water containing the Legionella germ, workers are employed, the greater the increase usually through poorly maintained cooling in output, until after a time output begins to towers or air conditioning systems. There is no increase less than proportionately to the vaccine but it is treatable with antibiotics. number employed. leishmaniasis A disease which manifests layover Scheduled interruption of a journey, itself with a persistent skin sore; it can also usually overnight, which may be at the passen- damage the spleen, liver and bone marrow. It ger’s request or necessary, e.g., in the absence is spread by sandfly bites and is common in of connecting services. Also called stopover. many tropical countries, the Middle East and Same terms apply to crews, especially airline the Mediterranean basin; walkers and campers crews on long haul flights. are particularly at risk. The only prevention is to avoid sandfly bites. league A measure of distance, varying in different countries, but usually three miles, the leisure Generally considered to be the time land league in the UK and the USA being three remaining after work, travel to and from work, statute miles, the nautical league being three sleep and necessary personal and household nautical miles. tasks, i.e., ‘discretionary time’, which may be put to various uses, including travel and leakages Withdrawal of demand from an tourism. Leisure scholars call this the time economy when money is spent on buying definition of leisure, one of several in their goods and services from another economy or repertoire, but probably the most meaningful when money is put into savings. If many goods in the context of travel and tourism. Others and services used by the tourism industry have define leisure as a type of activity or as a type of to be imported, tourism is said to have import experience. See also recreation. leakages. The same concept applies to regions and other geographical areas. In general, the leisure industry Organizations, firms and smaller the economy, the greater the likelihood establishments with a common function of that tourism needs have to be supplied from providing goods and services for use in leisure outside the area. See also linkages; tourism time. In economic terms the industry serves expenditure impacts; tourism multipliers. leisure markets and attracts the expenditure of disposable income. Leisure spending repre-

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY lease A contract between the owner of an asset sents a large and growing proportion of (the lessor) and another party (the lessee) consumer expenditure in most developed allowing the latter to hire the asset. The lessor countries. retains the ownership and the lessee acquires the right to use the asset for a specific period Lek (Lk) Unit of currency of Albania. of time for payment. Lempira Unit of currency of Honduras. leaseback An arrangement in which the owner of an asset, such as land or buildings, Leonardo da Vinci The European Union sells it to another party and enters into a lease vocational training programme designed to agreement with the buyer to acquire the right improve the skills and competences of people, to use the asset. This is a common method for especially young people, in initial vocational a hotel company to raise funds. training; to improve the quality of, and access to, continuing vocational training and the leeward A nautical term denoting the side lifelong acquisition of skills and competences; opposite to that against which the wind is to reinforce the contribution of vocational blowing, i.e., the sheltered side of a ship. See training to the process of innovation in also windward. business. The programme is open to 31

104 L countries (I5 EU, 3 EFTA/EEA, 13 EU candi- (a) hotel licence, for residential premises; date countries including Malta and Turkey). (b) restricted hotel licence, similar to residential and restaurant licence in England and Leone (Le) Unit of currency of Sierra Leone. Wales; (c) restaurant licence, similar to restaurant less developed countries (LDCs) See licence in England and Wales; developing countries (d) public house licence; (e) off-sale licence, the Scottish equivalent of letter of credit A document issued by a bank the English off-licence; or another financial institution authorizing the (f) refreshment licence, for café-style premises; person named in it to draw money up to an (g) entertainment licence, for places like agreed amount. As elsewhere, of declining cinemas and dance halls. importance in travel, tourism and hospitality. See also licences for sale of liquor in England See also banker’s draft; bill of exchange. and Wales.

Leu Unit of currency of Moldova and Romania. life cycle The sequence of phases in life from childhood to old age. Often applied more Lev Unit of currency of Bulgaria. meaningfully to families than individuals, as a process in the family history, which includes, Levant See Middle East e.g., the influence of children on family behaviour. The concept provides a useful basis for leverage US term for capital gearing. consumer market segmentation in travel, tourism and hospitality. From this should be leveraged buyout The acquisition of a distinguished the life cycle concept as applied business by another with the use of borrowed to products and in the case of travel and funds, in which the acquiring business uses its tourism to destinations, which are seen to pass own assets as security for a loan to be repaid through an exploration, development, consoli- from the cash flow of the acquired business. dation, stagnation and either a decline or a rejuvenation stage. licence Generally an authority to do what is specified by the licence, which would be illegal lifestyle Concept used to describe the way of without it, granted by a government agency or life of individuals and groups reflected, for DICTIONARY OF TERMS another regulatory body. In most countries example, in consumption and other behaviour, various forms of transport operations, as well of importance in market segmentation. as other travel and tourism activities, require a licence. light refreshment voucher (LRV) Voucher handed out at the airport by the airline to licences for sale of liquor in England departing passengers in the event of a long and Wales There are five main types of delay. licence applicable to retailers: (a) on-licence, authorizing sale on or off the Lilangeni (E) Unit of currency of Swaziland. premises; (b) residential licence, permitting sale only to limo American abbreviation for limousine, a residents; motor car hired with a chauffeur. (c) restaurant licence, for sale only to persons taking a substantial meal on the premises; line route system A network of airline (d) residential and restaurant licence, a combi- routes in which aircraft set out from base nation of (b) and (c) above; airport and make a number of intermediate (e) off-licence, for sale for consumption off the stops to refuel or to pick up passengers en premises only. route to their ultimate destination. See also See also licences for sale of liquor in Scotland. grid route system; hub and spoke system. licences for sale of liquor in Scotland liner Large sea-going ship engaged in provid- There are seven main types of licence applica- ing a regular scheduled service for passengers ble to retailers: and/or cargo on given routes.

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Lingua The language teaching and learning building conservation schemes for other strand in the European Union Socrates schemes. programme, designed to promote language training and skills. Litas Unit of currency of Lithuania.

lingua franca litre A metric unit of capacity, equal to 0.220 3 (a) A mixture of French, German, Italian and of an imperial gallon or 1 ⁄4 pints; 100 litres = Spanish used in the Levant. 1 hectolitre (hl). US liter equals 0.264 of a US (b) Any common language used in communi- gallon or 2 pints. cation between different people, such as pidgin-English in the Pacific Islands. livery As used in relation to airlines, the term applies to the distinctive visual corporate linkages The extent to which industries use identity projected by an airline through such goods and services available from other means as design and house style on its aircraft, sectors of the same economy rather than uniforms, merchandise, printed matter and importing them. If most goods and services wherever it is seen by the customer. The need used by the tourism industry are produced for maintaining and enhancing an airline’s domestically, tourism is said to have strong corporate identity stems from the need to linkages with other sectors of the economy. distinguish it from other airlines and livery is The same concept applies to regions and other used as an instrument of non-price competi- geographical areas. In general, the smaller the tion. economy, the fewer the linkages between firms and the greater the likelihood of leakages. See load factor The percentage relationship of also tourism expenditure impacts; tourism transport capacity sold to capacity operated. multipliers. Passenger load factor (also known as passenger seat occupancy) relates passenger kilometres to liquidity Accounting term to describe the seat kilometres and revenue load factor relates availability in a business of cash and its ability load tonne-kilometres to capacity tonne- to convert other assets into cash to meet its kilometres. Load factor is the measure of financial obligations. Commonly measured by utilization analogous to occupancy in hotels dividing current liabilities – such as creditors and other accommodation establishments. (accounts payable) and bank overdraft – into current assets – such as cash, debtors (accounts load-tonne kilometres A measure of trans- receivable) and stocks (inventories); this is port sales calculated as the product of revenue known as current ratio. Where stocks are high load in tonnes and the distance in kilometres and/or not readily saleable, it is preferable to over which it is carried. See also capacity exclude them and to calculate the ratio on the tonne-kilometres.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY basis of other current assets; this is known as acid test or quick ratio. load-tonne miles A measure of transport sales calculated as the product of revenue load Lira Unit of currency of Malta (LM) and in tonnes and the distance in miles over which Turkey (TL). it is carried.

Listed Buildings Buildings considered local authorities/government See public worthy of protection and listed in England by sector the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) advised by English Heritage, and in local development plans See land use Scotland and Wales by the Scottish and Welsh planning systems (UK) Offices advised by their own Councils. Listed buildings may not be demolished or altered location factor A measure of concentration of without prior consent of the local authority. an industry in an area, attributed to P. Sargant There were more than half-a-million listed Florence, which relates the proportion of the buildings in the UK in 2000 (450 000 in economically active population of a given area England, 45 000 in Scotland, 23 500 in Wales, in engaged in an industry to the proportion addition to 8400 in Northern Ireland). See engaged in the country as a whole. Location

106 L factors thus provide a measure of comparison long haul/short haul travel/tourism between different areas. Distinction of particular relevance in civil aviation, where it stems from difference in location quotient A statistical measure of aircraft types, operational and traffic handling the share of an area of some activity in compar- techniques and in marketing. Sometimes used ison with its share of another aggregate such synonymously with travel/tourism between/ as population. For example, if an area receives within continents or between/within global 10 per cent of a country’s tourist arrivals and regions. However, the distinction is most accounts for 20 per cent of the country’s appropriately based on the measurable length of population, the location quotient is 0.50. haul. Thus, e.g., the Consumers’ Association’s Holiday Which? defines long haul travel as locator map Map used in guide books and flights lasting more than about five hours. other travel reference books, usually covering a town, city or another limited area with attrac- long holidays (vacations) A term variously tions and accommodation highlighted. Grids defined for particular purposes, e.g., in most are used to aid location rather than degrees of national holiday (vacation)/travel/tourism latitude and longitude common to conven- surveys in Europe, as holidays (vacations) of tional maps. four nights/five days or more away from home. See also short holidays. loch A Scottish, Gaelic and Irish term for a lake, e.g., Loch Lomond in Scotland or Loch long service leave Entitlement to 13 weeks’ Erne in Ireland; also a narrow arm of the sea leave on full pay for Australian employees in with steep sides. continuous employment with a single public sector employer over a ten-year period. This lock Section of canal or river enclosed by gates, benefit has enabled Australians to take long into which boats enter to be raised by water holidays (vacations) away from home, to being let in or lowered by water being let out. explore Australia and/or travel overseas to In this way boats can pass from one reach of such long haul destinations as the UK and the canal or river to another at different levels. rest of Europe. lodging industry American term used as a long ton (lgt) See ton (tonne) synonym for hotel industry, but also in a DICTIONARY OF TERMS wider sense to include to a varying extent all long-distance footpath A long linear pedes- or most other establishments of commercial trian route, typically across open or forested hospitality, such as guest houses and also hill country. Accommodation may be sought condominia. in nearby settlements, in huts or tents along the route. Introduced in England and Wales by the logo Unique design, symbol or another repre- National Parks and Access to the Countryside sentation of the name of a firm or another Act 1949 and in Scotland by the Countryside organization used to identify it and distinguish (Scotland) Act 1967. Known in North America it from competitors. as a trail, e.g., Appalachian Trail, extending over 2000 km (1200 miles). However, it is not Lomé Convention A convention first signed known what proportion of users walk the at Lomé, the capital of Togo, in 1975 by the whole length of any footpath or trail. European Economic Community (EEC) and developing countries of Africa, the Caribbean longitude The angular distance of any point and the Pacific (ACP States), which provided on the earth’s surface east or west of the zero for duty-free access for most ACP countries’ meridian, which runs through Greenwich, exports to the EEC and financial and technical England, as measured in degrees, minutes and aid. The latest Convention – Lomé IV – covered seconds. There are 180 degrees in each direction, the ten years 1991–2000. Meeting in Cotonou, each degree is sub-divided into 60 minutes and Benin, in June 2000, EU and ACP heads of state each minute into 60 seconds. See also latitude. and governments concluded a new 20-year partnership accord with 77 ACP countries, loss leader A good or service sold at a very called the Cotonou Agreement. low price to attract customers to purchase

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other items, a practice particularly common in luggage See baggage grocery retailing, but also used, e.g., in restaurants and other eating establishments. luncheon vouchers Tickets issued by employers to employees to use in payment for Loti Unit of currency of Lesotho. food in restaurants which accept the vouchers. Vouchers are commonly provided to employ- Low Countries Belgium, Holland and ers by specialist firms, such as Luncheon Luxembourg. See also Benelux. Vouchers Ltd in the UK, which redeem them from restaurants for cash. loyalty programmes/schemes See frequent user programmes DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

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Maastricht Treaty Popular name for the main activity index Measure of the relative Treaty on European Union signed by repre- importance of various activities participated in sentatives of the 12 countries of the European by tourists developed by T.C. Huan [Huan, Community (EC) in Maastricht, Netherlands, T.C. and O’Leary, J.T. (1999) Measuring Tourism on 7 February 1992, establishing a European Performance, Champaign, IL: Sagamore Union (EU), which introduced European Publishing]. Union citizenship for nationals of member countries. The Treaty aims to increase inter- main holiday (vacation) Term used in some governmental cooperation in economic and holiday (vacation) surveys, e.g., British monetary matters; to establish a common National Travel Survey (BNTS): ‘Where only foreign and security policy; to introduce one is taken, this is the main holiday; when cooperation in justice and home affairs. two or more are taken, the main holiday is the longest or, if two or more are of equal length, macadam Term used in road-making, after the one in or nearest to the peak summer Scottish road engineer John Loudon McAdam, period.’ See also additional holiday (vacation). one of the three great road-makers (the others being John Metcalf and Thomas Telford), who maitre d’hôtel French term for head waiter revolutionized road building in Great Britain or restaurant manager, a term in wide use in the late eighteenth century. The term is worldwide. Often abbreviated in speech to applied to the compressed broken stone ‘maitre d’ (pronounced matr’ dee).

forming a hard surface and the roads so built DICTIONARY OF TERMS are described as macadam roads or major operated departments Primary macadamized roads. Tarmacadam, a later devel- revenue-earning hotel activities grouped for opment, refers to the material consisting of accounting and control purposes and compris- stones or iron slag coated with tar or tar and ing rooms, food and beverages, as distinct creosote, used also, e.g., for airport runways, from minor operated departments and also hence tarmac. rentals and concessions [Uniform System of Accounts for Hotels]. MAGLEV Magnetic levitation, a technique by which a train moves suspended above the malaria One of the most common travel- track. It is a high speed means of surface trans- related diseases, causing high fever, jaundice port in use in Great Britain, e.g., between and coma; cerebral malaria can be fatal. It is Birmingham International railway station and spread by infected mosquitoes, which usually Birmingham Airport, and at London Gatwick bite after dark. Main areas of infection extend Airport. from the Mediterranean to South-East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and South America. maiden In travel and tourism (and Prevention takes the form of antimalarial elsewhere), term denoting, i.a., first of its kind tablets taken before, during and after travel, or first use, especially in transport. Thus, e.g., and avoiding mosquito bites. maiden voyage denotes first voyage of a new ship, maiden flight first flight of a new aircraft man-made attractions See tourist/visitor type or first use of a new route, although the attractions. Most popular man-made attrac- latter is more commonly referred to as tions in Great Britain charging admission in inaugural flight. 2000 were: Millennium Dome (6.5 million

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visitors), British Airways London Eye (3.3 Manila Declaration Declaration adopted by million visitors) and Alton Towers, the World Tourism Conference held in Manila, Staffordshire (2.45 million visitors). Philippines, in 1980. It clarifies the nature of tourism and the role of tourism in a dynamic management Among many definitions in and changing world, and considers the respon- existence, the following represents the British sibility of states for the development and Standard: ‘Management, as a subject, may be enhancement of tourism. The Declaration seen as the process of utilizing material and forms the basis of other agreements and human resources to accomplish designated pronouncements on issues related to tourism objectives, involving the activities of planning, development. organizing, directing, co-ordinating and controlling. Management, as a group of people, Mardi gras The last Tuesday before Lent, are those who perform the functions described celebrated in France and French-speaking above. Levels of management authority are countries with festivals; in the UK, called usually expressed as top, middle and lower Shrove Tuesday and celebrated by eating management’ [BS 3138: 1979]. pancakes, hence also called Pancake Day.

management buyout The purchase of the marginal cost pricing Method of setting whole or part of a company by its senior execu- prices to cover the direct (variable) costs of a tives, usually with the backing of the banks and product and make a contribution to fixed costs. institutional investors. Normally undertaken Claimed to be particularly suitable for hotels when a company is in difficulty or to prevent a and similar establishments with high fixed takeover by another company or when a costs (which have to be covered anyway) and company wishes to dispose of part of its elastic demand. Thus, when deciding whether business. To be distinguished from an employee to accept a particular piece of business, what buyout, when the company is acquired by matters is (a) whether it covers its direct cost, employees who become shareholders as, for and (b) what contribution it makes to fixed example, when employees took majority share- costs. holding in United Airlines in 1994. Recent management buyouts in Great Britain have marina A small sea, lake or river harbour with included Wallace Arnold travel chain and other docking facilities for motor and sailing boats, activities from Barr and Wallace Arnold Trust. usually with maintenance and supply services. Most marinas provide berths for long- and management contract A contractual arrange- short-term use and some also offer boat ment between two separate parties for the charter. provision of organizational and operational expertise, in which one party (the owner or marine park A park created on the sea principal) engages the services of another (the DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY bottom where visitors can observe marine life contractor or agent) to manage a business for an from observation chambers under the sea. See agreed remuneration. The contract defines the also oceanarium. respective duties, rights and obligations of the parties and provides for the payment of mark down Reduction in selling price to expenses, management fees and/or the sharing stimulate demand for a product, to take advan- of profits. Management contracts are used for tage of reduced costs or force competitors out various tourism facilities, in particular hotel and of a market. catering establishments. See also franchising. market In economics, a network of dealings managerial economies See economies of between the sellers and buyers of a product; a scale particular market is defined by reference to the product, the sellers who supply it, and the Manat Unit of currency of Azerbaijan and buyers who exercise the demand for it. Hence, Turkmenistan. tourist markets are defined by reference to tourist products, their suppliers and tourists manifest An official list of passengers or who buy them. In business usage buyers are cargo carried in a ship or aircraft. seen to constitute the market: actual (existing)

110 M market, which comprises those who currently most widely known explanations is in terms of buy the product in question, or potential market, four elements described as the four Ps: which includes those who may buy it in the product, price, promotion, place. (‘Place’ in this future. Correspondingly, tourist markets focus context means the place of purchase and on existing and potential tourists. includes distribution.) These may be further sub-divided; thus, e.g., the combination of market economy See mixed economy product lines of a firm is referred to as the product mix, the combination of marketing market intelligence The process of gather- communications, or promotional channels, used ing and analysing information relevant to the as the promotional mix, and the combination of business, normally undertaken as a continuing distribution channels as the distribution mix. activity. marketing orientation Term used to describe market(ing) research The terms market the approach to the conduct of business, in research and marketing research are often used which marketing is the dominant consideration. indiscriminately to denote all systematic investi- Sometimes used in contrast to product orienta- gations to provide information both about tion, with the main emphasis on output in a markets and about marketing activities. seller’s market when demand exceeds supply. However, market research is most appropriately Also used in contrast to sales orientation when confined to the measurement and analysis of supply exceeds demand and the main focus of markets, whilst marketing research embraces the business is on increasing sales. With a anything to do with the marketing of goods and marketing orientation, customer needs are services, including, e.g., product and price always a central concern in the planning, design studies, promotional and distribution channels. and provision of goods and services because selling alone may not be enough in itself to market segmentation See segmentation secure profitability in a buyer’s market. market share The ratio of sales of a firm’s marketing strategy See strategy product to total sales of that type of product in a particular market or of the firm’s sales to total mark up Increase in selling price, also amount industry sales. Both may be measured in physi- added to product cost to arrive at the selling cal or value terms. Thus, e.g., in the 1990s price (mark-up). See also cost-plus pricing. DICTIONARY OF TERMS Thomson Holidays enjoyed a share of around 30 per cent of the air inclusive tour (IT) market. marquee In most countries, a tent used for social occasions or exhibitions; in the USA, marketing Most modern definitions view mainly a long narrow tent without sides used marketing as a concept (or philosophy of for sheltering walkways. business) and as a process: ‘The marketing concept holds that the key to achieving organi- Marshall Plan A popular name for the zational goals consists in determining the European Recovery Programme (ERP), after needs and wants of target markets and deliv- General G.C. Marshall, then US Secretary of ering the desired satisfactions more efficiently State, under which aid was provided by the than competitiors’ [P. Kotler, leading US USA to countries of Europe between 1948 and author]; ‘The management process responsible 1952. The programme was administered by the for identifying, anticipating and satisfying Organisation for European Economic Co- customer requirements profitably’ [Chartered operation (OEEC), which subsequently became Institute of Marketing, leading UK profes- the Organisation for Economic Co-operation sional body]. and Development (OECD). Several countries, notably Austria and Italy, recognizing the marketing facilitation See facilitation importance of tourism to their economies, applied a substantial proportion of the ERP marketing mix The combination of the funds to investment in their hotel industries. elements or variables which make up the total marketing operation of an enterprise with a Maslow’s needs theory A theory of individ- view to best achieving its objectives. One of the ual development and motivation postulated by

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behavioural scientist Abraham Maslow in 1954, Speed see knot whose pyramid of the human hierarchy of Temperature see centigrade; Fahrenheit needs can be related in terms of motivators to Transport see available seat kilometres; the demand for travel, tourism and hospitality. available seat miles; available See also self-actualization. tonne-kilometres; capacity tonne-kilometres; capacity mass A very large amount, quantity or tonne-miles; gross registered number, often used as an adjective as, e.g., in tonnage; load tonne kilometres; mass advertising (using the mass media to load tonne-miles; load reach markets); mass market (very large passenger kilometre; passenger market for consumer products); mass media kilometre; revenue passenger (channels of communication reaching very kilometre; revenue passenger large markets). See also mass tourism. mile; revenue tonne kilometre; seat kilometre; seat mile; mass media See media tonnage (shipping) Weight see avoirdupois; gram(me); mass tourism Term to describe participation in kilogram(me); ton (tonne) tourism in large numbers, a general characteris- Wind force see Beaufort scale tic of developed countries in the second half of the twentieth century, in contrast to earlier times measures of tourism distribution and and to the situation in developing countries, as impact well as limited participation of people in such See comfort index activities as mountain trekking or sailing. compactness index connecting index master of ceremonies (MC) A person who directional bias index introduces speakers or parts of a formal event, main activity index such as a banquet. tourism activity index tourism attractiveness index Maximum Permitted Mileage (MPM) tourism barometer Airline term for maximum mileage between any tourism concentration index two points (i.e., airports) listed in the tariff tourism peaking index manuals, which exceeds the actual direct tourism ratio index mileage by approx. 20 per cent, and which tourist function index provides for passengers paying full fares a tourist intensity choice of routings and carriers. Example: The trip index direct mileage between London and Milan is 584, MPM is 700. Therefore, the permitted Mecca round-trip mileage is 1400 (although unused (a) Birthplace of Mohammed and place of DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY mileage on the outward sector cannot be used pilgrimage for Muslims in Saudi Arabia. on the return sector). Thus the passenger may fly (b) Any place which it is the aspiration of one’s (and stopover) via Brussels and Geneva or via life to visit. Paris and Zurich, at the same return fare as (c) Colloquial synonym for honeypot. London–Milan. See also indirect route principle. media Plural form of medium, a channel or measures vehicle of communication, a term of particular Area see acre; hectare significance in the context of advertising. May Atmospheric see millibar be specifically designed for advertising pressure purposes (e.g., a poster) or may be used, i.a., Capacity see barrel; gallon; litre; pint; for advertising (e.g., the press, radio, televi- quart sion). Mass media may refer to channels which Earthquake see Richter scale reach very large markets, such as national Length see kilometre; league; metre; newspapers, radio and television. mile; yard Nautical see fathom; knot; tonnage media advertising See above-the-line (shipping) advertising

112 M meeting (and conventions) planner premises, provides particular opportunities for Organizer of meetings and travel arrangements merchandising as, e.g., in hotels. for companies and associations, as an employee or as an outside consultant, in meridian A line drawn on a map linking the conjunction with hotels, resorts and confer- North Pole and the South Pole and intersecting ence centres. the equator at right-angles. Meridians are numbered east and west from the zero merid- mega- Prefix used with some nouns to denote ian, which runs through Greenwich, England, very large scale. Thus, e.g., a very large airline to 180° in each direction, and 180° East may be called a mega-carrier, a very large event coincides with 180° West. See also longitude. such as the Olympic Games as a mega-event, a very large resort as a mega-resort. Meridian Day See Antipodean Day

Melanesia See Australasia meteorology Scientific study of weather. See also climatology. Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) A document signed by two or more parties method study See work study expressing their wish to work together towards a common goal. Usually broad in intention and Metical (MT) Unit of currency of not legally binding (hence the term ‘under- Mozambique. standing’), the MOU may be followed by a more formal document subsequently. metre (m) A basic metric unit of length, equal to approx. 39.37 inches. A metre is divided into meningitis An inflammation of the mem- 10 decimetres (dcm) or 100 centimetres (cm) or branes covering the brain and spinal cord, 1000 millimetres (mm). In measures of area, 1 which affects particularly children and can square metre (10.8 square feet) equals 10 000 result in death. The main symptoms are a rash square centimetres or 1 million square millime- and a severe headache. It is contracted by tres. In measures of volume, 1 cubic metre droplet infection, i.e., bacteria from cough and (35.315 cubic feet) equals 1 million cubic sneezing of an infected carrier. The main areas centimetres. are hot dry parts of Africa and Asia but it is not confined to them and there are occurrences metric ton See ton (tonne) DICTIONARY OF TERMS also in Europe and elsewhere. Saudi Arabia requires the immunization of all those going metro Term used in some cities for the under- on Hajj, the annual Muslim pilgrimage to ground railway system, e.g., in Brussels in Mecca. Belgium, Paris in France, Liverpool and Newcastle-upon-Tyne in Great Britain. mental map Image of an area carried in the head, differing from an actual map in that Metroliner High-speed train operated by distances and shapes are likely to be distorted Amtrak between Washington, DC and New and there may be errors and omissions. It is York City. important in a recreational and tourism context in that it controls images of where places are metropolitan area See conurbation and what they are like, and so influences choices of destinations. Also plays a part in Metropolitan France The home country finding one’s way in the absence of a guide (which includes Corsica), as distinct from book or map. overseas territories of France, such as Martinique and Guadeloupe in the Caribbean merchandising Activities directed to influ- or French Polynesia and New Caledonia in the encing prospective customers once products Pacific. reach the point of sale, also known as point-of- sale promotion, such as display, packaging, MICE Acronym for Meetings, Incentive sampling, special offers. The fact that in much Travel, Conventions and Exhibitions, travel, tourism and hospitality the act of commonly used by the travel industry when consumption takes place on the sellers’ referring collectively to group business travel.

113 M

Micronesia See Australasia (a) Statute mile (the legal mile in the UK, USA and most Commonwealth countries) is microstates Very small sovereign states, 1760 yards or 5280 feet or approx. 1.609 km. some with populations of less than 10 000, such (b) Geographical mile (one minute of arc as island states in the Caribbean (e.g., Antigua measured along the equator) is 6087 feet, and Barbuda, Dominica, St Kitts and Nevis) rounded to 6080 feet or approx. 1.852 km. and the Pacific (e.g., Kiribati, Nauru, Tuvalu). (c) Nautical mile (one minute of arc standard- Population of less than 1 million is sometimes ized in the UK at 48° N) is 6080 feet or used to define a microstate; there are almost about 1.15 statute miles or about 1.852 km. 100 island and non-island territories within (d) International nautical mile (also known as air this definition. mile, used by the USA and other countries) is 6076 feet or about 1.15 statute miles or midcentric See allocentric/psychocentric about 1.852 km. In measures of area, 1 square mile (2.59 square Middle East (ME) Strictly speaking, the kilometres) equals 640 acres each of 4840 Middle East includes countries around the square yards. Persian Gulf, to be distinguished from those facing the Mediterranean, known as the Levant or mileage system See Maximum Permitted Near East. However, nowadays the term is Mileage (MPM), Ticket Point Mileage (TPM) commonly used to describe collectively countries and excess mileage for the three main of southwest Asia and northeast Africa, from elements of the system of air fare calculation. Iran through Iraq and Arabia to those along the See also basing point; common rated fares; eastern shores of the Mediterranean, including common rated points; fictitious/hypothetical Egypt. Most of the countries command signifi- fare construction points; indirect route princi- cant tourism resources, but their tourism devel- ple; more distant point principle. opment has been retarded by conflicts and terrorist activity, whilst oil-based wealth has mileage-based fare system Method of generated an increasing volume of international calculating fares in various forms of transport travel from the region. based on distance without reference to demand and competition. middleman A person or organization acting as an intermediary between parties, e.g., a millibar Unit of measurement of atmospheric travel agent acting between the tour operator pressure. and the customer. Minerva The European Union Socrates midnight sun Sun or light to be seen above action programme for open and distance learn- the horizon at midnight in Arctic (higher than ing, information and communication technolo- gies in education. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY 63° 30’ north) latitudes between mid-May and end July and Antarctic (higher than 63° 30’ south) latitudes between mid-November and minimum connecting time See connecting end January. time

migration Movement of people from one minimum land package See minimum- place (country, region) to another, both rated package tour between countries (international) and within countries (internal), to take up permanent or minimum-rated package tour Inclusive long-term residence, which distinguishes it tour by air providing only minimum accom- from tourism, as a temporary short-term modation to satisfy regulations and qualify for movement of people outside their normal place tour-basing fare. In USA, called minimum land of residence and work. Hence migrant, package. See also throwaway. emigrant, immigrant. See also alien; expatriate; nomad; refugee. minor operated departments (MOD) Miscellaneous revenue-earning hotel services mile A unit of linear measurement, which has grouped for accounting and control purposes several different meanings: and including, i.a., telephones, guest laundry

114 M and valeting, casino and leisure club opera- markets with large numbers of sellers who tions under direct management, as distinct seek to differentiate their products by such from major operated departments concerned means as branding and advertising; the with rooms, food and beverages, and also from products are then close but no longer perfect rentals and concessions [Uniform System of substitutes for each other. In broad terms, this Accounts for Hotels]. applies, e.g., in large cities and resorts where many restaurants compete offering similar Miscellaneous Charges Order (MCO) An services at similar prices. See also duopoly; all-purpose voucher issued by an airline and monopoly; oligopoly; perfect competition. drawn on any organization willing to accept it in prepayment for services or charges, such as monopoly In economics, a market situation accommodation, meals, sightseeing and which exists when the whole supply of a single transfers, in connection with transportation product, for which there is no substitute, is in covered by the airline ticket. See also travel the hands of one seller. In hospitality services voucher. the local character of hotel and catering markets makes monopoly more common than is the mise en place French term used in catering case with products that can be transported. E.g., to denote ‘everything in place’, e.g., all items a hotel, restaurant or public house, which is needed to prepare a dish before food prepara- the only hotel, restaurant or public house tion begins, or all items needed before the within a wide geographical area, may be said restaurant opens, to be at hand. to enjoy a monopoly market. See also imperfect competition; perfect competition. mixed economy National economy in which economic activities are undertaken by both monorail A railway of one rail, on which private and public enterprise, and the market carriages move or from which they are is to some extent controlled and regulated by suspended. See also MAGLEV. government, as is the case in most developed countries. By contrast, in a market economy on monsoon A regular periodic wind blowing at the one hand, market forces determine what is definite seasons of the year as a result of produced at what prices, and in a planned seasonal reversal of pressure over land and economy on the other hand, these matters are neighbouring oceans. Most commonly applied determined by the state. See also First World; to the area of the Indian Subcontinent and DICTIONARY OF TERMS Second World. South-East Asia, where southwest moist winds bring rains in the summer (wet monsoon) mobile home American term, originally used whilst northeast dry winds blow in the winter to describe a trailer caravan, now a similar (dry monsoon). structure, which can be moved, although not truly mobile, but is fully equipped with heating, moonlighting Working in one or more lighting, water, drainage and sewage services. separate jobs in addition to one’s normal employment, often on one’s own account and models Systems of hypotheses relating one or without declaring the income for taxation more dependent variables (such as numbers of purposes. Moonlighting is a growing feature of visitors or their expenditure) to one or more many economies with the gradual reduction in independent variables (such as standard of working hours in many industries and occupa- living or distance from generating sources), to tions. There are many opportunities for it in explain past variations and predict future travel, tourism and hospitality activities, which variations in consumer behaviour. provide much scope for part-time employment. See also black economy; ghosting. Modified American Plan (MAP) Demi- pension or half-board hotel tariff which Montezuma’s revenge Commonly used includes room, breakfast and one main meal term for a diarrhoea (diarrhea) suffered when per day, usually dinner. travelling abroad as a result of eating unwashed fruit or drinking contaminated monopolistic competition In economics, a water. Also called Delhi belly. See also form of imperfect competition, which exists in traveller’s diarrhoea (traveler’s diarrhea).

115 M

more distant point principle Airline term motor lodge See motel for the general rule which in certain circumstances enables an air fare to be reduced by motoring organization Individual member- including a point in an itinerary further away ship organization providing services to than the passenger wants to fly. Example: As motorists, such as the Automobile Association the actual mileage London–Athens–Lagos is (AA), the Royal Automobile Club (RAC) and 4006 and the Maximum Permitted Mileage the Royal Scottish Automobile Club (RSAC) in (MPM) is 3562, a 25 per cent supplement Great Britain, or the American Automobile would have to be added to the one-way direct Association (AAA) in the USA. In Australia fare. However, with the inclusion of Enugu the motoring organizations are organized at (beyond Lagos) the MPM increases to 3859, State and Territory level, e.g., the Royal which means only a 15 per cent surcharge. The Automobile Club of Victoria (RACV). See also passenger does not have to go to Enugu, automobile club. although he/she can choose to do so. motorway A wide multi-lane road with up motel An establishment providing accommo- and down lanes separated by a central strip, dation and often also other facilities and with limited access without surface crossroads services primarily for motorists. Originating in and restricted to certain types of vehicle. By North America as a response to growth in 2000 the network in Great Britain covered motor travel, early motels were distinguished 3316 km (2060 miles) and other trunk roads by low-rise buildings with rooms normally 12 150 km (7750 miles). See also autobahn; accessible from the outside, adjacent car autopista; autostrada; expressway. parking and location in relation to highways. These features are still characteristic of many mountain A descriptive term with no precise motels today but other establishments so called meaning. An elevated area, usually at least do not differ significantly from hotels with 2000 feet (600 m), rising sharply above the extensive parking facilities, and are sometimes surrounding terrain and occurring both as also known as motor hotels, motor inns and motor isolated features, such as Mt Egmont on North lodges. Island, New Zealand, or as ranges of mountains, as with the Himalayas. Mountains motion sickness Sickness caused by the are the main element of some of the world’s movement of a vehicle, especially in car travel most striking scenery, often conserved against (car sickness), which manifests itself by development and a major recreational resource abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Also for climbing and skiing. Marked by zonation called travel sickness. of vegetation as climate changes with elevation and subject to rapid changes of weather for motivations Generally, psychological stimuli which visitors are often unprepared; such

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY which move or activate individuals to act in a zonation and changeability are particularly particular way. Thus, whilst determinants marked on isolated peaks in areas of oceanic explain the factors which stimulate the growth climate. of tourism, why people wish to become tourists is the subject of motivations. mountain sickness See altitude sickness Motivational research, the study of psychological reasons underlying human behaviour, Mountain Standard Time A Canadian and particularly in relation to buying situations, US time zone based on the standard of the provides useful insights for travel, tourism and 105th meridian. Time equals GMT –7. hospitality planning and development as well as marketing. See also sunlust; wanderlust. mountaineering The sport of mountain climbing, a significant activity in Alpine motor home See caravan; recreation(al) countries, where it originated, but nowadays vehicle (RV) also in the Himalayas, Andes and Rocky Mountains. motor hotel See motel mull Scottish term for a promontory or motor inn See motel headland.

116 M multicultural Concerning more than two recreation (private and public) is often one. races or cultures when referring, for example, Characteristic of areas of low intensity use, to communities or societies composed of especially in upland grazed by domestic several races or cultures, as found in Hawaii livestock and also used for field sports, water and Singapore with their mixed populations. collection and informal recreation. Uses may be incompatible but can coexist if they do not multilateral Concerning more than two sides coincide seasonally. Also applies to areas of or parties as, for example, in multilateral agree- intensive cultivation in which shooting and ments between more than two countries, hunting occur. without discrimination between those involved. Some aspects of international travel multipliers See tourism multipliers and tourism subject to regulation are covered by multilateral agreements, which include municipal Of or under local authorities/ much transport and communications between government. In Great Britain many travel and countries. See also bilateral. tourism undertakings, such as museums, galleries and other tourist/visitor attractions, multinational company/corporation A as well as much public passenger transport, are large business enterprise operating in a number municipally owned. of countries, also called international company and transnational corporation. Most examples in Munro Scottish term for a mountain over 3000 travel, tourism and hospitality are to be found feet (914 m) high. The sport of trying to climb in the hotel field (e.g., Hilton International, as many Munros as possible is known as InterContinental Hotels Corporation, Sheraton) Munro-bagging. See also Corbett. but also in such fields as car hire (rental) (e.g., Avis, Eurodollar, Hertz) and elsewhere. Murphy American term used to describe a multi-ownership See timesharing bed that folds or swings into a cabinet or wall when not in use. multiple Term most commonly describing a shop or store, which is one of the same kind museum An institution for the collection, under the same management in different preservation, display and interpretation of locations. Its plural form, multiples, came into exhibits, originally of art, history, religion and common usage in the UK in the 1980s also natural history. Nowadays, most branches of DICTIONARY OF TERMS applied to travel agent companies with branch human endeavour are represented in outlets, following their rapid growth. museums, many of which are important tourist/visitor attractions. Thus there are multiple land use In land use planning, use museums with a focus on many sports, hobbies of land for more than one purpose, of which and other activities.

117 N

Naira (—) N Unit of currency of Nigeria. generations as well as for the present community’. Such places are listed on the Register of Nakfa Unit of currency of Eritrea. the National Estate and are often major tourist/visitor attractions. See also cultural named trains heritage; natural heritage. See Al Andalus Express (Spain) Bay Express (New Zealand) national holiday (vacation)/travel/ Blue Train (South Africa) tourism) surveys Sample inquiries of house- Coastal Pacific (New Zealand) holds or individuals measuring the volume, Eastern Orient Express value and characteristics, in some cases of (Thailand/Malaysia/Singapore) holiday (vacation) trips/visits, in others of all Eurostar (Belgium/France/UK) or most trips, of the residents of a country. Indian Pacific (Australia) Most countries of Western Europe have regular Metroliner (USA) annual surveys and several more than one; Orient Express (UK/France/Italy) such surveys are also conducted in Australia, Overland (Australia) USA and several other countries. Guidelines Overlander (New Zealand) for national holiday surveys have been Queenslander (Australia) published by the OECD Tourism Committee Southerner Express (New Zealand) with a view to facilitating survey comparabil- Trans-Siberian Express (Asia) ity but these are followed to a varying extent Xplorer (Australia) in individual countries. XPT Express (Australia) See also nostalgic trains. National Nature Reserves More than 300 areas in the UK managed so as to conserve Nansen Passport Internationally recognized natural habitats and their plant and animal identification document for refugees, named species or distinctive geological or physio- after Fridtjob Nansen, Norwegian statesman graphic features, and to provide opportunities

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY and humanitarian. for research with controlled access, by English Nature, Scottish Natural Heritage, Countryside narrow boat Long narrow covered boat used Council for Wales and Department of the on canals as permanent or temporary holiday Environment for Northern Ireland. See (vacation) accommodation. countryside conservation designation schemes for other schemes. narrow body aircraft See aircraft types: bodies National Parks Large countryside areas commonly in public ownership designated as national A person who is a citizen of a such by government in order to protect and country, by birth or naturalization. conserve their natural beauty and other features. The concept has its origin in the National Estate Defined by the Australian Yellowstone National Park established in 1872; Heritage Act 1975 as ‘those places being compo- the US National Park Service now manages nents of the natural environment of Australia more than 300 parks, historic sites and recre- or the cultural environment of Australia, that ation areas. However, the 15 National Parks in have aesthetic, historic, scientific or social existence or scheduled for designation by 2002 significance or other special value for future in Great Britain (10 in England, 3 in Wales, 2

118 N in Scotland) are largely in private ownership with the development, promotion and coordi- and recreational use in them exists side by side nation of tourism in a country, recognized and with agriculture and other activities on land on also to a varying extent financed by its govern- which there are public rights of access, within ment. Three main types are: governmental a framework of building development and (government department), semi-governmental other controls. See countryside conservation (statutory body set up by government), non- designation schemes for other schemes. governmental (voluntary association). Designation may differ accordingly, e.g., National Readership Survey British Ministry of Tourism, Tourist Board, Tourist continuous sample survey conducted by the Association. Joint Industry Committee for National Readership Surveys (JICNARS) with a sample of more than National Tourist Boards (UK) Statutory 50 000 individuals. It provides an analysis of bodies set up under the Development of the average issue readership of major publica- Tourism Act 1969 responsible for tourism tions, as well as analysis of ITV viewing, listen- development in their respective countries and ing to commercial radio, cinema-going and of for their promotion within the UK: English special interest groups such as car-owning Tourist Board (ETB), now English Tourism households. Findings are published in reports Council (ETC), Scottish Tourist Board (STB), by JICNARS and selected summary findings now VisitScotland, Wales Tourist Board also in Social Trends. (WTB). These were preceded by the Northern Ireland Tourist Board (NITB) established National Scenic Areas (Scotland) Forty under the Development of Tourist Traffic Act areas of predominantly privately owned land (Northern Ireland) 1948. in Scotland designated in order to conserve their scenic beauty through strict planning national travel/tourism From the point of a control over development, but with no explicit country, comprises for statistical purposes recreational role. Analogous to Areas of domestic travel/tourism plus outbound Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) in travel/tourism, e.g., French residents’ travel/ other parts of the UK, they cover more than tourism in France and abroad. one-eighth of the area of Scotland. See countryside conservation designation National Travel Survey British continuous schemes for other schemes. sample survey carried out for the Department DICTIONARY OF TERMS for Transport, Local Government and the National Tourism Administration (NTA) Regions by Office for National Statistics, which Defined by the World Tourism Organization collects data on personal travel patterns in as: Great Britain and relates different kinds of (a) The Central Government body with admin- personal travel with the characteristics of istrative responsibility for tourism at the travellers and their families. Findings are highest level, or published by the Department in Transport (b) Central Government body with powers of Statistics Great Britain. To be distinguished direct intervention in the tourism sector. from British National Travel Survey (BNTS). (c) All administrative bodies within national government with powers to intervene in National Vocational Qualifications the tourism sector. (NVQs) A comprehensive framework of Other governmental or official bodies of lower vocational qualifications for all occupations rank – either incorporated within a higher and professions in England, Wales and body or autonomous – may be regarded as Northern Ireland, intended primarily for NTA executive bodies. These may also include young people between the ages of 16 and 19 central organizations legally or financially who have left full-time education, providing linked to the NTA. See also National Tourism job-specific skills and knowledge. There are Organization (NTO). five levels ranging from foundation to professional and management and the sectors National Tourism Organization (NTO) include, i.a., arts and entertainment, catering Also referred to as National Tourism (or Tourist) and hospitality, environmental conservation, Office, an official body variously concerned sport and recreation, travel services, warding

119 N

and visitor services. The Scottish equivalent to animals, birds, plants and other interesting NVQs are Scottish Vocational Qualifications features. (SVQs). naturism Synonym for nudism, belief in and nationality The nationality of a traveller is practice of going about naked. Hence naturist that of the Government issuing his/her (person believing in and practising going about passport (or other identification document), naked); naturist beach (beach where the practice even if he or she normally resides in another is allowed); naturist colony (club or centre for country [World Tourism Organization]. naturists).

natural attractions See tourist/visitor attrac- nautical mile See mile tions nautical terms natural heritage Natural features consisting See abaft flagship of physical and biological formations of (a)midship(s) forward outstanding universal value from the aesthetic abeam gangway or scientific point of view; geological or aft hold physiographical formations and habitats of anchorage knot threatened species of animals and plants of astern leeward outstanding universal value from the point of beam mile view of science or conservation; natural sites berth port or areas of outstanding universal value from bow ramp the point of view of science, conservation or of catamaran starboard natural beauty [based on UNESCO companion way/ stern Convention for the Protection of the Cultural companionway tonnage and Natural Heritage 1972]. deck wharf draught (draft) windward natural resources Resources provided by fathom nature and available for human use, including, e.g., animals, plants, natural scenery. A distinc- Near East See Middle East tion is drawn between renewable and non- renewable resources. The former are Neoclassical Style of architecture and design inexhaustible and capable of replenishment but of late eighteenth and early nineteenth may be adversely affected, e.g., air and water centuries representing a return to classical by pollution; the latter are finite and irreplace- Greek and Roman forms as a reaction against able, e.g., minerals and soils. Baroque and Rococo.

naturalization Admission of an alien to the neo-colonialism The term used to describe DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY rights and privileges of citizenship of a the influence a powerful country exercises over country. See also citizen; national. the affairs of another, commonly over economic and political affairs of a less developed country. nature reserve An area of land or water set This may include technical and development aside to be so managed as to protect and assistance and the activities of multinational conserve its animal and plant life and other companies in travel, tourism and hospitality. features, and often used for research. In the UK there are both local and National Nature net circulation See circulation Reserves, some owned and managed publicly, some privately, and others by voluntary net tonnage See tonnage (shipping) bodies, such as the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. network analysis See critical path analysis

nature tourism See ecotourism Network Card See British railcards

nature trail Designated route in the country- networking An informal system of commu- side with signposting to draw attention to nications between members of a group, usually

120 N with a view to providing mutual self-help as, are normally excluded from travel and tourism e.g., between the alumni of a university or statistics. See also alien; expatriate; migration; between members of an association. refugee.

Neutral Unit of Construction (NUC) The non-discretionary income Personal income basis of air fare calculations established by the of individuals or households over the spend- International Air Transport Association ing of which the recipient has no discretion. (IATA), which replaced the Fare Construction Examples include income tax and other Unit (FCU) on 1 July 1989. In the new system compulsory deductions, other enforced long- individual amounts in local currencies are term spending such as mortgage payments, converted to NUC by the use of NUC conver- spending on necessities such as food and sion factors and the total NUC amount is housing. See also discretionary income; converted back to the local currency of sale. disposable income. The conversion factors are normally adjusted four times a year. non-endorsable Not valid for travel on another carrier. New Australian A recent immigrant to Australia, often a euphemism for an Australian non-governmental organization (NGO) of non-British descent. See also Pom/ International organization established by Pommie/Pommy. individuals, associations or firms (i.e., not by inter-governmental agreement), in which New England Collective term for the six US members are individuals or corporate bodies. states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, The organization creates its own statutes, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. cannot claim any privileged position, and is normally subject to the law of the state where New World Normally understood to denote its headquarters or secretariat are located. the western hemisphere, i.e., the North and European Travel Commission (ETC), Inter- South American continents and the Caribbean national Hotel and Restaurant Association islands. See also Old World. (IHRA) and Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) are well-known examples. See also New Zealand Dollar ($NZ) Unit of inter-governmental organization (IGO). currency of Cook Islands, New Zealand, Niue, DICTIONARY OF TERMS Tokelau. non-price competition A generic term describing factors other than price, which Newly Independent States (NIS) See differentiate the products of one seller from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) those of another and influence the buyers’ choice. There is much evidence to suggest that Ngultrum (Nu) Unit of currency of Bhutan. suppliers of many goods and services prefer to compete on factors other than price and niche marketing See target marketing this is also increasingly the case in travel, tourism and hospitality. For such facilities as nickel US five-cent coin. hotels, location is a common competitive factor. Reservation services constitute a night club See club competitive convenience for buyers of many tourist products, as do credit arrangements, no host bar See cash bar which enable accounts to be settled without the payment of cash. See also price competi- no show Term used in the business for a tion. hotel guest or passenger with a reservation who fails to take it up without notifying the non-refundable Cannot be returned for cash hotel or carrier. See also overbooking. or credit. Some changes may be allowed but a fee is normally charged. nomad Member of a race or tribe which moves from place to place to find pasture, non-transferable Can only be used by the hence one who lives a wandering life. Nomads passenger named at the time of booking.

121 N

Nordic countries Collective term for the five hemisphere. The corresponding phenomenon countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, in the southern hemisphere is aurora australis. Norway and Sweden. With a combined population of 24 million and a high standard Northern Summer Term used in Australia of living, the region represents one of the and New Zealand for the summer season in richest holiday (vacation) markets in the the northern hemisphere (usually referring to world. See also Scandinavia. the months of June, July and August), which coincides with winter in Australia and New normal air fares See air fair types Zealand.

Norman (architecture) See Romanesque nostalgic trains US term for trains restored to former state and operated as special tours North American Free Trade Agreement and tourist attractions rather than means of (NAFTA) A treaty between Canada, Mexico transport, such as Orient Express. See also and the USA, which came into effect on 1 named trains. January 1994, beginning a gradual process of eliminating tariffs and other barriers to trade notice of proposed rule making A public between the three countries. While it does not announcement by a government agency, such deal specifically with travel, tourism and as a civil aviation authority, that it is consider- hospitality, they are covered more generally ing amending its existing regulations, provid- under such headings as trade in services, ing an opportunity for interested parties to investment and temporary entry, as well as make their views known. under environmental and labour issues. Importantly, tourism is expected to grow as a notifiable disease Serious infectious disease, result of the strengthened economies of the such as cholera, meningitis or typhus, which countries and NAFTA stimulates increased has to be reported by a doctor to the appro- cooperation between their National Tourism priate authority (the Department of Health in Administrations (NTAs). the case of Great Britain), from whom the full current list of notifiable diseases is available. Northern Lights (aurora borealis) A shift- ing coloured glow seen near the horizon in the nouvelle cuisine See cuisine night sky in high altitudes in northern parts of Scandinavia and elsewhere in the northern nudism See naturism DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

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observation car See dome car head (hall) porter toastmaster hostess tour conductor occasional employee/worker See casual hotel representative tour director employee/worker houseman tour guide incoming tour operator tour leader occupancy The percentage relationship of land operator tour manager accommodation capacity used to available maitre d’hôtel tour operator capacity in hotels and similar establishments, meeting and conventions tour wholesaler a measure of utilization analogous to load planner tourism police factor in transport. Bed/guest/sleeper occupancy plongeur travel agent relates occupied beds to available beds, and purser uniformed staff room occupancy relates occupied rooms to avail- resort representative valet able rooms; hence single/double occupancy retail travel agent white-collar denotes room occupancy by one/two persons. sommelier occupation The occupation of any person is Oceania Term used to denote (a) the Pacific the kind of work he or she performs, due Islands and the adjacent seas or (b) the region regard being paid to the conditions under including Australia, New Zealand and the which it is performed; this alone determines Pacific Islands. See also Australasia. the particular group in an occupational classification to which the person is assigned. The oceanarium A large saltwater aquarium nature of the factory, business or organization where marine animals can be observed. See DICTIONARY OF TERMS in which the person is employed has no also marine park. bearing upon the classification of his/her occupation, except that it may enable the off-licence A shop selling alcohol for nature of his/her duties to be more clearly consumption off the premises, also the name defined. See Standard Occupational for one of two main licences for sale of Classification (SOC) alcoholic liquor in England and Wales, authorizing sale of all classes of liquor but only for occupations consumption off the premises for which the See aboyeur commissionaire licence is granted. The licence is granted by activities host(ess) comptroller licensing justices operating in each licensing air hostess concierge district. The Scottish equivalent is off-sale air steward(ess) controller licence; the US equivalent, package store. See also air travel organizer counter staff on-licence. animator courier back of house cruise director off-line See on-line/off-line bell boy entertainments bell captain director/officer Old World Normally understood to denote bell hop flight attendant the eastern hemisphere, especially Europe, bellman front of house Africa and Asia eastwards as far as the Malay blue-collar greeter archipelago. See also New World. busboy/busgirl/busser ground handling car hop agent oligopoly In economics, a form of imperfect chef ground operator competition, which exists when there are only

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a few sellers in the market. If their products are also sanctions sale for consumption off the homogenous – each a perfect substitute for the premises for which the licence is granted. The others – the oligopoly is described as perfect; if licence is granted by licensing justices operat- the products are differentiated, it is imperfect ing in each licensing district. See also off- oligopoly. The former is rarely found in licence. The Scottish hotel licence and the practice, but many accommodation and cater- public house licence are in effect equivalent to ing markets tend to fit the description of the on-licence in England and Wales. imperfect oligopoly. E.g., in many towns a few hotels represent most of the accommodation on-line/off-line capacity of the location, and offer similar facil- (a) In transport generally, countries or places ities at similar prices. See also duopoly; through which a carrier operates with monopolistic competition; monopoly; perfect rights to pick up passengers are described competition. as on-line; those through which a carrier does not operate or does not have rights to Olympic Games A quadrennial international pick up passengers as off-line. sport meeting held in various places (the first (b) In air transport, using the same airline, e.g., in modern times in Athens in 1896) and a changing planes with the same airline, is major tourist/visitor attraction. The first games described as on-line connection, as distinct after World War II were held in London in from changing planes as well as airlines, 1948, then Helsinki 1952, Melbourne 1956, described as off-line connection. See also Rome 1960, Tokyo 1964, Mexico City 1968, interline. Munich 1972, Montreal 1976, Moscow 1980, (c) In computing, connected to and communi- Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992, cating with a computer as, e.g., travel Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000; the 2004 Games are agency equipped with a terminal linked to scheduled to be held in Athens. See also a carrier’s computer is on-line. Winter Olympic Games. onward connection See connecting flight/ omnibus survey Regular repeat survey train using a standardized methodology and covering a number of topics for different clients at open bar See host bar the same time. Individual clients commission a limited number of questions each from a open country A descriptive term for unculti- market research company operating such vated land covered with non-tree vegetation, surveys at monthly or other regular intervals. including grasses and shrubs, particularly in This is significantly less expensive for them upland and mountain areas. In England and than purpose-designed separate surveys and a Wales given legal definition in the National particularly cost-effective approach for much Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 market research in travel, tourism and hospi- as ‘mountain, moor, heath, down, cliff or DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY tality, but it provides limited scope for detailed foreshore’, but subsequently extended to findings. include woodland.

one-way ticket American term for single open rate Air transport term describing a ticket. situation which exists when conferences, governments or carriers fail to agree uniform Oneworld Global airline alliance of (June rates for particular routes, leaving the parties 2001) Aer Lingus, American Airlines, British concerned to agree their own fares. Airways, Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia, Lan Chile and Quantas, formed February 1999 with open return A return (round trip) ticket American, British Airways, Quantas and issued by a carrier without a reservation to use Cathay Pacific as founding partners. a particular service on the return journey.

on-licence One of two main licences for the open skies The concept of a free market for sale of alcoholic liquor in England and Wales, international aviation, which allows airlines to which permits the sale of all or some classes of fly anywhere without restrictions, e.g., liquor for consumption on the premises and American and British airlines between the two

124 O countries. However, existing open skies agree- organic labels must conform to a strict set of ments concluded separately between member rules. Using organic produce is a unique states of the European Union with the USA selling proposition of some restaurants. aimed at liberalizing air traffic between the USA and a single European country have been organization and methods (O&M) See challenged by the European Commission as work study discriminating against other member states and acting against free trade within the Union. Orient The countries east of the Medi- terranean or of Southern Europe, including open(-date) ticket A passenger ticket issued variously those of South-West Asia, the Far by a carrier, usually an airline, without a reser- East or Asia generally, most of them with vation to use a particular service, such reser- much potential for tourism development. vation to be made at a later date. Orient Express Named train service inaugu- open-jaw trip A return (round trip) journey rated 1883, closed down 1977 and resurrected with different originating and terminating 1982 as the Venice Simplon–Orient Express, points (e.g., London/New York/Paris) or with between London and Venice via Paris and the a departure point for the return different from Alps, travelling by Pullman between London the arrival point (e.g., Chicago/London and and Folkestone, SeaCat to Boulogne, and thence Paris/Chicago). in refurnished original carriages to Venice. operational lease See aircraft leasing orienteering A competitive sport of Scandinavian origin of cross-country running operational/operations research (OR) A by map and compass. multidisciplinary approach to the solution of quantifiable business or administrative prob- origin In air transport, the starting point of a lems, using mathematical processes, usually passenger journey. When a journey comprises with the aid of computers. more than one leg, segment or sector using more than one airline, the airline carrying a opportunity cost The cost of an opportunity passenger on the first portion of the journey is foregone as, e.g., the loss of revenue that called the originating airline. would be earned from an alternative use of the DICTIONARY OF TERMS sum of money. This is an important concept of origin country For purposes of international practical value to be applied in investment tourism statistics, the country where the decisions when a choice has to be made about visitor has lived for most of the previous 12 the commitment of scarce capital resources to months or has lived for a shorter period and different projects. intends to return within 12 months [World Tourism Organization]. option (a) Activity, item or services not included in Ouguiya (UM) Unit of currency of Mauritania. the basic price, which may be chosen by the customer for an additional charge, e.g., outback Term used for relatively remote and sightseeing, or a single room on a tour, for sparsely populated areas of Australia, called which prices are based on two persons beyond the black stump and also Back O’Bourke in sharing a room. See also add-on. Australian English. See also bush. (b) A reservation made and held by an operator, such as a carrier, hotel or tour opera- outbound travel/tourism Travel/tourism tor for a limited period of time, by the end by residents of a given country to other of which the reservation must be confirmed countries. See also inbound travel/tourism; or it is cancelled. international travel/tourism. organic food Food grown on farms which do outdoor advertising Advertising medium not use conventional agrichemicals but natural consisting of posters, illuminated signs and fertilizers and natural forms of pest control. outdoor displays. Advertising sites in railway Farmers wishing to qualify for recognized and underground stations and advertising

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spaces in buses, trains and other vehicles are Overlander New Zealand rail service linking described separately as transport advertising. Auckland and Wellington in the country’s North Island. outplant See implant overriding commission Additional com- outside cabin A ship cabin with porthole or mission paid by a principal (such as an airline window. or tour operator) to a travel agent in certain circumstances, e.g., as a bonus or incentive. outsourcing The buying in of products and The term is also used to describe the commis- services from outside suppliers instead of sion allowed by a principal to a General Sales making them available internally. Common Agent (GSA) in respect of bookings originated reasons include lack of expertise, investment by an ordinary travel agent, the GSA acting as capital or physical space, as well as the ability a middleman between the principal and the to buy in more cheaply or more quickly than travel agent. supplying in-house. See also convenience foods; contract catering. oversale American term for overbooking.

overbooking Reservation of more seats by a overtrading A situation arising when a firm transport carrier or rooms by a hotel than are increases its output and sales without having available, sometimes deliberate to compensate adequate additional funds available to finance for anticipated no shows. In North America, the additional working capital required. also called oversale. See also bumping; denied boarding compensation. ownership of business For the three most common forms, see company; partnership; overflights of Antarctica Non-stop flights of sole trader. 10–12 hours aboard QANTAS Boeing 747 aircraft departing from Australian airports and overfly- ozone layer depletion Depletion of a thin ing the Australian, New Zealand and French layer of oxygen-related gases that circles the Antarctic territories. The ‘flightseeing’ charter earth and filters harmful cancer-causing ultra- trips spend 3–4 hours over Antarctica but do not violet rays from the sun. Caused primarily by involve any landings on the continent. manufactured gases, the likely effects of the depletion are such health hazards as increased overland Travel or transport across land by incidence of skin cancer and eye damage, road or rail, e.g., across North America from which might lead to a decline in traditional Atlantic to Pacific Coast. beach holidays and many water sports, as well as mountain-based tourism. Overland Australian rail service linking Melbourne and Adelaide. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

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Pa’anga ($T) Unit of currency of Tonga (also Ireland is the Package Holidays and Travel Trade called Tongan Dollar). Act, 1995.

Pacific Rim General name given to countries Pan-American Comprising North, Central bordering the Pacific Ocean, particularly in the and South America. northern hemisphere, where the volume of trade and tourist movement, notably between parador A hotel in Spain, one of a chain east Asia and North America and within the owned and controlled by the state, providing a region, is growing rapidly. See also Far East. high standard of tourism accommodation in traditional Spanish style, often converted from Pacific Standard Time A Canadian and US a castle, monastery or another historic building. time zone based on the standard of the 120th meridian. Time equals GMT –8. parallel economy See black economy package Generally, a combination of two or parallel of latitude A line drawn on a map more elements sold as a single product for an linking all points on the earth’s surface with inclusive price, in which the costs of the the same angular distance from the equator individual product components are not and, therefore, encircling the earth parallel to separately identifiable. In travel and tourism, the equator. There are 90 divisions or degrees the term is used as a popular synonym for between the equator and each of the poles, inclusive tour, as in package holidays (vacations) each degree is subdivided into 60 minutes and

or package tour. each minute into 60 seconds. See also latitude. DICTIONARY OF TERMS package store American term for a liquor parent company A company which controls store selling alcohol for consumption off the one or more subsidiary companies. Also known premises, equivalent to an off-licence in as holding company. See also conglomerate. England and Wales. park-and-ride A scheme which enables Package Travel Directive European drivers to park their cars and continue their Community Council Directive to approximate journey by public transport, increasingly used the laws and regulations of member states to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas and relating to the sale, or offer for sale, of package in fragile rural areas. holidays, which was agreed by EC Consumer Affairs Ministers in June 1990 and came into parlor car See Pullman operation on 1 February 1993. The Directive defines the terms package, travel organizer PARS US computer reservation system (CRS) and travel retailer, and lays down require- owned by Trans World Airlines (TWA) and ments for the protection of the consumer. The Northwest Airlines, merged with DATAS II Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), and both were replaced by Worldspan system responsible for implementing the Directive in in 1990. the UK, produced the Package Travel, Package Holidays and Package Tours Regulations 1992, part charter See charter agreed by Parliament in December 1992. See also consumer protection by tour operators participation rate The proportion of a (UK). Relevant legislation in the Republic of population who take part in a particular

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activity, such as outdoor recreation or tourism, passenger kilometre A measure of transport as distinct from activity rate, which refers to output denoting a passenger carried over a employment. See also holiday (vacation) distance of one kilometre. propensity, net. passenger load factor See load factor partie French term for a section of a hotel or restaurant kitchen. See also chef. Passenger Movement Charge See departure tax partnership (a) Form of ownership of business carried on Passenger Name Record (PNR) See record by two or more people in common, sharing locator risks, profits and losses. Normally each partner is responsible for the debts and for passenger seat occupancy See load factor the actions of others to the full extent of his or her own possessions. This is a common passenger space ratio (PSR) Also known as form of ownership in the professions and in ship density, the ratio of gross registered activities with relatively small capital tonnage (GRT) and passenger capacity, of requirements, as in some catering and particular significance in cruise ships: low retailing. In many countries partnerships density ships normally provide more space in are governed by legislation, as, e.g., in the cabins, public rooms and on decks, and vice UK by the Partnership Act 1890. See also versa. company; self-employed; sole trader. (b) Association of complementary parties, e.g., passport An official document issued by a airline and car hire (rental) or public and government to a citizen of a country, verifying private sector. his/her identity and citizenship, for travel abroad. See also travel document; visa. part-time (PT) (a) Generally, shorter hours than constitute a Pataca Unit of currency of Macau. full working week in a particular industry or occupation. However, what is part-time paying guest A person staying with a family employment is usually defined for particu- in their home and paying a rent. lar purposes; thus, e.g., part-time workers are defined for statistical purposes by the payload The revenue-producing load of an UK Department for Education and Skills as aircraft, including both passengers and cargo. people normally working for not more than It equals the total take-off weight less the 30 hours a week. Travel, tourism and hospi- empty weight including equipment and tality activities are large employers of part- operating load (fuel, supplies and flight crew). time labour. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY The responsible government authorities fix the (b) The term is variously defined in education. maximum take-off payload capacity of each See also full-time. aircraft.

passenger designations pedalo Small boat with seats for two people (a) Through passenger – one scheduled to travel who propel it by pedalling two twin paddle on the same vehicle to its final destination. wheels. (b) Transfer passenger – one who changes vehicle to continue a journey by connecting pedometer An instrument for measuring service. walking distance. (c) Transit passenger – one who breaks a journey at an intermediate point, to change vehicle peninsula A piece of land projecting into a or for another reason; if travelling between body of water, almost surrounded by water, countries, not leaving the transit area of the and only attached at one end to other land. airport or port and, therefore, not officially entering a country; such a passenger is not pension Establishment common in subject to entry formalities, such as customs Continental Europe, usually described in control. See also standby; transit traveller. English-speaking countries as a guest house,

128 P normally owner-managed and providing personnel association An association of accommodation, food and drink to residents employees in a particular occupation to only. See also boarding house; en pension. promote their common interests which, depending on its scope and functions, may but penthouse Accommodation, often a suite, on need not be a professional body or a trade the top floor of a high building. union. Examples include Association of Conference Executives (ACE), Association of per capita Well established, although National Tourist Office Representatives (ANTOR). erroneous, term used instead of the correct per caput, meaning ‘a head’ or ‘each’, as, e.g., per person-trip A standard measure of tourism capita income (average income per head), and activity, recording each person making a trip; per capita expenditure (average expenditure for example, three persons making a trip, per head), both common statistics derived from equals three person-trips. consumer market surveys, including visitor surveys. Peso Unit of currency of Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic (RD$), per diem Payment made as a fixed amount Mexico, the Philippines, Uruguay. per day by firms and other organizations to employees and others, such as consultants, PHARE Acronym originally formed from the who spend time away from their base, to cover French term for Poland and Hungary; Assistance their living expenses. for Economic Restructuring, a scheme launched by the European Community (EC) in 1989 to perfect competition In economics, a market help the reform process, initially in Hungary situation with a large number of sellers of a and Poland. Subsequently other Central and homogeneous product. Each seller supplies only Eastern European Countries (CEEC), including a small fraction of the total output, so that no the Baltic States, have also benefited. seller can alone affect the market price. Each Programmes of technical assistance have seller supplies a product identical with the extended to tourism development. products of all the other sellers, for which it is a perfect substitute, so that buyers can have no physical planning The process of preparing preference between products of different sellers. proposals for, and regulating the use of land in Few markets in travel, tourism and hospitality or a given area. Urban (town) planning refers to DICTIONARY OF TERMS elsewhere even approach perfect competition but physical planning in a built-up area, rural the model is helpful for understanding markets (country) planning to physical planning generally and various forms of imperfect compe- outside a built-up area. The term is sometimes tition in particular. See also monopoly. used in conjunction with development when building and other operations or changing the perfect oligopoly See oligopoly use of land or buildings is involved. Planning and development, together with marketing, are personal income Income received by the principal functions in tourism, and this is persons from employment, investments and reflected in the scope and structure of national, transfer payments in the form of wages, regional and local tourism organizations. See salaries, other labour earnings, dividends, development plans. interest and rent. Piazza In Italy a square or market place. personal selling Also referred to colloquially as face-to-face selling, the term describes pickup point personal contact with oral presentations to (a) Place where individuals or groups are potential buyers. Although such forms as sales collected by a coach or another vehicle by calls by representatives to consumers are not prior arrangement. common in travel, tourism and hospitality, (b) Slang term for a place where prostitutes they are used in negotiating group sales, as congregate to meet customers. with conference and exhibition organizers, and by producers vis-à-vis intermediaries as, e.g., pidgin-English Spoken language consisting by tour operators vis-à-vis retail travel agents. largely of English words, often corrupted in

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pronunciation, originally mainly used for pizzeria Restaurant which sells wholly or communication between the Chinese and mainly pizzas. Europeans, now throughout the Pacific Islands where it is the most common lingua franca planetarium A working model of the plane- between various local groups speaking many tary system, usually enclosed in a domed local languages. building, a significant tourist/visitor attraction in many cities. pied-à-terre French term for somewhere to stay, a temporary lodging. planned economy See mixed economy

pier Structure extending into the water used plastic money A colloquial term for debit, as a landing place or as a place of entertain- credit and charge cards. ment. See also quay; wharf. plat du jour French term meaning dish of the pike A mountain peak in the English Lake day, a dish not appearing on a printed menu District, e.g., Scafell Pike. and normally varying from day to day.

pilgrimage Movement of believers to distant plate service See American service holy places. The most widespread of these is probably the journey to Mecca, which all Plaza In Spain, a square or a market place, but Muslims must make at least once during their the term is also used elsewhere to refer to a lifetime. Formerly made on foot, by camel or wide open space that forms a pedestrian by ship, but now increasingly by air, on sched- forecourt to one or more buildings. uled services and by charter, from West Africa, Indonesia and elsewhere. Hindus Plimsoll line See International Load Line similarly travel to Varanasi (Benares) in India, Japanese to ancestral shrines throughout the plongeur French term for an employee who country, and Christians and Jews to Jerusalem. washes dishes in a restaurant. Visits to religious sites from the developed world are now more likely to be made because point of sale (POS) Any location where of the historical or architectural interest of the selling takes place. For most travel, tourism holy places rather than primarily or exclu- and hospitality products external points of sale sively for religious purposes. However, include retail travel agencies and operators’ Lourdes in France and Knock in Ireland are booking offices; internal or in-house points of examples of modern shrines that have arisen sale include, e.g., hotel reception offices, bars from visions and attract large numbers of and restaurants. Display and other promotion religious visitors. See also religious material used there is also referred to as point- travel/tourism. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY of-sale.

Pink Dollar Term used to refer to spending polar Of, near or referring to the pole. Hence, by gay and lesbian consumers who have e.g., polar regions lie between the poles and the emerged as a significant and identifiable tree lines; polar wind is a very cold wind tourist market segment, in some countries blowing from the north or south polar regions. served exclusively by specialist tourism and hospitality operators. polder An area of low-lying land at or below sea level reclaimed from the sea, lake or river pint Cubic measure of capacity for liquids by dykes and draining; common, e.g., in the equal to one-eighth of a gallon. British pint is Netherlands. equal to 0.568 of a litre, US pint to 0.473 of a litre. polio(myelitis) A viral disease of the nervous system, causing muscle pains, fever pitch and paralysis; can cause permanent disability (a) The distance between rows of aircraft seats. and is sometimes fatal. It is spread by (b) The rise and fall of the bow of a ship that faecal–oral means and by droplet infection contributes to seasickness. See also roll. (coughs and sneezes) in areas of poor hygiene

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(outside North and Western Europe, North port America, Australia and New Zealand). May be (a) Harbour or town possessing a harbour. prevented by immunization, which has to be (b) Left side of a ship or aircraft when facing followed by a booster dose every 10 years. forward, with red navigation lights on the bridge or wings. See also starboard. pollution Direct or indirect alteration of the properties of any part of the natural environ- portion The size or weight of a food item served ment in such a way as to present a hazard or to the customer in an eating establishment. potential hazard; alternatively, presence of material in the wrong place at the wrong time poste restante French term in international and in the wrong form. Pollution can thus use for the post office department where mail affect the atmosphere through harmful gases so addressed is kept until called for by the or particulate matter, the land through the addressee, hence applied to the service, which dumping of waste or noxious matter, and the is of particular benefit to travellers. General sea, rivers and lakes through discharges or Delivery is the US equivalent. deposition. Tourists have been both adversely affected by pollution, e.g., by traffic in cities, post-industrial society The term used to by adulteration of water supply and the describe a stage reached by society in the late discharge of sewage on bathing beaches, and twentieth century in North America, Western been a source of pollution, especially where Europe and several other parts of the devel- numbers are large and tourism planning is oped world, as a result of technological inadequate. See also environmental issues. progress and economic and social change. Main characteristics include the relative Polynesia See Australasia decline of goods-producing industries, the growth of services and increases in profes- Polynesian bure Thatched, cottage-style sional and technical occupations. The growth accommodation found throughout the South of travel and tourism is a prominent feature of Pacific and in island resorts of Australia in the post-industrial society. village-style resort settings. Although the term has become an almost generic expression, potential demand See demand for tourism terminology in particular countries varies: e.g., the same accommodation is known in Samoa Pound (£) Unit of currency of Cyprus (C£), DICTIONARY OF TERMS as fale. Egypt (£E), Lebanon (£L), Syria (£S), United Kingdom, including Channel Islands and Isle Pom/Pommie/Pommy In Australia and of Man (£), Falkland Islands (FI£), Gibraltar New Zealand, a person of English descent, an (G£), St Helena. See also Sterling. immigrant from the UK. See also New Australian. pousada A hotel in Portugal, one of a network of strategically located establish- pooling In air transport, sharing the revenue ments to meet the needs of touring motorists, to be obtained on a particular route between providing tourism accommodation, often in two or more airlines, on a predetermined basis converted historic buildings. by agreement between them, which may also cover matters such as cooperative flight sched- power boating Craft powered principally by uling and joint marketing. petrol engines, both as an end in itself, whether for speed boating or cruising, or as a source of population change The main components of traction for water-skiing and paragliding. Both change in the size of the population of an area forms are often a source of conflict with other are natural change (i.e., the difference between forms of recreation on or in, or on the banks births and deaths) and net migration (i.e., the of, water, as well as sources of erosion of soft difference between immigration and emigra- banks from wash, and of pollution from the tion). Trends in these are of travel and tourism discharge of oil, sewage and other waste. significance because the size of population is a basic determinant of the volume of travel and precipitation All forms of moisture falling on tourism generated by an area. the ground, whether in the form of rain, snow,

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sleet, hail or fog drip. All forms are measured catering services and tour operations. Price as the melted equivalent of rain, one foot competition is sometimes chosen as a deliber- (approx. 30 cm) of snow being broadly equiv- ate strategy but often it is the result of unfore- alent to one inch (approx. 2.5 cm) of rain. seen market conditions, in which planned capacity or sales exceed actual demand. See preclearance Provision of customs and also non-price competition. immigration procedures in a foreign country of departure to ease the demand for such facili- price cutting Reducing prices below the ties in the country of arrival. Such arrange- commonly accepted level for the product ments exist, e.g., between some Caribbean concerned, with a view to undercutting countries and the USA. competitors and achieving increases in market share. predatory pricing The practice of a firm temporarily selling at very low prices with the price discrimination Practice of charging objective of driving out competitors or keeping different prices to different customers for the out new entrants from a market; once the same product for reasons not associated with objective has been achieved, prices can be differences in the cost of supply. Common raised and higher profits made. This is what examples include situations where different Laker Airways claimed several airlines were customers have different elasticities of doing in the late 1970s and early 1980s when demand. Thus, e.g., normal air fares may be they cut their fares on North Atlantic routes on charged to business travellers and promo- which Laker operated its Skytrain service, and tional air fares to holiday (vacation) travellers what Virgin Atlantic complained of more on the same flights; in order to prevent the recently. The practice is difficult to prove but dilution of revenue by business travellers has been also alleged to exist, e.g., in Europe in making use of promotional fares, the latter the competition between scheduled and have various conditions or restrictions charter airlines. attached. See also dumping.

Prepaid Ticket Advice (PTA) Notification price elasticity of demand An economic by an agent or carrier that a person has paid concept which measures the responsiveness of for another person’s transportation, usually demand to changes in price. When a given from a place other than the one in which the change in price leads to a more than propor- fare was paid, thereby authorizing the issue of tionate change in consumer demand, the an airline ticket by the recipient. demand is said to be elastic; when a given change in price leads to a less than propor- pre-registration Term to describe procedures tionate change in demand, the demand is said for completion of registration prior to the to be inelastic. Much demand for travel, guests’ arrival, used for conferences, exhibi- tourism and hospitality services is price-elastic DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY tions, tours and other large groups by hotels, and elasticity is of practical importance in as well as event and travel organizers, to save pricing. See also cross-elasticity of demand; time and avoid congestion on arrival. income elasticity of demand.

preservation See conservation price pegging Keeping selling price at a stable level. Thus a firm may prevent the price press relations See public relations of its product from rising by absorbing increased costs in order to remain competitive; price/rate hike American synonym for a firm may sell surplus output abroad by price/rate increase/rise. dumping in order to avoid reducing the price of its product in the domestic market; a price competition Market situation in which country’s central bank may buy/sell currency firms compete on price rather than quality of to prevent its rate of exchange from product or other factors to influence the falling/rising. buyer’s choice. Price competition features strongly in travel, tourism and hospitality price skimming Setting high initial prices in markets, especially in air transport, hotel and markets with price-inelastic demand,

132 P commonly with a view to achieving a quick main travel- and tourism-related activities return. privatized in the UK included the British Airports Authority, British Airways and pricing Sealink, and in the 1990s, the railways. See also See backward pricing deregulation. contribution pricing cost-plus pricing product See tourist product differential pricing dumping product life cycle See life cycle fee-based pricing Hubbart formula product mix See marketing mix marginal cost pricing predatory pricing product orientation See marketing orienta- price cutting tion price discrimination price pegging productivity The relationship between price skimming outputs of goods and services and inputs rate-of-return pricing required to produce those outputs, such as recommended retail price (RRP) labour or capital. The most common but partial Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) measurement is labour productivity, the relationship between output and the labour resources primary data Information collected specifi- employed. Total productivity measurement is cally for a particular purpose, often by means concerned with the contribution to output of of a survey, as distinct from secondary data all productive resources. Labour productivity collected and recorded already. levels in the main tourism-related industries differ: those in the hotel and catering industry primary impacts See tourism expenditure are substantially below, whilst those in trans- impacts port are similar or even higher than those in most other industries. See also capital-inten- primary industries See services sive; labour-intensive. principal Person who gives authority to an professional body An organization of DICTIONARY OF TERMS agent who may then act for or represent the individuals engaged in a particular occupa- principal. In travel, tourism and hospitality, tion, normally a vocation or calling requiring hotels, transport operators and tour operators a long period of training or learning, which are principals when they sell their products seeks to provide standing for its members, through retail travel agents. and which controls admission, usually by examination. Therefore, professional bodies private carrier See carrier adopt certain defined standards, and members qualify for admission by formally private cost See social cost meeting those standards and by agreeing to observe them once they are admitted into private sector That part of the economy in membership. The standards are normally which economic activity is carried on by based on standards of competence shown in private enterprise, including households and knowledge and experience, and may also individuals, businesses and non-profit-making include standards of conduct in the exercise bodies other than those included in the public of the occupation. See also Professional sector. See also mixed economy. bodies in travel, tourism and hospitality (UK). privatization Transfer of industries, enterprises and activities owned by government professional indemnity insurance into private ownership, which has been Insurance which covers organizations and their pursued by many countries by such means as employees against mistakes and negligence. sales of shares and subcontracting of work by Also called in North America errors and public and private sector. In the 1980s the omissions insurance.

133 P

Programme Evaluation and Review (PSA) in the UK, which requires all firms Technique (PERT) Technique used in wishing to join the Association to put up a planning and monitoring complex activities bond as a condition of membership. The such as large construction projects and large scheme covers any inclusive tour (IT) holidays events. (vacations) from the UK with the bonded ferry and cruise companies. For other schemes, see promotional air fares See air fare types bonding schemes (UK).

promotional channels See marketing mix psychocentric See allocentric/psychocentric

promotional mix See marketing mix psychographics Measurement of an individual’s psychological attributes as distinct from proof of citizenship A document such as a demographics (see demography), which birth certificate or passport which certifies that studies such physical population characteris- a person is a citizen of a state. tics as age, sex and household composition. Both provide a basis for market segmentation propensity and are of major importance in product formu- See holiday (vacation) frequency lation and promotion, but whereas, e.g., the holiday (vacation) propensity, gross life cycle is the subject of demographics, holiday (vacation) propensity, net lifestyle is the province of psychographics.

Property Irregularity Report (PIR) Term pub Colloquial abbreviation of public house. used in air transport for the form completed by airline passengers at the airport in respect of public corporations See public sector missing baggage, which provides the airline with a description of the baggage, a brief list of Public Excursion (PEX) Special instant contents and an address to which it can be purchase air fare offered by airlines on sched- forwarded. It is important that passengers do uled flights between certain cities subject to not leave the airport without first reporting the certain restrictions. Thus, e.g., reservation, loss and completing the PIR and, when claim- payment and ticketing must be completed at ing compensation, produce a copy of the PIR, the same time, although not necessarily a their ticket and the baggage check. minimum period in advance, and a cancellation charge applies. See also Advance Purchase protected areas Areas designated by appro- Excursion (APEX); Seat Sale. priate national, regional or international authorities because of their archaeological, public holiday A day observed as a holiday cultural or environmental significance. See in a country. A few apply in many countries, e.g., New Year’s Day, May Day or Labour Day, DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY building conservation schemes; countryside conservation designation schemes Christmas Day. Most vary between countries or groups of countries, such as religious protected commission A commission holidays according to major religions. Many guaranteed by a supplier to an intermediary countries also observe a National or regardless of cancellations, e.g., by a tour Independence Day under that or a similar operator to a travel agent whether a tour takes name. There are commonly 8–12 public place or not. holidays in most countries. See Bank Holidays for those observed in the United Kingdom; provisioned charter An arrangement in also entries for public holidays in Australia, which the hire of a yacht or another vessel for Canada, India, New Zealand, Republic of a specified period includes fuel and provisions. Ireland, South Africa and USA. This is to be distinguished from bareboat charter and crewed charter. See also flotilla public holidays (Australia) New Year’s cruising. Day, Australia Day (26 January), Good Friday, Easter Monday, Anzac Day (anniversary of PSA Bonding Scheme Bonding scheme 1915 landing at Gallipoli, 25 April), Queen’s operated by Passenger Shipping Association Official Birthday (June), Christmas Day,

134 P

Boxing Day. These eight are national holidays, observed in individual states, which have legal which some states observe on different days; jurisdiction over their public holidays. there are also some individual state holidays. public house Establishment prominent in public holidays (Canada) New Year, Good the British Isles wholly or mainly supplying Friday, Easter Monday, Victoria Day (May), alcoholic liquor and other drinks for consump- Canada Day (July), Labour Day (September), tion on the premises to the general public, to Thanksgiving (October), Remembrance Day which the supply of food is ancillary, and the (November), Christmas Day, Boxing Day (total provision of overnight accommodation, if any, 10). Other days may be also proclaimed subordinate. Colloquially abbreviated as pub. holidays by individual provinces. Also often described as an inn but, e.g., in Australia public houses commonly trade as public holidays (India) Public holidays hotels. See also free house; tied house. In 2000 observed in India vary locally. As religious there were more than 50 000 public houses in holidays depend on astronomical observations, the UK and their number was gradually declin- holidays are usually declared at the beginning ing. of each year. public house licence A licence for the sale public holidays (New Zealand) New Year, of alcoholic liquor in public houses in Scotland Waitangi Day (anniversary of 1840 treaty, 6 granted by licensing boards. See also hotel February), Good Friday, Easter Monday, licence; on-licence. Anzac Day (anniversary of 1915 landing at Gallipoli, 25 April), Queen’s Official Birthday public relations (PR) The British Institute of (June), Labour Day (October), Christmas Day, Public Relations defines public relations practice Boxing Day (total 9). In addition each region as ‘the planned and sustained effort to estab- celebrates its anniversary day. lish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its public holidays (Republic of Ireland) publics’. This definition highlights the system- New Year’s Day, St Patrick’s Day (17 March), atic and continuous nature of the activity and Good Friday, Easter Monday, May Day (first its concern with all groups of people of Monday in May), June Bank Holiday (first relevance to the well-being of the organization; Monday in June), August Bank Holiday (first such groups include not only customers but DICTIONARY OF TERMS Monday in August), October Bank Holiday also, e.g., employees, shareholders and local (last Monday in October), 25–28 December communities. Public relations activity aimed at (Christmas) (total 12). establishing and maintaining a relationship with and through the press is press relations. public holidays (South Africa) New Year’s Day, Human Rights Day (21 March), public sector That part of the economy Good Friday, Family Day (9 April), Freedom consisting of central government, local author- Day (27 April), Workers’ Day (1 May), Youth ities and public corporations. The exact demar- Day (June), National Women’s Day (9 August), cation may differ from one country to another. Heritage Day (24 September), Day of In the UK, central government includes activities Reconciliation (December), Christmas Day, for which a Minister of the Crown or other Day of Goodwill (26 December) (total 12). responsible person is accountable to Parliament. Local authorities are public authori- public holidays (United States of ties of limited geographical scope; in the UK America) New Year’s Day, Martin Luther they include county, borough, district and King Day (January), President’s Day parish councils, and joint boards and commit- (February), Memorial Day (May), tees formed by two or more councils. As a Independence Day (4 July), Labor Day result of local government reorganization in (September), Veterans’ Day (November), 1996, some new unitary authorities combine Thanksgiving Day (November), Christmas Day the functions of the county, borough and (total 9). Federal legal public holidays are district councils. Public corporations comprise designated by presidential proclamation or public trading bodies, including the national- congressional enactment, but need not be ized industries. See also private sector.

135 P

public utilities Industries supplying essen- a separate organization until the early 1960s. tial basic public services, such as electricity, See also couchette; roomette; Wagon-Lits. gas, water and telephones, i.e., providing infrastructure for economic development, purpose of trip/visit The reason for which a which often have a character of natural trip/visit is undertaken. In surveys data are monopoly. usually collected on the main purpose, i.e., the reason in the absence of which the trip/visit public works Social infrastructure such as would not take place, although it may be roads and housing, financed by Government. supplemented or expanded by another Such spending is often advocated during a purpose, e.g., business as main purpose depression, in order to alleviate unemploy- followed by holiday (vacation). Three main ment and stimulate economic activity. groups of reasons are evident in literature: holiday (vacation), business, common inter- publicity Means of securing public attention, est. Six major groups are recommended by the other than advertising, through news value, World Tourism Organization for statistical artistic, entertainment or other merit, e.g., in purposes: leisure, recreation and holidays; feature articles in the press, books and broad- visiting friends and relatives; business and casting programmes. Unlike in advertising, professional; health treatment; religion/ which represents the purchase of advertising pilgrimage; other. space or time and where the advertiser has control over the message, no charge is made by purser A passenger ship’s officer responsible the media, which decide whether or not and for accounts, supplies and various passenger how information is used by them. services.

Pula (P) Unit of currency of Botswana. push–pull theory Theory first used in connection with migration, which suggests Pullman Named after the designer G.M. that people are pushed by adverse conditions Pullman, term applied to a railway carriage (such as unemployment or political repression) providing seating and sleeping accommoda- to leave an area, and are at the same time tion of high standard on American as well as attracted by an area with favourable conditions European trains, described in North America (such as employment prospects or freedom). as parlor car. Also sometimes used as name of The theory has been more recently extended to the company providing such accommodation, explain by analogy tourism, where it seems e.g., the Pullman Car Co. Ltd, owned by the equally self-evident (whether on climatic or British Transport Commission, operated some other grounds). See determinants of tourism; 200 Pullman cars over British Railways lines as sunlust; wanderlust. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

136 Q

quadrennial Every four years. queen (size) Term used to describe an extra wide, extra long double bed, approx. 60 ϫ 80 Qualiflyer Group Airline alliance of (June in. (150 ϫ 200 cm). See also king (size). 2001) Air Europe, Air Liberté, Air Littoral, AOM, Crossair, LOT Polish Airlines, PGA Queen’s Awards Annual awards to British Portugalia, Swissair/Sabena, TAP Air firms and other organizations to recognize Portugal, Turkish Airlines, Volare, formed outstanding performance in their respective March 1998. fields, initially for export and technological achievement; the Queen’s Award for quango An acronym formed from abbrevia- Environmental Achievement was launched in tion of quasi-autonomous non-governmental 1993. Following a review in 1999, the scheme organization, a semi-public body in the UK was renamed the Queen’s Awards for appointed and financed by government, but Enterprise. In 2002, 131 organizations not a government department. Examples received awards: 85 for International Trade, include the British Tourist Authority and 37 for Innovation, 9 for Sustainable other statutory tourist boards. Development. In most recent years awards were made to firms in travel, tourism and quarantine Isolation imposed by health hospitality industries. authorities on persons or animals that might spread infectious disease. When a ship is under Queenslander Australian rail service linking quarantine, no one is allowed to go on board Brisbane and Cairns. or disembark. Particularly strict restrictions DICTIONARY OF TERMS are applied by UK authorities to animals Quetzal (Q) Unit of currency of Guatemala. brought into the country. queue jumping Practice of going ahead of quart Measure of cubic capacity equal to a one’s turn in a queue or waiting list, known in quarter of a gallon or two pints. A British quart USA as cutting in line. equals 1.136 litres, a US quart 0.946 of a litre. quicksand A mass of loose fine sand, quay A solid structure, usually of stone or sometimes mixed with mud, supersaturated iron alongside or projecting into water, used as with water to be found on some coasts and a landing stage and for loading and unloading near river mouths, which tends to suck down ships. See also pier; wharf. any heavy object, including a person. queen room A hotel room with a queen quinquennial Every five years. (size) bed.

137 R

rabies An acute viral infection of the nervous railway mania Description given in Britain system. Symptoms include delirium, paralysis to the decade of the 1840s (when more miles and painful muscle spasms in the throat; it is of track were opened than during any other usually fatal. It is most commonly contracted decade). by being bitten by a dog or another infected animal and occurs in Europe and North Ramadan Ninth month of the Mohammedan America as well as less developed countries year when fasting is observed and able-bodied (LDCs). The main precaution is avoiding Muslims over 14 years of age are required to contact with animals and a vaccine is also refrain from eating, drinking and smoking available. from dawn to sunset. According to the Islamic calendar the period comes about 11 days rack rate Standard full or published price per earlier each year. It is observed in much of the hotel room, to be distinguished from various Middle East, several other countries in Africa, special (discounted) rates at which rooms may and in Turkey and Pakistan. be actually sold, and also from average room rate (ARR). See also hotel tariff; hotel tariff ramp terms. (a) A sloping plane joining two levels of ground. rail(way) gauge The width between the top (b) A plane connecting a roll-on/roll-off ship of the rails, which varies in different parts of to the shore or quay, which may be bow the world as follows: ramp (at front), stern ramp (at end) or side (a) The standard gauge used in Europe ramp (at side of ship). (except Spain, Portugal, former USSR and (c) Staircase on wheels used to load and certain countries linked to USSR), North unload an aircraft. See also gangway. America and parts of Australia is 1.435 1

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY metres (4 ft 8 ⁄2 in.) Ramsar Sites Conservation areas of marsh (b) Broad gauges of 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in.) and and other wetlands of international impor- 1.65 metres (5 ft 6 in.) are used in Spain, tance for their wildlife, named after an Iranian Portugal, former USSR, parts of the Indian town, in which the international convention Subcontinent, Australia and South for their protection was held. Designated by America. official nature conservation authorities, a total (c) Narrow gauges, especially 1.066 metres of close on 150 sites existed in the UK by early (3 ft 6 in.) or less, are used in South Africa 2000. See countryside conservation designa- and parts of Australia. tion schemes for other schemes. 3 (d) The metre gauge (3 ft 3 ⁄8 in.) is used in many parts of the world. Rand (R) Unit of currency of South Africa; also Namibia. rail passes See abonnement EuroDomino Pass random sample See sampling Amtrak Rail Passes Europass Britrail Pass France Railpass rate of exchange The price at which one Eurail Pass Inter-Rail Pass currency is exchanged for another. At any Eurail Selectpass ScanRailpass particular time in the absence of controls, the

138 R actual rates are determined by supply and also include such information as the costing of demand for currencies in foreign exchange the dish and its nutritional value. markets. A currency is said to appreciate/ depreciate when its floating rate of exchange recommended retail price (RRP) Price at increases/falls in terms of other currencies; which a manufacturer suggests the product changes in fixed rates of exchange are called should be sold by the retailer. revaluations/devaluations. Movements in exchange rates exercise an important influence reconfirmation It is a requirement of some on international travel and tourism flows. airlines if an international journey (other than within Europe) is broken for more than a given rate-of-return pricing Method of setting length of time, that the passenger should recon- prices with a view to achieving a predeter- firm the intention to use the seat reserved for the mined rate of return on invested capital. next leg of the journey. Failure to reconfirm may result in the cancellation of the next and any readership Number of people who read a subsequent reservation and the seat being sold. newspaper or periodical as distinct from the number who buy or receive it (circulation). A record locator Also called PNR (Passenger readership figure can normally be expected to Name Record) number, an identification number be higher than a circulation figure. Both figures or code provided by an airline or computer are of particular significance to advertisers of reservation system (CRS) for each booking. goods and services, including travel, tourism and hospitality products. recovery rate A performance indicator of public and voluntary sector organizations such real terms A money value at constant prices, as tourist/visitor attractions obtained by divid- i.e., adjusted for changes in prices. To eliminate ing total income by total operating expenditure the effects of price changes, data at current (ϫ100). prices are converted to constant prices by using index numbers. Tourism expenditure recreation Particular use of leisure or activity data are commonly converted by using the undertaken during leisure, which may include Retail Price Index (cost of living index). travel and tourism. Some major distinctions are However, as this measures changes in indoor/outdoor, home-based/away from home, consumer prices paid by households, in a active/passive recreation. Hence recreation centre, DICTIONARY OF TERMS number of countries an increasing use is made recreation development, recreation facilities. of specially constructed indices of tourist prices, which reflect more accurately tourist recreation(al) vehicle (RV) Term used for spending patterns. several types of vehicle, such as a motorized caravan for holiday (vacation) use, also called receiving country For purposes of interna- camper and motor home, and for a truck or van tional tourism statistics, the country that or another vehicle equipped or modified for receives visitors who are residents of another off-the-road pleasure use, such as dune buggy, country. See also generating country. off-road motor bicycle and snowmobile. The latter three are often a source of conflict with recession General decline in economic activ- conservationists because of the damage and ity reflected in the national income, employ- disturbance they cause, with residents, and ment and other aggregates. A widely accepted with those who seek quiet enjoyment in remote technical definition is at least two consecutive areas. quarters of falling output in real terms. This has occurred three times in recent years world- recycling Re-use of materials after further wide: 1974–5, 1980–1, 1990–2, the last being the processing, which would otherwise be thrown longest recession since World War II. See also away, including both industrial and domestic business cycle. waste, such as bottles, can metal and paper. recipe A formula for producing a particular red light district American term for a town dish including the ingredients and the method or city area known as the location of brothels of preparation; when used in catering, it may and prostitutes.

139 R

referral In general, the act of one person or one suffering problems, in which often govern- organization recommending another, with or ment plays a role, directly or indirectly, by without a payment, known as referral fee or stimulating, planning, co-ordinating and/or referral commission. Thus, e.g., each hotel in a financially supporting such development. In group may promote other hotels in the group areas with climatic, scenic or other attractions and generate business for them by onward and deficient in resources for other forms of reservations. Hence a hotel consortium is economic activity, tourism often represents an sometimes referred to as a referral system, important element in regional development, as especially in the USA. is the case in many coastal and mountainous regions. See also regional planning. refugee The United Nations, in the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, regional planning A systematic and extended in its application by the 1967 Protocol comprehensive approach to planning the relating to the Status of Refugees, defined a economic and social development of a defined refugee as a person who ‘owing to the well- major area, usually undertaken by govern- founded fear of being persecuted for reason of ments, for areas which represent administra- race, religion, nationality, membership of a tive units and broader in scope than statutory particular social group or political opinion, is land use planning areas. Some of the best outside the country of his [or her] nationality known examples of regional planning of and unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling tourism significance in Europe have been on to avail himself [or herself] of the protection of the Adriatic coast of former Yugoslavia, the country’. See also alien; expatriate; migra- Languedoc-Roussillon in France, and parts of tion; nomad. the Iberian coast. See also regional development. regatta A boat or yacht race, or commonly an organized series of such races, forming a sport- Regional Tourism Authorities (RTAs) ing and social event, derived from the name of Seven regional organizations in the Republic of certain boat races on the Grand Canal in Ireland with a membership of local authorities Venice. Notable regattas, such as the Henley and individuals, associations and firms, Regatta in England, are major tourist/visitor providing visitor servicing, regional market- attractions. ing, and development coordination and planning. region (a) A major area within a country, which has regional tourism organization Inter- certain attributes in common, such as mediate level of tourism organization between climate or topography, and then is usually national and local levels, variously concerned described as a natural region, and/or which with the development, promotion and coordination of tourism in its area. See, e.g., Regional DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY forms a unit for political or administrative purposes. Catalonia in Spain, the Tourist Boards (RTBs) for England, Area Highlands in Scotland, Languedoc- Tourism Companies (ATCs) for Wales, Roussillon in France, are well-known Regional Tourist Associations (RTAs) for examples in Europe. Northern Ireland, Regional Tourist (b) An area of the world with defined charac- Authorities (RTAs) for the Republic of Ireland. teristics or a group of countries in geographical proximity, e.g., the Balkans, Regional Tourist Associations (RTAs) the Caribbean, Middle East. See also Voluntary bodies operating within Northern global tourism regions. Ireland with membership drawn from the public and private sectors and operating with regional carrier A carrier serving a region, the support of the Northern Ireland Tourist which may be an area within a country or a Board (NITB) to develop, promote and coordi- global region. nate tourism in their respective areas of the Province. regional development Growth in economic and social terms of a defined major area, Regional Tourist Boards (RTBs) Network usually an administrative entity, particularly of ten voluntary bodies with a tripartite struc-

140 R ture of local authorities, the tourism industry picking up a car at one location and leaving it and the English Tourism Council (ETC) at another. covering the whole of England. Formed following the setting up of the national board for rental England under the Development of Tourism (a) Amount paid by tenant or received by Act 1969, to develop, promote and coordinate owner as rent for occupation and use of tourism in their respective areas of England. space. See also concession. (b) US synonym for hire, as, e.g., in automobile regression analysis A statistical technique rental. for establishing a relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent representative See hotel representative; variables, which would explain past variations resort representative in the former and predict future variations in terms of changes in the latter. A simple regres- repeat customer Customer who buys products sion model is used for a two-variable relation- or services from the same supplier, e.g., guest ship, such as holiday (vacation) participation staying at the same hotel or traveller using the and income. Multivariate regression models are same airline. Hence repeat tourist or visitor is one required for more than two variables. E.g., to who returns to the same destination. forecast tourist flows to several destinations, population size and income per capita of each re-route To change an itinerary. of the generating countries, relative distance and travel times may be used. Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) The practice of suppliers setting specific or regular body aircraft See aircraft types: minimum prices for their products and requir- bodies ing the distributors to sell them at those prices. The practice is subject to legislation in many relais See brasserie countries. E.g., in the UK all resale price arrangements are assumed to be against the religions of the world public interest unless proved otherwise, and See Buddhism Jainism tour operators cannot legally enforce inclusive Chinese religions Japanese religions tour prices against retail travel agents, but Christianity Judaism suppliers may publish a recommended retail DICTIONARY OF TERMS Confucianism Shinto(ism) price (RRP) and agree with distributors to Hinduism Sikhism what extent such prices may be discounted. Islam Taoism reservoir An artificial body of water, created in religious travel/tourism In a narrow sense, upland valleys by the construction of a dam or trips and visits whose main purpose is the barrage, and in the lowlands by the building of religious experience, e.g., pilgrimages to a wall or bund to enclose the water. Reservoirs Jerusalem, Lourdes and Mecca. In a broad are created for a number of different purposes sense, also trips and visits whose major and these and their location and characteristics motivation is religious heritage, such as affect their suitability for recreational use: direct churches and cathedrals. supply of drinking water, control of flow in a river for extraction lower down, generation of remittances Inter alia, money sent by hydroelectric power, irrigation and the mainte- immigrants from the country in which they nance of water levels in canals. Apart from the work to relatives in their country of origin; first, there is no reason why the water should these amounts appear as ‘private transfers’ not be used for recreation, and modern purifi- among invisibles in the balance of payments cation plant makes some forms of recreation current account. acceptable on the direct supply reservoirs, notably sailing and angling. Ren Min Bi Yuan See Yuan resident For purposes of international rent it here, leave it there American term tourism statistics, a person is considered to be used to describe a car rental arrangement for a resident in a country if the person

141 R

(a) has lived for most of the past year (12 attracts from considerable distance and their months) in that country, or appeal is national or international rather than (b) has lived in that country for a shorter local or regional. See also user-oriented period and intends to return within 12 resources. months to live in that country. For purposes of statistics of domestic tourism, response rate In surveys, the ratio of the a person is considered to be a resident in a number of people responding to the total place if the person number of people approached. In marketing, (a) has lived for most of the past year (12 more specifically, the number of replies or months) in that place, or enquiries received in response to an advertise- (b) has lived in that place for a shorter period ment (or another promotion), used as a and intends to return within 12 months to measure of advertising effectiveness. See also live in that place. conversion rate. [World Tourism Organization] responsible tourism See alternative tourism residential hotel A description sometimes used for a hotel accommodating long-term rest room US term for a public toilet. guests who may make it their home. restaurant Establishment providing food for resort consumption on the premises to the general (a) Place to which people go for holidays public, to which the supply of alcoholic liquor, (vacations) and recreation, hence holiday if any, is ancillary, as a separate unit or as part (vacation) and health resorts, also inland and of a hotel or another establishment. Beyond coastal/seaside resorts. Historically the this generalization, some restaurants operate evolution of tourism has been closely under designations such as cafés, snack bars identified with the beginnings and subse- and the like; in some countries the designation quent development of resorts. Nowadays of restaurants and other eating establishments the term often has its literal meaning to is regulated by law. In 2000 there were around denote any visitor centre to which people 45 000 restaurants, cafés and take-away food resort in large numbers and capital cities shops operating in the UK. See also restaurant tend to be the largest and most prosperous types resorts in their countries, especially for international tourists. restaurant types (b) In the USA and the Caribbean, also a See auberge drive-in restaurant holiday (vacation) hotel providing exten- bistro drive-through restaurant sive entertainment and recreation facili- bodega fast food outlet ties. brasserie food court Bring Your Own pizzeria DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY resort representative A tour operator’s café relais employee based in a resort and providing a cafeteria snack bar formal point of contact between the firm and carvery speciality restaurant clients and resort facilities and services, as well coffee shop trattoria as entertainment and other arrangements. diner truckshop

resort tax Tax levied by local authority or restoration See conservation another agency on staying visitors, usually in the form of bed, hotel or room tax, as a means of Retail Export Scheme Scheme administered raising revenue; sometimes the proceeds are by Customs and Excise in the UK, which applied to tourism purposes. See also tourist enables overseas visitors to receive a refund of tax. value added tax (VAT) paid on some goods bought while in the UK. From 1 January 1993 resource-based resources Resources European Community (EC) travellers have no devoted to recreation and tourism, which longer been eligible to use the scheme but it depend for their attraction on their quality continues to be available to others and also in irrespective of their location. Their character certain circumstances to UK residents depart-

142 R ing abroad and to crew members of ships and Riel Unit of currency of Cambodia. aircraft. right of way A legal right of passage across Retail Price Index (RPI) See cost of living the property of another, usually by a defined index footpath. Of particular importance in Great Britain where there is a dense network of retail travel agent See travel agent footpaths throughout areas used for farming, representing a major recreational resource. See return load Paying load carried by a vehicle also trespass. on a return journey to the place from where its previous load came. Also called back load. See ring-and-ride A term used in community also back-to-back. transport for a scheme which enables users such as disabled and elderly people to revalidation sticker An amendment telephone and arrange for door-to-door trans- attached to the flight coupon of an airline port, usually by taxi or minibus. ticket, showing a change such as change of flight made to the original reservation. Ringgit (RM) Unit of currency of Malaysia. revenue load factor See load factor risk-spreading economies See economies of scale revenue passenger kilometre (RPK) A measure of transport output denoting one Riviera The Mediterranean coastal region facing paying passenger carried one kilometre. the Ligurian Sea and extending between the departments of Alpes-Maritimes in southern revenue passenger mile (RPM) A measure France and Liguria in northern Italy. The French of transport output denoting one paying Riviera is known as the Côte d’Azur and includes passenger carried one mile. such well-known resorts as Nice, Cannes and Monte Carlo in the Principality of Monaco. The revenue tonne kilometre (RTK) A term Riviera is sometimes also applied to other measure of transport output calculated as the important tourism areas with an attractive product of revenue earning load in tonnes and climate and scenery, usually for marketing the kilometres over which it is carried. purposes, e.g., Cornish Riviera in England. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

Rial Unit of currency of Iran (IR) and Oman Riyal Unit of currency of Qatar (QR), Saudi (RO). Arabia (SR) and Yemen. ribbon development Building along main roads roads extending outwards from built-up areas, See autobahn freeway a common direction of much urban growth, autopista motorway including many coastal and inland resorts. autoroute scenic route Also used to describe more generally a linear autostrada tollway building development along a coastline, valley beltway trunk roads or route. bypass turnpike road expressway Richter scale A numerical scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes, Rococo Elaborate, florid and light style of ranging from 0 (slight) to over 8 (very severe), architecture and interior design forming the with earthquakes from 5 upwards causing last phase of Baroque in Europe. increasingly severe damage. The measuring instrument used is a seismograph/seismometer. roll The side to side motion of a ship that contributes to seasickness. See also pitch. rickshaw Light two-wheeled carriage drawn by a man on foot between two shafts, used in rollaway bed A portable collapsible bed, Hong Kong and some other Asian cities as a which can be rolled under another, when not form of tourist transport. See also trishaw. in use.

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rolling stock Term used for passenger advance of arrival and used by the hotel to carriages and goods wagons of railways. assign rooms.

roll-on/roll-off ship A vessel operating roots tourism See ethnic tourism primarily as a vehicular ferry on which vehicles are loaded and unloaded by means of Rouble/Rubl/Ruble (R) Unit of currency of ramps. Belarus and of the Russian Federation.

Romanesque Architectural style of the late round-the-world ticket Long haul airline tenth to mid thirteenth centuries in Western ticket based on the combined networks of two Europe, of which the main characteristics are or more airlines. Usually available for round-headed arches and geometrical preci- economy, business and first class travel and sion. In England, more often referred to as valid for a year, allowing travel in one direc- Norman. The term is also applied to the paint- tion with stopovers. ing of the period. round trip A synonym for a return journey. For civil aviation purposes, the International room safe A small guest-operated safe Air Transport Association (IATA) defines provided in a hotel bedroom, in which guests round trip as travel from point of origin to may keep their valuables, as an alternative to another turnaround point and return via the a centralized safe custody facility provided same air route used outbound, regardless of through hotel reception. whether the outbound and inbound fares are identical, or by an air route different from that room service Food and beverage service used outbound, for which the same normal all- provided by hotels in guests’ rooms, also year one-way fare exists. See also open-jaw trip. called floor service. rounding Procedure for discarding digits room tax Tax levied by central or local representing small numbers or decimals government or another agency on staying considered insignificant as, e.g., ‘rounding to visitors, collected at the place of stay, as a the nearest whole number’. When a digit to be means of raising revenue; sometimes the discarded is below 5, it is customary to round proceeds are applied to tourism purposes. May down, and when it is 5 or above, to round up. be also called bed tax, hotel tax or visitor tax. See However, showing numbers to fewer digits also resort tax; tourist tax. may give rise to a discrepancy when they are, e.g., added up, and this is known as rounding room types/descriptions error. Hence tables may be accompanied by a See adjoining rooms family room note such as ‘Totals may not agree with the cabana king room sums of items because of rounding’.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY cabin lanai connecting rooms queen room route double single (a) A way, road, course; a certain direction double double studio room taken in travelling from one place to duplex suite another. efficiency triple room (b) To travel, send or forward by a certain en suite twin route as, e.g., (in aviation parlance) AT (via the Atlantic) or AF (via Africa). roomette In North America a small sleeping compartment on a train with a toilet and a Rufiyaa Unit of currency of Maldives washbasin. See also couchette; parlor car; (Maldivian Rupee). Pullman; Wagon-Lits. runway The airport area used for aircraft rooming house US term for a house with take-offs and landings. rooms to let. Rupee Unit of currency of India (Rs), rooming list List of names of members of a Mauritius, Nepal (NR), Pakistan (Rs), group provided by the travel organizer in Seychelles (SR), Sri Lanka.

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Rupiah (Rp) Unit of currency of Indonesia. sites, interpretation centres and agricultural and folk museums. rural planning See physical planning Russian service Style of restaurant table rural tourism Mainly holiday (vacation) service, in which the food is portioned and tourism with a focus on countryside destina- placed on silver salvers in the kitchen, and served tions. Although not a new phenomenon, rural in the restaurant from the salvers on to the tourism development has been receiving much guest’s plate. See also American service; English attention in recent years as a means of income service; family-style service; French service. and employment generation and of diversification of local economies. It is often identified ryokan A traditional Japanese inn, commonly with farm tourism but rural tourism is a wider with a garden, private suites or guest rooms concept and includes also such specific features with shared bathrooms, and meals normally as the development of nature trails, picnic served in rooms. Also spelt Royakan. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

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Sabre Global computer reservation system sales tax A tax levied by governments at the (CRS) owned by American Airlines. point of sale as a proportion of the retail price of goods and services. It may be levied by safari Term originally describing a hunting central governments (as, e.g., by the Federal expedition in Africa, nowadays also applied to Government of Canada) or state or regional trips to observe wildlife, highly developed in governments (as, e.g., in the USA and some East and South Africa, sometimes referred to as provinces in Canada). It may apply to all sales camera safari. or to particular goods and services. To be distinguished from value added tax (VAT). safe custody Facility offered by banks to their customers and by hotels to their staying guests salvage In hotels and restaurants, revenue to deposit valuables and documents for safe derived from the sale of such items as used keeping. See also room safe. cooking oil, waste paper and other waste or obsolete material, to dealers. sailing card/list A list of sailings issued by a shipping company showing for each of its same-day visitor For statistical purposes, a ships receiving, sailing and arrival dates at visitor (either domestic or international), or ports at which the ships call. excursionist, who does not spend the night in collective or private accommodation in the sale and lease-back An arrangement place visited [World Tourism Organization]. whereby a company sells its land and buildings to an investor and leases the same sampling A method of inquiry in which data property back for an agreed term. A common are collected from a proportion of the popula- means of financing hotel investment, the effect tion to provide information on the whole is to release capital tied up in the property for population, as distinct from a census, in other purposes, as the hotel company is then which data are collected from the whole normally only required to finance investment population. When each person or item has an DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY in interior assets and to pay a rent. equal chance of being chosen, the sample is known as simple random sample; when the sales mix Term used to describe the compo- population consists of various groups, a strat- sition of total sales, usually expressed in ified random sample may be used, i.e., specified percentage terms. Thus, e.g., the sales mix of a proportions of the sample are drawn at hotel may be made up of room, food, beverage random from different groups or strata. and other sales. See also business mix. Sample surveys are the main form of survey in travel and tourism. sales orientation See marketing orientation sanatorium Establishment for the treatment sales promotion Generally activities of invalids, especially consumptives and designed to stimulate sales other than adver- convalescents, commonly located in high tising and publicity. Common incentive sales altitudes and other locations with health- promotions in travel, tourism and hospitality giving properties, e.g., the Alps and along the include price cutting, discount vouchers, sea coasts. extras, free gifts and frequent user programmes, as well as point-of-sale promotion. Santa Ana See föhn

146 S satellite account Term developed by the Buildings. In mid 2000 the inventory included United Nations to measure the size and struc- over 43 000 ancient monuments (31 500 in ture of economic sectors not included in their England, 7200 in Scotland, 3300 in Wales and own right in national accounts. Hence a tourism 1400 in Northern Ireland). See building satellite account measures the tourism sector. conservation schemes for other schemes. The account runs alongside as a subset of national accounts and enables the provision of Schengen Agreement Treaty signed in reliable estimates of the contribution of Luxembourg village of that name in June 1985 tourism to the country’s economy, which can by France, Germany and the three Benelux be accurately compared with other sectors. countries on the gradual abolition of controls at the common frontiers. It took more than 10 Scandinavia The term is used variously and years for it to come into force. The Schengen often erroneously to include (a) the peninsula zone covers 13 EU states including Denmark, shared by Norway and Sweden, (b) the three Sweden and Finland and two non-EU countries countries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, (c) (Norway and Iceland), which joined in March often these and also Finland, (d) sometimes also 2001, as a free travel area of 310 million people Iceland. Strictly speaking, Scandinavia consists allowing crossing borders without showing of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and the five passports. The UK and the Republic of Ireland countries including Finland and Iceland are have opted out of most of the agreement. The correctly described as Nordic countries. With a system also includes a database to combat combined population of more than 18 million crime and illegal immigration. (Scandinavia) and 24 million (Nordic countries), and a high standard of living, the schistosomiasis See bilharziasis region represents one of the richest holiday (vacation) markets in the world. Scottish Vocational Qualifications See National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs); ScanRailpass Unlimited travel rail ticket General National Vocational Qualifications available for various periods in first or (GNVQs) standard class to non-residents of Scandinavia on the national railways of Denmark, Finland, scuba diving Water sport of swimming Norway and Sweden and certain other under water, using self-contained underwater services. Different prices apply to those under breathing apparatus, called scuba. DICTIONARY OF TERMS 12, 12–25, 26–60 and 60+ years of age. See also rail passes. sea breeze A coastal breeze blowing from sea to land, caused by the temperature difference scenic route Generally a minor road passing when the land surface is warmer than the sea through attractive countryside relatively little surface, and exercising a cooling effect. used by commercial traffic and hence well suited to pleasure motoring. Often identified sea cruising areas See cruise by local authorities and publicized not only as a tourist/visitor attraction but also to attract sea fog A type of fog formed when air that has tourists off major roads. been lying over a warm surface is transported over a colder surface. See also steam fog. scheduled An adjective used, e.g., in transport when referring to a regular service sea-legs Ability to walk on deck while the between two points operated according to the ship is pitching and rolling without becoming publicized timetable (schedule), available for seasick. use by members of the public. Hence, e.g., in air transport scheduled flight, also scheduled seaboard Coastline, seashore. airline, an airline operating such flights. seaborne Conveyed by a ship on sea. Scheduled Ancient Monuments Castles, fortifications, other structures and archaeolog- seamen’s fares Reduced air fares to which ical sites scheduled and protected in the seamen are commonly entitled when travelling United Kingdom in similar ways as Listed to join or leave a ship.

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seaplane Aircraft equipped with floats in tourism and related employment. When associ- place of undercarriage for landing on and ated with climatic and related factors, this is taking off from water. See also flying boat. sometimes described as natural seasonality, to differentiate it from institutional seasonality, Seaside Awards A UK scheme for beaches such as that reflected in the calendar of the meeting the standards of the EC Bathing churches and such events as pilgrimages. An Water Directive, comprising two tiers: Seaside important aspect of institutional seasonality is Awards given to beaches that meet the patterns of holiday (vacation) taking, in part minimum or ‘mandatory’ standards of the dictated by school holidays and considerably Directive and Premier Seaside Awards given to reducing the period when climatic conditions beaches that meet stricter ‘guideline’ are favourable. See also seasonal adjustment. standards. A list of UK Blue Flag and Seaside Awards is available from Encams, 5 Chalk Hill seat kilometre A measure of transport capac- House, Rosary Road, Norwich NR1 1SZ, ity denoting a passenger seat carried over a Telephone 01603 766076. distance of one kilometre.

season A division of the year normally associ- seat mile A measure of transport capacity ated with climate and related factors. There are denoting a passenger seat carried over a four seasons of similar duration in the middle distance of one mile. latitudes, but effectively two in the tropics (wet and dry) and in the polar regions (winter seat pitch The distance between the front and summer), and three in the monsoon edge of an aircraft seat and the front edge of regions (cold, hot and wet); there is little differ- the seat behind when both seats are in the entiation of season in equatorial regions. See upright position. also seasonal adjustment; seasonality. seat rotation An arrangement whereby coach seasonal adjustment Process of adjusting tour passengers change seats in order to have statistical time series to remove fluctuations an equal opportunity of viewing from the best which show a regular seasonal pattern over the seats. year, and which may be estimated from previous years. The adjusted series gives a clearer Seat Sale Special return air fare offered by view of the underlying trend, although any airlines on European scheduled flights for remaining changes may also comprise cyclical travel during periods of low demand, subject movements, as well as irregular and excep- to various restrictions, for a maximum stay of tional variations. As many travel, tourism and one month. Cannot be changed or cancelled. hospitality services are subject to seasonality, seasonal adjustment is widely used in related seat turnover A measure of utilization of a catering establishment capacity, showing the DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY monthly and quarterly statistics. See also season. number of times each seat is used by customers over a period of time. Thus, e.g., seasonal employee/worker One engaged when in a restaurant seating 100 customers, for temporary employment at times of peak 250 are served in a day, the daily seat turnover activity in the high season. May be full-time is 2.5. or part-time, depending on the hours worked. Payment of wages depends on agreement seaworthiness See certificate of seaworthi- between employer and employee and ness commonly takes place weekly; if at less than weekly intervals and, particularly if daily, such Second freedom See freedoms of the air an employee may be described as a casual seasonal employee. second home A house, apartment or another building used for holidays (vacations) and seasonality Variation according to the time or other temporary stays by owners whose main seasons of the year, which tends to exhibit a residence is normally elsewhere. Also known similar pattern from year to year, and affect as holiday/summer/vacation home. Second homes activities such as agriculture, construction, are also frequently used by owners’ friends

148 S and relatives and let by owners to others. segmentation In marketing, the process of Second home ownership is highly developed dividing the total market into more or less in North America, several parts of Eastern and homogeneous groups (segments), each of which Western Europe, including France and shares certain characteristics and product Scandinavia and, if static caravans are preferences and may be expected to behave included, also in Great Britain. See also condo- similarly. The purpose of segmentation is to minium; timesharing. facilitate cost-effective marketing by focusing on the needs of identified target groups. Second World Collective term formerly used Typical breakdowns are based on age, sex, for the countries of Eastern Europe and the income, status and other demographic and USSR with centrally planned economies, as socio-economic criteria; all of these are used in distinct from countries of Western Europe, segmenting travel, tourism and hospitality North America, Australasia, and Japan with markets, together with psychographic criteria. market economies. See also First World. seismograph/seismometer An instrument secondary data Existing information which for measuring the force of earthquakes. See may be drawn upon for a particular purpose, also Richter scale. e.g., published official statistics, as distinct from primary data. self-actualization Term used in explaining needs and motivations, to describe the highest secondary impacts See tourism expenditure level in a hierarchy of needs postulated by impacts psychologist Abraham Maslow (after physio- logical, safety, belonging and love, and esteem secondary industries See services needs have been satisfied). Travel and tourism motivations are sometimes explained in terms sector of this hierarchy: self-actualization represents (a) Part of the economy as, e.g., private sector, personal self-fulfilment and particular types of public sector, tourism sector, generally holidays (vacations) are seen as contributing comprising a number of industries. to it by offering an opportunity for personal (b) A portion of a journey by air, which may exploration, evaluation and self-discovery. See consist of one or more legs or segments. A also Maslow’s needs theory. leg is a portion of a journey between two DICTIONARY OF TERMS consecutive scheduled stops on a particu- self-catering accommodation Overnight lar flight. A segment is the portion of a accommodation provided without meals in journey on a particular flight from the many holiday centres, rented rooms, houses, passenger’s boarding point to the disem- apartments, and similar establishments, where barkation point; a segment may consist of cooking and other facilities are provided for one or more legs. guests’ use. Large self-catering complexes often provide retail outlets for provisions, as well as security check A baggage or body check restaurants as optional facilities. See also carried out commonly at airports by profes- serviced accommodation; supplementary sional security staff using security checking tourist accommodation. equipment. self-employed One employed in his/her security surcharge See surcharge main job on his/her own account, with or without any employees. A large part of security tax Tax levied by many governments employment in travel, tourism and hospitality and airport authorities at airports to help is in small businesses and includes many self- defray additional security costs in recent years. employed; although there has been a growth in The term is also sometimes used for a security the concentration of ownership and in the scale surcharge levied by airlines to compensate for of operation, small businesses and the self- increased security measures as, e.g., by some employed continue to be prominent. See also US airlines on transatlantic flights. sole trader; partnership. segment See sector; segmentation self-service Form of selling, in which the

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customer serves herself/himself, common in similar establishments with meals and service, retailing and catering. In catering a restaurant and often also by holiday centres and others. sometimes operates on a semi-self-catering basis See also self-catering accommodation. when, e.g., starters and hot beverages are served by waiting staff, and the main course services The output of economic activities and dessert are selected by customers from the resulting in intangible products (as distinct servery. from physical goods), such as accommodation, transport and communications, financial sellers’ market A market for goods and services, as well as education, health and services in which prices are rising, usually as various personal services. Hence, service indus- a consequence of a shortfall in supply tries, also described as tertiary industries, as compared with demand. See also buyers’ distinct from primary (agriculture and extrac- market. tive) and secondary (manufacturing and construction). By their nature travel, tourism semi-display advertisements See display and hospitality products are largely made up advertisements of services and supplied by the service industries. As an example of their significance, UK semiotics Also known as semiology, the study service industries contribute about 65 per cent of signs or the way objects, words or pictures of gross domestic product (GDP) and over 70 convey concepts or images. Of particular per cent of employment. See also invisibles. significance in advertising, semiotics has a contribution to make in the promotion of Seven Seas The Arctic, Antarctic, North and tourist products and tourism destinations. South Atlantic, North and South Pacific and Indian Oceans. senior citizen Term used to describe the population group of the retired who represent Seven Wonders of the World a growing market of increasing importance in 1 The Pyramids of Egypt (at Giza near travel, tourism and hospitality in developed Cairo). countries, as people tend to live longer and 2 The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (south of retire earlier. Originally interpreted as compris- Baghdad). ing those above the normal retiring age, it has 3 The Tomb of Mausolus (at Halicarnassus become more meaningful for both product in Asia Minor). development and marketing purposes to 4 The Temple of Artemis (at Ephesus in Asia include those over 60, or even 55, and to differ- Minor). entiate between sub-groups (e.g., 55–64, 65–74, 5 The Colossus of Rhodes (according to 75 and over), which tend to share common legend, bestriding the harbour). attitudes to travel and display similar holiday 6 The Statue of Zeus (at Olympia, Greece). (vacation) patterns. See also Third Age. 7 The Pharos of Alexandria (a lighthouse on DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY the island of Pharos). Senior Railcard See British railcards Seventh freedom In civil aviation a right series charter See charter (not specified in the Chicago Convention) to operate stand-alone services entirely outside series tour An inclusive tour (IT) that is one the territory of the airline’s home country, to of a series of departures for the same tour. carry traffic between two foreign countries. A US airline had such rights for many years to service charge A percentage (usually operate a shuttle service between Tokyo and between 10 and 15 per cent) added to hotel Seoul. The incidence is increasing in Europe and restaurant bills as a gratuity in lieu of under European Union liberalization direct tipping. Service compris, a French term, measures; one of the first Seventh freedom indicates that the gratuity is included with the rights has been taken up by the Belgian airline price of the room or meal. See also tip; tronc. Sabena to fly between Barcelona and Venice.

serviced accommodation Overnight accom- sex tourism Trips and visits primarily modation usually provided by hotels and motivated by the prospect of sexual encoun-

150 S ters, a significant activity in a number of devel- ities and services and reflected in prices, which oping countries, especially in South-East Asia. are lower than in the peak and higher than in the low season. shared commission Commission received from principals and shared by non-appointed shuttle Frequent transport service between travel agents who obtain tickets from two points on high density routes for which no appointed agents. Also called split commission. reservations are required. Airlines operating shuttle services normally offer late check-in Shekel/Shequel Unit of currency of Israel times close to flight departure, and some also (now New Shekel/Shequel). a back-up service if a particular flight is full as, e.g., British Airways between London and Shilling Unit of currency of Kenya (Ks), several UK cities. See also Eurotunnel. Somalia (So.sh), Tanzania and Uganda. siesta Rest taken in the middle of the day Shinto(ism) Japanese religion based on and/or early afternoon in the Mediterranean reverence for natural spirits and the spirits of and some other hot countries when shops and ancestors. offices may be closed. ship density See passenger space ratio (PSR) sightseeing One of the most popular forms of passive recreation in developed countries and shopping products Products bought an important holiday (vacation) activity on relatively infrequently and at a high price; foot, by car, in coach tours, cruises, excursions most consumer capital goods are in this from holiday bases, and travel in small groups category but also, e.g., holidays (vacations). or alone using a variety of transport. The See also convenience products. attractions may be attractive countryside, spectacular scenery, archaeological sites and shore excursion A tour provided for cruise historical monuments, wildlife and way of life passengers at a scheduled stop on a cruise, of other people. Tourists are increasingly usually by bus or coach, normally optional and adventurous in how far they travel to see therefore paid for separately. unusual features, such as Antarctica, Galapagos Islands or the Silk Road. short breaks See short holiday (vacation) DICTIONARY OF TERMS Sikhism A religious movement originally short haul See long haul/short haul travel/ established as a sect in the Punjab, India, in the tourism early part of the sixteenth century, based on doctrines produced by a line of gurus, opposed short holiday (vacation) A term variously to the traditional caste structure of Hinduism, defined for particular purposes, e.g., in most placing emphasis on communal equality, and national holiday (vacation)/travel/tourism rejecting mysticism and asceticism as necessary surveys in Europe as holiday (vacation) of one for salvation. to three nights/two to four days away from home. Also sometimes described as short Silk Road Name given to a number of breaks. In recent years short holidays repre- historic trade routes from East China to central sented over a half of all holidays of UK Asia but now a tourist route by train and bus residents in the UK [United Kingdom Tourism from Xian, through Langzhou and Urumchi, to Survey]. Almaty (Alma Ata) or Tashkent. short take-off and landing (STOL) See single Adjective used, i.a., with such nouns as aircraft types: take-off and landing bed (standard approx. 36 ϫ 75 in. or 90 ϫ 188 cm), room (to accommodate one person), occupancy (by short ton See ton (tonne) one person), rate (charged for one person occupying a room). See also double; twin. shoulder periods Times of year between peak and low seasons, often identified as such Single European Market Defined by the by providers of tourist/visitor attractions, facil- Single European Act 1987 as ‘an area without

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internal frontiers in which free movement of skiing Movement over snow on skis (for goods, persons, services and capital is ensured water skiing see below). Cross-country in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty (Langlauf) skiing is more a recreational pursuit [of Rome]’. The Act included some 300 on level ground, whether on tracks in forests measures for removing barriers. Those of and across cultivated land or on plateau particular significance for travel, tourism and surfaces in the uplands, particularly common hospitality were concerned, i.a., with frontier in Scandinavia and Canada. Downhill skiing, controls, harmonization of VAT rates and using longer skis, requires steep slopes, good deregulation of air and coach travel. and reliable snow cover (although snow making machines can be used), and uplift facil- single supplement Additional payment by a ities, in the form of ski tows, chairlifts and guest for single occupancy of a hotel room, gondolas, hence a major public and private usually on an organized tour for which charges capital investment; the Alps are the main area are specified on the basis of sharing a room. in Europe and the Rockies in North America. See also double occupancy. Skiing has the advantage of being a winter activity and so complements summer recre- sirocco/scirrocco Hot south or southeasterly ations, when most people take their holidays wind which blows from the Sahara over North (vacations) using common accommodation Africa and the Mediterranean to Malta, Sicily and other facilities as well as easy access to and Italy. high areas.

sister ship Ship of the same design belonging Skyteam Global airline alliance of (June to the same company as another ship. 2001) AeroMexico, Air France, CSA Czech Airlines, Delta Airlines, Korean Airlines, site attractions See tourist/visitor attractions formed June 2000.

Site(s) of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) sleeper seat/sleeperette A reclining trans- More than 6700 areas in the UK (2000) designated port seat usually provided in the first class as having some outstanding natural feature cabin on long haul flights, designed to be worthy of protection, such as rare animals, birds, adjustable to a sleeping position. Also called plants or geology, by English Nature, Scottish dormette. Natural Heritage, Countryside Council for Wales and Department of the Environment for slip American term for ship or boat berth. Northern Ireland, and managed by owners under various arrangements with the conserva- slot Set time assigned to a flight for take-off tion agencies. See countryside conservation and landing at an airport. At busy airports designation schemes for other schemes. availability of slots is a major constraint on

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY airport capacity. situational analysis Examination of the internal strengths and weaknesses and of smörgåsbord Scandinavian buffet of hors- external opportunities and threats affecting an d’oeuvres. organization. Also known as SWOT analysis. smuggling Illegal import or export of goods Sixth freedom In civil aviation, term through both official and other cross-border sometimes used although not specified in the points, much through the former accounted for Chicago Convention, to describe the combina- by tourists. tion of Third and Fourth freedoms of the air services, so as to provide a service between snack bar Establishment providing simple two foreign countries via the country in which food and non-alcoholic refreshments to the the airline is registered. Thus, e.g., a German general public for consumption on the airline may carry traffic between London and premises where customers commonly sit or Athens by operating a service from London to stand at a counter. Frankfurt and thence from Frankfurt to Athens, either by the connection of two snorkelling Water sport of swimming with a separate services or by a through service. snorkel, a tube which enables the swimmer to

152 S breathe in air while observing underwater or indirectly by the owner, operator or user, fauna and flora. e.g., the cost of petrol and the wear and tear on the car by the car owner, the social cost of car snowbird Term used for people who live in use, e.g., the wear and tear on the roads, is not cold winter climates and go to warmer paid by the car owner, unless it is incorporated climates to escape the cold weather, e.g., by taxation into private costs. residents of northern latitudes in North America going to Florida or in Europe to the social director/officer See animator Mediterranean. social tourism Tourism participation of people snowline The lowest level of permanent of limited means and those disadvantaged snow cover in mountain areas, varying with through age, disability or family circumstances, location, orientation, climate and topography. encouraged and made possible by special However, in the northern hemisphere much of measures. These include in practice subsidies, the lower ground is also snow-covered in particular facilities and other measures, winter, providing opportunities for a variety of sometimes of a cooperative nature, sometimes snow-based recreations. by the state or another third party. Social tourism is highly developed in Belgium, France snowmobiling Movement over snow, and Eastern European countries in particular. mainly in the lowlands, on a motorized sledge, capable of travelling at speed. Also used as a socio-economic groups Groups or classes more general form of transport in winter and comprising people with important characteris- in permanently snow-covered areas. tics in common, to which they are principally Characteristic of both tourism areas and the allocated according to their occupation and more settled areas, and often a source of employment status. The approach provides conflict with other forms of recreation and one of the main bases for consumer segmen- with residents because of noise pollution and tation in many markets, including travel, adverse effects on other forms of traffic. In tourism and hospitality. The most common addition to the use of paths and tracks, travel systems in the UK are those used by the by snowmobile occurs over snow-covered farm Registrar General in the analysis of Census of land, where accidents have occurred because Population data and in the National of unseen fences. Readership Survey. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

Social Chapter See Social Charter Socrates European Union programme established to contribute to the development of Social Charter Short name for Charter on the quality education and encouragement of life- Fundamental Social Rights of Workers proposed long learning. Specific objectives are strength- by the European Commission, covering ening the European dimension of education at freedom of movement, fair remuneration, all levels; improving knowledge of European improvement of working conditions, the right languages; promoting cooperation and mobil- to social security, freedom of association and ity in all areas of education; encouraging collective wage agreements, the development innovation in education. The programme is of participation by workers in management, open to 31 countries (15 EU, 3 EFTA/EEA, 13 and sexual equality. The Charter was approved EU candidate countries). Separate action by heads of government of all Community strands within Socrates include Comenius, members except the UK in December 1989. On Erasmus, Grundtvig, Lingua, Minerva. the insistence of the UK, the chapter on social affairs was omitted from the Treaty on sofa bed Couch with back and arms, serving European Union negotiated in December 1991 as a sofa by day and as a bed by night. See also and formed a separate protocol until 1999 studio bed. when it was integrated into the Treaty following its adoption by the UK. soft class Term used in some parts of Asia for comfortable more expensive seating on trains, social cost The cost of an economic activity to in contrast to hard class to refer to the cheapest society. Whereas private costs are borne directly and most basic category.

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soft currency A currency with a falling rate such locations as the Acropolis in Athens, the of exchange, usually because of long-term Forum in Rome and the Giza Pyramids in balance of payments problems, and hence not Egypt. attractive to be held by countries in their foreign exchange reserves. See also hard sound A narrow channel between two islands currency. or an island and the mainland. See also kyle.

soft loan A concessional loan bearing no sourcing Selection by a firm of its sources of interest or an interest rate below the market supply. See also outsourcing. rate. Such loans are made, e.g., to developing countries by the World Bank Group through Southerner Express New Zealand rail the International Development Association service between Christchurch and Invercargill (IDA) and by regional development banks. via Dunedin in the South Island.

soft tourism See alternative tourism spa A resort with mineral or thermal water used for drinking and bathing; in American Sol Unit of currency of Peru (now Nuevo Sol). parlance, any resort providing health-care facilities and services. The term derives from solar power Energy from sunshine converted the name of a town in Belgium and has been to make electricity and to provide water and applied to resorts worldwide, as well as being space heating, a growing source for domestic incorporated in many of their names, and institutional (e.g., hotel) use in appropri- especially in Europe. The revival and growth ate climates. in popularity of spas from the end of the sixteenth century onwards, and their transfor- sole agent See General Sales Agent (GSA) mation into fashionable pleasure resorts subsequently, represents together with the Grand sole proprietorship See sole trader Tour and the emergence and growth of coastal resorts, the beginnings of tourism as we know sole trader Individual ownership of business it today. by a person who trades on his or her own account, with or without employees. In this space travel/tourism Trips and visits to common form of ownership of many small outer space, the first having been undertaken businesses there is no separation in law by a paying American in a Russian capsule to between the business and its owner who is a space station in 2001. personally responsible for all debts of the business to the full extent of his or her personal Special Group Inclusive Tour fare possessions. See also company; partnership. (SGIT) European inclusive tour (IT) fare, in the UK available to tour operators holding the DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY solstice Time when sun is furthest from the Air Travel Organiser’s Licence (ATOL), which equator, in northern hemisphere about 21 June may be used for groups of not less than ten (summer solstice, longest day) and about 22 passengers. December (winter solstice, shortest day). See also equinox. special interest holidays (vacations) A generic term for holidays (vacations) for Som Unit of currency of Kyrgyzstan. people with particular interests, such as arts, education, various hobbies, sports and outdoor sommelier French term for wine waiter in activities. These are some of the fastest- charge of wine service in a restaurant. growing segments of tourism, with many specialist providers. See also activity holidays Somoni Unit of currency of Tajikistan. (vacations).

Son et Lumière Performance combining Special Protected Areas Countryside areas sound and lighting effects to enhance and in England designated by government for interpret mainly heritage sites. Outstanding special protection against development where examples are multi-lingual presentations in the management authorities have powers and

154 S responsibilities similar to those of the National persons’ programme of sightseeing or other Park authorities. To be distinguished from events during a conference. Special Protection Areas. See countryside conservation designation schemes for other spreadover of hours A term used in hotels schemes. and restaurants, but also in other employment, for the total number of hours over which work Special Protection Areas Conservation extends in a day. E.g., in a split shift 11 a.m. areas designated for the protection of rare bird to 3 p.m. and 6–10 p.m. there are 8 working species listed by the European Community hours and the spreadover is 11 hours. Directive on wild bird conservation. There were more than 200 such sites in the UK by Stabilizer An exclusive dealing arrangement 2000. To be distinguished from Special introduced in 1965 by the Association of Protected Areas. See countryside conservation British Travel Agents (ABTA) whereby tour designation schemes for other schemes. operators would sell their tours only through ABTA travel agents and ABTA travel agents speciality restaurant Restaurant which would not sell tours of non-ABTA tour opera- specializes in particular food, e.g., pasta, tors. Following a challenge by the Office of Fair seafood or steaks, or in national foods, such as Trading, Stabilizer was upheld by the Chinese, Indian or Mexican. Restrictive Practices Court in 1982 as operating in the public interest. However, by 1993 the Spice Island Term used for Zanzibar, off the need for its continuation became increasingly east coast of Tanzania. doubtful as a result of the EC Package Travel Directive, the implementation of which made split charter See charter the protection afforded by Stabilizer superfluous, and its demise followed. split commission See shared commission stabilizers Retractable fins extending from split payment Payment made by different the sides of a ship below the waterline to forms, e.g., part in cash and part by cheque reduce rolling. (check) or by different credit cards. stages of economic growth A theory of split shift A term used in hotels and restau- economic development formulated by DICTIONARY OF TERMS rants, but also in other employment, for a work American economic historian Walt Whitman pattern of two working periods separated by a Rostow, who proposed that societies passed long interval between them (i.e., longer than a through five stages: (a) the traditional society; normal rest or meal time), e.g., 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. (b) pre-conditions for take-off; (c) take-off; (d) and 6–10 p.m. See also spreadover of hours. the drive to maturity; (e) maturity/the stage of high mass consumption. The model was based sponsored event A sporting, cultural or on what has occurred in developed countries. other event, the costs of which are covered in It is less likely to predict what might happen full or in part by a firm as part of its public in currently developing countries, many less relations to promote the name and image of dependent on technology for economic the organization or its products. Sponsorship growth, particularly those with successful of major events of national or international tourism industries. significance is understandably undertaken by large organizations but the same approach is stakeholders Those with an interest in an often used by small firms to local events. organization, such as employees, shareholders, suppliers or customers. sports tourism Trips and visits motivated by participation in sport or by spectator atten- stalactites/stalagmites Complementary dance at sporting events. features of caves in limestone areas, caused by the evaporation of water containing calcium spouse fare/rate See companion fare/rate bicarbonate which is deposited as calcium carbonate. Stalactites begin at the roof of the spouse programme An accompanying cave and grow downwards as a slender

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pointed feature; stalagmites grow upwards standard of living Standard of material from the floor and are much broader and well-being commonly measured by national dumpier. Eventually they may join to form a income per head of population (gross domes- column. Caves containing these features have tic product or gross national product per been developed as tourist/visitor attractions in capita). Other indicators include household many such areas because of the shapes they ownership of consumer durables (e.g., motor take, which may be accentuated by artificial cars, refrigerators, TV sets) and social indica- lighting. See also caving. tors (e.g., food consumption, life expectancy, literacy). The standard of living is generally Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) considered to be the most important single An official categorization of economic activi- determinant of holiday (vacation) propensity. ties, in which activities of a similar nature are See also developed countries; developing grouped into industries, providing a frame- countries. work for the collection, presentation and analysis of data, with a view to promoting standard time Local time in any of the 24 uniformity and comparability of statistics. Such time zones in the world, the time in each being classifications are produced by UK, US and generally one hour different from the next. The other governments; there is also General standard time at zero meridian is Greenwich Industrial Classification of Economic Activities Mean/Standard Time (GMT/GST). The within the European Communities (NACE) and standard times of places in the western the United Nations’ International Standard hemisphere are designated with a minus Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities number, as so many hours behind GMT/GST (ISIC). These are to be distinguished from (e.g., New York is GMT –5), and in the eastern national and international classifications of hemisphere with a plus number, as so many occupations, which relate to jobs rather than to hours ahead of GMT/GST (e.g., Singapore is the industries in which they are performed. GMT +8). See also daylight saving time; International Date Line. Standard International Classification of Tourism Activities (SICTA) A supply- standby In travel and tourism, most based structure of tourism activities developed commonly used in relation to a would-be by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) passenger without a reservation taking a and adopted as a provisional classification by chance and waiting for a seat to become avail- the United Nations Statistical Commission in able; hence standby passenger, also standby fare, March 1993. SICTA was published jointly by a reduced fare available for standby passengers the UN Statistical Commission and the WTO in on some routes. See also go-show; waiting the full report on Recommendations on Tourism list/waitlist. Statistics in 1994.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Star Alliance Global airline alliance of (June Standard Occupational Classification 2001) Air Canada, Air New Zealand (including (SOC) An official categorization of occupa- Ansett Australia), All Nippon Airways, tions, which relates to the work performed by Austrian Airlines (including Tyrolean and individuals rather than to the industries in Lauda Air), bmi british midland, Lufthansa, which it is performed, as is the case with the Mexicana Airlines, SAS, Singapore Airlines, Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). Thus Thai Airways, United Airlines, Varig, formed workers classified to a particular industry fall May 1997. into a number of different categories of an occupational classification and the workers in starboard Right side of ship or aircraft when some occupations may be found in a number facing forward, with green navigation lights on of different industries. Standard Occupational the bridge or wings. See also port. Classification (London, The Stationery Office, 2000) is an example of a national classification; state codes See country/state codes the International Labour Organisation (ILO) published The International Standard statute mile See mile Classification of Occupations (Geneva, ILO, 1993). steam fog A type of fog formed when cold air

156 S moves over relatively warm water or wet Sub-Saharan Africa An area south of the ground. See also sea fog. Sahara, for some purposes excluding Namibia and the Republic of South Africa, with a steerage Term used to describe the part of a landmass of more than 7 million square miles ship allotted to passengers travelling at the and more than 500 million population. cheapest rate. Although endowed with significant tourism attractions, of the 46 countries only South Sterling Of the several meanings of the word, Africa and Zimbabwe reached more than one probably most significant is its use to describe million annual arrivals in the 1990s. Many the currency of the United Kingdom, either on countries in the region view tourism as a its own or as an epithet, as in Pound Sterling, promising development tool but political insta- to distinguish the UK currency from others, bility, lack of resources and negative image are particularly other pound units. among the major impediments to growth. stern Nautical term for back of ship or boat, subscribed circulation See circulation also called aft or abaft, opposite end to bow or forward. See also (a)midship(s); astern. subsidiary company A company which is controlled by another. See also conglomerate; stopover Generally a scheduled break in a holding company; parent company. journey agreed in advance by the carrier. What constitutes a stopover for particular purposes subsidy Direct or indirect financial support of may be officially defined, as, e.g., in air trans- a product, establishment, firm or industry, port by the International Air Transport which may occur internally within a firm or Association (IATA). Also called layover. from a government or other agency. Cross- subsidy refers to a shortfall of revenue strait(s) A narrow passage of water connect- compared with costs of a product or establishing two larger areas of water, such as the ment being made good by an excess in respect Straits of Gibraltar, linking the Mediterranean of another product or establishment. There are Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. frequent occurrences in travel, tourism and hospitality when, e.g., particular services or strategy Plan for reaching certain goals and establishments are subsidized by others, and objectives, commonly quantified and relatively also when governments provide the subsidy. DICTIONARY OF TERMS long-term. Hence, marketing strategy, the plan identifying products, segments and actions subsonic transport See aircraft types: speed required to achieve targets and to deliver customer satisfaction. subway (a) In the British Isles, an underground strath Scottish term for a wide valley or low- passage, which enables pedestrians to pass lying flat land bounded by hills or high below a road or railway. ground, usually traversed by a river and (b) In North America, an underground cultivated. Hence, e.g., Strathspey, the place railway. name for the strath of the river Spey. See also glen. suite Set of connecting rooms consisting of one or more bedrooms, bathrooms and living stratified sample See sampling rooms and sometimes also additional rooms such as a dining room. Also used to describe a structure plans See land use planning very large room with separate living and sleep- systems (UK) ing areas, called junior suite. studio bed A bed approx. 36 ϫ 75 in. (90 ϫ Sum Unit of currency of Uzbekistan. 188 cm) without a headboard or footboard, serving as a sofa during the day. See also sofa summer home See second home bed. sunbake Australian expression for sun- studio room A hotel room with a studio bed. bathing, nowadays a less fashionable activity

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because of the relatively high incidence of skin charge for a person to have a room to cancer in Australia, a problem exacerbated by himself/herself when charges are for two the intensity of the Australian sun, the preva- people sharing a room). See also surcharge. lence of beaches and the paleness of skin of many Australians of European descent. supplementary tourist accommodation Commonwealth and state governments have Term used by tourism organizations normally undertaken expensive promotional campaigns to include youth hostels, holiday centres and to encourage holiday makers to ‘slip, slop, villages, rented rooms, houses and flats, slap’ (slip on a shirt, slop on the sunscreen and camping sites. However, the exact meaning slap on a hat). tends to differ between countries, and essentially reflects the designations given to accom- sunlust A motivation to pleasure travel modation establishments in each country. See described by economist H.P. Gray as generat- also hotels and similar establishments. ing tourism which depends on the existence elsewhere of better amenities for a specific surcharge Supplementary charge added to purpose than are available at home. Much the air fare by the airline, inclusive tour price sunlust motivation may be satisfied in the by the tour operator, or another travel country of residence without going abroad, purchase by the operator, usually to compen- except where that country is small or at a sate for increases in costs between the time of disadvantage climatically or in other ways. booking and the time of travel. For example, a Sunlust travel normally calls for facilities for currency surcharge is levied to compensate for longer stay and for recreation and much of it fluctuations in exchange rates, a fuel surcharge is equated with resort holidays (vacations). for increases in the cost of aviation fuel, a See also wanderlust. security surcharge for increased cost of security measures. sunrise/sunset The times at which the sun apparently rises in the morning above and sets surfing Water sport of riding on breaking in the evening below the horizon, which varies waves on a special board, also called surf- with latitude and with the time of year. In riding, particularly popular in Australia, meteorology, sunrise is defined as the time at Hawaii and on the Pacific coast of the USA. which the upper edge of the sun appears above the apparent horizon on a clear day, and sunset Survey of Visits to Tourist Attractions as the time at which the upper edge of the sun Annual large-scale sample survey carried out appears to sink below the apparent horizon on by the Department for Culture, Media and a clear day. Sport, sponsored by British Tourist Authority and National Tourist Boards, on number of supersonic transport See aircraft types: visits, admission charges, revenue, employ- speed ment and expenditure since 1976. Results are DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY published in Digest of Tourist Statistics and in superstructure Physical facilities and services Sightseeing in the UK. specific to particular types of development as, e.g., farms to agriculture, factories to manufac- sustainable tourism Emerging from turing, hotels and other short-term accommoda- concepts of sustainable development, as tion to tourism and hospitality. (Particular defined in the 1987 report of the United facilities and services provided for the use of Nations World Commission on Environment tourists are sometimes also referred to as and Development, Our Common Future (the tourism infrastructure, but see under infrastruc- Brundtland Report), the term may be applied ture for the accepted meaning of that term.) to all forms of tourism that are in harmony with their physical, social and cultural supper A late night meal or the evening meal environments in the long term. Not confined when the midday meal is designated as dinner. to small-scale, as alternative tourism, sustain- See also high tea. able tourism development may be viewed in terms of the Brundtland Report as develop- supplement Additional charge, also called ment that meets the needs of the present add-on, e.g., single room supplement (an extra without compromising the activity of the

158 S future generations to meet their own needs. present and future operating environment of The World Tourism Organization (WTO) the organization. The same framework may be defines sustainable tourism as a model form of used for analysing a project, site or area as part economic development that is designed to: of an appraisal of its tourism potential. See also improve the quality of life of the host commu- situational analysis. nity, provide a high quality of experience for the visitor, and maintain the quality of the syndicated survey Survey commissioned by environment, on which both the host commu- or on behalf of a group of clients on a cost- nity and the visitor depend. sharing basis, in which all or some of the results are supplied to different clients, and in which switch selling The practice of attracting individual clients may commonly include their customers by offer of low-priced, non-existent own questions. This is significantly less expen- or non-available goods or services, in order to sive for the participants than each carrying out bring about a sale of an alternative. Called bait their own survey, and a cost effective approach and switch in America, the practice is outlawed especially for smaller businesses. British by legislation and/or a code of conduct in National Travel Survey (BNTS) is a major many countries. example of a syndicated survey in tourism.

SWOT An acronym for Strengths, synergy Term describing working Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, used together/cooperating when the combined as a framework for analysing information action makes up a whole greater than the sum about an organization as part of developing its of the separate parts. See, e.g., consortium. marketing strategy and tactics. Strengths and weaknesses include respectively present and System One US computer reservation future advantages and disadvantages of the systems (CRS) owned by Texas Air (Eastern organization vis-à-vis its competitors. Oppor- and Continental Airlines) as a joint venture tunities and threats are those identifiable in the with General Motors’ Electronic Data Services. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

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table d’hôte menu A limited choice menu Tala Unit of currency of Samoa. with a single price for any combination of items chosen or with a price determined by the Taoism Religious doctrine and philosophy of choice of the main dish. See also à la carte Lao-tsze, Chinese philosopher (c. 500 BC). menu. tapas Spanish term for small plates of snacks, table service such as fish, cheese and olives, usually served See American service with beer or wine. Hence tapas bar which English service specializes in serving tapas. family-style service French service target marketing Focusing the marketing Russian service effort on a clearly defined group or groups of potential customers chosen for specific market- table tent Printed and folded card (also called ing attention (target market), which is gener- tent card) placed on restaurant tables, bar ally identified by segmentation. Also known counters and reception desks in hotels as inter- as niche marketing. Target markets in travel, nal merchandising to promote particular food tourism and hospitality are commonly defined and drink items and house services. by reference to demographic, socio-economic and psychographic criteria. table wine Wine fermented to approx. 12–14 per cent alcohol and considered suitable for tarmac See macadam drinking with meals. tarn A small lake among mountains, fed by tachograph An instrument for recording the rainwater from the surrounding steep slopes distance travelled and the speed of a bus, rather than by a distinct tributary. coach or truck.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY tavern Term of mediaeval origin for an inn or TACIS Technical Assistance to the Common- public house serving food and drink. wealth of Independent States, a programme of technical assistance of the European Union to tax(es) help the countries of the Commonwealth of See Air Passenger Duty resort tax Independent States (CIS) build stable market airport maintenance tax room tax economies. bed tax sales tax departure tax security tax tactics Methods and approaches employed in entry tax tourist tax executing a strategy, usually relatively short- exit tax value added tax term. Hence, tactical marketing, which involves hotel tax (VAT) managing the marketing mix. Passenger Movement visitor tax Charge tail wind Wind blowing from behind a ship or aircraft and increasing its speed. See also technical economies See economies of scale head wind. technical rights In civil aviation, the First Taka (Tk) Unit of currency of Bangladesh. and Second freedoms of the air as distinct

160 T from traffic rights. See also Bermuda South Zone much of Australia, the whole of Agreement; Chicago Convention. New Zealand and the bulk of South Africa. teleconferencing Meeting in which three or temporary visitor Any person, without more participants in different locations distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, communicate with each other through telecom- who disembarks and enters the territory of an munications. In audioconferencing, as by ICAO contracting state other than that in telephone, they hear each other; videoconferenc- which that person normally resides, and ing provides a combined audio and visual link remains there for not more than three months through a satellite or other network and they for legitimate non-immigrant purposes can both hear and see each other. The system [International Civil Aviation Organization]. enables people to hold meetings without the See also visitor. time and expense of travelling. Tempus III The third phase of the European telemarketing/telephone marketing Any Union programme designed to support curric- marketing activity in which the telephone is ular development and structural reform in used to contact people and to seek information higher education. The programme is open to (telephone marketing research) or to solicit orders the non-associated countries of central and (telephone selling). eastern Europe and 13 TACIS countries (12 NIS and Mongolia) in association with the 15 telephone marketing research See tele- EU member states. marketing/telephone marketing tender telephone selling See telemarketing/tele- (a) Boat used to convey passengers and crew, phone marketing as well as stores, between ship and shore when the ship is anchored off shore. teletex An information transmission system (b) Formal offer in writing to execute work or similar to but faster than telex, which allows, supply goods and services at a stated i.a., for direct connection between word price, usually made in response to an processors. To be distinguished from teletext. invitation to tender. (c) Currency, as in legal tender, i.e., currency teletext See videotext that cannot be legally refused in payment DICTIONARY OF TERMS of a debt. teleworking People working from home using information technology, a growing Tenge Unit of currency of Kazakhstan. practice in developed countries. E.g., in the 1990s more than 10 per cent of employers in tent card See table tent Great Britain employed workers based at home and more were planning to do so. terminal (a) Passenger and/or cargo area at the end of telex Automated transmission system for transport routes where passengers embark sending printed messages nationally and inter- and disembark and cargo is loaded and nationally between subscribers to the system. unloaded. Air transport terminals in city The rental usually covers equipment and centres are known as air terminals or city maintenance service; telex use is charged to terminals. subscribers on a tariff basis similar to that for (b) Computer equipment normally consisting telephones. See also teletex. of a keyboard and visual display unit (VDU) screen linked to the computer, temperate zones Broad latitudinal tempera- which enables the operator to input data ture belts between the Arctic Circle and the and instructions and obtain output. Tropic of Cancer (Northern Temperate Zone) and between the Antarctic Circle and the terms of trade Tropic of Capricorn (South Temperate Zone). (a) Terms and conditions under which The North Zone includes the bulk of Europe business is conducted, usually set out by and all continental USA except Alaska, the the seller and including the rights and

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obligations of the buyer. Such terms cover, thermal springs See hot springs e.g., methods of payment, discounts, refunds and cancellation fees, as well as Third Age Term of relatively recent origin to other respective rights and liabilities of the describe the population group previously usually parties. confined to the retired. Now often seen as one of (b) In economics, ratio of index of export three ages of the human life span, the first (under prices to index of import prices used as a 25) being associated with learning, the second measure of trading prospects of a country (25–50 years) with intense employment, the third in international trade. The terms of trade (over 50) with gradual withdrawal from employ- are said to improve when export prices ment. Third Age is of particular importance in rise more quickly or fall more slowly than travel, tourism and hospitality because of the size import prices and vice versa. and growth of the group, as well as its growing activity, affluence and available time in which to territorial waters Waters under the jurisdic- participate. See also senior citizen. tion of a state, usually within three miles of the seashore, although some countries have Third freedom See freedoms of the air claimed longer distances. Inter alia, fishing in such waters is reserved for the benefit of the Third World For a time in the 1950s the term, subjects of the adjoining state. ‘invented’ by French economist Alfred Savry, denoted non-aligned countries, i.e., those tertiary industries See services committed neither to the market economy bloc of the West (First World) nor to the centrally tetanus A disease of the muscles and nervous controlled economy bloc of Eastern Europe and system, causing spasms of the neck and jaw; the USSR (Second World). Nowadays a can be fatal. It is caused by the introduction of synonym for developing countries. bacterial spores present in soil, manure and dust through a wound into the body. The risk threshold As an economic concept, term is worldwide. Immunization is the only commonly applied to the lowest demand protection, especially when travelling to necessary to support an activity. Measured in remote rural areas. terms of population or income, it is used, e.g., in selecting a location for a man-made visitor thalassotherapy Treatment offered in a attraction or a retail outlet. number of centres on the Mediterranean and other resorts in southern Europe, using sea- through As an adjective, (going) all the way, water, sea mud and seaweed to revitalize and as in through carriage, through fare, through invigorate the body. passenger, through train.

thanatourism Also known as ‘dark tourism’, DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY throwaway An item in an inclusive tour, trips and visits to destinations associated with which is rarely used by the customer, included death, e.g., sites of murder and atrocities, mainly to qualify for a tour-basing fare. Thus, battlefields. e.g., a person visiting friends or relatives and staying with them may find it less expensive to Thanksgiving American national holiday buy an inclusive tour and discard the accom- celebrating the first harvest of settlers, on the modation element than paying any other fare. fourth Thursday in November. tick-borne encephalitis A viral infection theme park A site designated and operated causing an inflammation of the brain, to provide recreation and entertainment for contracted from the bite of an infected tick. visitors through a variety of attractions based Occurs in forested parts of central, eastern and on one or more historical or other themes, northern Europe, including Scandinavia, including such services as catering and especially in late spring and early summer. shopping, and usually charging for admission. Walkers and campers in the affected areas are Well-known examples are Disney Parks in the advised to wear clothing which covers most of USA, Japan and France, Europa Park in the skin, use insect repellents, and a vaccine is Germany, and Alton Towers in the UK. also recommended.

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Ticket Point Mileage (TPM) Airline term suppliers. The system represents vertical denoting the total flown mileage of a journey, forward integration and accounts for many computed as the sum total of flown miles public houses in England and Wales but is less between all points en route. common in Scotland. As an alternative to tenancy, the brewery-owned public houses ticket tout Colloquial term for a person offer- may be operated under direct management, ing tickets for admission to popular events at when the manager is a salaried employee with prices higher than published. no financial stake in the business. See also free house. ticketing codes One-letter standard abbreviations of the International Air Transport time charter See charter Association (IATA) to show various characteristics of a flight on an airline ticket, such as time series analysis A statistical approach class of service (e.g. F for first, C for using historical data development of a variable business/club, Y for economy); timing (e.g., N (e.g., past numbers of tourist arrivals at a desti- for night, W for weekend, X for weekday); nation) to forecast its future development. types of fares (e.g., E for excursion, P for Various techniques are available to break family, Z for youth fares). See also airline down a time series into trend, cycle, seasonal codes and other codes entries. and random elements. This is a widely used approach in travel, tourism and hospitality, as ticketing deadlines See ticketing time well as in other forecasting, of value in produc- limits ing short-term forecasts, but the forecasts tend to become less accurate and reliable the longer ticketing time limits Minimum time limits the time scale. for ticketing agreed by the International Air Transport Association (IATA): (a) for reserva- Time Share Directive European Union tions made more than two months before Council Directive agreed by EC Consumer travel, at least 30 days before departure date; Affairs Ministers and adopted by the Council (b) for reservations made between two months of Ministers in 1994, taking effect in April 1997 and 15 days before travel, at least seven days and laying down certain measures for the before departure; (c) for reservations made protection of buyers. Inter alia, buyers in the between 14 and three days before travel, at EU have a ten-day ‘cooling off period’ and do DICTIONARY OF TERMS least 48 hours before departure; (d) for reser- not have to pay a deposit before the end of this vations made within three days of travel, as period. However, this is weaker than the UK soon as possible. Timeshare Act, which allows 14 days for contracts signed in the UK or under UK law. ticketless travel See electronic ticketing See also timesharing. tidal range The difference in elevation time slot Time allocated to aircraft at an between high and low water marks in coastal airport for take-off and landing. areas, affected by orientation and the nature of the coast and of the sea bed. Thus, the time zones Divisions of the world into zones Mediterranean Sea is virtually tideless, based on the Greenwich meridian, in which presenting problems for keeping beaches clean local standard time is applied. As the earth but helpful for navigation, launching craft and makes a complete rotation on its axis through using beaches at all times. In contrast, the 360° of longitude every 24 hours, there are 24 funnel-like Bay of Fundy in eastern Canada has time zones. The mean solar time in each zone tidal range of up to 50 feet (16 m) at its head. is at its central meridian, generally 15° apart from the next, but actual zones correspond to tied house Term most commonly applied to political units rather than strictly following the a public house in Great Britain owned by a meridians. Large countries with a wide east to brewery and let to a tenant who is in business west spread are divided into a number of time on his own account but under certain obliga- zones, e.g. the continental USA into five, tions to the landlord, in particular to obtain Canada into six and the Russian Federation supplies from the brewery and its nominated into 11. See also International Date Line.

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timesharing Use of a furnished and serviced (c) A short ton (American ton) equals 2000 lb holiday (vacation) home by a number of (20 cwt of 100 lb) or 0.907 tonne or 0.892 parties, each of whom is entitled to occupy the long ton. property for one or more pre-determined periods each year. This is the most common tonnage (shipping) There are three principal meaning of the term and although a timeshare measures of the size of a ship in tonnage terms: is said to be owned, there are important (a) Deadweight tonnage measures the weight in distinctions between mere timesharing, which long tons (2240 lb) a ship can legally carry, gives no more than a right to use the property, i.e., the total weight of cargo, fuel, stores, and ownership, with such rights as to rent or passengers and crew. sell, and variants of both. Also called holiday (b) Gross tonnage measures the capacity, i.e., (vacation) ownership, interval ownership and with certain exceptions the total volume of multi-ownership, especially in Australia and the all enclosed spaces of a vessel (within the USA. It was estimated in 2000 that there were hull and above the deck available for 4 million timeshare ‘owners’ worldwide, more cargo, stores, passengers and crew), the than 1 million of them in Europe (the second unit of measurement being a ton of 100 largest number after the USA), of whom more cubic feet (100 cubic feet of capacity is than 300 000 were in the British Isles. See also equivalent to one gross ton). Time Share Directive. (c) Net tonnage is derived from the gross tonnage by deducting spaces for crew tip Term said to have originated in early accommodation, propelling machinery English coffee-houses as an acronym formed and fuel. from the first letters of ‘To Insure Promptitude’. A synonym for gratuity. See also topography Description or representation on service charge; tronc. a map of permanent/semi-permanent natural and man-made/modified surface of an area, toastmaster Person, often uniformed, i.e., both landforms and other natural features employed at a formal banquet for such functions as well as those produced by man. as announcing the names of arriving guests and calling for silence for speakers to speak. tornado A violent storm usually of short duration, common in West Africa at the begin- Tolar Unit of currency of Slovenia (SlT). ning and end of the rainy season and in the USA between April and July. toll Charge levied on users of certain roads, bridges, canals and other permanent ways and total quality management (TQM) An applied to pay for their building and/or approach to improving the effectiveness and maintenance. See also turnpike road. profitability of business involving the whole organization to ensure customer satisfaction DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY toll-free number In North America a through focusing on customer needs and the telephone number beginning with 1-800, in the objectives of the organization. The systematic UK with 0800, which enables the caller to make process consists of determining the customers’ a call for free, at the expense of the subscriber requirements; developing facilities and called. services which will meet those requirements; operating them in conformity with the estab- tollway An expressway with tolls. See also lished standards; monitoring the customer turnpike road. satisfaction. Several airlines, Disney and Holiday Inns have led the way towards TQM ton (tonne) A measure of weight which has in travel, tourism and hospitality. See also several different meanings: BS 5750. (a) In avoirdupois, 1 long ton (lgt) equals 2240 lb (20 cwt of 112 lb) or 1.016 metric tour conductor Also known as tour director, ton (tonne). tour guide, tour leader, tour manager. See courier (b) A metric ton (tonne) equals 1000 kilogram(me)s or 2204.62 lb or 0.984 long tour operator A person or organization ton or 1.1 short ton. buying individual travel services (such as

164 T transportation and accommodation) from their those with a positive tourism balance (particu- providers (such as carriers and hotels) and larly Austria, France, Italy, Spain) and those combining them into a package of travel; the with a negative tourism balance (particularly tour is sold with a mark-up to the public Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, United directly, or through intermediaries. Although Kingdom). Usually regarded as a measure of sometimes described as a wholesaler (tour whole- the net impact of international tourism on a saler in USA), a tour operator is, in fact, a country’s balance of payments, but it does not manufacturer of travel products, whose activi- include such effects as leakages. See also travel ties may be compared to those of others princi- account. pally assembling product components, such as motor car manufacturers or, indeed, book tourism barometer See tourism activity publishers. index tour wholesaler See tour operator tourism concentration index Measure of tourism concentration as a ratio of nights spent tour-basing fare A reduced round trip air or in an area from particular areas of origin sea fare available to tour operators for use in attributed to M. Jensen-Verbeke, which inclusive tour construction. See e.g., inclusive indicates the degree of dependence of the area tour fare (ITX) or the regional concentration of the market [Tourism Management, Vol.16, No.1, February tourism See Preface p. vii. 1995]. tourism accommodation There is no tourism destinations Countries, regions, universally accepted definition of ‘tourism towns and other areas which attract tourists, accommodation’, but it may be regarded as are main locations of tourist activity, and tend any facility that regularly (or occasionally) to account for most of tourists’ time and spend- provides overnight accommodation for ing. They are the main concentrations of tourists. Tourism accommodation is divided tourist attractions, accommodation and other into two main groups: collective tourism tourist facilities and services, where the main establishments and private tourism accommo- impacts of tourism – economic, social, physical dation [World Tourism Organization]. – occur. See also resorts. DICTIONARY OF TERMS tourism activity index Measure of relative Tourism Development Action Plans change in tourism activity over time, in which (TDAPs) A network of initiatives established attendance data at given locations are used as in England by the English Tourist Board a measure of tourism level. Also known as (ETB) in the 1980s to develop tourism in ‘areas tourism barometer [Huan, T.C. and O’Leary, J.T. of potential and need’. TDAPs covered both (1999) Measuring Tourism Performance, rural and urban areas and were based on Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing]. partnerships between the ETB, local authorities, other public agencies and the private tourism attractiveness index Measure of sector, normally over three years, to establish tourism potential of different regions, attrib- in each case a local commitment, to be uted to G.E. Gearing, W.W. Swart and T. Var. sustained and progressed in the longer term The approach involves asking a panel of with local resources. The first initiative started experts to assign weights to a series of attrib- in Bristol in 1984 was followed by such cities utes to reflect their overall importance for as Bradford, Portsmouth, Carlisle and tourism development and asking the experts to Lancaster, by such rural areas as Exmoor and evaluate each region on these attributes [Smith, Kielder Water, and by seaside resorts such as S.L.J. (1989) Tourism Analysis: A Handbook, Bridlington and Torbay. London: Longman]. tourism expenditure Defined for statistical tourism balance Difference between inter- purposes as the total consumption expenditure national tourism receipts and international made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for tourism expenditures of a country. and during his/her trip and stay at a destina- Accordingly, countries may be divided into tion. The recommended breakdown comprises

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seven main categories: package travel, package neighbourhood markets, they make up a holidays and package tours; accommodation; tourism industry, that part of the economy food and drinks; transport; recreation, culture which has a common function of meeting and sporting activities; shopping; other [World tourist needs. See also tourism sector. Tourism Organization]. tourism intensity The relationship between tourism expenditure impacts Tourist the number of tourists or tourist nights and the spending has, first, a direct effect on the initial number of residents of a destination area, recipients (e.g., hotels, restaurants, shops) and sometimes expressed as a ratio by dividing the on factors of production employed by them former by the latter and described as tourist (land, labour, capital). An indirect effect is intensity index [Lundberg, D.E. (1974) The created by successive rounds of business trans- Tourist Business, 2nd edition, Boston, MA: actions, as supplies are purchased within the Cahners]. See also tourist function index. economy. An induced effect results from increased consumer expenditure due to direct tourism multipliers Numerical coefficients and indirect effects. Direct impacts are which measure the total effect (i.e., direct, sometimes referred to as primary, indirect and indirect and induced) of initial tourism expen- induced impacts are combined as secondary. diture in an area, as a result of its subsequent The direct, indirect and induced impacts of diffusion in the economy. Different types of tourism expenditure on a national, regional or multiplier measure the effect on business local economy may be measured in terms of turnover, the level of output in the economy, transactions or sales, output, income, employ- total incomes, employment and government ment and government revenue. See also revenue. The multiplier values depend on leakages; linkages; tourism multipliers. propensities to consume and to import: the higher the proportion of income which is spent tourism generating areas Areas of origin of rather than saved and the lower the import tourists, i.e., the areas of their permanent content of tourism expenditure, the larger the residence, which represent the source of multiplier and vice versa. See also leakages; demand and the location of the market, where linkages; tourism expenditure impacts. the major marketing functions of the tourism industry – promotion, tour operation, travel tourism peaking index Measure summariz- retailing – are based. Large concentrations of ing data on temporal use levels, attributed to population in developed countries are the D.J. Stynes, with a minimum value 0.00. The main generating areas of international and greater the degree of concentration over a domestic tourism. period, the greater the value of the index [Smith, S.L.J. (1989) Tourism Analysis: A tourism impact In general terms, the effect Handbook, London: Longman]. that tourists and tourism development have on DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY a community or area. The impact is commonly tourism police Police appointed in some categorized into economic, social and cultural, countries specifically to assist and protect and environmental. See also tourism expendi- tourists. Available to answer enquiries and ture impacts. help in emergencies, they also protect tourists from exploitation by local traders. tourism industry Term to describe firms and establishments providing attractions, facilities tourism ratio index A measure of the and services for tourists. Economic activities relationship between incoming and outgoing are normally grouped into industries accord- tourist flows in an area, which assesses the net ing to their products. As tourists use a range gain or loss of tourism in the area, attributed of attractions, facilities and services, they are to M. Jensen-Verbeke [Tourism Management, customers of a number of industries as conven- Vol.16, No.1, February 1995]. tionally defined. Those significantly dependent on tourists for their business, such as hotels tourism satellite account See satellite account and tour operators, are sometimes called tourism-related industries. To the extent to tourism sector The part of the economy which they supply tourist rather than local and which has a common function of meeting

166 T tourist needs, consisting of tourism-related way, land) and the second level (minor group) industries to the extent to which they supply specifies each means of transport within the tourist rather than local and neighbourhood major group (such as scheduled flights, passen- markets. See also tourism industry. ger lines and ferries, railways).

Tourism Statistics Directive European tourism-related industries Term Union Council Directive of 1995 on the collec- sometimes used for industries serving tourists tion of statistical information in the field of directly and to a greater or lesser extent depen- tourism to establish an information system on dent on tourism for their business. In terms of tourism statistics at Community level. The the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Directive lays down that member states shall the main industries normally included are carry out the collection, compilation, processing hotel and catering services, transport, retail and transmission of harmonized Community distribution, recreational and cultural services; statistical information on tourism supply and these correspond broadly to main categories of demand, and specifies the information to be tourism expenditure, i.e., accommodation, produced annually, quarterly and monthly. food and drink; transport; shopping; entertain- With regard to annual data the Directive came ment and recreation. However, the correspon- into force on 1 January 1996, with regard to dence is far from precise and, moreover, the monthly and quarterly data, on 1 January 1997. SIC does not always identify separately such activities highly dependent on tourism as tour Tourism Statistics of the Republic of operations and travel agencies. See also Ireland tourism industry; tourism sector. (a) Statistics of overseas visitors to Ireland and Irish residents travelling abroad are tourist For statistical purposes, ‘a visitor derived from the Country of Residence whose visit is for at least one night and whose Survey (CRS) and the Passenger Card main purpose of visit may be classified under Inquiry (PCI), both conducted by the one of the following three groups: (a) leisure Central Statistical Office (CSO) at the main and holidays; (b) business and professional; (c) air and sea ports. other tourism purposes’ [World Tourism (b) Estimates of the numbers of overseas Organization]. See also domestic tourist; inter- tourists and their expenditure are national tourist. produced by the Irish Tourist Board from DICTIONARY OF TERMS this information and from estimates of tourist board A national, regional or local visitors arriving and departing via organization variously concerned with the Northern Ireland and from/to Northern development, promotion and coordination of Ireland, supplied by the Northern Ireland tourism in its area, which may be a government Tourist Board (NITB). department, a statutory body or a voluntary (c) A separate Survey of Overseas Travellers association of tourism interests. To be distin- (SOT) conducted by the Irish Tourist guished from sectoral organizations, such as Board collects information on characteris- trade associations concerned with particular tics of overseas visitors and their trips. industries or personnel associations concerned (d) The volume and value of domestic with particular occupations engaged in tourism. tourism are measured through the Irish Travel Survey (ITS) conducted on behalf of tourist card See visa the Irish Tourist Board, which also collects information on trips taken by Irish tourist enclave A more or less enclosed and residents to Northern Ireland and abroad. separated tourism destination area, in which tourists are concentrated and isolated from tourism transport For statistical purposes, contact with the resident population, the means of transport refers to the means used sometimes by design in order to avoid conflict. by a visitor to travel from his/her place of See also tourist ghetto. usual residence to the places visited [World Tourism Organization]. A suggested classifica- tourist function index A crude measure of tion consists of two levels; the first level (major the importance of tourism in a location, attrib- groups) refers to the transport route (air, water- uted to French geographer Pierre Defert, and

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expressed as a ratio of the number of available and man-made or built attractions, as between tourist beds and the resident population. See beaches and heritage towns. also tourism intensity [Smith, S.L.J. (1989) Tourism Analysis: A Handbook, London: townhouse hotel Type of small, usually Longman]. privately owned hotel offering luxury accommodation in a town centre in a reconstructed tourist ghetto Term to describe pejoratively building. a tourist enclave. trade association A voluntary non-profit Tourist Information Centre (TIC) Office making body of independent firms in a particu- offering information about tourist/visitor lar trade or industry which exists to protect and attractions, facilities and services, and advance their common interests through repre- sometimes also offering such services as sentation and provision of services to members accommodation reservations. May be to assist in the conduct of their businesses. provided by government, tourist boards or Principal trade associations with an interest in another organization and have a local or wider travel, tourism and hospitality are based on scope. TICs form a highly developed and component industries, and include hotel and integrated network in a number of countries, catering, transport, tour operator and travel including the UK. agent associations. For examples see those listed under Trade associations in hospitality tourist intensity index See tourism inten- industry (UK); Trade associations of tour sity operators and travel agents (UK); Trade associations of transport operators (UK). tourist product In a narrow sense, what tourists buy, e.g., transport or accommodation, trade cycle See business cycle separately or as a package. In a wider sense, an amalgam of what the tourist does and of the trade day The day on which attendance to an attractions, facilities and services he/she uses exhibition is restricted to professional or trade to make it possible. From the tourist’s point of visitors. view, the total product covers the complete experience from leaving home to return. As trade mission A group visit by business distinct from an airline seat or a hotel room as and/or government representatives to one or individual products, the total tourist product – more countries to promote new business for be it a beach holiday (vacation), a sightseeing their product(s), services or destinations. tour or a conference trip – is a composite product. trade show See fair

tourist tax Any duty, levy or tax collected by trade union An association of employees in a DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY central or local government, their agencies or particular trade or industry, or of particular other authorities from visitors, in such forms employees in more than one industry, whose as bed tax, departure or entry tax, hotel or principal functions include regulation of relations room tax, resort tax or visitor tax. between them and employers or employers’ associations. The three main types are: the indus- tourist/visitor attractions Elements of the trial union (covering one industry with little or tourist product which attract visitors and no occupational distinction); the craft union determine the choice to visit one place rather (which organizes mainly skilled employees in a than another. Basic distinctions are between particular occupation, in whatever industry they site attractions (e.g., climatic, scenic, historical) may be found); the general union (which includes when the place itself is the major inducement in its membership mostly unskilled and semi- for a visit, and event attractions (e.g., festivals, skilled employees in more than one occupation). sporting events, trade fairs) when the event Principal trade unions with an interest in travel, staged is the larger factor in the tourist’s choice tourism and hospitality reflect the three types in than the site; often the site and the event most countries. For examples see those listed together combine to determine the tourist’s under Trade unions in travel, tourism and choice. Another distinction is between natural hospitality (UK).

168 T trade wind Wind blowing continuously trail In recreation and tourism, most towards the equator between about 30° north commonly a designated route with signposting and 30° south latitude in the Atlantic and Pacific to guide walkers, cyclists, motorists or skiers and deflected westward by the earth’s rotation. along it. Although mainly developed for the benefit of visitors, trails are also increasingly trading down Selling at a lower price, used as a means for ‘managing’ visitor flows in usually accompanied by reduction of quality or high density areas. See also long-distance level of service, to achieve higher volume by footpath; nature trail. attracting more customers. Thus, e.g., a switch to self-service at lower prices in an existing trailer That which trails, e.g., trailer caravan restaurant may be seen as ‘trading down’, (towed caravan), trailer interview/question/ especially if accompanied by reduction of survey (that joined on as part of a larger inter- choice and/or availability of ‘quality’ dishes. view/questionnaire/survey). See also down-market; downgrade. Train à Grande Vitesse (TGV) High-speed trading up Selling at a higher price, usually train of French Railways and the fastest train accompanied by improved quality or level of in the world, introduced in 1981. See also Advanced Passenger Train Bullet Train service, with a view to achieving higher profit ; . margins. Thus, e.g., a hotel refurbishment tramping Term used in New Zealand when resulting in provision of en suite facilities at a referring to backpacking, hiking, rambling higher tariff would represent trading up. See and trekking. also up-market; upgrade. Trans Tasman Term used to describe relation- traffic conference areas Divisions of the ships between Australia and New Zealand, International Air Transport world by the countries separated by the Tasman Sea. E.g., Association (IATA) route for - and rate-making flights between the two countries are referred to purposes: as Trans Tasman flights; these are international Area 1 hemisphere TC1 covers the western , flights but under the emerging single aviation i.e., North, Central and South America market in Australasia have moved towards and adjacent islands, including domestic status. (See Australia New Zealand West Indies Greenland, Bermuda, and Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement) Caribbean Islands and the Hawaiian DICTIONARY OF TERMS Islands. Trans-Siberian Express The train operating Area 2 TC2 covers Europe, Africa, the Middle across Asia, originally from Moscow to East west of and including Iran, and Vladivostok, along the world’s longest railway adjacent islands. line, which covers nearly a hundred degrees of Area 3 TC3 covers Asia east of Iran and longitude, seven time zones and 5900 miles Australasia including the Pacific (9500 kilometres). Islands west of the International Date Line, which separates Areas 1 and 3. transcontinental Extending over or going The above areas are subdivided further and across a continent, e.g., transcontinental railway. there are also four traffic conferences which See also intercontinental. cover routes between the conference areas. transfer Service for arriving and departing traffic rights passengers to transport them between airports (a) Broadly speaking, rights negotiated by and ports, air, sea and rail terminals and bilateral air services agreements between hotels, or between transport terminals, states regulating international air services provided by carriers, hotels or other operators, between them. See also Bermuda usually free between airport terminals, as hotel Agreement; Chicago Convention; courtesy service or as part of an inclusive tour. freedoms of the air. See also passenger designations. (b) More specifically, Third, Fourth and Fifth freedoms of the air, as distinct from First transit hotel A description sometimes used and Second freedoms, known as technical for a hotel catering to short-stay guests en rights. route to other destinations.

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transit traveller In broad terms, a traveller Department in the USA) regarding travel to a passing through a location, which is not country or area, in such cases as civil unrest or his/her ultimate destination. In international health hazard. travel, commonly defined for technical reasons as one who does not formally enter the travel agent A person or organization selling country, such as an air passenger remaining in travel services (such as transportation, accom- a designated area of the air terminal or ship modation and inclusive tours) on behalf of passenger not permitted to disembark; this principals (such as carriers, hotels and tour may but need not be the definition used in operators) for a commission. Most travel particular tourism statistics. For countries with agents also normally provide ancillary extensive land frontiers such as Austria, the services, such as obtaining passports and Czech and Slovak Republics and Switzerland, visas, traveller’s cheques (traveler’s checks), transit traffic by road often represents a high currencies and travel insurance. The principal proportion of visitors with a significant expen- functions of the travel agent are those of a diture in transit. See also passenger designa- retailer – to provide access for a principal to tions. the market and to provide a location for the customer to buy travel services. transnational corporation See multinational company/corporation Travel Compensation Fund (TCF) A central fund to which all Australian licensed transport account A component part of the travel agents are required to contribute. The current account of a country’s balance of fund is used to compensate travellers in the payments made up of separate sea transport event of travel agent insolvency but it does not and civil aviation accounts. For example, in the cover losses incurred by the collapse of princi- UK transport account sea transport covers pals. transactions of UK operators with overseas residents and of overseas operators with UK travel coupon A coupon of a carrier’s ticket residents; civil aviation covers overseas trans- which is collected from the passenger when the actions of UK airlines and the transactions of journey is undertaken. See also audit coupon. overseas airlines with UK residents. See also invisibles; travel account. travel document (a) Passport, visa and any other document transport advertising See outdoor advertis- required to enable a person to enter or ing leave a country or to claim the use of certain facilities and services en route. trattoria An Italian restaurant. (b) A document issued to stateless persons by the authorities of their country of residence to travel abroad, which has to include a DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY travel See Preface, p.vii. visa for all countries to be entered. See also travel account A component part of the Nansen Passport. current account of a country’s balance of payments showing earnings from and expen- travel fair An exhibition and meeting place diture on international travel excluding inter- for suppliers such as attractions and accom- national transport, i.e., amounts spent in the modation providers and tour operators and country by residents of other countries and by buyers such as travel agents or the general the country’s residents in the countries public. A distinction may be drawn accord- visited. Major receiving countries tend to ingly between travel fairs from which the have a positive balance, major generating general public is or is not excluded; in some countries a negative balance on travel account. both are accommodated, usually by admitting See also invisibles; tourism balance; transport them on different days. See also International account. Tourism Exchange (ITB); World Travel Market (WTM). travel advisory Advice, often a warning, issued by a government authority (e.g., the travel industry In a narrow sense, passenger Foreign Office in the UK or the State transport carriers and firms and establish-

170 T ments selling their services including tour religious travel/tourism operators and travel agents. In a wider sense, responsible tourism all firms and establishments serving the needs roots tourism of travellers, also described as travel trade, rural tourism sometimes used synonymously with tourism sex tourism industry. social tourism soft tourism travel insurance Contract providing, in space travel/tourism consideration of a premium, for payment of a sports tourism sum of money in the event of certain travel- sustainable tourism related happenings. A travel insurance policy thanatourism normally covers as a minimum: (a) personal urban tourism accident; (b) medical and related expenses; (c) vacation farm tourism cancellation and curtailment; (d) travel youth tourism abandonment and delay; (e) belongings and See also holidays (vacations) forms/ money; (f) personal liability. terms/types. travel sickness See motion sickness travel trade See travel industry travel/tourism forms/terms/types travel voucher An all-purpose voucher See agritourism/agricultural tourism issued by a tour operator to another person or alternative tourism organization, such as ground handling agent, Antarctic tourism to cover prepaid elements of a package tour. appropriate tourism The voucher may cover admission to Arctic tourism tourist/visitor attractions, local transport, business travel/tourism meals or other items. See also Miscellaneous circuit tourism Charges Order (MCO). city tourism common interest travel/tourism travel warrant Voucher providing written community tourism authorization to a carrier to issue a ticket to its cultural tourism holder. Issued under an arrangement by an domestic travel/tourism organization with the carrier, e.g., by a military DICTIONARY OF TERMS ecotourism unit for military personnel to obtain a ticket to ethnic tourism travel by rail. export tourism factory tourism travel-related illnesses farm stay tourism See AIDS Montezuma’s farm tourism altitude sickness revenge green tourism amoebiasis motion sickness hard tourism bilharziasis mountain sickness health tourism breakbone fever polio(myelitis) heritage tourism cholera rabies import tourism Delhi belly schistosomiasis inbound/travel tourism dengue tetanus incentive travel/tourism diphtheria tick-borne indigenous tourism hepatitis A encephalitis industrial tourism hepatitis B travel sickness internal travel/tourism hepatitis C traveller’s diarrhoea international travel/tourism Japanese encephalitis (traveler’s diarrhea) Koori tourism Legionnaires Disease tuberculosis long haul/short haul travel/tourism leishmaniasis typhoid mass tourism malaria yellow fever national travel/tourism meningitis nature tourism See also immunization for travellers; outbound travel/tourism notifiable disease; quarantine.

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traveller Any person on a trip between two of goods, services, capital and people between or more countries or between two or more member countries (France, Germany, Italy, localities within his/her country of usual Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg). residence. A distinction is made for purposes of tourism statistics between two broad types treeline The climatic treeline represents the of travellers: ‘visitors’ and ‘other travellers’. All upper limit of tree growth under natural condi- types of travellers engaged in tourism are tions and varies with orientation, size of the described as visitors. Therefore, the term upland mass and the nature of the climate. It ‘visitor’ represents the basic concept for the is much lower in the oceanic climate of the whole system of tourism statistics [World United Kingdom, reaching almost sea level in Tourism Organization]. the Western Highlands and only 2800 feet (850 m) in the Cairngorms, than in the more traveller’s cheque (traveler’s check) A massive size and continental climate of the form of cheque used by travellers, especially Alps. The commercial treeline is much lower for travel abroad. Issued by banks, large travel since it is determined by commercial consider- companies and other institutions, in several ations. currencies and in various denominations, traveller’s cheques are normally convertible trekking Recreational walking in open into currencies of the countries where they are country along trails usually over difficult encashed. Each cheque has to be signed by the terrain and long distances, popular, e.g., in purchaser at the time of issue, and counter- Nepal. See also tramping. signed when encashed. In the event of loss or theft, most issuing organizations undertake to trespass Unlawful entry to the property of make a refund to holders, provided simple another, important in a recreational context in precautions have been observed. Traveller’s relation to activities on rural land. The legal cheques are a common means of payment for situation varies considerably from country to travel, tourism and hospitality services world- country and the significance of trespass as an wide. See also cheque (check). issue depends largely on the amount of public land available, its location, the intensity of use traveller’s diarrhoea (traveler’s diarrhea) of private land and the density of population. Generic term for a wide range of bowel infec- In England and Wales, where perhaps 10 per tions, caused by many different organisms, and cent of the land is publicly owned/managed, spread by contaminated food and water. It trespass is a civil offence, although recent legis- covers most common travel-related illnesses lation has identified a category of aggravated with some degree of risk in most parts of the trespass. Trespass is complicated by the world, especially in developing countries. The network of rights of way across private land, main forms of prevention are strict hygiene which confer only rights of passage. Despite a widespread public opinion that there should DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY and care with food and water. be a right of access to open country in the Treaty of Amsterdam Outcome of the 1996 uplands, this does not exist; access agreements European Union inter-governmental confer- can be negotiated by local authorities with ence convened to consider Treaty amend- private landowners, but few in fact have been ments, including integration of the Social made. In the USA, where there is much more Chapter into the Treaty, which entered into public land for recreation and no network of force in 1999. rights of way across private land, attitudes to trespassers tend to be much harder. See also Treaty on European Union See Maastricht Allemansrätt. Treaty TRINET Tourism Research Information Treaty of Maastricht See Maastricht Treaty Network, an international electronic network coordinated by the School of Travel Industry Treaty of Rome Agreement signed in 1957 Management in conjunction with the by the six founding countries of the European Computing Center of the University of Hawaii. Economic Community creating a regional The network facilitates exchange of informa- group with the primary aims of free movement tion among subscribers on research projects,

172 T references, conferences and their proceedings, torial belt with its own distinctive types of theses, grant proposals and funding, and climate, vegetation and other characteristics of tourism education, utilizing telecommunica- importance for travel and tourism. These areas tion links in use in universities worldwide. See include some of the best known international also Internet. tourism destinations as, e.g., the bulk of the Caribbean, Hawaii and other Pacific islands. trip There is no generally accepted definition of a trip and the term tends to be defined for truckshop American term for transport café. particular purposes by reference to such criteria as distance, duration and purpose. E.g., trunk roads Main roads; in the UK the Statistics Canada and Tourism Canada use a national network of through routes, for which minimum distance of 80 km (50 miles), US the Secretary of State for Transport is the Bureau of Census and US Travel Data Center highway authority. The network consists of all- 160 km (100 miles); in UK surveys a stay of one purpose trunk roads, which are open for use or more nights away from home for most by all classes of traffic, and special roads such purposes tends to be the definition of a tourist as motorways, which are reserved for use by trip, and round trips lasting at least 3 hours are specified classes of traffic only. County used to define day trips and visits. councils are the highway authorities for public roads which are not trunk roads. trip index A statistical technique attributed to D.G. Pearce and J.M. Elliott, to examine the tuberculosis A disease once considered virtu- extent to which places visited by tourists are ally eliminated but now increasing worldwide, major destinations or merely stopovers, and especially in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, calculated by dividing nights spent at the desti- Central and South America. Those staying nation by the total number of nights spent on a more than a month in those areas, should trip (ϫ 100). An index value of 100 indicates discuss the need for immunization with their that the entire trip was spent at one destination, doctor, preferably at least two months before a value of zero that no overnight stay was made travelling. on the trip [Journal of Travel Research, 32, 1: 6–9]. tug(boat) A small powerful vessel used for triple room Hotel room to accommodate towing other larger vessels. three people. DICTIONARY OF TERMS Tughrik Unit of currency of Mongolia. trishaw A disappearing form of three- wheeled bicycle transportation for carrying tundra A treeless region between the treeline people and an exotic form of transport for and polar ice in Eurasia and northern Canada, tourists used in Asia. See also rickshaw. with long severe winters and permafrost, where even the mean monthly summer tronc A traditional method of pooling and temperature is below 10 °C (50 °F). sharing gratuities in restaurants whereby money received by employees from customers turning down An early evening practice of is paid into a common fund and distributed at some hotels preparing the bed for use by regular intervals on a pre-arranged basis, removing the bedspread and sometimes also commonly using a points system. The person including other tasks such as drawing curtains in charge of the fund and its distribution is and replacing used bathroom linen. known as the troncmaster. See also service charge; tip. turnkey Term used in combination with other words to denote something completed to the tropics The zone of the earth’s surface point when the user only has to ‘turn a key’ to between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of make it operational. Thus, e.g., a turnkey Capricorn, i.e., between 23° 30’ north (Tropic of computer system is set to perform a complete Cancer) and south (Tropic of Capricorn) of the set of procedures as soon as it is activated; a equator, in which the sun is overhead at turnkey construction contract leaves the midday for some time during the year. The contractor to see to all details and hand over term also refers to the zone outside the equa- an operational unit.

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turnpike road A road on which barriers typhoid An infection caused by a salmonella known as turnpikes are or were erected for the virus, which manifests itself in fever. It is collections of tolls levied on users, hence a caught through the consumption of contami- main road or highway currently or formerly nated food or water and the risk is highest in maintained by tolls as a means of charging the developing countries but is not confined to cost to the actual users. In North America also them. A vaccine is available; strict hygiene and called tollway in contrast to freeway. care with food and water are advised.

twin Adjective used, i.a., with such nouns as typhoon A violent hurricane in the China Sea beds (two single beds), and room (a room with and adjoining regions occurring between July two such beds); a twin double room denotes a and October. room with two double beds. typology A scheme of classification of types twinning A term given to a social relation- grouped according to specific criteria. Thus a ship formed by civic leaders between two tourist typology reflects types of tourists accord- towns or cities (referred to as sister towns or ing to such criteria as motivations, interests cities) in different countries to promote and styles. In addition to their academic inter- contacts and goodwill between their residents. est, typologies are also of practical importance This provides a basis for group visits and in describing market niches as a basis for various forms of cooperation and thus a stimu- promotion. See, e.g., allocentric/psychocentric lus to travel and tourism.

two-income families See dual career families DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

174 U

umiak An open flat-bottomed Eskimo boat, (British Airways); ‘Only one hotel chain usually worked by women. guarantees your room will be right’ (Holiday Inns). underdeveloped countries See developing countries unitary authorities Local authorities in England and Wales which combine responsi- undertow A strong current near the bottom bilities elsewhere divided between county, of the sea close to the shore flowing in the borough and district councils. opposite direction to the surface current caused by the water thrown on the shore flowing back; United Kingdom (UK) Great Britain and it represents a danger to swimmers. Northern Ireland.

Uniform System of Accounts for Hotels United Kingdom tourism statistics A system of guidelines for the preparation and (a) International tourism to and from the UK presentation of hotel accounts in a standard is recorded by the International Passenger form. First published by the Hotel Association Survey (IPS) and published by the Office of New York City in 1926 and now in its ninth for National Statistics. revised edition, the system is in wide use (b) Domestic tourism by UK residents is throughout the world and enables data based recorded by the United Kingdom Tourism on it to be compared between hotels. Similar Survey (UKTS) and published by the systems developed in several countries, includ- British Tourist Authority (BTA) and the ing United Kingdom, have a more limited use. English Tourism Council (ETC). DICTIONARY OF TERMS In addition to the publications shown in each uniformed staff Term used to describe entry, results of the surveys are also available collectively hotel employees providing front- on StatBase, the Government Statistical Service of-house personal services for guests, includ- website (www.statistics.gov.uk), and StarUK, ing commonly a head hall porter (bell the national tourism statistics website captain), porters (bell hops) and page boys (www.staruk.org.uk). (bell boys) but also others in some hotels. United Kingdom Tourism Survey union contract See collective agreement (UKTS) A monthly sample inquiry by personal interviews as part of an omnibus unique selling proposition (USP) An survey to measure travel for all purposes by advertising concept attributed to Rosser UK residents, commissioned jointly by the Reeves, American advertising copywriter, national tourist boards for England, Scotland, describing a particular product characteristic, Wales and Northern Ireland since 1989, when which distinguishes it from competing it replaced the monthly British Tourism products, can be regarded as exclusive to it, Survey (BTS). Like its predecessor, it covers and represents the main reason to buy the travel by adults and accompanying children of product. This may be used as an advertising one or more nights away from home. A theme, which may be retained over a long summary of the results is available in the period or a new one may be developed from Digest of Tourist Statistics, published by the time to time. Prominent examples in travel, British Tourist Authority (BTA) and in The UK tourism and hospitality have included: ‘We try Tourist published by the English Tourism harder’ (Avis); ‘World’s favourite airline’ Council (ETC).

175 U

United Nations Conference on urban planning See physical planning Environment and Development See Earth Summit urban renewal The restoration, renovation and improvement of obsolescent urban areas, in United Nations Development Decade which leisure and tourism often play a signifi- Description applied to the 1960s when much cant role. Also described as urban regeneration. attention of individual governments and of international organizations was focused on the urban tourism Trips and visits with a focus preparation of development plans, in which on town and city destinations, also known as tourism usually played a significant and often city tourism. A fast growing form of tourism, dominant role. stimulated by historical and cultural attractions, as well as shopping and event attrac- United States Dollar (US$) Unit of tions, and by business travel, it offers much currency of American Samoa, British Virgin scope for urban regeneration. Well-known Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, examples of city regeneration through tourism Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern include Baltimore in the USA, Barcelona in Mariana Islands, Palau, Puerto Rico, Turks and Spain and Glasgow in Scotland. Caicos Islands, United States of America, United States Pacific Islands, United States urbanization The process of growth of urban Virgin Islands. areas so as to account for an increasing proportion of population living in them. Usually United States tourism statistics associated with industrialization, the increase (a) Movements and activities of international in urban population comes about by migration visitors to the USA by air are recorded by from rural areas and from natural increases. the In-flight Survey of International Air Urbanization is of major relevance to tourism, Travellers conducted among passengers on as urban areas tend to have high holiday outbound airline flights from the US and (vacation) propensities. See also Industrial published quarterly by Tourism Revolution. Industries, International Trade Adminis- tration, US Department of Commerce. user bodies ‘Watchdog’ organizations repre- Surface visitors to the US from Canada are senting the interests of particular groups of surveyed by Statistics Canada and consumers, especially where a supplier has a published annually. Surface visitors to the monopoly or near monopoly of a public utility US from Mexico and cruise visitors are not such as transport. Statutory user bodies in trans- counted. port in United Kingdom include the Air (b) Movements and activities of domestic Transport Users Committee, Airport Consulta- visitors within the USA are recorded by tive Committees, Central Transport Con- ®

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY TravelScope from a mail survey of US sultative Committee and Transport Users’ residents and published annually by the Consultative Committees. Voluntary user bodies Travel Industry Association of America have been formed, usually on a local basis by (TIA). pressure groups and some transport operators.

up-market Colloquial term denoting market user-oriented resources Resources devoted with higher prices, expectations of quality to recreation and tourism, which depend for and/or level of service. See also trading up; their attraction more on their accessibility than upgrade. on their quality, are located in proximity to concentrations of population, and cater primar- upgrade To change to a superior standard, as ily for local or regional needs rather than in moving a passenger or a hotel guest or their attracting nationally. Examples include parks, reservation to a superior seat or accommoda- sites for sports or restaurants. See also tion. See also downgrade. resource-based resources.

176 V

vacation US term for holiday but also used in value added tax (VAT) A tax based on the British Isles for periods of formal suspension value added at each stage of the production of normal activity, such as law courts and and distribution of goods and services. In university vacations. See also separate entries practice the selling price is increased by the under holiday. percentage of VAT, which has to be accounted for to the authorities, but against this may be vacation farm tourism US term for farm set any VAT included in suppliers’ invoices. tourism. VAT is used throughout the European Union (EU) and forms the basis for the countries’ vacation home See second home contributions to the Community budget but the rates of tax as well as items subject to it vacation ownership See timesharing continue to vary between the countries. It is also by far the most important tax levied on visitors in EU countries. To be distinguished vacationscape Term used to describe from sales tax. integrated design and development for tourism, coined by American academic C. Vatu Unit of currency of Vanuatu. Gunn in his book of the same title (published 1988 by Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York). vegetarianism There are five main categories: vaccination Inoculation with a substance

(a) Generally vegetarians abstain from using DICTIONARY OF TERMS called vaccine, which contains modified virus meat, fish and poultry as food for immunization or germs, to give a person religious, ethical, ecological or health against a particular disease. The vaccine may reasons. be also administered in tablet or liquid form. (b) ‘Demi-vegetarians’ usually exclude red meat from their diet but generally not white valet Manservant; a hotel employee responsi- poultry or fish. ble for cleaning and pressing guests’ clothes. (c) Lacto vegetarians eat milk and cheese but not eggs or anything which has been valet parking See car hop produced from a slaughtered animal. (d) Ovo vegetarians are similar to lacto vegetar- validation Action of imprinting an airline ians but eat eggs. ticket with a stamp to make it valid for travel. (e) Vegans do not eat any animal food or The mechanical device fitted with the carrier’s product. or travel agent’s die plate used to validate the ticket is called the validator. veld/veldt An Afrikaans term for unenclosed uncultivated grassland area in South Africa value added An economic concept denoting suitable for pasture. the value added by a firm or industry to the cost of its inputs, giving the value of its output; vernacular Language, idiom, word of one’s therefore, value added equals the difference native place or country, i.e., not of foreign between the total sales of the firm or industry origin or of learned formation. and the cost of goods and services bought in. See also value added tax (VAT). vertical integration See integration

177 V

vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) See South America, as a tourist card. See also travel aircraft types: take-off and landing document.

Victorian Of the time of Queen Victoria visibles Receipts and payments included in (1837–1901), e.g., Victorian architecture, furni- the current (as distinct from capital) balance of ture, glassware. payments account, from goods (as distinct from services). See also invisibles. videoconferencing See teleconferencing visiting friends and relatives (VFR) videotex Electronic services which display Classification of main purpose of trip/visit or transmitted information on a video screen. activity in common use in most countries in Teletext systems, such as the BBC Ceefax or the segmenting the market. See also visiting relatives. Independent Television Teletext, are broadcast systems capable of receiving and displaying visiting relatives (VR) On Australian data, and are usually free. Viewdata systems, migration forms, inbound travellers may select such as the British Telecommunications Prestel ‘visiting relatives (VR)’ as their primary or the French Minitel, are telephone-based, purpose of visit rather than visiting friends enable two-way communication and are charged and relatives (VFR), which is the more on a per call basis. In recent years interactive commonly used category in other countries. videotex has revolutionized the distribution of The VR category is the second most important travel, tourism and hospitality products, and a (after holidays) as a result of the large number of principals operate their own systems. immigrant population with relatives overseas. visitor For statistical purposes, any person viewdata See videotex travelling to a place other than that of his/her usual environment, for less than 12 months virtual reality (VR) Relatively recent devel- and whose main purpose of visit is other than opment in computer simulations and human- the exercise of an activity remunerated from computer interfacing, which attempts to within the place visited. A distinction is drawn replace the user’s experience of the physical between international and domestic visitors world with synthesized three-dimensional and this definition covers two classes of material. This takes place through a combina- visitors: tourist and same-day visitor [World tion of visual, audio and kinetic effects, which Tourism Organization]. make participants believe that they are actually experiencing the real thing. Used for some time visitor attractions See tourist/visitor attrac- in flight simulators for training pilots on the tions ground, VR technology is seen to have a potential in such areas as the creation of virtual visitor management Public and private

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY theme parks, as a promotional and sales tool, sector systems and procedures designed to influ- and in the creation of artificial tourism, possi- ence visitor behaviour at tourist/visitor sites and bly even providing eventually a substitute for destinations, through such means as capacity travel and tourism itself. management, interpretation, pricing, signposting and zoning. See interpretation centre; visa Authorization by the government, zone. normally entered in the passport, to allow an alien to enter the country (entry visa) or a visitor tax See tourist tax resident to leave the country (exit visa), or in some cases a resident travelling abroad on an Visitor(s) and Convention Bureau Term alien passport to re-enter (resident return visa). of American origin but increasingly also used Entry visas may be of varying validity, single elsewhere as a designation for a local or area or multiple entry, and classified according to tourist board, e.g., Greater Manchester Visitor the purpose of entry, e.g., tourist, business, and Convention Bureau. transit. Exit visas are less common and are normally issued for a single exit (and re-entry voodoo Belief in and use of witchcraft and the if applicable). Entry visas are also known in like rites and superstitions, prevalent in the some countries, particularly in Central and West Indies and among African Americans.

178 W

wadi/wady A valley or stream course in hot waste management Systems and processes desert or semi-arid areas in Middle East and used by companies and other organizations to North Africa, usually dry but sometimes carry- reduce waste for cost or environmental ing a stream after heavy rain. reasons. Such approaches often revolve round the ‘3Rs’ – Reduce, Re-use, Recycle – and are Wagon-Lits Sleeping coaches on trains, also core components of cost control and environ- name of the company operating these, on the mental programmes in travel, tourism and Continent of Europe; the coaches comprise hospitality operations. bedroom accommodation for one or two people. See also couchette; parlor car; water management Systems and processes Pullman; roomette. used by companies and other organizations to reduce their use of water resources for cost or waiting list/waitlist A list of passengers environmental reasons. Such approaches are wishing to join a flight, sailing or tour, which core components of cost control and environ- is fully booked; sometimes also used by hotels mental programmes in travel, tourism and when full. Those on the list may then be hospitality operations. accommodated in case of cancellations or no shows. See also standby. water park A recreation area providing water sports, other water-based activities and such wanderlust According to economist H.P. visual attractions as waterfalls, usually for the Gray, motivation to pleasure travel; the term general public and on payment of an admis- describes the desire to exchange the known for sion charge. The Cotswold Water Park is a DICTIONARY OF TERMS the unknown, to leave things familiar and to recent example in England. go and see different places, people and cultures, i.e., to be exposed to what is different water resources depletion and pollution from that which is obtainable at home. In many countries fresh water resources are Wanderlust is often more likely to be satisfied already scarce and are being further depleted through international rather than domestic by high agricultural, industrial and domestic tourism and to call for facilities geared to short consumption and by pollution. Most water rather than longer stay. Climate is of pollution is caused by agricultural, industrial secondary importance and more than one and domestic waste, including inadequate country or more than one place is often visited. sewage provision, with serious effects on See also sunlust. human health. Travel, tourism and hospitality activities are large consumers of water and Warsaw Convention An international large generators of waste; they are also directly agreement made in 1929 and, as amended affected by water depletion and pollution in subsequently, limiting the liability of airlines many locations, especially in developing for loss of or damage to baggage (luggage) and countries. See also water management; waste injury to or death of passengers on most inter- management. national flights (including domestic portions of international flights). As a result of the water skiing A popular form of active recre- Convention, airlines normally accept liability ation on lakes and coastal waters in which the for accidents up to set limits and claimants do participant, mounted on skis, is pulled by a not have to prove negligence. See also excess power boat, required to generate a speed of value. around 25 mph (49 kph), sufficient to maintain

179 W

the skier on the surface. It is sometimes a wet rent The rent payable by the tenant to the source of conflict with other forms of recre- landlord in the supply price, an arrangement ation on/in the water, including swimmers, used, e.g., in the tied house system, when the anglers and those sailing yachts, and on the tenant pays a low fixed rent (also termed dry shore. On publicly owned or controlled water, rent) for his premises, usually much below the strict regulations often apply governing where market rate, and is charged a higher price by and when water skiing may take place. the brewery for the supplied beer than is charged to the ‘free trade’; this difference in water sports holidays (vacations) A price is termed wet rent, rising or falling with specialized activity holiday (vacation) the volume of trade done, intended to adjust segment, including such activities as dinghy the tenant’s outgoings to the fluctuations of and yacht sailing, diving and windsurfing but turnover of the public house. excluding beach holidays (vacations). It is still a small proportion of all holidays (vacations) – wetlands A natural or artificial landscape around one million were taken in Great Britain where the soil is waterlogged or the land is annually in the 1990s – but estimated to grow occasionally, periodically or permanently faster than all holidays (vacations). covered by fresh or salt water. Different types of wetlands are described as bog, peat, marsh wayports Airports constructed in remote, or swamp. sparsely populated areas, with little or no origin and destination traffic, and dedicated whale watching An emerging tourist activ- more or less exclusively to handling transfer ity of growing popularity in Australia and traffic, with a view to minimizing environ- New Zealand. In Australia the term covers the mental problems. Such airports may be also observation of whales from boats (as in developed from military airfields due for Queensland) and from shore locations (such as closure or from civil airports whose role has the coast of Victoria). diminished. wharf A stone or wooden structure alongside Wesak Major religious holiday, also called water beside which ships are moored to Buddha Day, celebrated in Thailand and other embark and/or disembark passengers or to Buddhist countries in May each year. load and/or unload cargo. See also quay.

The West Collective term for the countries of white man’s grave A colloquial term Western Europe and North America, as formerly applied to West Africa, where before distinct from the countries of Eastern Europe the introduction of inoculation, prophylactic and Asia. drugs, pest control and improved sanitation, the hot humid climate was particularly West Country The area of England normally DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY unhealthy for Europeans, resulting in seen to comprise the counties of Somerset, Devon widespread disease and high mortality. and Cornwall, although South West Tourism, Nowadays sometimes still used for areas with one of ten English Regional Tourist Boards, similarly inhospitable climate. covers also parts of Dorset, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and the Isles of Scilly. This is the most white-collar An American term used to popular holiday (vacation) region for British describe non-manual workers, in particular residents, which attracts annually a quarter of all clerical and secretarial employees, now also holidays of four nights or more taken in Great widely used elsewhere. See also blue-collar; Britain by British residents, with South of class; socio-economic groups. England, Wales and Scotland being the next most popular destinations. wholesaler Intermediary who usually buys goods from suppliers for resale in small quanti- West Indies (WI) Collective term for the ties to retailers and others. In tourism the term islands of the Caribbean Sea between North is sometimes used as a synonym for tour and South America. operator.

wet lease See dry/wet lease wide body aircraft See aircraft types: bodies

180 W wind chill The effect of wind at low temper- Mediterranean coasts of Spain and the atures on shaded dry human skin in making Canaries in Europe and Florida in North the effective temperature considerably lower. America, particularly attractive to those who Often expressed as a temperature quotient: have retired. Provided variable costs are thus a temperature of 20 °F (–7 °C) and a wind covered and some contribution is made to speed of 45 mph (72 kph) produces a tempera- fixed costs, such use is likely to be worthwhile ture of –20 °F (–30 °C). Of great significance for from the hoteliers’ perspective as an alternative those climbing, skiing and trekking at low to closing premises during the off-season temperatures, who must ensure that their months. clothing is adequate for the effective temperatures. wog A derogatory slang description for a native of a Middle Eastern country, especially window-dressing Any practice that Egypt. attempts to make a situation look better than it really is. In business used particularly by Won Unit of currency of North and South accountants and public relations consultants. Korea. windsurfing Water sport of riding on water word-of-mouth advertising Advertising on a special board with a sail. communicated by a satisfied customer to a relative, friend or acquaintance, as a prospec- windward A nautical term denoting the tive customer for the same product. direction from which the wind is blowing, i.e., Considered as the most influential source of the least sheltered side of a ship. See also information about consumer products, includ- leeward. ing travel, tourism and hospitality products.

Wings Airline alliance formed 1989 as a work permit See employment pass/permit/ partnership between KLM and NorthWest visa Airlines, and including also Braathens, Eurowings and Kenya Airways, part-owned by work study ‘The systematic examination of KLM. activities in order to improve the effective use of human and other material resources.’ Also Winter Olympic Games A quadrennial known as organization and methods (O&M), it DICTIONARY OF TERMS international sport meeting held, until 1992, as consists of method study, defined as ‘the system- a separate event from ‘Summer’ Olympic atic recording and critical examination of ways Games but in the same year: St Moritz of doing things in order to make improve- (Switzerland) 1948, Oslo (Norway) 1952, ments’ and work measurement, defined as ‘the Cortina d’Ampezzo (Italy) 1956, Squaw Valley application of techniques designed to establish (USA) 1960, Innsbruck (Austria) 1964, the time for a qualified worker to carry out a Grenoble (France) 1968, Sapporo (Japan) 1972, task at a defined rate of working’ [British Innsbruck (Austria) 1976, Lake Placid (USA) Standard Glossary BS 3138: 1979]. 1980, Sarajevo (Yugoslavia) 1984, Calgary (Canada) 1988, Albertville (France) 1992. Working Time Regulations In the UK Subsequent Winter Games have alternated hours of work and related conditions of with the Summer Games at two-year intervals: employment are normally negotiated between Lillehammer (Norway) 1994 (Summer Games employers and employees collectively or 1996), Nagano (Japan) 1998 (Summer Games individually. However, European Union 2000), Salt Lake City (USA) 2002 (Summer Regulations which came into force in the UK Games scheduled for Athens 2004), and the in 1998 (earlier in other EU countries), which 2006 Winter Games are scheduled for Turin apply to full-time, part-time and temporary (Italy). workers, make the following provisions (subject to exemption for workers in some winter sun Holidays (vacations) designed to sectors, including transport, although individ- take advantage of tourism facilities outside the ual workers can choose to work longer): main summer season in areas which have an • a maximum average working week of 48 acceptable winter climate, such as the hours

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• a minimum of four weeks’ annual paid side conservation designation schemes for leave other schemes. • minimum daily and weekly rest periods • specific provisions for adolescent workers World Travel Market (WTM) An annual in respect of the above rights and entitle- international travel and tourism trade fair held ments. in London in November each year since 1980.

World Heritage Sites Natural and cultural Worldchoice Brand name of agencies of conservation sites of exceptional interest members of the UK Alliance of Retail Travel designated by the United Nations Agency Consortia (ARTAC). Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). Examples include Worldspan Worldspan Travel Agency Information Hadrian’s Wall in England, the islands of St Services, US computer reservation system (CRS) Kilda in Scotland, the castles and town walls formed as a joint venture between DATAS II of King Edward I in North Wales, and the and PARS systems, which it replaced in 1990. Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland. By the Delta Airlines, Northwest Airlines and Trans end of 2001 721 sites had been designated World Airlines (TWA) are principal sharehold- worldwide, 24 of them in the UK. See country- ers, with a small stake by Abacus. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

182 X

xenophobia Contempt, dislike or fear of and Canberra and also Sydney and several strangers or foreigners, or of strange or foreign centres in New South Wales. places. XPT Express Australian rail service linking Sydney and Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane, Xplorer Australian rail service linking Sydney as well as several New South Wales centres. DICTIONARY OF TERMS

183 Y

yard (yd) A measure of length used in years, yield management has received increas- English-speaking countries, equal to 0.9144 ing attention and application in transport, metre. A yard is divided into 3 feet (ft.) or 36 especially in airline operations, and in hospi- inches (in.). In measures of area 1 square yard tality management. equals 9 square feet (0.836 square metre) or 1296 square inches. In measures of volume 1 Young Persons Railcard See British cubic yard (cu. yd = 0.765 cubic metre) equals railcards 27 cubic feet (cu. ft). Youth The European Union programme yellow fever A viral infection causing fever, which, within the overall aim of allowing vomiting and liver failure; can be fatal. It is young people to acquire knowledge and skills caught by the bite of an infected mosquito and and to exercise responsible citizenship, includes occurs in parts of Africa and South America. A exchanges between groups, individual mobil- vaccine is an effective prevention for a period ity, youth initiatives, joint actions and related of ten years. Some countries require a vaccina- support measures. The programme is open to tion certificate for entry. 31 countries (15EU, 3EFTA/EEA, 13 EU candidate countries including Malta and Turkey). Yellow Pages Business telephone directory advertising various products, published in youth hostel See hostel most countries worldwide. youth tourism A segment of the tourism Yen Unit of currency of Japan. market variously seen to embrace those aged between 15–18 and 25–29 years. Whatever yield definition is adopted, available statistics (a) Return on an investment in terms of suggest that youth tourism has been develop- income in relation to the current capital ing faster than tourism as a whole. value of the investment.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY (b) Profit or revenue attributable to a product, Yuan Unit of currency of China, also called commonly expressed as average profit or Ren Min Bi Yuan or People’s Bank Dollar. revenue earned per unit of output, e.g., passenger kilometre in transport or Yukon Standard Time A Canadian time room/night in accommodation. See also zone based on the standard of the 135th merid- yield management. ian. Time equals GMT –8.

yield management The concept and Yuppie Term derived from young urban profes- techniques concerned with the maximization of sional and denoting an ambitious and success- profit or revenue and the development of an ful individual in their 30s with an upwardly optimum business mix to those ends. In recent mobile lifestyle.

184 Z

‘Z’ bed A folding and movable bed; when land, usually distinguished from others by a folded, it can be moved on castors and stand particular quality or condition indicated by a as a piece of furniture with a headboard defining word as, e.g., building zone, tariff zone, providing a horizontal surface. temperate zone. In land use planning an area designated (zoned) for a particular purpose, Zionism The movement resulting in the e.g., industry, housing, recreation. Hence, establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. zoning, i.e., designating areas for particular purposes. See also development plans; land use ZIP code Abbreviation for Zone Improvement planning; physical planning; time zones. Plan code established by the US Postal Service to identify numerically the destination of mail zoo Colloquial abbreviation for zoological for sorting and dispatch. garden, site where wild animals are kept for the public to view. Zloty Unit of currency of Poland. Zulu time Synonym for Greenwich Mean/ zone Generally a more or less defined area of Standard Time (GMT/GST). DICTIONARY OF TERMS

185

Part 2 International Organizations

International Organizations

Africa Travel Association (ATA) Regional Andean Group Regional inter-governmental organization founded 1975 to promote and organization of several South American foster public interest in and the growth and countries established 1969 to accelerate the development of travel and tourism to Africa. harmonious development of the member states Members are government ministries of through economic and social integration, tourism, National Tourism Organizations, including cooperation in transport, adoption of industry and allied firms and institutions. a common passport, and tourism promotion. [www.africa.ata.org] [www.communidadandina.org]

African Development Bank (ADB) ANTOR Acronym commonly denoting a Regional development bank established 1964 body of National Tourism Organization to contribute to the economic development and representatives in a particular city or country social progress of independent African as, e.g., Assembly of National Tourist Office countries. Since 1982 membership has been Representatives in New York or Association of also open to non-African states. National Tourist Office Representatives in Great [www.afdb.org] Britain.

African Development Fund (ADF) An Arab Fund for Economic and Social affiliate organization of the African Development (AFESD) Regional inter- Development Bank (ADB) established with an governmental organization established 1973 to open membership 1972 to make loans to participate in the financing of economic and African member states at low rates of interest. social development projects in the Arab States. Substantial loans have been made for projects A significant proportion of the loans have been INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS in the transport sector with direct impact on made to transport and other projects of tourism. relevance to travel and tourism. [www.afdb.org] [www.arabfund.org]

Airports Council International (ACI) Arab Tourism Organization (ATO) Sectoral organization created 1991 to succeed Regional inter-governmental organization three existing bodies concerned with airport established 1954, present name adopted 1969. operations and combine their functions. Its Aims to promote tourism in the Arab area, membership includes several hundred airports coordinate efforts towards a unified Arab and airport authorities in more than 100 tourism policy, and provide services to countries and territories worldwide. members. Membership consists of govern- [www.airports.org] ments and several tourism-related international Arab organizations. Alliance Internationale de Tourisme (AIT) International Touring Alliance (ITA) ASEAN Tourism Association Worldwide organization founded 1898, present (ASEANTA) Regional association of South name adopted 1919, to represent motoring East Asian countries to promote cooperation organizations and touring clubs, study and and assistance in furthering and protecting the disseminate information, and render advice interests of members, as well as standards of and assistance on touring and motoring. facilities and services for travellers and [www.aitgwa.ch] tourists and the development of tourism into

189 International Organizations

and within the region. Members are national house for the collection, collation and dissemi- airlines, hotel associations and travel agent nation of information, under the control of an associations. executive council comprising representatives of [www.aseanta.org] the countries which contribute to its funds. CABI Publishing produces a growing number of ASEAN Tourism Information Centre books on travel, tourism and hospitality and (ATIC) Regional inter-governmental organi- also Leisure, Recreation and Tourism Abstracts, zation established 1988 to publicize the tourist which provides a comprehensive listing of attractions and investment potential in books and articles on tourism. ASEAN countries. [www.cabi.org] [www.atic.org.ro] Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) Asia Travel Marketing Association Also known as Caribank, a regional develop- (ATMA) Regional organization founded 1966, ment bank established 1970, to contribute to present name adopted 1999, to stimulate the economic growth and development of the tourist traffic to East Asia by combining efforts member countries of the Caribbean and to of member organizations in promotional activ- promote economic cooperation and integration ities and by enhancing reception services and among members. Involvement includes tourist facilities. Membership consists of regional integration projects in transport, loans government members representing National to governments for tourism infrastructure and Tourism Organizations; carrier, hotel and loans to hotel operators. agent associations in member countries; carri- [www.caribank.org] ers providing services to, from and within those countries. Caribbean Hotel Association (CHA) [www.asiatravel.org] Regional sectoral organization founded 1959 to act as a trade association of the Caribbean Asian Development Bank (ADB) hotel industry. Regional development bank established 1966 [www.caribbeanhotels.org] to foster economic growth and co-operation in Asia and the Pacific, with regional and non- Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) regional membership. Regional inter-governmental organization [www.adb.org] established 1989 by merger of two existing organizations. Its main aims are increasing Asian Development Fund (ADF) An affil- tourism flows to member states, creating iate organization of the Asian Development greater awareness and understanding of Bank (ADB) established to make soft loans to tourism, developing skills and professionalism, the poorest countries in the region. A signifi- and providing a tourism information system. cant proportion of loans has accrued to trans- The Caribbean represents the world’s most DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY port and other tourism-related projects. tourism-dependent region. [www.adb.org] [www.caribtourism.com]

Association of South East Asian Nations Colombo Plan The Colombo Plan for Co-opera- (ASEAN) Regional inter-governmental tive Economic and Social Development in Asia and organization established 1967 to accelerate the the Pacific, initially agreed in 1950 to promote economic growth, social progress and cultural interest and support for such development and development in the region, as well as promote keep under review economic and social collaboration and mutual assistance, including progress and the flow of development assis- tourism-related activities. The ASEAN region tance in the region. Member countries include includes some of the world’s fastest-growing the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand economies, as well as tourism destinations. and Japan, as well as developing countries in [www.aseansec.org] Asia and the Pacific. [www.colombo-plan.org] CAB International (CABI) Inter-governmental organization providing an international Commonwealth Voluntary association of information service, which acts as a clearing independent countries, which succeeded the

190 International Organizations

British Commonwealth of Nations (title discarded Economic Community of Central 1951), which in turn has grown out of the African States (ECCAS) Regional inter- British Empire, to promote cooperation between governmental organization established 1981 to them and to advance their common interests. promote cooperation and development in There are 54 members who between them economic, social, cultural, scientific and techni- include one-third of the world’s population (as cal activities. Specific objectives include, i.a., of 2000). The Commonwealth Fund for Technical elimination of obstacles to free movement of Co-operation (CFTC), an integral part of the people and travel and tourism promotion. Commonwealth Secretariat, provides technical [www.eccas.int] assistance to developing countries of the Commonwealth, with a significant involve- Economic Community of West African ment in tourism-related activities. States (ECOWAS) Regional inter-govern- [www.thecommonwealth.org] mental organization established 1975 to promote economic, social and cultural coopera- Commonwealth of Independent States tion and development with particular focus on (CIS) Voluntary association of sovereign states agriculture and industry but it pursues also established at the time of collapse of the Soviet such tourism-related objectives as the abolition Union in December 1991. Following the acces- of obstacles to free movement of people and the sion of Georgia in 1993, all the former Soviet development of a regional transport system. republics except the three Baltic States, are now [www.ecowas.int] members (total 12). CIS acts as a coordinating mechanism for foreign, defence and economic European Bank for Reconstruction and policies and is a forum for addressing problems Development (EBRD) Regional inter- which have arisen from the break-up of the governmental financial institution set up 1990 USSR. The 12 countries are also referred to to assist the emerging democracies of Central collectively as the Newly Independent States (NIS). and Eastern Europe in their transition towards [www.cis.minsk.by] market economies. The Bank provides technical assistance, training and investment, and its Confederation of National Hotel and emphasis on promoting the private sector offers Restaurant Associations in the European important scope for tourism development. Community (HOTREC) Regional sectoral [www.ebrd.com] grouping founded 1982 to link employers’ hotel, restaurant and catering organizations, European Community (EC) Designation promote cooperation, coordinate action and used for a number of years for the three insti- make representations on their behalf to EC tutions regarded in practice as a single entity INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS institutions. and supervised by a single Commission since [www.hotrec.org] 1967: European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) created 1951, European Economic Community Conference of Regions of North West (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community Europe (CRONWE) Regional body founded (Euratom), created by two separate treaties 1955 to coordinate studies and action with a 1957. This was formally recognized under the view to planned development, including that Maastricht Treaty, which changed the EEC to of tourism, in the area which covers the EC with effect from 1 November 1993. EC Benelux countries, the western part of membership was extended by the accession of Germany, the north and north-west regions of Austria, Finland and Sweden to a total of 15 France, and parts of south-east England. states on 1 January 1995. See also European Members are individuals, government officials Union (EU). and institutions in the six countries. European Economic Community (EEC) Council of Europe (CE) Regional inter- Regional group created by the Treaty of Rome governmental organization founded 1949 to (1957) with the primary aims of free movement achieve greater unity among its members with a of goods, services, capital and people between view to safeguarding their European heritage and member countries. Initial membership of six facilitating their economic and social progress. (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, [www.coe.int] Luxembourg) was extended by the accession of

191 International Organizations

the UK, Ireland and Denmark in 1973, Greece private companies and public institutions, in 1981, Portugal and Spain in 1986. In 1987 which further the aims of the Community. amendments to the Treaty of Rome came into [www.eib.org] effect in the Single European Act aimed to complete the Single European Market by the European Tourism Action Group end of 1992. The Maastricht Treaty (1991) (ETAG) An international body founded in covers political and monetary union and adds 1981 by the European Travel Commission as new areas of formalized cooperation. It also a technical liaison group with the aims of changed the EEC formally to EC (European exchanging information and developing joint Community). action between different sectors of European tourism. European Federation of Conference [www.etag-euro.org] Towns (EFCT) Regional organization founded 1964 to bring together European towns acting as European Travel Commission (ETC) venues for conferences; facilitate exchange of Regional body set up 1948 to promote travel to information and publication of studies; collab- the European area represented by members, orate with institutions and organizations particularly from the USA, Canada, Japan, concerned with organization of conferences; Australia and Latin America; to foster interna- promote Europe as a whole and individual tional tourism cooperation in Europe; to facil- member towns as conference destinations. itate exchange of information; to undertake or [www.fiec.org] commission research. Members are National Tourism Organizations in some 30 European European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries (2000). Established in 1960, EFTA aimed to bring about [www.etc-europe-travel.org] free trade in industrial goods and to contribute to the liberalization and expansion of world European Union (EU) Established by the trade. Now it serves as the structure through Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) in which the four remaining members (Iceland, 1993, the Union seeks to promote further Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland) participate European integration. The Treaty has three in the European Economic Area (EEA) together main elements, called ‘the pillars’: the European with the 15 members of the European Union. Community (EC), foreign policy and interior [www.efta.int] policy. The EC is the main part of the European Union; technically foreign policy and interior European Fund Term used in connection policy are not part of the Community but part with three main European Union institutions of the Union. Travel, tourism and hospitality are of interest in the context of travel, tourism and major activities in the Community, receiving hospitality: European Development Fund (EDF) increasing attention from its institutions. to provide aid under the Lomé Convention [www.europa.eu.int] DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY and the Cotonou Agreement; European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to make European Union of Tourist Officers grants and loans for the development of less (EUTO) Regional organization of national developed regions of the Union; European associations and individuals established 1975 Social Fund (ESF) to assist the redeployment of to promote the exchange of experience and workers who become unemployed, particu- coordination, development and cooperation in larly by the creation and policies of the matters relating to ‘the profession’. Community. Also relevant is the European [www.euto.org] Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund, which has contributed, i.a., to the development Federation of ASEAN Travel Agents of farm and rural tourism. (FATA) Regional sectoral organization of tour operators and travel agents in ASEAN European Investment Bank (EIB) A non- countries. profit bank based in Luxembourg set up under the Treaty of Rome in 1958 to finance capital Federation of International Youth Travel projects in the European Economic Organizations (FIYTO) International feder- Community (EEC) through long-term loans to ation founded 1951 to promote educational,

192 International Organizations cultural and social travel among young people, tion of agents to allow them to sell scheduled assist the development of youth travel organi- airline tickets at published rates. zations, and further their interests with respect [www.iata.org] to other international organizations. [www.fiyto.org] International Association of Congress Centres International organization founded 1958 Federation of Nordic Travel Agents’ to bring together conference centres meeting Associations Regional sectoral federation of certain criteria, to study the administration and national associations in the five Nordic technical problems of international conferences, to countries. promote a common commercial policy, and to coordinate various aspects of conferences. Institute of Air Transport (IAT) [www.aipc.org] International organization founded 1954, following from the French national association International Association of Convention set up 1944, which studies economic, technical and Visitor Bureaux (IACVB) International and policy aspects of air transport, as well as body founded 1914, present name adopted other means of transport, and tourism. 1974. Aims to provide a forum for exchange of [www.ita-paris.com] information and to promote professional practices; conducts research into the economic Inter-American Development Bank impact of conventions and of visitors on host (IDB) A regional development bank estab- communities. Members are city convention lished 1959 to contribute to accelerating the bureaux, mainly in North America. process of economic and social development of [www.iacvb.org] the developing countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The Bank provides finance International Association of Scientific for projects within the region both on commer- Experts in Tourism (AIEST) International cial terms and as soft loans, for member states body founded 1951 to promote scientific activ- as well as private enterprise, and also technical ity on the part of its members and to support assistance and advice, and has regional as well the activity of centres of tourism research and as non-regional membership. education. [www.iadb.org] [www.aiest.org]

Inter-American Hotel Association International Association of Tour (IAHA) Regional sectoral organization Managers (IATM) Membership organization founded 1941 with membership of national of individual tour managers, operators of trans- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS associations and individuals in the Americas. port, accommodation and other travel industry services worldwide. It promotes standards of Inter-American Travel Congresses (ITC) competence and professionalism of its members, Inter-governmental organization founded social contact and exchange of ideas between 1939 as a specialist body of the Organization them, and represents them to the general public. of American States (OAS) to aid and promote [www.iatm.org] the development of tourism, meetings and conferences in the Americas. International Automobile Federation [www.oas.org/tourism/tr_inte.htm] (FIA) International organization founded 1904, which aims to develop and organize International Air Transport Association motor touring, assist motorists, organize and (IATA) Voluntary international organization promote motor sport, study problems related of scheduled airlines founded 1945 to promote to motor vehicles and protect the interests of safe, regular and economical air travel and their users. Members are national automobile provide means for collaboration among inter- associations and clubs. national carriers. All members are involved in [www.fia.com] trade association (non-tariff) activities, while participation in the coordination of interna- International Bank for Reconstruction tional fares and rates is optional. An important and Development (IBRD) See World Bank aspect of the Association’s work is accredita- Group

193 International Organizations

International Bureau for Youth Tourism mation and promote interest in and protection and Exchanges International federal organi- of cultural heritage; has separate national zation founded 1961 to create conditions for, committees in more than 100 countries. and to foster the development of youth [www.international.icomos.org] tourism and exchanges. International Council of Museums International Bureau of Social Tourism (ICOM) Voluntary association of individuals (BITS) Founded in 1963, the Bureau aims to and institutions in more than 100 countries promote the development of social tourism, formed 1946 to further international coopera- coordinate the activities of members, and inform tion among museums and to advance museum members on economic, social and cultural interests. aspects of social tourism. Membership consists [ww.icom.org] of governmental and national associations. [www.bits-int.org] International Development Association (IDA) See World Bank Group International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) Founded 1921 as International Shipping International Exhibitions Bureau Inter- Conference, present name adopted 1948. Aims governmental organization set up 1928 by to promote internationally the interests of International Convention to supervise the national associations of shipowners and opera- application of the Convention, which regulates tors and exchange of information on all aspects the frequency of international exhibitions and of shipping. establishes the guarantees and facilities the [www.marisec.org] organizing country is required to offer to exhibitors. International Civil Aviation [www.bie-paris.org] Organization (ICAO) Inter-governmental organization established 1947 as a specialized International Federation of Camping agency of the United Nations. Aims to develop and Caravanning International organization the principles and techniques of international formed 1932, to link camping clubs and associ- air navigation and foster the planning and ations, collect and exchange information, and development of international air transport. facilitate cooperation between members. Major concerns are technical standards, [www.ficc.be] practices and procedures, new technology and technical assistance to members. International Federation of Tour [www.icao.int] Operators (IFTO) Voluntary international organization formed 1970 to represent national International Congress and Convention associations of tour operators.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Association (ICCA) International organization founded 1964 to contribute to the devel- International Festival and Events Asso- opment of all types of international meetings. ciation (IFEA) An organization providing It disseminates market information, initiates information, education and resources to its and organizes training, and facilitates the members who are festival and event managers rendering of professional services by its and those who provide products and services members. Multinational Meetings Information to them. Services BV is a related research organization of [www.ifea.com] the Association. [www.icca.nl] International Finance Corporation (IFC) See World Bank Group International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) International organi- International Flight Catering Association zation founded 1965, to further the conserva- (IFCA) Worldwide trade association estab- tion, protection, rehabilitation and lished 1980 representing catering departments enhancement of monuments, buildings and and subsidiaries of airlines, independent in- sites; to bring together individuals and bodies flight caterers, and suppliers. involved in conservation; to exchange infor- [www.ifcanet.com]

194 International Organizations

International Forum of Travel and provides recommendations for reporting travel Tourism Advocates (IFTTA) Individual receipts and payments as a basis for travel membership organization of travel attorneys estimates in the balance of payments. and travel executives founded 1983 to promote [www.imf.org] international cooperation on legal issues as they relate to travel and tourism. International Organization for [www.tay.ac.uk/iftta] Standardization (ISO) World-wide federation founded 1947, of national standards International Hotel and Restaurant bodies (ISO member countries) responsible for Association (IHRA) International sectoral the preparation of International Standards, organization founded 1946, replacing the which include, i.a., the country and currency International Hotelmen’s Association and the codes. International Hotel Alliance. Aims to act as the [www.iso.ch] international organization of the hotel and restaurant industry and generally perform the International Ho-Re-Ca International functions of a trade association at international sectoral federation founded 1949 to bring level. Members include national associations; together national organizations of hotel, hotel and restaurant chains and establish- restaurant and café proprietors in order to ments; industry service and supply firms. develop services in public interest. [www.ihra.com] [www.horeca.be]

International Labour Organisation (ILO) International Road Transport Union Inter-governmental organization established (IRU) International sectoral organization as a UN specialized agency, which aims to founded 1947, present name adopted 1948. improve working and living conditions, the Aims to study questions in road transport, spread of social security and the maintenance promote unification and simplification of of social justice. ILO formulates international regulations and practices; coordinate and policies and programmes, creates labour support efforts made in different countries to standards and offers technical assistance to develop transport of passengers and goods by developing countries in education, training road. Members are national organizations, and research, including travel, tourism and vehicle manufacturers and international associ- hospitality. ations. [www.ilo.org] [www.iru.org]

International Maritime Organization International Shipping Federation (ISF) INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (IMO) Inter-governmental organization Founded 1909 as a body representing the inter- established as a UN specialized agency 1948, ests of European shipowners as employers, present name adopted 1982, to provide scope extended 1919 to become a worldwide machinery for cooperation among govern- organization concerned with all matters relat- ments on technical matters affecting interna- ing to the employment and safety of merchant tional merchant shipping, with special seamen. responsibility for safety of life at sea and [www.marisec.org] efficient navigation, prevention of pollution by ships and other craft. International Special Events Society [www.imo.org] (ISES) An organization providing education, certification, information, resources and International Monetary Fund (IMF) networking to its members who are profes- Inter-governmental organization established sional event managers and those who provide 1947 as a UN specialized agency to encourage products and services to them. international monetary cooperation and in [www.ises.com] particular to maintain exchange rate stability, assist countries with balance of payments International Union of Railways (IUR) difficulties, facilitate multilateral payments International sectoral organization founded 1922. between countries and remove foreign Aims to unify and improve conditions relating to exchange and foreign trade restrictions. It also construction and operation of railways engaged

195 International Organizations

in international traffic, coordinate, standardize cooperation between national hotel and restau- and represent railway interests. rant associations in the five Nordic Countries. [www.uic.asso.fr] Nordic Tourist Board Regional organization International Youth Hostel Federation founded 1923 by Nordic National Tourism (IYHF) International organization founded Organizations, which adopted present title 1932, present name adopted 1942. Coordinates 1980. It aims to work for and develop Nordic activities of national associations, provides an tourism, facilitate travel to and within the exchange of information, and encourages the Nordic countries, and coordinate projects of development of youth hostels. common interest. [www.iyhf.org] Organisation for Economic Co-operation Islamic Development Bank (IDB) A and Development (OECD) Inter-govern- regional financial institution established 1975 mental organization, which in 1961 replaced to encourage the economic development and the Organisation for European Economic Co-opera- social progress of member countries and of tion (OEEC) set up 1948. It aims to achieve high Islamic communities in non-member countries. economic growth and employment with finan- Its major activities include the provision of cial stability in member countries; to contribute interest-free loans and technical assistance. to economic development of less advanced [www.isdb.org] countries; to contribute to the expansion of multilateral world trade. Its Tourism Committee Latin American Civil Aviation has monitored for a number of years govern- Commission (LACAC) Regional inter- ment tourism policies and trends in interna- governmental organization founded 1973 to tional tourism in the OECD area. provide a framework for cooperation and [www.oecd.org] coordination of activities of civil aviation authorities of member states. Organization of African Unity (OAU) Regional inter-governmental organization Latin American Confederation of established 1963 to promote unity and solidar- Tourist Organizations (COTAL) Founded ity of African states; coordinate and intensify 1957 to group national associations of travel their cooperation; defend their sovereignty, agents and tour operators of Latin America territorial integrity and independence; and and promote their and their members’ inter- harmonize members’ policies. Main impact on ests, as well as to assist in improving tourist tourism development is through OAU special- attractions, facilities and services. ized agencies. [www.world-tourism.org/cotal-e.htm] [www.oau.oua.org]

Meeting Professionals International Organization of American States (OAS) DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY (MPI) Leading global personnel association Originally founded 1890 as regional inter- with more than 19 000 members in 64 countries governmental organization. Major purposes and more than 60 chapters (2001) providing include strengthening the peace and security of education, research, professional development the hemisphere as well as providing economic, and networking opportunities. social and cultural development. Tourism is the [www.mpiweb.org] concern of Inter-American Travel Congresses, a specialist body of the OAS founded 1939. Multilateral Investment Guarantee [www.oas.org] Agency (MIGA) See World Bank Group Organization of Central American States Multinational Meetings Information (OCAS) Regional inter-governmental organi- Services BV See International Congress and zation of five Central American countries Convention Association (ICCA) formed 1951 to strengthen their unity, settle disputes, provide mutual assistance, and Nordic Hotel and Restaurant promote economic, social and cultural devel- Association Regional sectoral organization opment through joint action. founded 1937, which aims to coordinate [www.ocas.org]

196 International Organizations

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Union of International Associations Countries (OPEC) Inter-governmental (UIA) Founded 1907 as Central Office of organization set up 1960 by a number of oil- International Associations, the Union undertakes producing countries with a view to controlling and promotes study of and research into inter- the world price of oil. Of these only Indonesia national organizations, and publishes, i.a., the ranks as a significant international tourism Yearbook of International Organizations. destination, but as a result of their oil-based [www.uia.org] wealth, most of the OPEC countries generate a significant volume of travel abroad by their Union of International Fairs (UIF) residents. International non-profit organization founded [www.opec.org] 1925 with the principal aim of furthering international trade through its members who Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) organize several hundred international events. Regional organization founded 1951, present [www.ufinet.org] name adopted 1986. Aims to encourage and assist in the development of travel industries United Nations (UN) Universal organiza- throughout Pacific-Asia through research, tion established 1945, to which almost all education, training, product development, sovereign states belong. Its fundamental aims heritage conservation, promotion and related are to maintain international peace and activities. Members are governments and security and to develop cooperation in private sector organizations worldwide. economic, social, cultural and other aspects of [www.pata.org] relations between states. There have been several major UN resolutions on international South Pacific Tourism Organization tourism but the UN’s main direct impact on (SPTO) Established 1983 as Tourism Council of tourism is through the activities of regional the South Pacific (TCSP), a non-governmental commissions and specialized agencies, in organization by National Tourism particular the World Tourism Organization. Organizations of twelve South Pacific island [www.un.org] countries, the Council became a regional inter- governmental organization in 1988, to foster United Nations Development regional cooperation in tourism and to enhance Programme (UNDP) Specialized agency of the contribution of tourism to economic and the United Nations formed 1950, which social development of the member countries. It assumed its current name and form 1965 with is assisted by the European Union within the the merger of UN development assistance framework of the Pacific Regional Tourism activities, to act as the central funding, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Development Programme under the Cotonou planning and coordinating UN organization Agreement as well as by other multilateral for technical cooperation. UNDP has the and bilateral technical and development assis- broadest coverage of any development organi- tance agencies. zation and a significant involvement in tourism [www.tcsp.com] in developing countries. [www.undp.org] Southern Africa Regional Tourism Council (SARTOC) Established 1973 as a United Nations Educational, Scientific regional inter-governmental organization to and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) develop and promote tourism to and within Inter-governmental organization formed 1945. member countries. As a United Nations specialized agency UNESCO exists to promote international collab- Third World Tourism European oration in education, science and culture. Ecumenical Network (TEN) Founded 1981 Involvement in tourism includes educational with the stated aim to reduce the damage facilities, studies of social and cultural impacts, caused by tourism in the Third World by and conferences. See also World Heritage Sites. education for tourists, tour operators and [www.unesco.org] others, cooperation with others, and efforts to find alternatives within tourism and alterna- United Nations Environment Pro- tives to tourism. gramme (UNEP) Specialized agency of

197 International Organizations

United Nations formed 1972 to coordinate Another affiliate, the Multilateral Investment inter-governmental measures for the monitor- Guarantee Agency (MIGA) [www.miga.org] ing and protection of the environment. protects investors from non-commercial risk. Functions extend to all issues of environmen- All the institutions are significantly involved in tal concern and action leading to environmen- tourism development. tally sound development, including tourism development, and funding, training and World Health Organization (WHO) Inter- technical support to programmes of wildlife governmental organization established 1946 as and national park management. a specialized agency of the United Nations, it [www.unep.org] has particular responsibility for international health matters and public health and a wide Universal Federation of Travel Agents’ range of functions, including world-wide Associations (UFTAA) An international monitoring of diseases and advising on recom- organization founded 1966 by merger of two mended vaccination requirements for travellers. existing organizations. Aims to negotiate with [www.who.int] principals and international bodies on behalf of the travel agency industry and profession, World Industry Council on the and provide for them standing, protection and Environment (WICE) International organi- assistance through national associations. zation established 1993 by leading companies [www.uftaa.com] from 23 countries on the initiative of the International Chamber of Commerce to provide West African Development Bank business leadership in the field of environment (WADB) Regional development bank estab- and sustainable development. lished 1973 to promote balanced development and economic integration of West Africa, World Leisure and Recreation including the financing of projects. Association (WLRA) Founded 1956, present [www.polisci.com/world/nation/70.htm] name adopted 1973. Aims to improve the quality of life through proper use of leisure World Association of Travel Agencies and recreation; promote awareness of the (WATA) An international sectoral organiza- significance of leisure and recreation; provide tion founded 1949 with independent travel a forum for discussion and foster research in agencies as members (one per metropolitan the field. Members are individuals, organiza- area unit), which aims to contribute to the tions and governments. profits of member agencies and their protec- [http://www.worldleisure.org] tion by assisting in the development and organization of tourism, providing information World Tourism Organization (WTO) to foster such development and by reducing Inter-governmental organization established risks through collective action. 1975 as a UN specialized agency, when it DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY [www.wata.net] replaced the non-governmental International Union of Official Travel Organizations (IUOTO), World Bank Group A group of multilateral founded 1925. In addition to continuing the UN development specialized agencies whose technical work of its predecessor, WTO is purpose is to help raise the standard of living concerned with tourism promotion and devel- in developing countries by lending funds, opment worldwide. Among its main functions providing advice and technical assistance, and are monitoring trends, statistical analysis, stimulating investment by others. The provision of information and assistance to International Bank for Reconstruction and authorities in planning and managing tourism Development (IBRD) [www.worldbank.org] in their countries. Its members include 139 lends to governments and to other entities countries and territories as well as over 350 against guarantees by governments. The affiliate members from the public and private International Development Association (IDA) sectors (2001). [www.worldbank.org.ida] makes concessional [www.world-tourism.org] loans to the poorest countries. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) [www.ifc.org], an World Travel and Tourism Council affiliate, promotes growth in the private sector. (WTTC) Global coalition of chief executive

198 International Organizations officers of companies in various sectors of promote expansion of travel and tourism travel and tourism, including transportation, markets and encourage quality services to accommodation, catering, recreation, cultural customers. and travel services. Created 1990, it aims to [www.wttc.org] INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

199

Part 3 National Organizations

National Organizations: Australia and New Zealand

Association of Australian Convention individuals employed in Australian travel and Bureaux (AACB) Organization of conven- tourism with a national network of chapters. tion and visitor bureaux, Quantas Airways, [http://www.aitt.asn.au] and Australian Tourist Commission, concerned with fostering the development of the Australian State Government Australian meetings industry. Organizations [http://www.aacb.org.au] Australian Capital Territory Tourism Commission (ACTTC/Canberra) Australian Automobile Association Northern Territory Tourist Commission (AAA) Coordinating body of State and (NTTC/Darwin) Territory motoring organizations. [http://www.nttc.com.au] [http://www.aaa.asn.au] Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation (QTTC/Brisbane) Australian Bus and Coach Association [http://www.qttc.com.au] (ABCA) Umbrella organization of bus and South Australian Tourism Commission coach associations representing them to (SATC/Adelaide) governments and other bodies and providing [http://www.southaustralia.com] information on the industry. Tourism New South Wales (TNSW/Sydney) [http://www.tourism.nsw.gov.au] Australian Council of Tour Wholesalers Tourism Tasmania (Hobart) (ACTW) Trade association of tour operators [http://www.tourismtasmania.com.au] and travel agents operating wholesaling Tourism Victoria (Melbourne) programmes founded to represent and protect [http://www.tourism.vic.gov.au] their interests. Western Australian Tourism Commission (WATC/Perth) Australian Federation of Travel Agents [http://www.wa.gov.au/watc] (AFTA) Trade association established 1957 to represent the interests of retail travel agents. Australian Tourism Export Council

Membership includes more than 1500 outlets (ATEC) Trade association founded 1972 to NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND and some 500 allied members in other sectors represent the interests of the inbound sector of of travel and tourism. the Australian tourism industry. In addition to [http://www.afta.com.au] a wide range of industry firms and organiza- Australian Australian Hotels Association (AHA) tions, its membership includes the Tourist Commission and State Government National trade association of hotels and resorts Organizations. [http://www.atec.net.au] representing some 6000 establishments. [http://www.aha.org.au] Australian Tourism Portfolio The Federal Australian Institute of Tourism Officers Government involvement in tourism com- (AITO) Professional body of members drawn prises three entities: mainly from regional and local tourism offices. Office of National Tourism aims to maximize the [http://www.aito.com.au] contribution of tourism to the economy and develops, implements and delivers Federal Australian Institute of Travel and Government policies and programmes. Tourism (AITT) Professional body of [http://www.dist.gov.au/tourism/]

203 National Organizations

Bureau of Tourism Research is a national research Inbound Tour Operators Council New body jointly funded by the Federal and State Zealand (ITOC) Trade association of governments. inbound tour operators (full members) and [http://www.btr.gov.au] their suppliers (allied members). Australian Tourist Commission is a statutory [http://www.itoc.org.nz] authority responsible for the promotion of Australia overseas. National Restaurant and Catering [http://www.atc.net.au] Association (NRCA) Australian trade association, which represents members and Australian Tourist Commission (ATC) promotes the industry. See Australian Tourism Portfolio [http://www.restaurantcater.asn.au]

Australian Transport Organizations New Zealand Convention Association Airport Consultative Committees (ACCs) (NZCA) Central organization of convention Airport Facilitation Committees (AFCs) and visitor bureaux, hotel and transport Airservices Australia (ASA) operators and conference management [http://www.airservices.gov.au] companies, which markets New Zealand Australian Bus and Coach Association overseas as a conference destination. (ABCA) [http://www.conventionsnz.co.nz] Australian Transport Council (ATC) [http://www.dotrs.gov.au/atc/] New Zealand Hotel and Catering Aviation Industry Advisory Committee Industry Training Board (NZHCITB) (AIAC) Statutory body established as one of New Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) Zealand training boards to assist the industry [http://www.casa.gov.au] to provide systematic training and develop- Federal Airports Corporation (FAC) ment. International Air Services Commission (IASC) [http://www.dotrs.gov.iasc] New Zealand Institute of Travel and National Advisory Facilitation Committee Tourism (NZITT) Professional body of (Australia) (NAFC) individuals employed in New Zealand travel National Passenger Processing Committee and tourism. (NPPC) [http://www.nzitt.co.nz] Regional Airlines Association of Australia (RAAA) New Zealand Tourism Board (NZTB) [http://www.raaa.com.au] Statutory body established 1991 with a respon- Tourism Aviation Group (TAG) sibility for the development and marketing of New Zealand as a tourist destination.

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Australian Youth Hostels Association [http://www.nztb.govt.nz/] (AYHA) Individual non-profit membership New Zealand Tourism Industry organization coordinating Australian State and Association (NZTIA) A voluntary organiza- Territory Youth Hostels Associations. tion with membership drawn from national [http://www.yha.com.au] sectoral associations, regional tourism organizations, educational and training institutions, Bureau of Tourism Research (BTR) See supply firms and tourism businesses, to Australian Tourism Portfolio promote the industry. [http://www.tianz.org.nz] Catering Institute of Australia (CIA) Professional body of individuals in the New Zealand Trade Associations in Australian food service industry. Travel, Tourism and Hospitality [http://www.cateringinstitute.com.au] Bus and Coach Association of New Zealand (BCA) Federal Airports Corporation (FAC) An [http://www.busandcoach.co.nz] Australian organization responsible for creat- Camp and Cabin Association of New Zealand ing and enforcing civil aviation regulations. (CCA)

204 National Organizations

Food Services Association of New Zealand Tourism Training Australia (TTA) Non- (FANZ) profit company of the tourism industry Hotel Association of New Zealand (HANZ) operating with financial assistance from the Motel Association of New Zealand (MANZ) Federal Government, to identify the training [http://www.manz.co.nz] needs of the industry and to take action to Travel Agents Association of New Zealand meet them. (TAANZ) [http://www.tourismtraining.com.au] [http://www.taanz.org.nz] Youth Hostels Association of New Office of National Tourism See Australian Zealand (YHANZ) Individual non-profit Tourism Portfolio membership organization providing low-cost hostel accommodation with a particular focus Tourism Council Australia (TCA) on young travellers. Successor body to Australian Tourism Industry [http://www.yha.org.nz] Association (ATIA), which provides a national umbrella body for travel, tourism, leisure and hospitality industries and promotes them. [http://www.tourism.org.au] NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

205 National Organizations: North America

Air Transport Association of America experiences are based. It conducts research, (ATA) Oldest and largest US airline trade organizes meetings and conferences, dissemi- association, whose members account for the nates information, monitors legislative and bulk of all passenger and cargo traffic of US regulatory proposals, and works with govern- scheduled airlines. [http://www.airlines.org] ment agencies and the US Congress to study public policy issues that will shape future Air Transport Association of Canada recreational opportunities. (ATAC) Organization of Canadian airlines, [http://www.funoutdoors.com] which sets standards and operational rules. [http://www.atac.ca/] American Resort Development Association (ARDA) US trade association Airlines Reporting Corporation (ARC) representing the vacation ownership and Independent US corporation set up by domes- resort development industries. tic airlines concerned with travel agent [http://www.arda.org] appointments and operations. [http://www.arccorp.com] American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA) US trade association with some non-US American Automobile Association membership of travel agents, and the companies (AAA) Individual membership organization whose products they sell, such as tours, cruises, providing a wide range of services for hotels and car rentals, with 26 000 members motorists, founded 1902. (2001), established 1931 and mainly concerned [http://www.aaa.com] with advancing the interests of members, as well as protecting the interests of the travelling public. American Bus Association (ABA) Trade [http://www.asta.net.org] association of intercity and charter bus companies, with a total membership of more than Association of American Railroads

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY 3000, consisting of approx. 800 operators in the (AAR) Trade association of US passenger and United States and Canada and 2300 other freight railways. [http://www.aar.org] organizations in travel and tourism. [http://www.buses.org] Association of Canadian Travel Agents (ACTA) National trade association estab- American Hotel & Lodging Association lished 1977 to represent, support and assist in (AHLA) Leading North American hospitality the conduct of their businesses. federation of state lodging associations, with [http://www.acta.net] some 13 000 property members worldwide representing more than 1.7 million guest rooms Association of Travel Marketing (2001), with usual trade association functions. Executives (ATME) Professional body of [http://www.ahla.com] executives with responsibilities in the marketing of travel and tourism worldwide. Members American Recreation Coalition (ARC) A come from airlines, hotels, resorts, cruise lines, Washington-based non-profit organization that car rental companies, advertising and public seeks to encourage public–private partner- relations firms, research groups and tourist ships to enhance and protect recreational offices of domestic and foreign destinations. opportunities and the resources on which such [http://www.atme.org]

206 National Organizations

Canadian Association of Caterers (CAC) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A professional association of caterers and their US federal government agency that enforces suppliers in Canada, conducting research, clean air and water legislation. promoting education and training, and dealing [http://www.epa.gov] with issues of common interest. [http://www.enville.com/reg/associations/ca Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) c/html] Government agency in the US Department of Transportation, responsible for the formula- Canadian Hotel and Motel Association tion of regulations and supervision or control (CHMA) Trade association which represents of airline and airport operations. its members and provides to them education, [http://www.faa.gov] information and other services. [http://www.chma.on.ca] Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) Government agency in the US Department of Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC) Transportation, responsible for the formula- One of the first public–private sector partner- tion of regulations and supervision of the ships in tourism responsible for planning, transportation of passengers and cargo at sea. directing, managing and implementing [http://www.fmc.gov] programmes for promoting tourism in Canada, between the Federal, provincial and territorial Hospitality Sales and Marketing governments, and tourism industry businesses Association International (HSMAI) US- and associations. based international voluntary association with [http://www.canadatourism.com] several thousand members and chapters in most parts of the world. Its stated aim is to Canadian Tourism Human Resource provide members with ‘educational opportu- Council (CTHRC) Industry organization nity to learn, develop and grow, so their hotel promoting and enhancing professionalism in professionalism in the industry will be Canadian tourism through setting industry enhanced’. [http://www.hsmai.org] standards, training and certification. [http://www.cthrc.ca] Institute of Certified Travel Agents (ICTA) US professional body providing educational resources for the travel industry Convention Industry Council (CIC) US and administering the Certified Travel Counselor organization whose members represent most (CTC) programme. [http://www.icta.com] convention industry organizations; it conducts research, administers education and certifica- International Association of Amusement

tion programmes, and discusses matters of NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: NORTH AMERICA Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) US-based common interest. trade association of the amusement industry, [http://www.c-i-c.org] which exists to foster professionalism, to promote the market for its goods and services, Cruise Lines International Association and to represent it to government. (CLIA) US-based internationally orientated [http://www.iaapa.org] trade association of cruise lines, which promotes cruises mainly through and with (International) Council on Hotel, travel agents and performs such functions as Restaurant and Institutional Education the appointment of travel agents to sell cruises (CHRIE) North American non-profit organi- of its members. zation with individual and organization [http://www.cruising.org] membership drawn mainly from education, training and human resource development, Department of Transportation (DOT) US established 1946 ‘to foster the advancement of federal, provincial, state, county or local teaching, training, learning, research and department concerned with developing and practice in the field of hospitality and tourism implementing policies for improving and management, and to facilitate the professional regulating transportation facilities. development of its members’. [http://www.dot.gov] [http://www.chrie.org]

207 National Organizations

National Amusement Park Historical Tourism Industries (US) Office in the US Association (NAPHA) US national organi- International Trade Administration in the zation concerned with the preservation and Department of Commerce, established 1996 enjoyment of the past, present and future of following the abolition of the United States the amusement and theme park industry. Travel and Tourism Administration (USTTA), [http://www.napha.org/] with a mission ‘to foster an environment in which the travel and tourism industry can National Association of RV Parks & generate jobs through tourism exports’, Campgrounds (ARVC) US trade associa- provide for tourism representation and policy tion of campground owners, with a member- coordination at federal level through the ship of more than 3700 nationwide including Tourism Policy Council. industry suppliers and park developers (2001). [http://www.tinet.ita.doc.gov] [http://www.gocampinginamerica.com] Tourism Industry Association of Canada National Business Travel Association (TIAC) A voluntary organization with (NBTA) US trade association of firms special- membership drawn from all sectors of the izing in business travel. tourism industry promoting the interests of [http://www.nbta.org] Canadian tourism. [http://www.tiac-aitc.ca] National Passenger Traffic Association (NPTA) US personnel association of Travel and Tourism Research managers of corporate travel departments. Association (TTRA) North American body with both corporate and individual, and with National Recreation and Park some overseas, membership drawn from most Association (NRPA) US national association parts of travel and tourism industry, as well as formed 1965 by the merger of several organi- government, universities and consultancies, zations of long standing. It aims to promote the serving the needs of both producers and users interests of the park and recreation movement of travel research, through meetings, publica- through public information, political advocacy, tions and other means. research and professional development. [http://www.ttra.com] [http://www.nrpa.org] Travel Industry Association of America National Restaurant Association (NRA) (TIA) Originally founded 1941, a US volun- Leading US trade association founded 1919 to tary non-profit organization with membership represent, educate and promote the food drawn from all sectors of the travel industry service sector, comprised of 844 000 restaurant with a view to promoting and facilitating and food service outlets employing more than increased travel to and within the United

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY 11 million people (2001). States. The US Travel Data Center, which is now [http://www.restaurant.org] the research department of the TIA, seeks to meet the research needs of TIA members and National Tour Association (NTA) Trade the travel industry through economic and association of US tour operators. marketing research. [http://www.ntaonline.com] [http://www.tia.org]

Society of Incentive Travel Executives United Motorcoach Association (UMA) (SITE) US personnel association of travel North American trade association founded managers specializing in incentive travel. 1971 as the United Bus Owners of America whose [http://www.site.intl.org] membership stands at more than 700 ‘active’ operating member companies and close to 200 State Tourism Offices (US) Government manufacturers, suppliers and related agencies responsible for travel development in businesses as ‘associate’ members (2001). each of the 50 states. See also Visitor(s) and [http://www.uma.org] Convention Bureaux, which perform similar functions in some of the states and major United States Tour Operators cities. Association (USTOA) Trade association of

208 National Organizations

US-based tour operators responsible for the US Travel Data Center (USTDC) See majority of tours and vacation packages sold Travel Industry Association of America (TIA) by travel agents in the USA. [http://www.ustoa.com] NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: NORTH AMERICA

209 National Organizations: United Kingdom and Ireland

ACE International Association for Conferences Members of Parliament informed about and Events, UK personnel association provid- tourism, and make representations to ing central source of information on various Ministers. aspects of conference, exhibition and event organization. [www.martex.co.uk] ARELS Association of Recognised English Language Services, a non-profit trade association Air Transport Users Council Established with membership restricted to schools and in the UK first by the Civil Aviation Authority organizations inspected and recognized by the (CAA) under the terms of the Civil Aviation British Council, which follow the Association’s Act 1971 as the Airline Users Committee. Makes regulations and code of conduct. Overseas reports and recommendations to the CAA for visitors coming to Britain primarily to learn furthering the interests of users of air transport English are an important segment of visitor and investigates complaints against airlines. traffic and English language schools thus an [www.auc.org.uk] important part of the tourism industry. [www.arels.org.uk] Air Travel Trust Fund (ATTF) Part of the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) ATOL Arts Councils (UK) The Arts Council of Great consumer protection system. All tour opera- Britain was originally an independent body as a tors offering package holidays by air must principal channel for the Government’s support hold a licence from the CAA and provide a of the arts. Following reorganization in the mid bond. If the operator fails, the CAA uses the 1990s, there are four more or less autonomous bond to pay people abroad and reimburse Councils, which are also responsible for the anyone who has bought a holiday. The Air distribution of the proceeds of the National Travel Trust Fund makes up any shortfall. Lottery allocated to the arts: [www.caa.gov.uk] Arts Council of England (ACE) [www.artscouncil.org.uk]

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Alliance of Retail Travel Agency Scottish Arts Council (SAC) Consortia (ARTAC) Voluntary British [www.sac.org.uk] consortium of 770 independent ABTA travel Arts Council of Wales (ACW) agents (2001) formed 1975 to enable its [www.ccc-acw.org.uk] members to compete with the multiples, all of Arts Council of Northern Ireland (ACNI) which brand their agencies as Worldchoice [www.artscouncil-ni.org] agencies. Association of British Travel Agents All-Party Tourism Committee A commit- (ABTA) UK trade association of tour opera- tee of Members of UK Parliament who have in tors and travel agents whose main purposes common an interest in some aspect of tourism; are to promote the interests of members, many of them represent constituencies in maintain standards of business practice, and which tourism is an important element in the represent members with government and other economy. As an interest group rather than a bodies. All members are bonded to ensure the pressure group, the Committee seeks, i.a., to travelling public is protected in the event of a monitor and evaluate the implications for member’s financial failure. In 2001 member- tourism of changes in government policy and ship comprised 2100 firms. See also ABTA of changing economic conditions, keep Bonding Scheme. [www.abtanet.com/]

210 National Organizations

Association of Independent Museums Association of Tourism Teachers and (AIM) British voluntary organization of Trainers (ATTT) Personnel association museums not administered directly by central formed 1975 as Association of Teachers of Tourism government – a significant part of the tourism (ATT) with the aim of helping its members to industry – founded 1977 to improve their be more effective teachers of tourism. Merged standards and effectiveness. with the Tourism Society to form a specialist [www.museums.org.uk/aim] section of the Society 1981. Present name adopted 1988 to reflect widening interest and Association of Independent Tour involvement in vocational training. Operators (AITO) UK alliance of fully [[email protected]] bonded, mainly smaller and specialist, travel companies with the aim of providing alterna- Automobile Association (AA) The largest tives to mass market holidays (vacations), of three UK membership organizations provid- with a membership of more than 150 (2001). ing a wide range of services for motorists Set up Campaign for Real Travel Agents founded 1905. Leading publisher of atlases, (CARTA), which aims to offer customers maps and books on various aspects of travel unbiased advice about their holidays and touring, the Association pioneered, with (vacations) and improve standards. other motoring organizations, hotel classifica- [www.aito.co.uk] tion and grading in Great Britain. [www.theaa.com]. Royal Automobile Club (RAC) IRELAND Association of Leading Visitor was founded 1897 [www.rac.co.uk] and Royal Attractions (ALVA) Trade association of Scottish Automobile Club in 1899. Britain’s biggest and best known attractions [www.rsac.co.uk] established in 1990, with membership drawn from museums and galleries; heritage organi- BAA Formerly the British Airports Authority, zations; cathedrals; leisure attractions; now the name of the privatized public limited gardens, zoos and conservation sites, both in company floated in 1987 on the London Stock the public and private sectors. Exchange to own and operate seven UK [www.alva.org.uk]. In Scotland there is the airports – Gatwick, Heathrow and Stansted, as Association of Scottish Visitor Attractions well as Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and (ASVA). [www.asva.co.uk] Prestwick. It is responsible for their infrastructure and management and also has interests in Association of National Tourist Office eight overseas airports. Representatives (ANTOR) Personnel [www.baa.co.uk] association founded in Great Britain 1953 to provide means for exchange of views among Bord Fáilte Irish Tourist Board, national members and between them and the tourism tourism organization of the Republic of Ireland industry, within the wider context of interna- created under the Tourist Traffic Act, 1955. tional tourism promotion. Following the establishment of Tourism

[www.touristoffices.org.uk] Ireland Limited, the new North/South tourism NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: UNITED KINGDOM AND company, Bord Fáilte now has responsibility Association of Pleasure Craft Operators for promoting the development of tourism (APCO) British trade association of operators products and regions, marketing on the island of inland waterway holidays (vacations) and of Ireland, encouraging a sustainable approach boatyards in England and Wales. to tourism development, and administration of [www.canals.com/orgs/apco.htm] funding under the National Development Plan, in conjunction with the Department of Association of Scottish Visitor Tourism, Sport and Recreation. Attractions (ASVA) Trade association of [www.ireland.travel.ie] organizations directly involved in the provision or management of visitor attractions in British Activity Holiday Association Scotland, which meet certain minimum (BAHA) Trade association of operators of standards; founded 1988 to foster a greater activity holidays (vacations), which provides, degree of cooperation between them. i.a., an advisory service to consumers. [www.asva.co.uk] [www.baha.org.uk]

211 National Organizations

British Air Transport Association experience in education and training, books and (BATA) Coordinating body which aims to periodicals, the English language, the arts, assist by various means in the development of sciences and technology. In 2001 the Council was UK civil aviation. represented in more than 100 countries and well [www.bata.uk.com] over 200 towns and cities. Although not directly concerned with tourism or hospitality, the activ- British Arts Festivals Association ities of the Council, like those of the BBC, for (BAFA) Coordinating body founded 1970 to example, contribute significantly to the promo- encourage greater interest in arts festivals in tion of Britain as a destination for visitors from Great Britain and abroad through joint other countries. marketing activities and provision of informa- [www.britcoun.org] tion. British Holiday and Home Parks British Association of Conference Association (BHHPA) Trade association of Destinations (BACD) Voluntary local operators of chalet, holiday (vacation), touring government organization with membership and tented sites, including residential home open to any local authority in Great Britain, parks, and all types of self-catering holiday the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, accommodation. concerned with the development of Britain as [www.ukparks.com] a venue for meetings, conferences, exhibitions and incentive travel, and promotion in Britain British Hospitality Association (BHA) and internationally. Leading British trade association of hotel, [www.bacd.org.uk] restaurant and contract catering firms formed 1972 by merger of two associations of long British Association of Hospitality standing, present name adopted 1992. Accountants (BAHA) Personnel association [www.bha-online.org.uk] founded 1969 to promote the interests of financial personnel in the hotel, catering and leisure British Incoming Tour Operators’ industries. Association (BITOA) Trade association of [www.baha.uk.org] companies deriving a substantial part of their income from inbound tourism by providing British Association of Leisure Parks, tours and other services to overseas visitors in Piers and Attractions (BALPPA) Trade the UK. association of owners and senior management [www.bitoa.co.uk] of UK facilities and trade associate members. [www.balppa.org] British Institute of Facilities Management (BIFM) Professional body formed 1993 for individuals engaged in facili- DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY British Beer and Pub Association Trade association of brewing firms and licensed ties management, defined as the integration of premises, formerly called the Brewers Society multidisciplinary activities within the built and Brewers & Licensed Retailers Association, environment and the management of their present name adopted 2001, which exercises an impact on people and the workplace. important influence through its members’ [www.bifm.org.uk] ownership on tourism and hospitality development in Great Britain. British Institute of Innkeeping (BII) [www.beerandpubs.co.uk] Professional body for the licensed trade whose mission is to promote high standards of profes- British Casino Association Trade associa- sionalism throughout the licensed retail sector tion representing casinos in Great Britain, all and to provide information, skills and qualifi- operating as clubs under the Gaming Act 1968. cations to help members run successful [www.1000casinos.com] businesses. The Institute has over 16 500 members (2001). British Council (BC) Independent non-political organization which promotes Britain abroad. British Resorts Association (BRA) It provides access to British ideas, people and Voluntary local government organization of

212 National Organizations inland and coastal local authorities with a British Waterways Board (BWB) Statutory tourism commitment and of regional tourist body with a responsibility as navigational boards. The Association acts as a forum for the authority for 3200 km (2000 miles) of canals exchange of ideas and discussion of problems and rivers in England, Scotland and Wales, and among its members and to protect and for their promotion and development for promote their interests. commercial and leisure use. More than one- [www.britishresorts.co.uk] half of the network, known as the cruising waterways, is being developed for boating, British Retail Consortium (BRC) fishing and other leisure activities. Coordinating body of retail trade associations [www.britishwaterways.co.uk] formed to promote their common interests. Shopping accounts for a significant proportion Campaign for Real Travel Agents of tourist spending in some countries, includ- (CARTA) See Association of Independent ing Britain. Tour Operators (AITO) [www.brc.org.uk] Camping and Caravanning Club British Self-Catering Federation (BSCF) Individual membership association concerned Federation with membership consisting with the promotion and servicing of camping mainly of inspecting letting agencies, manag- and caravanning. In recent years camping and ing agencies, and associations letting, manag- caravanning accounted for one in four of UK IRELAND ing or representing self-catering establish- residents’ domestic holidays (vacations). ments. [United Kingdom Tourism Survey]. [www.campingandcaravanningclub.co.uk] British Spas Federation (BSF) Voluntary association of local authorities and tourist The Caravan Club British membership boards representing principal spa towns. Main organization for touring caravanners, motor concerns are the utilization of natural mineral caravanners and trailer tent campers providing waters of British spas for health purposes and a wide range of services and advice on all the promotion of spa towns and health centres. aspects of caravanning to its members. [www.britishspas.co.uk] [www.caravan.co.uk]

British Standards Institution (BSI) Chamber of Shipping Trade association of Independent national body incorporated by the UK shipping industry, which represents the Royal Charter and the recognized author- shipping company interests to Government, ity in the UK for the preparation and publica- Parliament, international and other organization of national standards for industrial and tions. consumer products; also source of definitions [www.british-shipping.org] of such terms as management and work study in this volume. About 90 per cent of the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) standards are internationally linked through UK professional body for those engaged in NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: UNITED KINGDOM AND the International Organization for marketing. The Hotel Marketing Association Standardization (ISO). (HMA, formerly Hotel Industry Marketing Group, [www.bsi.org.uk] HIMG) and the Travel Industry Group (CIMtIG) are special interest groups of the Institute British Tourist Authority (BTA) Statutory concerned with hospitality, travel and tourism. body established under the Development of [www.cim.co.uk] Tourism Act 1969, replacing the voluntary British Travel Association, with a specific Chartered Institute of Transport (CIT) responsibility for promoting tourism to Great UK professional body of men and women Britain from overseas and a general responsi- engaged in all forms of transport and grouped bility for promotion and development of in branches in the UK and overseas. tourism and tourist facilities within Great [www.citrams.org.uk] Britain as a whole, as well as advising the government on tourism matters. City and Guilds of London Institute [http://www.visitbritain.com] (CGLI) Independent non-profit UK body

213 National Organizations

established to promote education and training, Confederation of Tourism, Hotel and offering a wide range of educational and train- Catering Management Independent UK ing schemes and awarding certificates, includ- non-profit examining body with a principal ing many in travel and tourism, hotel and aim of setting and maintaining standards of catering, and leisure subjects. education through the provision of course [www.city-and-guilds.co.uk] syllabuses and examinations for private colleges. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) UK statu- [www.cthcm.com] tory body established under the Civil Aviation Act 1971 and responsible for the economic Consumers’ Association Ltd (CA) Trading regulation of UK airlines by licensing air subsidiary of the Association for Consumer routes and air travel organizers as well as Research (ACR), a registered charity which approving fares; for the safety regulation of exists to carry out research and comparative UK civil aviation by the certification of airlines testing on behalf of consumers. Its publications and aircraft, and by licensing aerodromes, as a membership organization include Holiday flight crew and aircraft engineers; for the Which?, as well as books and guide books. provision of air traffic control and telecom- [www.which.net] munications services. See also ATOL Bonding Scheme . Council for Education, Recruitment and [www.caa.gov.uk] Training (CERT) State sponsored agency of the Republic of Ireland responsible for coordi- Commonwealth Development nating education, recruitment and training in Corporation (CDC) Statutory body estab- tourism and hospitality. lished by the UK Government to channel [www.cert.ie] overseas aid from the UK overseas aid budget, originally to the developing countries of the Commonwealth, but now also to other devel- Council for Hospitality Management oping countries. It may invest alone or in Education (CHME) Voluntary non-profit association with others, indirectly through organization of around 50 members represent- equities and debentures, or directly in projects ing universities and colleges offering courses in administered by its own staff. Its involvement the management of the hospitality business, includes a wide range of enterprises, including with the aim to add to the professional devel- hotels and other tourism-related projects. opment and status of hospitality management [www.hmso.gov.uk] education. [www.chme.co.uk] Confederation of British Industry (CBI) An independent non-party political body Council for Travel and Tourism (CTT) representing business and industry, in partic- Coordinating body to provide a forum for DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY ular to inform the government of their needs travel and tourism organizations in the UK to and problems. The CBI Tourism Action Group identify and develop common interests and (TAG), comprising leading companies and policies. organizations in the tourism industry, focuses the industry’s efforts on promoting and assist- Countryside Agency British statutory body ing it. established from the merger of the Rural [www.cbi.org.uk] See also Tourism Alliance. Development Commission and the Countryside Commission to conserve and enhance the Confederation of Passenger Transport natural beauty of the countryside in England UK (CPT) Trade association of public and and Wales; to promote social equity and private sector bus and coach operators, which economic opportunity for the people who live between them run the bulk of buses and most there; to help people, wherever they live, to coaches in the UK. In recent years British enjoy the countryside. residents made fewer than 10 per cent of their [www.countryside.gov.uk] holiday (vacation) journeys in Britain by bus or coach. Countryside Commission (CC) See [www.cpt-uk.org] Countryside Agency

214 National Organizations

Countrywide Holidays Association responsible for funding and supervising roles. (CHA) British individual membership organi- [www.irlgov.ie/tourism-sport] zation founded 1893 to organize walking and country holidays (vacations) in the UK and English Heritage Historic Buildings and abroad, including own holiday centres. Monuments Commission for England, a statutory [www.pedt.demon.co.uk] body established under the National Heritage Act 1983 to secure the preservation of ancient Customs and Excise Government monuments and historic buildings; to promote Department responsible to the UK Treasury for preservation and enhancement of conservation collecting and administering customs and areas; to promote their public enjoyment. Most excise duties and value added tax (VAT). of the 400 properties in its care are significant [www.hmce.gov.uk] tourist/visitor attractions. [www.english- heritage.org.uk] Similar separate bodies exist Department for Culture, Media and in Scotland (Historic Scotland) and Wales (Cadw: Sport (DCMS) UK Government Department Welsh Historic Monuments). responsible for Government policy relating to the arts, public libraries, museums and English Nature Nature Conservancy Council galleries, tourism, sport and built heritage in for England, a statutory body established 1991. England – in Scotland, Wales and Northern It promotes the conservation of wildlife and Ireland these are the responsibility of the natural features; selects, establishes and IRELAND devolved administrations. It has overall manages National Nature Reserves and identi- responsibility for the film industry and for fies and notifies Sites of Special Scientific alcohol and public entertainment licensing in Interest (SSSI). Separate independent bodies England and Wales. It has also UK-wide responsible for promoting nature conservation responsibility for, i.a., broadcasting, gambling exist in Scotland and Wales. and the National Lottery. [www.english-nature.org.uk] [www.culture.gov.uk] English Tourism Council (ETC) Statutory Department for Environment, Food and body established under the Development of Rural Affairs (DEFRA) UK Government Tourism Act 1969 and incorporated under the Department responsible, i.a., for policies on Act as English Tourist Board, present name sustainable development and the environ- adopted 2000. Main responsibilities include ment; agriculture, horticulture, fisheries and tourism development in England and advising food; rural development and the countryside. government on matters concerning tourism in [www.defra.gov.uk] England. [www.englishtourism.org.uk] Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (DTLR) English Tourist Board (ETB) See English UK Government Department responsible, i.a., Tourism Council for policies for planning; local and regional NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: UNITED KINGDOM AND government; roads; local transport (England), Exhibition Industry Federation (EIF) UK shipping (England), railways (GB); aviation coordinating body of associations of exhibition including the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). organizers, contractors, venue and hall owners In May 2002, following a Government re- set up by them to promote the growth of the organization, Transport became a separate UK exhibition industry. Department. Federation of Tour Operators (FTO) Department of Tourism, Sport and Formed 1967 by a group of established tour Recreation Government Department of the operators as the Tour Operators Study Group Republic of Ireland responsible for the formu- (TOSG) to promote cohesive development of lation of national policies for tourism, sport the travel market from the UK for the benefit and recreation, which are implemented by the of tour operators, the travel industry and the state-sponsored bodies and executive agencies general public. It has pioneered, i.a., the first under the aegis of the Department. As far as bonding scheme to protect holiday makers tourism is concerned, the Department is also (1970) and also taken a pro-active stance in

215 National Organizations

promoting sustainable tourism. Now repre- IMPACT Network of NTOs UK network sents the 12 biggest UK operators (2001). of National Training Organizations (NTOs) [www.fto.co.uk] formed in 1999 to support and promote education, skills, training and human resource Guild of Business Travel Agents development, to represent the following (GBTA) The Guild provides a forum for UK sectors: travel agents (all of whom are members of the Cultural Heritage (CHNTO) Association of British Travel Agents) [www.chnto.co.uk] concerned with the particular needs of Hospitality Training Foundation (HtF) business travellers. They have access to [www.htf.org.uk] Guildfares, specially negotiated low fares for Information Services (isNTO) corporate clients. Métier (the arts) [www.métier.org.uk] Guild of Guide Lecturers (GGL) Founded Sport, Recreation and Allied Occupations as a voluntary British association to promote (SPRITO) professionalism and act as a link between [www.sprito.org.uk] tourist guides trained and registered by tourist Travel, Tourism Services and Events boards. Scottish Tourist Guides Association (TTENTO) (STGA) performs a similar role in Scotland. [www.ttento.com] The network was due to be abolished in 2002 and replaced by Sector Skills Councils. Highlands and Islands Enterprise A statutory core body of a network of the Local Enterprise Incoming Tour Operators Association Companies (LECs), which encourage and deliver (ITOA) Irish trade association of companies economic and social development plans, train- which package and promote elements of the ing and environmental renewal schemes at local Irish tourist product and provide land arrange- level in the Highlands and Islands. ments and other services for overseas traffic [www.hient.co.uk] generators. [www.itoa-ireland.com] Holiday Care Registered charity established to act as a UK central source of holiday Inland Waterways Association (IWA) (vacation) information for people whose age, Voluntary organization which campaigns for disability or other personal or family circum- the restoration, retention and development of stances affect their choice of holiday (vacation). the navigable waterways in the British Isles [www.holidaycare.org.uk] and their fullest commercial and recreational use. There is also a separate Scottish Inland Hospitality Training Foundation (HtF) Waterways Association (SIWA). The hospitality industry National Training

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY [www.waterways.org.uk] Organization which represents hospitality employers and is recognized by Government Institute of Leisure and Amenity as their voice on all aspects of education, train- Management (ILAM) UK professional body ing, skills and qualifications. See also IMPACT of leisure and amenity managers founded 1983 Network of NTOs. by amalgamation of four existing bodies. [www.htf.org.uk] Members are drawn from sports centres, arts and entertainment establishments, parks, gardens, Hotel and Catering International playgrounds, museums, other tourist/visitor Management Association (HCIMA) UK attractions, and countryside recreation. based professional body for management in [www.ilam.co.uk] the hotel and catering industry formed 1971 by merger of two professional bodies of long Institute of Sport and Recreation standing, present name adopted 1995. Management (ISRM) Professional body [www.hcima.org.uk] founded 1921 as Institute of Baths and Recreation Management with individual and corporate Hotel Marketing Association (HMA) See membership. Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) [www.isrm.co.uk]

216 National Organizations

Institute of Travel and Tourism (ITT) UK founded to promote the interests of holiday professional body founded 1956 as Institute of (vacation) centres. Travel Agents (ITA), present name adopted 1977 with a view to broadening membership base; National Association of Independent most members are, however, still engaged in Travel Agents (NAITA) A consortium of travel agencies. UK travel agents formed to provide ‘central- [www.itt.co.uk] ized coordination of its members’ collective buying power to increase the profitability of Irish Hotel Federation National trade members’ businesses’. The 900 members (2001) association of the hotel and guest house brand their agencies Advantage Travel Centres. industry of Ireland with the primary function of promoting and defending the interests of its National Trust (NT) National Trust for Places members. of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, a charita- [www.ihf.ie/] ble organization founded 1895 to preserve lands and buildings for the benefit of the Irish Tourist Industry Confederation nation. The main activity is the maintenance of (ITIC) Voluntary representative body of all properties and opening them to the public. sectors of Irish tourism as the voice of Irish Scope extends to England, Wales and Northern tourism. Ireland [www.nationaltrust.org.uk]. National [www.itic.ie/who.htm] Trust for Scotland is a separate organization. IRELAND

Irish Travel Agents Association (ITAA) Northern Ireland Hotels and Caterers Trade association of 370 retail travel agents and Association (NIHCA) Leading sectoral 20 tour operators representing more than 80 per trade association founded 1933, which repre- cent of all outlets in the Republic (2000), which sents most accommodation and catering estab- are licensed and bonded with the Government. lishments in the province registered with the [www.itaa.ie/] Northern Ireland Tourist Board.

Joint Hospitality Industry Congress Northern Ireland Tourist Board (NITB) (JHIC) UK forum of 14 hospitality associa- Statutory body established under the tions, which sponsor research projects and Development of Tourist Traffic Act (Northern organize national conferences. Ireland) 1948, to promote the development of tourist traffic, to encourage the provision and Local Government Association (LGA) improvement of tourist facilities and amenities, Voluntary coordinating organization of local and to register certain catering establishments government authorities in England and Wales, in the Province. Following the establishment of many of them with a significant involvement in Tourism Ireland Limited, that company tourism, formed by the merger of three existing carries out strategic all-Ireland destination bodies: Association of County Councils (ACC), marketing outside the island of Ireland.

Association of District Councils (ADC) and [www.discovernorthernireland.com] NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: UNITED KINGDOM AND Association of Metropolitan Authorities (AMA). [www.lga.gov.uk]. Passenger Shipping Association (PSA) UK trade association of cruise and passenger Meetings Industry Association (MIA) ferry owners and operators, whose members UK trade association providing education and are bonded to guarantee consumer protection training, a forum and a corporate voice on from financial failure. The Association admin- issues of common concern, together with a isters a cruise information service for the range of other benefits for members. public. Membership consists of firms concerned with [www.psa-psara.org] planning, managing and supplying services to the meetings market. Professional bodies in travel, tourism [www.meetings.org] and hospitality (UK) Chartered Institute of Transport (CIT) National Association of Holiday Centres [www.citrans.org.uk] Limited (NAHC) UK trade association Guild of Guide Lecturers (GGL)

217 National Organizations

Hotel and Catering International Sport) [www.uksport.gov.uk] was established Management Association (HCIMA) by Royal Charter 1997 to focus on high perfor- [www.hcima.org.uk] mance sport at UK level with the aim of Institute of Leisure and Amenity achieving excellence in world competition, to Management (ILAM) promote the development of sport and foster [www.ilam.co.uk] the provision of sporting facilities, as well as Institute of Sport and Recreation being responsible for the distribution of the Management (ISRM) proceeds of the National Lottery allocated to [www.isrm.co.uk] sport. There are also separate Councils as Institute of Travel and Tourism (ITT) follows: [www.itt.co.uk] Sport England Institution of Environmental Health Officers [www.sportengland.org] (IEHO) Sport Scotland Museums Association [www.sportscotland.org.uk] Scottish Tourist Guides Association (STGA) Sports Council for Wales [www.stga.co.uk] www.sports-council-wales.co.uk] Tourism Society (TS) Sports Council for Northern Ireland [www.toursoc.org.uk] [www.sportni.com].

Ramblers’ Association (RA) UK individual Timeshare Council UK trade association of membership organization concerned with timeshare developers and exchange companies encouraging rambling and mountaineering founded to regulate, promote and represent and a greater knowledge and care of the the timeshare industry, improve standards and countryside. protect the public. [www.ramblers.org.uk] [www.timesharecouncil.com]

Restaurant Association (RA) Trade associ- Tourism Alliance UK strategic alliance of ation of British restaurants founded 1967 to seven leading trade associations in member- represent its members and provide services to ship of the Confederation of British Industry assist them in the conduct of their businesses. (CBI) formed 2001 to coordinate the private [www.ragb.co.uk] sector response to the issues faced by the tourism industry and to create a united voice Restaurants Association of Ireland for tourism at national level. National trade association of the Irish restau- [www.cbi.org.uk] rant industry founded 1970, with the primary function of representing its members and Tourism Concern Describing itself as a providing for them certain services, including network with a subscribing membership of negotiating on pay and conditions for employ- tourists and those variously concerned with DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY ees in the sector. tourism professionally and otherwise, it seeks [www.adlib.ie/rai.asp] to promote greater critical understanding of the impact of tourism. Scottish Enterprise Statutory body with a [www.tourismconcern.org.uk] remit to further the development of Scotland’s economy, to enhance the skills of the Scottish Tourism Ireland Limited A company workplace, to promote Scotland’s international limited by guarantee established under the competitiveness, and to improve the environ- framework of the Belfast Agreement of Good ment. Many of its functions are contracted out Friday 1998 to promote increased tourism to to a network of Local Enterprise Companies the island of Ireland. Its principal functions are (LECs), in which tourism and hospitality may to carry out strategic all-Ireland destination be represented. marketing in all markets outside the island of [www.scotent.co.uk] Ireland and to undertake regional, product marketing and promotional activities for Bord Scottish Tourist Board See VisitScotland Fáilte and the Northern Ireland Tourist Board overseas. Sports Councils (UK) UK Sports Council (UK [www.ireland.ie/home]

218 National Organizations

Tourism Society (TS) Professional body Trade associations of transport operators established in the UK 1977 for those engaged (UK) in various sectors of tourism to enhance Association of Pleasure Craft Operators members’ professionalism and develop oppor- (APCO) tunities for personal networking. The Society [www.canals.com] incorporates the Association of Tourism British Hire Cruiser Federation Teachers and Trainers (ATTT) and the [www.yotting.com] Consultants Group (TSCG) as specialist sections, British Marine Industries Federation as well as the Scottish Chapter. [www.bmif.co.uk] [www.toursoc.org.uk] British Ports Federation [www.britishports.org.uk] Chamber of Shipping Trade associations in hospitality indus- [www.british-shipping.org] try (UK) Coach Tourism Council British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers [www.coachtourismcouncil.co.uk] and Attractions (BALPPA) Confederation of Passenger Transport (CPT) [www.balppa.org] [www.cpt-uk.org] British Beer and Pub Association Guild of British Coach Operators (GBCO) [www.beerandpubs.co.uk] [www.coach-tours.co.uk]

British Federation of Hotel, Guest House and IRELAND Passenger Shipping Association (PSA) Self Catering Associations [www.psa-psara.org] British Holiday and Home Parks Association (BHHPA) Trade unions in travel, tourism and [www.ukparks.com] hospitality (UK) British Hospitality Association (BHA) British Air Line Pilots Association (BALPA) [www.bha-online.org.uk] [www.balpa.org] British Self-Catering Federation (BSCF) Hotel and Catering Union (HCU, part of Mobile and Outside Caterers Association of General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Great Britain (MOCA) Trades Union, GMB) [www.moca.org.uk] [www.gmb.org.uk] National Association of Holiday Centres National Union of Marine, Aviation and Limited (NAHC) Shipping Transport (NUMAST) National Federation of Site Operators (NFSO) [www.numast.org] Restaurant Association (RA) National Union of Rail, Maritime and [www.ragb.co.uk] Transport Workers (RMT) [www.rmt.org.uk] Trade associations of tour operators and Public and Civil Service Union (PCS) travel agents (UK) Public and Commercial Services Union Alliance of Retail Travel Agency Consortia [www.psc.org.uk]

(ARTAC) Transport and General Workers’ Union NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: UNITED KINGDOM AND Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) (TGWU) [www.abtanet.com/] [www.tgw.org.uk] Association of Independent Tour Operators Transport Salaried Staffs’ Association (TSSA) (AITO) [www.tssa.org.uk] [www.aito.co.uk] Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Association of Multiple Travel Agents Workers (USDAW) (AMTA) [www.usdaw.org.uk] British Incoming Tour Operators’ Unison Association (BITOA) [www.unison.org.uk] [www.bitoa.co.uk] Federation of Tour Operators (FTO) The Travel and Tourism Programme [www.fto.co.uk] (TTP) A registered charity launched nation- Guild of Business Travel Agents (GBTA) wide 1988, founded and sponsored by National Association of Independent Travel American Express and supported by a number Agents (NAITA) of organizations in the tourism industry. It has

219 National Organizations

fostered the study of tourism in schools, devel- with around 2.5 million employees in the early oped qualifications available in schools and 1990s. All Councils were abolished on 30 colleges, and provides curriculum develop- August 1993. The main travel-, tourism- and ment and support for teachers. hospitality-related sectors covered by the Councils included licensed hotels and restau- Travel Industry Marketing Group rants, public houses and clubs, unlicensed (CIMtIG) See Chartered Institute of places of refreshment, and retailing. Marketing (CIM) Wales Tourist Board (WTB) Statutory Venuemasters A consortium of academic body established under the Development of venues providing facilities for meetings and Tourism Act 1969, replacing a voluntary group events formed by merger of the British organization of the same name, with responsi- Universities Accommodation Consortium (BUAC) bilities for tourism development in Wales and with Connect Venues. for the promotion of Wales as a tourism desti- [http://www.venuemasters.co.uk] nation mainly within the UK, as well as advising the government on matters concerning VisitScotland Statutory body established as tourism in Wales. Scottish Tourist Board under the Development of [www.tourism.wales.gov.uk] Tourism Act 1969, replacing a voluntary organization of the same name, present name adopted Welsh Development Agency (WDA) 2001. Main responsibilities are for tourism Statutory body set up 1976 to help regenerate development in Scotland and for the promotion the economy and improve the environment of of Scotland as a tourism destination mainly Wales with powers to provide finance and within the UK, as well as advising government advisory services. on matters concerning tourism in Scotland. [www.wda.co.uk] [www.visitscotland.com] Youth Hostels Associations There are Wages Councils Statutory bodies which set three UK organizations providing low cost minimum pay levels in British industries hostel accommodation and activity holidays where no other adequate machinery existed for (vacations), with a particular focus on youth the regulation of wages. From the peak of 66 travel: Youth Hostels Association (England and Councils covering some 3.5 million employees Wales) [www.yha.org.uk], Scottish Youth Hostels in the early 1950s, their number declined Association [www.syha.org.uk] and Youth through abolitions and mergers to 26 Councils Hostel Association of Northern Ireland Ltd. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

220 Part 4 Biographical Dictionary

Who Was Who

Agnelli, Giovanni (1866–1945) Italian opened near Birmingham in 1905 and the output industrialist and philanthropist who was the included in 1921 the popular ‘Baby’ Austin 7. founder (1899) and chairman of FIAT (Fabrica Italiana Automobili Torino), the largest industrial Baedeker, Karl (1801–1859) German enterprise and automobile manufacturer in publisher who started his own business in 1827 Italy and the main arms supplier to in Koblenz and became the best known Government during the two World Wars. nineteenth-century publisher of authoritative guidebooks, which still bear his name. Alcock, Sir John William (1892–1919) British aviator who made, with his navigator Baum, Vicki (originally Vicki Hedwig) A.W. Brown, the first non-stop transatlantic (1888–1960) Novelist born in Vienna who, flight (1919) from St John’s, Newfoundland, to after writing several novels and short stories, Clifden, Ireland. made her name with Grand Hotel (1930), which became a best seller and a popular film. Amundsen, Roald (1872–1928) Norwegian Emigrated to USA in 1931. explorer and navigator, and the first man to reach both Poles – the South Pole on skis and Beeching, Baron Richard (Life Peer) with a dog team in 1911 (35 days before (1913–1985) English engineer and administra- Captain Scott) and the North Pole using an tor who was chairman of the British Railways airship in 1926. Board (1963–65) and deputy chairman of ICI (1966–68). Best known for the scheme devised Anderson, Sir Donald Forsyth (1906–1973) and approved under his chairmanship (the

British shipping executive and industry leader, Beeching Plan) for the substantial contraction BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY successively director, managing director and of the UK rail network in the 1960s. chairman, Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Co (P&O) and Chairman/President, Bemelmans, Ludwig (1898–1962) British Shipping Federation and International Australian-born US writer and artist, author of Shipping Federation. numerous magazine pieces and of more than 30 wryly humorous books, including On Board Ansett, Sir Reginald Myles (1909–1981) Noah’s Ark, a travel book and Hotel Bemelmans. Australian businessman and aviation entrepreneur who became a pioneer of passenger flying Bennett, Arnold (1867–1931) English before World War II. When he took over the novelist, author of Great Hotel Babylon (1902) rival Australian National Airways (ANA) in 1957, and Imperial Palace (1930), the latter novel Ansett Transport Industries became the largest based on the Savoy Hotel in London. private transport system in the southern hemisphere, which was later given parity with Berni, Frank (1903–2000) Italian born the state-owned Trans Australian Airlines (TAA) British restaurateur, elder of the two brothers by the Federal Government under its ‘two who created Berni Inns, the largest restaurant airlines’ policy. chain of steak houses outside America, which was sold to Grand Metropolitan with almost 150 Austin (of Longbridge), Baron Herbert outlets in 1970. (1866–1941) English car manufacturer who produced, when with the Wolseley Company, Blériot, Louis (1872–1936) Airman born in his first three-wheel car in 1895; his own works France who made the first flight across the

223 Biographical Dictionary

English Channel, from Baraques to Dover in the Great Western Railway’, having served as 1909, in a small monoplane. engineer to the Company.

Boeing, William Edward (1881–1956) US Butlin, Sir William (‘Billy’) (1899–1980) aircraft manufacturer. Having learnt to fly, he South-African born entrepreneur who formed his first company to build seaplanes, emigrated first to Canada and after World War which became Boeing Aeroplane Company, I to England, where he set up his first large- eventually the largest manufacturer of military scale holiday camp in 1937 which grew to a and civil aircraft in the world; in 1927 he chain with 70 000 beds (as well as a number of formed the Boeing Air Transport Company which hotels) by the time he retired in 1968. introduced many novelties in aviation. When he retired in 1934, the Company became United Chandler, Henry (1913–1992) British travel Airlines. industry leader who founded the Travel Club and Chandler’s Travel of Upminster, was largely Boyd, Louise Arner (1887–1972) US responsible for the development of the explorer, who began organizing, financing and Portuguese Algarve for mass tourism in the leading polar expeditions during the 1920s, 1960s, and a prime mover in the creation of participated in the search for missing explorer financial protection for package holiday Roald Amundsen in 1928, and during the 1930s makers, serving as chairman and President of explored eastern Arctic Canada and the Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA). Greenland. She was the first woman to fly over After his death, the business was continued by the North Pole (1955). his wife and son.

Bradshaw, George (1801–1853) English Chaucer, Geoffrey (c.1345–1400) English printer, mapmaker and publisher, best remem- poet and author, i.a., of Canterbury Tales, based bered for the series of railway guides on an early pilgrimage to Canterbury. (Bradshaws), which he originated in 1839. Chevrolet, Louis (1879–1941) Swiss-born US Bridges, John Gourlay (1901–1985) automobile racer and designer who designed Scottish administrator, businessman and and built in 1911, in collaboration with W.G. consultant who served The Overseas League in Durant, the first ‘Chevrolet’ that was produced Scotland and in Canada before World War II to compete with Ford. However, Chevrolet lost and between 1945 and 1963 was first Director confidence in the car and sold his interest to General of Britain’s voluntary National Durant who incorporated the Chevrolet Motor Tourism Organization, the forerunner of the Co. into his General Motors organization. British Tourist Authority. He was responsible Chevrolet thus benefited little from the hugely for its management through a period of successful car that bore his name. considerable growth and change: the staff of 29 DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY at the time of his appointment approached 400 Chib, Som Nath (1908–1985) Leading when he retired and the number of overseas Indian tourism expert, for many years senior offices exceeded 20. executive of All India Radio, first Director General of the Indian Tourist Department Brittain, Sir Harry (1873–1974) British 1957–1966, and for more than six years Director newspaper director, politician and business- of Tourism in the Bahamas. He has advised man who was, inter alia, active head of The and conducted studies for, i.a., the UN, UNDP Pilgrim’s Club for 17 years, prominent member and World Bank. He also served as President of the Royal Commonwealth Society, founder of the International Union of Official Travel member of the British Travel Association, as well Organizations (IUOTO) and of the Pacific Asia as chairman and member of the committees of Travel Association (PATA). His extensive the two organizations. published work includes Essays on Tourism (1989), edited posthumously by one of his Brunel, Isambard Kingdom (1806–1859) daughters. British engineer and inventor born in France who built steam-powered ships, railways and Chichester, Sir Francis (1901–1972) bridges and became known as the ‘Father of Pioneer air navigator, adventurer and yachts-

224 Biographical Dictionary man born in England who made several D’Erlanger, Sir Gerard (1906–1962) British pioneer flights before taking up ocean sailing. businessman and aviation executive who He won the first solo transatlantic yacht race served as director of British Airways (1935–40), (1960) in Gipsy Moth III, sailing from Plymouth and of BOAC (1940–6), managing director to New York, made a successful circumnavi- (1946–7) and chairman (1947–9) of BEA, and gation of the world (1966–67) in Gipsy Moth IV, also chairman of BOAC (1956–60). sailing from Plymouth to Sydney and from there back to Plymouth via Cape Horn. De Haan, Sidney (1919–2002) British entrepreneur who founded in 1951 Saga Holidays, Citroën, André Gustave (1878–1935) the specialist tour operation for those of French engineer and industrialist who built his pensionable age, and pioneered direct market- Citroën Automobile in 1919 and became ing. The many successful spin-offs included known as the ‘French Henry Ford’ for intro- the popular Saga Magazine, financial services ducing Ford’s methods of production and and insurance. When the Company was floated marketing to the French automobile industry. on the Stock Exchange in 1978, it was one of the most oversubscribed issues of the year. At Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506) the time of De Haan’s death, the Group was Genoese navigator, explorer and discoverer of worth £185 million. the New World in the service of Spain. De Havilland, Sir Geoffrey (1882–1965) Cook, Thomas (1808–1892) British tour English aircraft designer who built his first operator, retail travel agent and publisher plane in 1908 and became director of the firm whose railway trip in 1841 was the first public bearing his name, which produced many excursion; in 1856 he organized a railway tour famous models, including the Tiger Moth of Europe, and in the early 1860s started the (1930), the Mosquito (1941) and the Comet jet travel firm Thomas Cook and Son, which grew airliner (1952). He also established a height into a worldwide organization. record for light aircraft and won the King’s Cup air race. Coppock, Terry (1921–2000) British geographer and administrator who made major Disney, Walt (1901–1966) US artist and film contributions to agricultural geography, producer who founded the organization which geographical information systems, planning, created the world’s largest theme parks: he tourism and recreation. He was Ogilvie opened Disneyland in California in 1955, and BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Professor of Geography at Edinburgh his company opened DisneyWorld in Florida in University (1965–86) and Director of the 1971, the Tokyo Park in 1983 and Euro Disney on Tourism and Recreation Research Unit (TRRU the outskirts of Paris in 1992. 1966–80), from where 50 TRRU research reports had a major influence on the planned Douglas (of Kirtleside), Baron William development of Scottish tourism. Sholto (1893–1969) British air force officer and airline executive who served in both Crowther (of Headingley), Baron World Wars, was military governor of the Geoffrey (Life Peer) (1907–1972) British British zone of occupation in Germany, and economist, journalist and businessman who after leaving the air force, chairman of British became a director of Trust Houses relatively European Airways 1949–64. early in his career, eventually chairman and, following a merger with Forte & Co, chairman Doyle, Paschal Vincent (1923–1988) Irish of Trust House Forte. He also made a major builder and hotelier who built and operated a contribution to British education. number of Irish hotels, becoming the most successful hotelier in the history of the indus- Cunard, Sir Samuel (1787–1865) try, employing 2000 people and owning hotels Shipowner born in Canada who emigrated to also in Britain and the United States. From 1973 England where he co-founded the Cunard Line he served as chairman of the Irish Tourist and pioneered the first regular transatlantic Board under successive Governments. In 1999 steamship service between Liverpool and Doyle Hotels were acquired by Jurys and the Halifax, Nova Scotia. new company became Jurys Doyle.

225 Biographical Dictionary

Edwards, Sir Ronald (1910–1976) British Gordon, Frederick (1835–1904) A solicitor, industrialist and promoter of management politician and founder and chairman of Gordon education; manufacturer of cars, trucks and Hotels, leading figure of the Victorian hotel buses; i.a., chairman of the Committee of Inquiry industry in Britain, described as ‘the Napoleon into Civil Aviation Transport (‘Edward’s of the hotel world’. Committee’) whose report British Air Transport in the Seventies was published in 1969. Guthrie, Sir Giles (1916–1979) British airline executive who served on the board of Eiffel, (Alexander) Gustave (1832–1923) the nationalized British European Airways (BEA) French civil engineer who designed many and was chairman and chief executive of the notable bridges and viaducts before his most British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) as famous project, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, erected well as chairman of BOAC–Cunard Ltd. 1887–9, the highest building in the world until 1930 and the world’s major visitor attraction. Hacking, Baron Douglas Hewitt He also designed the framework of the Statue (1884–1950) British civil servant and politi- of Liberty in New York. cian, the effective founder of Britain’s national tourism organization, first chairman of the Escoffier, Auguste (c.1847–1935) A famous Travel Association of Great Britain and Ireland French chef at the Grand Hotel, Monte Carlo, and its successor bodies 1929–50. before César Ritz persuaded him to come to the Savoy Hotel in London and finally to the Henderson, Ernest (1924–1994) ‘Mr Carlton; his publications included the Guide Sheraton’; leading US hotelier who did not Culinaire (1903) and Ma Cuisine (1934). enter the hotel business until he was 44 years old but by the time he died 26 years later, Ford, Henry (1863–1947) American automo- Sheraton was the largest hotel chain in the bile designer and manufacturer who produced world. his first petrol-driven motor car in 1893 and in 1899 founded a company in Detroit designing his Hilton, Conrad (1887–1979) US entrepre- own car. In 1903 he started the Ford Motor neur who bought his first hotel in Texas in Company pioneering modern assembly line mass 1919, bought/sold/operated hotels 1919–46, production techniques for his famous model ‘T’ before founding the Hilton Hotel Corporation introduced to the market at a price which brought and Hilton International after World War II. the motor car within the reach of the masses. Wrote Be My Guest (1957) and Inspirations of an Innkeeper (1963). Fuchs, Sir Vivian (1908–1999) Explorer, Director of British Antarctic Survey 1958–73, Hunziker, Walter (1899–1974) Leading first person to cross Antarctica. Swiss tourism academic, administrator and

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY entrepreneur, Professor of Tourism at the Geddes, Baron (1897–1983) British University of St Gallen, head of several businessman, i.a., director of P&O Steamship national as well as co-founder and President of Navigation Company 1957–72 and President UK international organizations. Chamber of Shipping, Deputy Chairman (1960–4) and Chairman (1964–9) of the British Travel Jerome, Jerome Klapka (1859–1927) Association, the official tourism organization. English humorous writer, novelist and playwright, author of classic Three Men in a Gluckstein, Montague (1854–1922) Boat (1889, an account of a boat trip up the English caterer and food manufacturer who Thames from Kingston to Oxford) and of founded with brother Isidore and Joseph another travelogue, Three Men on a Bummel Lyons, a distant relative, J. Lyons & Co., regis- (1900). tered 1894. The Company’s operations extended from well-known teashops and Johnson, Amy (1903–1941) Pioneer English London Corner Houses to outside catering and aviator who flew solo from England to hotels, including the largest London hotels, as Australia (1930), to Japan via Siberia (1931) and well as using mass food production methods, to Cape Town (1932), making new records in notably at its headquarters, Cadby Hall. each case.

226 Biographical Dictionary

Johnson, Howard Deering (1896–1972) uninterrupted for 60 years. After World War II US entrepreneur and founder of the chain, she established Erna Low Travel Services, to which by the time he handed it over to his son which she added a small travel agency chain in 1959, had 550 restaurants and 75 motor in the 1960s. In the 1970s she sold and bought lodges, and the name Howard Johnson was the Company back twice. For a number of becoming synonymous with highway travel. years she ceased to organize holidays and worked as a consultant for ski, golf and spa Jones, Albert Henry (1907–1966) British resorts. When the Company was restarted as a hotel executive who, for some 30 years, ran ski operator in the 1990s, she handed the London’s Grosvenor House hotel, first as general business over to her co-director but her name manager and then managing director. A lives on and the firm flourishes. dynamic leader of the industry, he served as chairman of the Hotel and Catering Institute, the Lunn, Sir Arnold (1888–1974) British professional body, and promoted apprentice- Alpine ski pioneer (son of Sir Henry Lunn), ship schemes as well as management educa- founder of the Ski Club of Great Britain and the tion. Alpine Ski Club, who invented slalom gates, and obtained Olympic recognition for the modern Joseph, Sir Maxwell (1910–1982) British Alpine slalom race and downhill races. entrepreneur, chairman of Grand Metropolitan Hotels, who had by 1973 built the largest hotel Lunn, Sir Henry (1859–1939) British travel group in London, the second largest in Britain, bureau and skiing pioneer credited with intro- and the 12th largest UK company from a base ducing skiing to Switzerland (father of Sir of one small hotel in 1947. In the early days of Arnold Lunn). the Company, his partners included Henry Edwards and Fred Kobler, who should be also Lyons, Sir Joseph Nathaniel (1847–1917) credited with its success. English caterer and food manufacturer who first studied art and invented a stereoscope Kroc, Ray (1902–1984) American entrepre- before joining the Gluckstein and Salmon neur born in the USA of Czech parents, whose families to establish a restaurant company, and name is forever connected with the firm becoming head of J. Lyons and Co. Ltd, one of McDonald’s. Although he had not founded it, the largest catering businesses in Britain. having bought all rights from brothers McAlpine, Sir Robert (1847–1934) Scottish McDonald, he developed it to become the BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY leading fast food corporation worldwide. building contractor who, having left school at the age of ten to work in the pits, after which Lindbergh, Charles Augustus (1902–1974) he was apprenticed as a bricklayer, founded American aviator who made the first solo and built up a large company using new build- transatlantic flight from New York City to ing techniques and labour-saving machinery, Paris in the monoplane Spirit of St Louis in winning major contracts especially for roads 1927. and such projects as Wembley Stadium and the prestigious Dorchester Hotel in London, London, Jack (1876–1916) A prolific owned by the family for more than 40 years. American writer and political speaker who wrote more than 50 books between 1900 and McCrindle, John Ronald (1894–1977) his death in 1916, most based on his own travel British airline executive whose early civil experiences, ranging from searching for gold in aviation career began in 1932. He was manag- the Klondike to riding freight trains as a hobo, ing director of the original British Airways and, many in Alaska and Canada. White Fang and when it merged with Imperial Airways to The Call of the Wild are probably best known become the British Overseas Airways Corporation today. (BOAC), became Director-General of the airline. He also played a major role in interna- Low, Erna (originally Erna Löwe) (1909–2002) tional organizations. Austrian born British pioneer tour operator and tourism consultant who from 1932 contin- Marriott, J. Willard (1900–1985) US ued to run ski and summer trips almost hotelier and caterer, founder of Marriott

227 Biographical Dictionary

International, which by early 2001 operated Milward, Sir Anthony (1905–1981) British 2200 properties with 400 000 rooms in 60 businessman and airline executive who served countries, as well as contract food services, with BEA in various capacities between 1946 theme parks and a cruise line. and 1970 and as chairman of BOAC (1964–70), as well as, after his retirement, as chairman Mabane, Baron William (1895–1969) (1971–6) and President (1976–80) of the London British businessman, civil servant and politi- Tourist Board. cian, Chairman (1960–3) and President (1964–6) of the British Travel Association, the official Morse, Sir Arthur (1892–1964) British tourism organization. banker and businessman, chairman of the British Travel and Holidays Association, the McDonnell, James Smith (1899–1980) US official tourism organization, 1954–60. aircraft manufacturer and pioneer in space technology who had a varied career as test Nansen, Fridtjob (1861–1930) Norwegian pilot and chief engineer to several US compa- explorer, oceanographer, statesman and nies before setting up his own company in humanitarian, awarded the Nobel Prize for 1928, to become the McDonnell Aircraft Peace for Russian relief work after the Corporation, which built many successful Revolution and work for the League of Nations military and naval aircraft and later (a forerunner of the United Nations), including constructed the Mercury and Gemini manned the creation of the Nansen Passport, an interna- satellite capsules. tionally recognized identification document for refugees. Maxwell, Sir Alexander (1880–1963) British civil servant and chairman of British Norval, Arthur Joseph (1896–1980) South Travel and Holidays Association, the official African businessman and economist, director tourism organization, 1950–4. and chairman of various companies, Professor of Commerce and Industrial Economics, University of Pretoria, Founder Member of SA Meek, Howard Bagnall (1893–1969) US Tourist Corporation, author of The Tourist educator who founded in 1922, at the age of 29, Industry, A National and International Survey, the Department that later became the Cornell one of the earliest texts of its kind, published University School of Hotel Administration and 1936. led the program for 39 years until his retirement in 1961, where he rose above the politics O’Driscoll, Timothy Joseph (1908–1998) of an Ivy League university and of the indus- Irish public servant who made outstanding try. Between 1961 and 1969 he was executive contributions to the development of the director of the Council on Hotel, Restaurant and modern Irish state, Irish civil aviation, and Institutional Education (CHRIE).

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Irish as well as international tourism. He served in several Government Departments, Metcalf, John (1717–1810) Known as Blind was director general of the Irish Tourist Board Jack of Knaresborough; Scottish engineer and one 1956–71, member of the board of directors of of the great road-makers of the eighteenth Aer Lingus, consultant on tourism under century, who laid out hundreds of miles of various United Nations programmes, and roads, designed bridges and viaducts and executive director of the European Travel supervised their building without being able to Commission 1971–86. see since he was six years old. Ogilvie, Sir Frederick Wolff (1893–1949) Michelin, André (1853–1931) French Scottish academic and administrator, Professor industrialist who established with his younger of Economics at Edinburgh University, second brother the Michelin Tyre Company, the first to Director General of the BBC, Principal of Jesus use demountable tyres on motor cars; also initi- College, Oxford. He was one of the first econo- ated the production of high-quality road maps mists to see the significance of tourism and his and guide books to promote tourism by car, as The Tourist Movement, An Economic Study well as the well-known system of restaurant published in 1933 was one of the earliest texts grading. of its kind.

228 Biographical Dictionary

Opel, Wilhelm von (1871–1948) German Scott, Robert Falcon (1868–1912) English industrialist known as the ‘Henry Ford of naval officer and Antarctic explorer who, after Germany’ who built more than one million various expeditions, reached the South Pole cars at the works he founded in 1887 at with four companions pulling their own Rüsselsheim, before selling control of the sledges, to find Amundsen’s Norwegian flag company to General Motors in 1929. already flying there.

Polo, Marco (1254–1324) Venetian merchant Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry (1874–1922) and explorer, probably the first well-known English Antarctic explorer born in Ireland who traveller, who visited, i.a., Persia, Tibet, Burma, made his first expeditions with Captain Scott, India, Ceylon and Siberian Arctic. commanded the expedition that located the south magnetic pole, and later an expedition to Pontin, Sir Fred (1906–2000) British cross the Antarctic which failed when his ship businessman and holiday camp pioneer who Endurance was crushed in the ice. opened his first holiday village in Somerset in 1946 and developed the company in early Smallpeice, Sir Basil (1906–1992) British years through conversion of former military transport executive whose long career in the and other camps. Later expanded into hotels industry began in 1948 with the British and holiday camps in Europe through the Transport Commission, then responsible for the Pontinental brand. Chairman and joint manag- nationalized inland transport system. Later he ing director Pontin’s 1946–79 and of Pontinental joined the British Overseas Airways Corporation 1972–9. Sold the company to Coral Leisure (BOAC), becoming managing director, and in Group in 1979 with more than 20 camps and 1964 the Cunard Steamship Co as director, soon more than 30 000 beds in Britain alone. becoming executive chairman.

Porsche, Ferdinand (1875–1951) German Soyer, Alexis (1809–1858) Leading French automobile designer who designed cars for chef who became chef in the Reform Club in Daimler and Auto Union before setting up his London (1837–1850), went to Ireland during own studio and in 1934 producing plans for a the famine (1847) and tried to reform the food revolutionary cheap car with the engine in the supply in the Crimea by introducing the ‘Soyer back, which the Nazis gave the name stove’ (1855). Volkswagen (people’s car).

Stakis, Sir Reo (1913–2001) Greek Cypriot BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY entrepreneur who arrived in Britain aged 15 Pullman, George Mortimer (1831–1897) and over the following 70 years built an empire US inventor, designer and businessman who of 54 four-star hotels, 22 casinos and 70 health built the first modern sleeping and dining rail clubs, which was sold to Ladbrokes for £1.2 cars. billion in 1999.

Ritz, César (1850–1918) Swiss-born hotelier Statler, Elsworth Milton (1863–1928) US described as ‘Hotelkeeper to Kings and King of hotelier who began work as a hotel bellboy, Hotelkeepers’ who managed successively such advanced to become restaurant owner, built luxury establishments as the Grand National his first hotel in 1901 and founded the Statler Hotel in Lucerne, Switzerland, the Savoy Hotel chain, which was acquired by Hilton Hotels in London, the Paris Ritz (the first hotel to bear Corporation in 1954. Known for his personal his name), and the Carlton Hotel in London. slogan ‘The customer is always right’; to him is also attributed the saying that ‘there are only Salmon, Henry (1881–1950) Known as three rules for success in the hotel business – ‘Harry’; English caterer and food manufac- location, location, location’. turer, who joined the family firm of Salmons and Glucksteins after leaving school, worked Stephenson, George (1781–1848) English as a kitchen boy and waiter, became managing railway engineer whose reputation stemmed director of J. Lyons and Co. at the early age of from both locomotive and rail construction, the 27, and chairman in 1941 as well as remaining former in 1814 when he constructed his first managing director until 1949. engine, the latter as engineer for the construc-

229 Biographical Dictionary

tion of the Stockton & Darlington Railway, Towle, Sir Francis William (1876–1951) opened in 1825, of the Liverpool & Manchester Leading British hotelier; managing director of Railway, opened in 1830, and of several other Gordon Hotels (1921–36); founder in 1926 of railways in England, as well as consulting work the ‘Come to Britain’ movement, which was about proposed lines in Belgium and Spain. the forerunner of Britain’s official tourism organization; first chairman and president of Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850–1894) the Hotel and Catering Institute, the industry Scottish lawyer, novelist, poet and essayist, professional body, president International Hotel whose Inland Voyage (1878) describes a canoe Alliance and International Hotel Association. trip in Belgium and northern France, and Travels with a Donkey a tour undertaken in the Twain, Mark (1835–1910) Pseudonym of same year in Southern France. Samuel Langhorne Clement, well-travelled novelist, journalist and lecturer, author of the Tenzing, Norgay (1914–1986) Known as classic The Innocents Abroad (1869), which sold Sherpa Tenzing; Nepalese mountaineer who 125 000 copies in the first three years after climbed many Himalayan peaks before, as publication. member of the John Hunt expedition, he with Edmund Hilary reached the summit of Everest Wells, Henry (1805–1878) US shipper in 1953. specializing in valuables and bullion who worked as an agent before joining with Thomas, David (1932–2002) American William Fargo and Daniel Dunning to found, restaurateur who was the founder of Wendy’s Wells & Co, which later merged with other hamburger chain, having opened his first companies to become American Express Wendy’s restaurant in 1969, named after one of Company in 1850. his daughters. He began franchising in 1972 and the company went public in 1976. At the time Whittle, Sir Frank (1907–1996) English of his death he was senior chairman and there aviator, aeronautical engineer and inventor of were more than 6000 restaurants worldwide. the British jet engine as a replacement for the conventional internal combustion aero engine. Thomson, Sir Adam (1926–2000) British aviation entrepreneur, founder and between Zeppelin, Graf Ferdinand (1838–1917) 1976 and 1988 chairman of British Caledonian German army officer who, between 1897 and (The Tartan Airline), the second largest UK 1900, constructed his first airship, setting up a airline, with around 50 daily flights from its factory for its construction in Friedrichshafen, London Gatwick base, before the merger with which produced more than 100 Zeppelins for British Airways in 1988. use in World War I. DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

230 Part 5 Abbreviations

a acre AC Aero Club A letter followed by abbreviation Air Canada of the name of a professional Alpine Club body denotes Associate alternating current (Member) of that body Arts Council AA Advertising Association ACAC Arab Civil Aviation Council American Airlines ACC Airport Consultative Committee Automobile Association (Australia) AAA American Automobile ACE Association for Conferences and Association Events Australian Automobile Arts Council of England Association ACI Airports Council International AACB Association of Australian ACNI Arts Council of Northern Ireland Convention Bureaux ACORN (acronym for) A Classification of AACC Airport Associations Residential Neighbourhoods Coordinating Council ACP African, Caribbean, Pacific (States) AACO Arab Air Carriers’ Organization ACR Association for Consumer AACVB Asian Association of Convention Research and Visitor Bureaux ACT Australian Capital Territory

AADFI Association of African ACTA Association of Canadian Travel ABBREVIATIONS Development Finance Agents Institutions ACTTC Australian Capital Territory AAFRA Association of African Airlines Tourism Commission AAR Association of American ACTW Australian Council of Tour Railroads Wholesalers AB Alberta, Canada ACW Arts Council of Wales ABA American Bus Association ADB African Development Bank ABC ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Asian Development Bank Curacao) ADC advise duration and charge Advance Booking Charter ADF African Development Fund Audit Bureau of Circulations Asian Development Fund ABCA Australian Bus and Coach ADFIAP Association of Development Association Financing Institutions in Asia ABCC Association of British Chambers and the Pacific of Commerce ADP automatic data processing ABPCO Association of British AE (routing) via the Atlantic and Professional Conference Eastern Hemisphere Organisers AEA Association of European Airlines ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics AEO Association of Exhibition ABTA Association of British Travel Organisers Agents AER Assembly of European Regions ABTAC ABTA Travel Agents’ Certificate Aeroflot Russian Airlines ABTOC ABTA Tour Operators’ Af Afghani (currency of Certificate Afghanistan)

233 Abbreviations

AF Air France ANTOR Assembly/Association of (routing) via Africa National Tourist Office AFC Airport Facilitation Committee Representatives (Australia) ANZCERTA Australia New Zealand Closer AFCAC African Civil Aviation Economic Relations Trade Commission Agreement AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and AOCI Airport Operators Council Social Development International (US) AFl Aruban Guilder/Florin (currency) AONB Area of Outstanding Natural AFRAA African Airlines Association Beauty AFTA Australian Federation of Travel AP American Plan Agents (routing) via the Atlantic and AGM annual general meeting Pacific AHA Australian Hotel Association APCO Association of Pleasure Craft AHLA American Hotel & Lodging Operators Association APEX Advance Purchase Excursion AHRA ASEAN Hotel and Restaurant approx. approximately Association Apr. April AI Air India APRS Association for the Protection of AIAC Aviation Industry Advisory Rural Scotland Committee (Australia) APT Advanced Passenger Train AIDA (mnemonic for) Attention, AR Arkansas, USA Interest, Desire, Action ARC Airlines Reporting Corporation AIDS (acronym for) Acquired Immune (US) Deficiency Syndrome American Recreation Coalition AIEST International Association of ARDA American Resort Development Scientific Experts in Tourism Association AIM Association of Independent ARELS Association of Recognised Museums English Language Services AISC International Association of Skal arr. arrival/arrives Clubs ARR average room rate AIT Alliance Internationale de ARTAC Alliance of Retail Travel Agency Tourisme Consortia AITO Association of Independent Tour ARTC Air Route Traffic Control Operators ARVC National Association of RV Australian Institute of Tourism Parks and Campgrounds (US) Officers ASA Airservices Australia AITT Australian Institute of Travel a.s.a.p. as soon as possible DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY and Tourism ASEAN Association of South East Asia AK Alaska, USA Nations AL Alabama, USA ASEANTA ASEAN Tourism Association A level Advanced level examination of ASEANTTA ASEAN Tourism and Travel the General Certificate of Association Education (GCE) in the UK ASHTAV Association of Small Historic (excluding Scotland) Towns and Villages of the Alitalia Italian international airline United Kingdom ALM Netherlands Antilles Airlines ASPA Association of South Pacific Alta Alberta, Canada Airlines ALVA Association of Leading Visitor ASSI Area of Special Scientific Interest Attractions AST Atlantic Standard Time (Canada) a.m. ante meridiem (before noon) ASTA American Society of Travel Amex American Express Agents AMS Ancient Monuments Society ASVA Association of Scottish Visitor AMTA Association of Multiple Travel Attractions Agents AT (routing) via the Atlantic

234 Abbreviations

ATA Africa Travel Association ATME Association of Travel Marketing Air Transport Association of Executives America ATO Arab Tourism Organization ATAC Air Transport Association of ATOA Air Transport Operators Canada Association ATB Area Tourist Board (Scotland) ATOL Air Travel Organiser’s Licence ATB2 automatic ticket and boarding ATTC Association of Travel Trades pass Clubs ATC Air Traffic Conference ATTF Air Travel Trust Fund (UK) Alpine Tourist Commission ATTT Association of Tourism Teachers Australian Tourist Commission and Trainers Australian Transport Council ATW around the world ATE Australian Tourism Exchange Aug. August ATEC Australian Tourism Export AUKDA Association of UK Domestic Council Airlines ATIC ASEAN Tourism Information AYHA Australian Youth Hostels Centre Association ATM automated teller machine AZ Alitalia airline ATMA Asia Travel Marketing Arizona, USA Association B

B Balboa (currency of Panama) BC British Council

Bolivar (currency of Venezuela) BCA Bus and Coach Association (of ABBREVIATIONS Boliviano (currency of Bolivia) New Zealand) BA British Airways BCC British Caravanners Club BAA British Airports Authority BCECEC British Conference and BACD British Association of Exhibition Centres Export Conference Destinations Council BAFA British Arts Festivals Association Bd Boulevard BAHA British Activity Holiday BD Bahraini Dinar (currency) Association B$ Bahamian Dollar (currency) British Association of Hospitality Bermudian Dollar (currency) Accountants Brunei Dollar (currency) BAHREP British Association of Hotel Bds$ Barbados Dollar (currency) Representatives BDST British Double Summer Time BALPA British Air Line Pilots BEA British European Airways (now Association British Airways) BALPPA British Association of Leisure BECA British Exhibition Contractors Parks, Piers and Attractions Association BARUK Board of Airline Representatives Beds. Bedfordshire, England United Kingdom BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, BATA British Air Transport Association Luxembourg BATO British Association of Tourism Berks. Berkshire, England Officers BES Business Expansion Scheme B&B bed and breakfast BEVA British Exhibition Venues BBQ barbeque Association BC British Columbia, Canada BFA British Franchise Association

235 Abbreviations

BHA British Hospitality Association BOAC British Overseas Airways B’ham Birmingham Corporation (now British BHHPA British Holiday and Home Parks Airways) Association BP Bermuda Plan BHRA British Hotels and Restaurants BPF Best Practice Forum Association (now BHA) BRA British Resorts Association BHRCA British Hotels, Restaurants and British Retailers Association Caterers Association (now BRC British Retail Consortium BHA) BRF British Road Federation BHTS British Home Tourism Survey BS British Standard BIFM British Institute of Facilities B/S balance sheet Management BSCF British Self-Catering Federation BII British Institute of Innkeeping BSF British Spas Federation BIM British Institute of Management BSI British Standards Institution (now CIM) BSP Bank Settlement Plan BIMCO Baltic and International BST British Summer Time Maritime Council BTA British Tourist Authority BITOA British Incoming Tour British Travel Association Operators’ Association BTR Bureau of Tourism Research BITS International Bureau of Social (Australia) Tourism BTS British Tourism Survey bkg booking Bucks. Buckinghamshire, England BLRA Brewers & Licence Retailers BVI British Virgin Islands Association BVRLA British Vehicle Rental Leasing Blvd Boulevard Association BMT British Mean Time BWB British Waterways Board bn billion BWI British West Indies BNTS British National Travel BWIA British West Indies Airways Survey BYO Bring Your Own BZ$ Belize Dollar (currency) C DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

C Cedi (currency of Ghana) Cambs. Cambridgeshire, England Celsius/centigrade CAR Central African Republic one hundred (Roman numeral) Caribank Caribbean Development Bank ¢ Colon (currency of Costa Rica) CARICOM Caribbean Community and CA California, USA Common Market Consumers’ Association CARTA Campaign for Real Travel CAA Civil Aviation Authority Agents cab cabriolet CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority CAB Civil Aeronautics Board (USA, (Australia) phased out 1985) CATC Commonwealth Air Transport Commonwealth Agricultural Council Bureaux CBA cost benefit analysis CABEI Central American Bank of CBD central business district Economic Integration CBEVE Central Bureau for Educational CAC Canadian Association of Visits and Exchanges Caterers CBI Confederation of British Industry

236 Abbreviations

CC Countryside Commission (now CIM Chartered Institute of Countryside Agency) Management CCA Camp and Cabin Association CIMtIG Chartered Institute of Marketing (New Zealand) Travel Industry Group CCTV closed-circuit television CIS Commonwealth of Independent CCW Countryside Council for Wales States CDB Caribbean Development Bank CIT Chartered Institute of Transport CDC Commonwealth Development C£ Cyprus Pound (currency) Corporation CLIA Cruise Lines International C$ Canadian Dollar (currency) Association (US) Cordoba (currency of Nicaragua) CLOA Chief Leisure Officers Association CE Council of Europe Club Med Club Mediterranée CEEC Central and Eastern European cm centimetre Countries CMAA Club Managers Association of CEI Centre for Environmental America Interpretation CMT Common Market Travel CER Council of European Regions Association CERT Council for Education, c/o care of Recruitment and Training Co. company (Republic of Ireland) CO Colorado, USA cet. par. ceteris paribus (other things being C.O.D. cash on delivery equal) COSLA Convention of Scottish Local cf. confer (compare) Authorities CFA Communauté financière africaine COTAL Latin American Confederation of Cookery & Food Association Tourist Organizations CFP Comptoirs français du Pacifique CP Canadian Pacific (Air, Hotels, CFTC Commonwealth Fund for Railway, etc) Technical Co-operation case postale (post box) C&G City and Guilds Continental Plan CGLI City and Guilds of London CPA critical path analysis

Institute CPRE Council for the Protection of ABBREVIATIONS CGOT Canadian Government Office of Rural England Tourism (now Tourism Canada) CPRW Council for the Protection of CHA Caribbean Hotel Association Rural Wales Countrywide Holidays CPT Confederation of Passenger Association Transport Ches. Cheshire, England CRONWE Conference of Regions of North CHMA Canadian Hotel and Motel West Europe Association CRS central reservation system(s) CHME Council for Hospitality computer reservation system(s) Management Education Country of Residence Survey CHNTO Cultural Heritage National (Republic of Ireland) Training Organization CSA Czechoslovak Airlines chq. cheque CSQ Customer Satisfaction CHRIE (International) Council on Hotel, Questionnaire Restaurant and Institutional CST Central Standard Time (USA) Education (US) CT Civic Trust CI Channel Islands Connecticut, USA CIA Catering Institute of Australia CTA Caribbean CIC Convention Industry Council Tourism/Tourist/Travel (US) Association CI$ Cayman Islands Dollar (currency) CTC Canadian Tourism Commission c.i.f. cost, insurance, freight Cyclists’ Touring Club CIGA Compagnia Italiana dei Grandi CTCC Central Transport Consultative Alberghi (Italian hotel group) Committee

237 Abbreviations

CTHRC Canadian Tourism Human CTT Council for Travel and Tourism Resource Council cu. cubic CTO Caribbean Tourism Organization c.v. curriculum vitae Cyprus Tourism Organisation cwt hundredweight D

D Dalasi (currency of Gambia) Derbys. Derbyshire, England five hundred (Roman numeral) DET domestic escorted tour (train) Durchgehender Zug D-G Director General DA Algerian Dinar (currency) Dh UAE Dirham (currency of DATAS II Deltamatic Assisted Travel United Arab Emirates) Agency System (Mark II) DH Moroccan Dirham (currency) Db Dobra (currency of São Tome Dip. Diploma and Principe) DIT domestic independent tour DC direct current DMO destination marketing organiza- District of Columbia, USA tion DCF discounted cash flow $A Australian Dollar (currency) dcm decimetre $NZ New Zealand Dollar (currency) DCMS Department for Culture, Media $T Pa’anga (currency of Tonga) and Sport DOT Department of Transportation D Day Decimal Day (UK 15 February (US) 1971) doz. dozen D-Day first day of Allied invasion of DR Democratic Republic Continental Europe during DST daylight saving time WWII (6 June 1944) DTI Department of Trade and DE Delaware, USA Industry Dec. December DTLR Department for Transport, DEFRA Department for Environment, Local Government and the Food and Rural Affairs Regions deli delicatessen (US and Australia) DTM Domestic Tourism Monitor

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Den. Denmark (Australia) dep. departs/departure DVS day visits survey(s) E

E east(ern) EB Ethiopian Birr (currency of Lilangeni (currency of Ethiopia) Swaziland) EBRD European Bank for EADB East African Development Reconstruction and Bank Development EAL Eastern Air Lines EC European Community/ EATA East Asia Travel Association Commission/Council

238 Abbreviations

ECA European Catering Association EI Aer Lingus ECAC European Civil Aviation EIA Environmental Impact Conference Assessment ECCAS Economic Community of Central EIB European Investment Bank African States EIF Exhibition Industry Federation ECD early closing day El Al Israeli airline early completion day ELRA European Leisure and EC$ Eastern Caribbean Dollar Recreation Association (currency) e-mail electronic mail ECGD Export Credits Guarantee EMECA European Major Exhibition Department Centres Association ECMT European Conference of EMF European Motel Federation Ministers of Transport EMS Environmental Management ECOSOC (United Nations) Economic and System Social Council European Monetary System ECOWAS Economic Community of West EMU Economic and Monetary Union African States EP European Plan ECSC European Coal and Steel EPA Environmental Protection Community Agency (US) ECTAA Group of National Travel equiv. equivalent Agents’ and Tour Operators’ ERA European Regional Airlines Associations within the EC Organisation ECTWT Ecumenical Coalition on Third ERDF European Regional Development World Tourism Fund ECU European Currency Unit ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism ECY European Conservation Year ERP European Recovery Programme ed. editor ESA Environmentally Sensitive Area E/D (card) embarkation/disembarkation ESF European Social Fund (card) est. estimate EDF European Development Fund EST Eastern Standard Time (USA) edn edition ETA estimated time of arrival ABBREVIATIONS EDP electronic data processing ETAG European Tourism Action Group EEA European Economic Area ETB English Tourist Board (now EEC European Economic Community ETC) EFAH European Foundation for the etc. et cetera (and so on) Accreditation of Hotel School ETC English Tourism Council Programmes European Travel Commission EFCT European Federation of ETD estimated time of departure Conference Towns ETP Excellence Through People EFT electronic funds transfer EU European Union EFTA European Free Trade EUHOFA European Association of Hotel Association School Directors EFTPOS electronic funds transfer at point Euratom European Atomic Energy of sale Community e.g. exempli gratia (for example) Euro Association of European EH (routing) within the Eastern Chambers Chambers of Commerce and Hemisphere Industry EHMA European Hotel Managers EUTO European Union of Tourist Association Officers

239 Abbreviations F

F Fahrenheit fiche microfiche F letter followed by abbreviation FIA International Automobile of the name of a professional Federation body denotes Fellow of that FIFO first in, first out body FI£ Falkland Islands Pound FAA Federal Aviation Administration (currency) (US) Finnair Finnish Airlines FAC Federal Airports Corporation FIT foreign independent tour (Australia) FIYTO Federation of International fam familiarization (as, e.g., fam trip) Youth Travel Organizations FANZ Food Services Association of Fl Florin/Guilder (currency) New Zealand FL Florida, USA FATA Federation of ASEAN Travel Flt flight Agents FMC Federal Maritime Commission fax facsimile (US) F&B food and beverage f.o.b. free on board FC Forestry Commission Fr Franc (currency) FCSI Foodservice Consultants Society France/French International Franc CFA Franc de la Communauté financière FCU Fare Construction Unit africaine (African Franc) F$ Fiji Dollar (currency) Franc CFP Franc des Comptoirs français du FE Far East Pacifique (Pacific Franc) Further Education FRG Federal Republic of Germany Feb. February Fri. Friday fem. feminine ft. feet (measurement) FES Family Expenditure Survey FT full-time FET foreign escorted tour FTE full-time equivalent FFCS Food Facilities Consultants FTO Federation of Tour Operators Society fwd forward FFP frequent flyer programme FZGB Federation of Zoological FG Guinean Franc (currency) Gardens of Great Britain and DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY fhld freehold Ireland G

g gram(me) GA Georgia, USA G Guarani (currency of Paraguay) gal. gallon G7 Group of Seven (largest industri- GATS General Agreement on Trade in alized countries: Canada, France, Services Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, GATT General Agreement on Tariffs USA)) and Trade G8 Group of Eight (G7 plus Russia) GB Great Britain

240 Abbreviations

GB and I Great Britain and Ireland Gk. Greek GBCO Guild of British Coach Operators Glam. Glamorgan, Wales GBTA Guild of Business Travel Agents GLC Greater London Council GCE General Certificate of Education (abolished 1986) GCSE General Certificate of Secondary G£ Gibraltar Pound (currency) Education Glos. Gloucestershire, England G$ Guyana Dollar (currency) GMB General, Municipal, GDP gross domestic product Boilermakers and Allied Trades GDS global distribution system Union GEBTA Guild of European Business GMT Greenwich Mean/Meridian Travel Agents Time Ger. German(y) GNP gross national product GFG Good Food Guide (Consumers’ GNVQ General National Vocational Association, annual) Qualification GFR German Federal Republic GOETO Grand Order of European Travel GGL Guild of Guide Lecturers Organizers GHS General Household Survey gov(t) government Gib. Gibraltar GRS global reservation system GIGO (computing term for) garbage in, GRT gross registered ton garbage out GSA General Sales Agent GIT group inclusive tour GST Greenwich Standard Time H

ha hectare HHA Historic Houses Association ABBREVIATIONS HA Hospitality Assured HI Hawaii, USA HAG Have-a-Go HIDB Highlands and Islands Develop- Hants. Hampshire, England ment Board (now Highlands and HANZ Hotel Association of New Islands Enterprise) Zealand HIMG Hotel Industry Marketing Group h.b. hard back (publication) (now HMA) hbr harbour HIV Human Immuno-Deficiency HCI Hotel and Catering Institute Virus (now HCIMA) HK$ Hong Kong Dollar (currency) HCIMA Hotel and Catering International hl hectolitre Management Association HM Harbour Master HCITB Hotel and Catering Industry Her/His Majesty Training Board (now HtF) HMA Hotel Marketing Association HCPTA Hotel and Catering Personnel HMS Her/His Majesty’s Ship and Training Association HMSO Her/His Majesty’s Stationery HCTB Hotel and Catering Training Office (now The Stationery Board (now HtF) Office) HCTC Hotel and Catering Training HNC Higher National Certificate Company (now HtF) HND Higher National Diploma HCU Hotel and Catering Union HO Home Office HE Higher Education hols holidays Herts. Hertfordshire, England HoReCa International Organization of HFTP Hospitality Financial and Hotel and Restaurant Technology Professionals Associations

241 Abbreviations

HOTREC Confederation of National Hotel hr(s) hour(s) and Restaurant Associations in HSMAI Hospitality Sales and Marketing the European Community Association International HQ headquarters HtF Hospitality Training Foundation I

I one (Roman numeral) IBTA International Business Travel i.a. inter alia (among other things) Association IA Iowa, USA i/c in charge/command IAAPA International Association of ICA International Co-operative Amusement Parks and Attractions Alliance IACA International Air Carrier ICAA International Civil Airports Association Association IACVB International Association of ICAO International Civil Aviation Convention and Visitor Bureaux Organization IAFCT International Association of ICC International Chamber of French-Speaking Congress Commerce Towns ICCA International Congress and IAFTAC Inter-American Federation of Convention Association Touring and Automobile Clubs ICM Institute of Commercial IAHA Inter-American Hotel Management Association ICOM International Council of International Association of Museums Hospitality Accountants (now ICOMOS International Council on HFTP) Monuments and Sites IAHMS International Association of ICS International Chamber of Hotel Management Schools Shipping IAPA International Airline Passengers ICTA Institute of Certified Travel Association Agents (US) IAPCO International Association of id. idem (the same)

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Professional Congress ID Idaho, USA Organizers identification (card etc.) IASC International Air Services Iraqi Dinar (currency) Commission (Australia) IDA International Development IASTWL International Association for Association Social Tourism and Workers’ IDB Inter-American Development Leisure Bank IAT Institute of Air Transport Islamic Development Bank IATA International Air Transport IDD International Direct Dialling Association i.e. id est (that is) IATM International Association of Tour IEHO Institution of Environmental Managers Health Officers IB Iberia (Spanish airlines) IFAPA International Foundation of ibid. ibidem (in the same book, Airline Passengers Associations chapter, place) IFC International Finance IBRD International Bank for Corporation Reconstruction and IFCA International Flight Catering Development Association

242 Abbreviations

IFCC International Federation of Iran Air Iran National Airlines Camping and Caravanning IRU International Road Transport IFEA International Festival and Events Union Association Is Islands IFPTO International Federation of ISD International Subscriber Popular Travel Organizations Dialling IFTO International Federation of Tour ISES International Special Events Operators Society IFTTA International Forum of Travel ISF International Shipping and Tourism Advocates Federation IFWTO International Federation of ISFSC International Society of Food Women’s Travel Organizations Service Consultants IGO inter-governmental organization ISIC International Standard Industrial IHASA International Hotel Association Classification South Asia isNTO Information Services National IHEI International Hotels Training Organization Environment Initiative ISO International Organization for IHRA International Hotel and Standardization Restaurant Association ISRM Institute of Sport and Recreation IIM Institution of Industrial Management Managers (now CIM) ISTC International Student Travel IIP Investors in People Confederation IL Illinois, USA IT inclusive tour ILAM Institute of Leisure and Amenity information technology Management ITA Institut du Transport Aérien ILO International Labour Organisation Institute of Travel Agents (now IM Institute of Management (now ITT) CIM) ITAA Irish Travel Agents Association IMA Institutional Management ital. italic Association (now HCIMA) ITB International Tourism Exchange

IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime (Börse) ABBREVIATIONS Consultative Organization Industrial Training Board IMF International Monetary Fund ITC Inter-American Travel IMO International Maritime Congresses Organization inclusive tour charter impt important ITHA International Tourist Health in. inch(es) Association IN Indiana, USA ITIC Irish Tourist Industry Inc. Incorporated Confederation incl. including/inclusive ITM Institute of Travel Management indiv. individual in Industry and Commerce INSPASS (acronym for) Immigration and Institute of Travel Managers in Naturalization Service Passenger Industry and Commerce Accelerated Service System ITMA Incentive Travel and Meetings inst. instance/instant Association intro. introduce/introduction/ ITOA Incoming Tour Operators introductory Association IOC Indian Ocean Commission ITOC Inbound Tour Operators Council IOM Isle of Man (New Zealand) IOW Isle of Wight ITT Institute of Travel and Tourism IPS International Passenger Survey ITV Independent Television IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union ITX inclusive tour fare IR Iranian Rial (currency) IUCAT International Union of Co- IRA International Recreation operative and Associated Association Tourism

243 Abbreviations

IUOTO International Union of Official IW Isle of Wight Travel Organizations (now WTO) IWA Inland Waterways Association IUR International Union of Railways IWTC International World Travellers Club IVS International Visitor Survey IYHF International Youth Hostel (Australia) Federation J

JAA Joint Aviation JHIC Joint Hospitality Industry Authorities Congress JAL Japan Air Lines JICNARS Joint Industry Committee for Jan. January National Readership Surveys JAT Jugoslovenski Aerotransport Jnl Journal (Yugoslav Airlines) jnr junior jct. junction jt joint JD Jordanian Dinar (currency) JTC Joint Twinning Committee J$ Jamaican Dollar Jul. July (currency) Jun. June K

K Kina (currency of Papua New km kilometre(s) Guinea) KM Konvertibilna Marka (currency Kip (currency of Lao, PDR) of Bosnia and Hercegovina) Kwacha (currency of Malawi kph kilometres per hour DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY and Zambia) Kr Krona (Icelandic and Swedish Kyat (currency of Myanmar) currency) k. & b. kitchen and bathroom Krone (Danish and Norwegian Kc˘ Koruna (currency of Czech currency) Republic) Ks Kenyan Shilling (currency) KD Kuwaiti Dinar (currency) KS Kansas, USA kg kilogram(me) KY Kentucky, USA KLM Royal Dutch Airlines KZ Kwanza (Angolan currency)

244 Abbreviations L

L fifty (Roman numeral) LEC Local Enterprise Company £ libra (Pound Sterling; UK (Scotland) currency) Leics. Leicestershire, England LA Latin America LFS Labour Force Survey Los Angeles, USA LGA Local Government Association Louisiana, USA LGMB Local Government Management LAADFI Latin American Association of Board Development Financing lgt long ton Institutions LH Lufthansa (German Airlines) LACA Local Authority Caterers LIFO last in, first out Association LILO last in, last out LACAC Latin American Civil Aviation Lincs. Lincolnshire, England Commission Lk Lek (currency of Albania) Lancs. Lancashire, England £L Lebanese Pound (currency) LAS League of Arab States LM Maltese Lira (currency) lb pound (measurement) loc.cit. loco citato (in the place cited) l.c. lower case (i.e., not capitals) locn location LCB London Convention LOT Polskie Linie Lotnicze (Polish Bureau Airlines) LD Libyan Dinar (currency) L’pool Liverpool LDC less developed country L/R left to right Ldn London LRT London Regional Transport L$ Liberian Dollar (currency) LRV light refreshment voucher LDP long-distance path £S Syrian Pound (currency) ABBREVIATIONS Le Leone (currency of Sierra LSA Leisure Studies Association Leone) LTB London Tourist Board £E Egyptian Pound (currency) Ltd Limited LEA Local Education Authority LVL Lats (Latvian currency) M

m metre/mile/million MAGLEV magnetic levitation M one thousand (Roman numeral) Man. Manitoba, Canada M letter followed by abbreviation MANZ Motel Association of New of the name of a professional Zealand body denotes Member of that MAP Modified American Plan body Mar. March MA Massachusetts, USA Marit. maritime (routing) via mid Atlantic masc. masculine MAC Museums Association of the max. maximum Caribbean MB Manitoba, Canada MAE Maritime Advisory Exchange mbr member

245 Abbreviations

m/c machine MN Minnesota, USA M/C Manchester MO Missouri, USA MC master of ceremonies MOCA Mobile and Outside Caterers MCO Miscellaneous Charges Order Association of Great Britain MCT Minimum Connecting Time MOD minor operated departments (in MD Managing Director hotels) Maryland, USA mod. con. modern convenience M$ Ringgit (currency of Malaysia) Mon. Monday ME Maine, USA MOU Memorandum of Understanding Middle East mpg miles per gallon MEA Middle East Airlines mph miles per hour med. medium MPI Meeting Professionals Med(it). Mediterranean International (US) met(eor). meteorological/meteorology MPM Maximum Permitted Mileage mgr manager mrt. mass rapid transit MI Michigan, USA Ms Miss/Mrs MIA Meetings Industry Association MS Mississippi, USA MICE (acronym for) Meetings, Motor Ship Incentive Travel, Conventions MSC Manpower Services Commission and Exhibitions MST Mountain Standard Time (USA) Middx Middlesex, England Mt Mount(ain) MIGA Multilateral Investment MT Metical (currency of Guarantee Agency Mozambique) min. minimum Montana, USA minute mtg meeting misc. miscellaneous mth month mkt market MV Motor Vessel mm millimetre Mx Middlesex, England N

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY N north(ern) NAHC National Association of Holiday —N Naira (currency of Nigeria) Centres Limited n.a. not available/applicable NAITA National Association of NA (routing) via North Independent Travel Agents Atlantic NALGO National Association of Local NABTA National Association of Business Government Officers Travel Agents (US) NALHM National Association of Licensed NACE Nomenclature Générale des House Managers Activités Économiques dans les N. Am. North America Communautés Européennes nat(l). national NAEH National Association of NAPHA National Amusement Park Exhibition Halls Historical Association NA Fl Netherlands Antilles naut. nautical Guilder/Florin (currency) n.b. nota bene (note well) NAFC National Advisory Facilitation NB New Brunswick, Canada Committee (Australia) NBC National Bus Company NAFTA North American Free Trade NBTA National Business Travel Agreement Association (US)

246 Abbreviations

NC no charge NR Nepalese Rupee (currency) Nordic Council NRA National Restaurant Association North Carolina, USA (US) NCC National Caravan Council National Rivers Authority NCIT National Council on Inland NRCA National Restaurant and Transport Catering Association N/cle Newcastle (Australia) n.c.v. no commercial value NRPA National Recreation and Park NCVQ National Council for Vocational Association (US) Qualifications NRPC National Railroad Passenger ND National Diploma Corporation (AMTRAK) North Dakota, USA NS Nova Scotia, Canada N$ Namibian Dollar (currency) NSW New South Wales, Australia NE Nebraska, USA NT National Trust north-east Northern Territory, Australia NEDC National Economic Development NTA National Tour Association (US) Council (abolished 1992) National Tourism NEDO National Economic Development Administration Office (abolished 1992) NT$ New Taiwan Dollar (currency) nem. con. nemine contradicente (no one NTO National Tourism/Tourist opposing, unanimously) Office/Organization nem. dis. nemine dissentiente (no one National Training Organization dissenting) NTS National Trust for Scotland n.e.s. not elsewhere specified NTTC Northern Territory Tourist Neth. Netherlands Commission (Australia) NF Newfoundland, Canada Nu Ngultrum (currency of Bhutan) NFSO National Federation of Site NU Nunavut, Canada Operators NUC Neutral Unit of Construction NGO non-governmental organization NUCPS National Union of Civil and NH New Hampshire, USA Public Servants

N.I. Northern Ireland NUMAST National Union of Marine, ABBREVIATIONS NIHCA Northern Ireland Hotels and Aviation and Shipping Caterers Association Transport NIS Newly Independent States NUR Neckermann Group (German NITB Northern Ireland Tourist Board tour operator) NJ New Jersey, USA NV Nevada, USA NM New Mexico, USA NVQ National Vocational (routing) via North and Mid Qualification Atlantic NW north-west no. number NWT Northwest Territories, Canada Northants. Northamptonshire, England NY New York, USA Northumb. Northumberland, England NZ New Zealand Notts. Nottinghamshire, England NZCA New Zealand Convention Nov. November Association NP (routing) via North or Central NZHCITB New Zealand Hotel and Pacific Catering Industry Training NPPC National Passenger Processing Board Committee (Australia) NZITT New Zealand Institute of Travel NPTA National Passenger Traffic and Tourism Association (US) NZTB New Zealand Tourist Board nr near NZTIA New Zealand Tourism Industry number Association

247 Abbreviations O

OAA Orient Airlines Association O level Ordinary level examination of OAG Official Airline Guide the General Certificate of OAP old age pension(er) Education (GCE) in the UK OAS Organization of American (excluding Scotland) States O&M organization and methods OAU Organization of African Unity OMMSA Organization of Museums, OCAS Organization of Central Monuments and Sites of Africa American States OND Ordinary National Diploma Oct. October Ont. Ontario, Canada ODA Overseas Development op. cit. opere citato (in the work quoted) Administration OPEC Organization of the Petroleum OECD Organisation for Economic Exporting Countries Co-operation and Development OR operational/operations research OECS Organization of Eastern Oregon, USA Caribbean States ORC Organization of Railways OFT Office of Fair Trading Cooperation OH Ohio, USA orig. original(ly) OK Okay, all correct/confirmed OS Ordnance Survey Oklahoma, USA o’seas overseas OT overtime OW one way Oxon. Oxfordshire, England oz ounce P DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY p. page Pax passenger pence PAX private automatic (telephone) P Pula (currency of Botswana) exchange p.a. per annum (yearly) p.b. paper back (publication) PA Pennsylvania, USA PBX private branch (telephone) Personal Assistant exchange (routing) via the Pacific PC personal computer PABX private automatic branch postcard (telephone) exchange PCI Passenger Card Inquiry Pan Am Pan American Airways (Republic of Ireland) para paragraph PCS Public and Civil Service Union PARCA Pan American Railway Congress PDR People’s Democratic Republic Association P/E price-earnings (ratio) PARS Passenger Airline Reservation PEI Prince Edward Island, Canada System PERT Programme Evaluation and PAS public address system Review Technique PATA Pacific Asia Travel Association PEX Public Excursion fare

248 Abbreviations

PG paying guest POS point of sale PHARE (acronym from French for) pp. pages Poland and Hungary; Assistance p&p post and packing for Economic Restructuring PR People’s Republic PIA Pakistan International Airlines public relations PIN personal identification number prelim. preliminary PIR Property Irregularity Report prelims preliminaries (book pages pkt packet preceding main text) P&L profit and loss (account) prepn preparation PLC public limited company priv. private p.m. post meridiem (after noon) pro tem pro tempore (for the time being) p.n.g. persona non grata (undesirable PS post scriptum (postscript) person) PSA Passenger Service Agent PNG Papua New Guinea Passenger Shipping PNR Passenger Name Record Association PO (routing) via Polar route PSR passenger space ratio between Europe and Japan or PST Pacific Standard Time (USA) Korea PSV Public Service Vehicle P&O Peninsular and Oriental Steam pt part Navigation Company PT part-time POB Post Office Box PTA Prepaid Ticket Advice POE port of embarkation/entry pub public house Port. Portugal/Portuguese p.w. per week Q ABBREVIATIONS

Q Quetzal (currency of Guatemala) qr quarter QANTAS Queensland and Northern QR Qatar Riyal (currency) Territory Aerial Service QTTC Queensland Tourist and Travel (Australian airline) Corporation Qbc Quebec, Canada quango quasi-autonomous non- Qld Queensland, Australia governmental organization R

R Rand (currency of South Africa) RAC Royal Automobile Club Rouble/Rubl/Ruble (currency of RACV Royal Automobile Club of Belarus and Russian Federation) Victoria (Australia) RA Ramblers’ Association RAeS Royal Aeronautical Society Restaurant Association R/D refer to drawer (of a cheque) RAA Regional Airlines Association R&D research and development (US) R$ Brazilian Real (currency) RAAA Regional Airlines Association of RD$ Dominican Peso (currency of Australia Dominican Republic)

249 Abbreviations

recd received RPM Resale Price Maintenance ref. refer(ence) revenue passenger mile reg. regular RRP recommended retail price regd registered Rs Rupee (currency of India and REKA Swiss Travel Saving Fund Pakistan) Rep. Republic RSAC Royal Scottish Automobile Club revpar revenue per available room RSNC Royal Society for Nature RI Rhode Island, USA Conservation Rio Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) RT return trip RM Ringgit (currency of Malaysia) round trip RMA Recreation Managers Association RTA Regional Tourism Authority of Great Britain (Republic of Ireland) RMT National Union of Rail, Regional Tourist Association Maritime and Transport (Northern Ireland) Workers RTB Regional Tourist Board RO Omani Rial (currency of Oman) RTC Regional Tourism Company ROC return on capital (Wales) ROI return on investment RTK revenue tonne kilometre Rp Rupiah (currency of Indonesia) rte route RPI Retail Price Index RTW round the world RPK revenue passenger kilometre RV recreation(al) vehicle (US) S

S south(ern) SD South Dakota, USA SA South Africa/America/Australia SDA Scottish Development Agency (routing) via South Atlantic (now Scottish Enterprise) SAC Scottish Arts Council S$ Singapore Dollar (currency) SABENA Belgian Airlines SE south-east SADCC Southern African Development SED Scottish Education Department Coordination Conference Sep(t). September

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY s.a.e. stamped addressed envelope Sf Suriname Guilder/Florin Salop. Shropshire, England (currency) SARTOC Southern Africa Regional SF Swiss Franc (currency) Tourism Council sgd signed SAS Scandinavian Airlines System SGIT Special Group Inclusive Tour Sask. Saskatchewan, Canada (fare) Sat. Saturday sgle single SATA Student Air Travel Association s/he he/she SATC South Australian Tourism SIA Singapore International Airlines Commission SIBH Society for the Interpretation of SC South Carolina, USA Britain’s Heritage SCHMC Society of Catering and Hotel SIC Standard Industrial Management Consultants Classification SCOT Scottish Confederation of Tourism SICTA Standard International SCOVA Standard Classification of Visitor Classification of Tourism Accommodation (Australia) Activities scuba (acronym for) self-contained SI$ Solomon Islands Dollar underwater breathing apparatus (currency)

250 Abbreviations

SITE Society of Incentive Travel Occupations National Training Executives (US) Organization SIWA Scottish Inland Waterways SPTO South Pacific Tourism Association Organization Sk Koruna (currency of Slovakia) sq. square (in measurements) SK Saskatchewan, Canada SR Saudi Riyal (currency of Saudi S level Scholarship level examination of Arabia) the General Certificate of Seychelles Rupee (currency) Education (GCE) in the UK SS Steamship (excluding Scotland) SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest SlT Slovenian Tolar (currency) SST supersonic transport SMA Systems Managers Association Staffs. Staffordshire, England smog smoke-laden fog STB Scottish Tourist Board SNCB Belgian National Railways stbd starboard SNCF French National Railways std standard SNH Scottish National Heritage STD Subscriber Trunk Dialling snr senior stg sterling SO Scottish Office STGA Scottish Tourist Guides SOC Standard Occupational Association Classification stn station Som Somerset, England STOL short take-off and landing So. Sh. Somalia Shilling (currency) STTE Society of Travel and Tourism SOT Survey of Overseas Travellers Educators (US) (Republic of Ireland) STUC Scottish Trades Union Congress Soton Southampton Sun. Sunday Sp. Spain/Spanish SVQ Scottish Vocational Qualification SP (routing) via South Pacific SW south-west SPAB Society for the Protection of Swissair Swiss Air Transport Ancient Buildings SWOT (acronym for) Strengths, SPEC South Pacific Bureau for Weaknesses, Opportunities,

Economic Co-operation Threats ABBREVIATIONS SPF South Pacific Forum SYHA Scottish Youth Hostels SPRITO Sport, Recreation and Allied Association T

t ton(ne) TC Traffic Conference TAANZ Travel Agents Association of traveller’s cheque (traveler’s New Zealand check) TAC Tourism Aviation Group TCA Tourism Council Australia (Australia) TCF Travel Compensation Fund TACC Travel Associations Consultative (Australia) Council TCSP Tourism Council of the South TACIS Technical Assistance to the Pacific (now SPTO) Commonwealth of Independent TD Tunisian Dinar (currency) States TDA Timeshare Developers TAP Portuguese Air Lines Association Tas. Tasmania, Australia TDAP Tourism Development Action t.b.a. to be announced/advised Plan

251 Abbreviations

TEC Training and Enterprise Council TRINET Tourism Research Information TEE Trans-Europe Express (now Network EuroCity) TS (routing) Trans Siberia tel. telephone Tourism Society TEN Third World Tourism European TSA Tourism South Australia Ecumenical Network TSCG Tourism Society Consultants TGV Train à Grande Vitesse (high- Group speed train of French railways) tsp. teaspoon(ful) TGWU Transport and General Workers’ TSSA Transport Salaried Staffs’ Union Association Thu.(r) Thursday TTA Tourism Training Australia TIA Travel Industry Association of TT$ Trinidad and Tobago Dollar America (currency) TIAC Tourism Industry Association of TTENTO Travel, Tourism Services and Canada Events National Training TIC Tourist Information Centre Organization TICA Tourism International TTP Travel and Tourism Programme Cooperative and Associated TTRA Travel and Tourism Research tip (acronym for) To Insure Association (US) Promptitude TU trade union Tk Taka (currency of Bangladesh) TUC Trades Union Congress tkt ticket TUCC Transport Users Consultative TL Turkish Lira (currency) Committee TN Tennessee, USA Tue(s). Tuesday TNSW Tourism New South Wales TUI Touristik Union International (Australia) (German tour operator) TOSG Tour Operators Study Group turboprop turbine propelled (now FTO) TWA TransWorld Airlines tpk. turnpike TX Texas, USA TPM Ticket Point Mileage TTGAC Travel and Tourism Government TQM total quality management Affairs Council (US) U DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

UA United Airlines UKHA United Kingdom Housekeepers UAA United Arab Airlines Association UAE United Arab Emirates UKTS United Kingdom Tourism Survey UAR United Arab Republic UM Ouguiya (currency of UDC Urban Development Corporation Mauritania) UEHHA Union of European Historic UMA United Motorcoach Association Houses Associations (US) UFTAA Universal Federation of Travel UN United Nations Agents’ Associations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on u/g underground Trade and Development UIA Union of International UNDP United Nations Development Associations Programme UIF Union of International Fairs UNEP United Nations Environment UK United Kingdom Programme

252 Abbreviations

UNESCO United Nations Educational, USSR (former) Union of Soviet Scientific and Cultural Socialist Republics Organization USTDC United States Travel Data Center UPC Universal Producer Code USTOA United States Tour Operators US United States Association USA United States of America USTTA United States Travel and USAID United States Agency for Tourism Administration International Development (abolished 1996) USDAW Union of Shop, Distributive and USVI United States Virgin Islands Allied Workers UT Utah, USA US$ United States Dollar Utd United (currency) UTDA Ulster Tourist Development USP unique selling proposition Association V

V five (Roman numeral) VIP Very Important Person VA Virginia, USA VJ Day 15 August 1945 (day of Japanese vac. vacancy/vacant surrender in Asia in WWII) var. variable VR virtual reality VARIG Brazilian airline visiting relatives VAT value added tax vs. versus (against) V Day Victory Day VT Vermont, USA VDU visual display unit VTO vertical take-off VE Day 8 May 1945 (Victory in Europe VTOL vertical take-off and landing ABBREVIATIONS in WWII) VTOHL vertical take-off and horizontal VFR visiting friends and relatives landing VIASA Venezuelan airline v.v. vice versa (the other way Vic. Victoria, Australia round) W

W west(ern) WATC Western Australian Tourism WA Washington (state), USA Commission West Africa WDA Welsh Development Agency Western Australia WEAA Western European Airports WADB West African Development Bank Association WAPTT World Association for Wed. Wednesday Professional Training in WF Wells Fargo and Company Tourism WFTU World Federation of Trade Warwicks. Warwickshire, England Unions WATA World Association of Travel WH (routing) within the Western Agencies Hemisphere

253 Abbreviations

WHO World Health Organization WTB Wales Tourist Board WI West Indies WTM World Travel Market Wisconsin, USA WTO World Tourism Organization WICE World Industry Council on the World Trade Organization Environment WTTC World Travel and Tourism Wilts. Wiltshire, England Council wk(ly) week(ly) WTTERC World Travel and Tourism WL waiting list/waitlist Environment Research Centre WLRA World Leisure and Recreation WV West Virginia, USA Association WWI World War I (1914–1918) Worcs. Worcestershire, England WWII World War II (1939–1945) w.p.m. words per minute WWF World Wide Fund for Nature WS$ Tala (currency of Samoa) WY Wyoming, USA X

X ten (Roman numeral) Y

yd yard (measurement) YMCA Young Men’s Christian YD Yemeni Dinar (currency) Association YH youth hostel Yorks. Yorkshire, England YHA Youth Hostels Association yr year (England and Wales) YT Yukon Territory, Canada

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY YHANI Youth Hostel Association of YWCA Young Women’s Christian Northern Ireland Ltd Association YHANZ Youth Hostels Association of New Zealand Z

Z$ Zimbabwe Dollar (currency) ZIP (code) Zone Improvement Plan (US numerical postcode)

254 Part 6 Countries of the World

b BBD A BHD A BYB CIS AFA A BSD A XCD B (UK) AUD A XCD A DZD A ARS A EUR A AWGEUR B (Neth) A BDT A EUR B (Fr/Sp) AZM CIS ALL A USD C (US) AOR A AMD CIS ISO/ Political IATA status code B. Dollar (Bds$) = 100 Cents A. Peso = 100 Centavos Euro = 100 Cents B. Rouble (R) = 100 Kopeks B. Dinar (BD) = 1000 Fils Taka (Tk) = 100 Poisha A. Manat = 100 Gopik B. Dollar (B$) = 100 Cents EC Dollar (EC$) = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents Afghani (Af) = 100 Puls Lek (Lk) = 100 Quindarka Euro = 100 Cents Aus Dollar ($A) = 100 Cents EC Dollar (EC$) = 100 Cents Dram = 100 Luma Kwanza (KZ) = 100 Lwei A. Dinar (DA) = 100 Centimes A. Guilder (AFl) = 100 Cents US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents Currency Luanda Algiers Capital a 11 The Valley 67 St Johns 98 Oranjestad 64 Pago Pago 66 Andorra La Vella 267 Bridgetown 666 Al-Manamah 298 Nassau 7 983 Baku 8 092 Vienna 3 375 Tirana 3 809 Yerevan 18 967 Canberra 36 580 Buenos Aires Population COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD 96 430 710 442 193 201 468 30 528 10 226 Brussels 86 600 83 859 28 748 13 939 29 743 Area (sq. km) (000) 207 595 10 032 Minsk 147 570 127 669 Dhaka 652 225 25 869 Kabul 37 75 78 166 274 171 181 5 382 Countries of the World 11 787 80 153 56 977 33 400 32 378 11 100 11 484 Area 251 773 481 354 1 246 700 12 357 919 595 2 381 741 29 950 BE BY BD ISO AZ BB AT AF AL BH AU 2 969 909 7 692 030 AR 1 075 518 2 780 400 AO AW BS AS DZ AD AM AI code (sq. m) Belgium English name Belarus Bangladesh Azerbaijan Barbados Austria Afghanistan Albania Bahrain Australia Argentina Angola Aruba Bahamas American Samoa Antigua and Barbuda AG Algeria Andorra Armenia Anguilla

257 Countries of the World b BND A CDF A BTN A BZD A CUP A BOB A KHR A XOF A BRL A CVE A CAD A CLP A COP A XAF A CNY A BMD C (UK) XOF A BGL A BWP A BIF A XOF A XAF A KYD C (UK) KMF A NZD B (NZ) XAF A BAM A HRK A XAF A ISO/ Political CRC A IATA status code ) = 100 Centimos ¢ New Riel = 100 Sen Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Congolese Franc = 100 Centimes Franc CFA = 100 Centimes B. Dollar (BZ$) = 100 Cents Ngultrum (Nu) = 100 Chetrum Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Pula (P) = 100 Thebe B. Franc = 100 Centimes Lev = 100 Stotinki Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Kuna = 100 Lipa Cuban Peso = 100 Centavos Boliviano (B$) = 100 Centavos Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Real (R$) = 100 Centavos C.V. Escudo = 100 Centavos C. Dollar (C$) = 100 Cents Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Chilean Peso = 10 Centavos Colombian Peso = 100 Centavos Ren Min Bi Yuan = 10 Jiao = 100 Fen C.R. Colon ( B. Dollar (B$) = 100 Cents C.I. Dollar (CI$) = 100 Cents Comoro Franc = 100 Centimes NZ Dollar ($NZ) = 100 Cents Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Konvertibilna Marka (KM) = 100 Pfenings Currency Kinshasa Bogota Sarajevo Capital a 64 Hamilton 39 George Town 14 Avarua 247 Belmopan 782 Thimphu 322 Bandar Seri Begawan B. Dollar (B$) = 100 Cents 428 Praia 544 Moroni 3 881 2 859 Brazzaville 6 114 Porto-Novo 8 138 La Paz and Sucre 1 588 Gaborone 4 464 Zagreb 6 678 Bujumbura 8 208 Sofia 7 486 N’Djamena 3 589 San Jose 3 540 Bangui 30 491 Ottawa 167 967 Brasilia Population 1 253 595 Beijing 53 259 237 5 765 4 033 1 862 51 129 22 965 46 500 27 834 56 542 51 100 Area (sq. km) (000) 342 000 112 622 581 730 274 200 10 996 Ouagadougou 110 994 322 462 15 545 Abidjan 110 860 11 178 Havana 475 442 14 691 Yaounde 181 035 11 757 Phnom-Penh 756 096 15 018 Santiago 622 984 DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY 21 92 100 719 8 867 2 226 1 557 19 740 43 484 17 954 10 747 42 855 21 831 42 803 69 898 19 730 Area 905 365 2 344 885 49 776 132 047 424 164 1 098 581 224 607 124 503 183 569 105 870 495 755 1 284 000 440 831 1 141 748 41 539 291 930 240 535 CD CG BJ BZ BO BW BT BM ISO BI BG BN BR 3 300 171 8 547 404 CI HR CU CM KH BF CA 3 844 928 9 958 319 CV KY TD KM CNCO 3 695 500 9 571 300 CL CR CK code (sq. m) Benin English name Belize Bolivia Hercegovinaand Bosnia Botswana BA Bhutan Côte d’Ivoire Bermuda Burundi Burkina Faso Bulgaria Brunei Brazil Croatia Cuba Cameroon Cambodia Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic CF Chad Congo, Dem. Rep. Comoros China Colombia Chile Costa Rica Cook Islands Congo, Rep.

258 Countries of the World b DOP A DKK A XPF C (Fr) FKP C (UK) XAF A XCD A USDEGP A A USD A CYP A DJF A DKK B (Den) ETB A DKK B (Den) EUR C (Fr) EUR A EUR A EEK A FJD A ERN A XCD A GIPEUR C (UK) A XAF A EURGHC A A USD A GMD A GEL CIS ISO/ Political CZK A IATA status code Dominican Peso (RD$) = 100 Centavos Franc CFP = 100 Centimes Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Czech Koruna (Kc˘) = 100 Hellers Czech Koruna (Kc˘) Danish Krone (Kr) = 100 Ore F. Pound (FI£) = 100 Pence EC Dollar (EC$) = 100 Cents Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Euro = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents Kroon = 100 Cents Nakfa = 100 Cents US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents Cyprus Pound (C£) = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents Danish Krone (Kr) = 100 Ore Djibouti Franc = 100 Centimes Cedi = 100 Pesewas Euro = 100 Cents Ethopian Birr (EB) = 100 Cents Dalasi (D) = 100 Butut Lari = 100 Tetri Danish Krone (Kr) = 100 Ore F. Dollar (F$) = 100 Cents EC Dollar (EC$) = 100 Cents G. Pound (G£) = 100 Pence Egyptian Pound (£E) = 100 Piastres US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents Currency Addis Ababa Cairo Capital a 3 Stanley 73 Roseau 56 Nuuk 44 Torshavn 97 St George’s 27 Gibraltar 231 Papeete 443 Malabo 801 Suva 157 Cayenne 750 Dili 760 Nicosia 648 Djibouti 8 404 Santo Domingo 1 208 Libreville 5 166 Helsinki 1 442 Tallinn 3 991 Asmara 1 251 Banjul 5 326 Copenhagen 5 452 Tbilisi 6 154 San Salvador Population COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD 6 751 344 4 167 9 251 1 399 28 051 48 422 78 866 10 278 Prague 18 333 12 173 83 534 45 227 14 609 11 295 43 096 23 200 69 700 21 041 Area (sq. km) (000) 267 667 543 965 58 620 Paris 338 145 121 144 272 045 12 412 Quito 131 957 10 538 Athens 238 537 18 785 Accra 357 022 82 100 Berlin 2 290 540 133 1 609 7 095 4 700 3 572 8 958 5 641 4 361 8 124 10 831 18 696 30 450 17 462 46 774 50 949 32 253 16 640 92 100 26 911 Area 103 347 210 026 437 600 1 133 380130 559 62 782 105 037 836 330 2 166 086 137 846 386 174 1 002 000 62 655 PF GQ FK DO CZ FJ GA FR ET FO FI EE ER EC GD SV GR GL GF DK CY GH GI DE DJ TP DM GM GE ISO code (sq. m) EG Faroe Islands Fiji Egypt El Salvador Gabon French Polynesia French Guiana France Ethiopia Finland Estonia Eritrea Equatorial Guinea Ecuador Grenada Falkland Islands Dominican Republic East Timor Greece Greenland Gambia, The Denmark Czech Republic English name Cyprus Ghana Gibraltar Germany Djibouti Dominica Georgia

259 Countries of the World b GTQ A EUR A AUD A XOFGYD A HTG A A ISK A HNL A GNF A JOD A HKD C (China) INR A JMD A IRR A KPWKRW A A LAK A KWD A HUF A KES A EUR C (Fr) KZT CIS IQD A IDR A ILS A KGS CIS LVL A USD C (US) JPY A EUR A ISO/ Political IATA status code Euro = 100 Cents Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Won = 100 Chon Won = 100 Chun Gourde = 100 Centimes Quetzal (Q) = 100 Centavos Lempira = 100 Centavos Aus. Dollar ($A) = 100 Cents Som = 100 Tyiyns New Kip (K) = 100 Cents G. Dollar (G$) = 100 Cents Icelandic Krona (Kr) = 100 Aurar G. Franc (FG) = 100 Centimes Forint = 100 Fillers Jordanian Dinar (JD) = 1000 Fils HK Dollar (HK$) = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents Tenge = 100 Tein Yen = 100 Sen Rupiah (Rp) = 100 Sen New Shekel = 100 Agorot Jamaican Dollar (J$) = 100 Cents Indian Rupee (Rs) – 100 Paise Lats (LVL) = 100 Santimi Kuwaiti Dinar (KD) = 1000 Fils Kenyan Shilling (Ks) = 100 Cents Iraqi Dinar (ID) = 20 Dirhams Euro = 100 Cents Iranian Rial (IR) = 100 Dinars US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents Currency Jakarta Tehran Capital a 88 Bairiki 67 Victoria 856 Georgetown 278 Reykjavik 422 Basse-Terre 152 Hagatha 3 752 Dublin 1 185 Bissau 5 097 Vientiane 4 865 Bishkek 7 803 Port-au-Prince 7 251 Conakry 6 318 Tegucigalpa 4 740 Amman 6 105 Jerusalem 2 598 Kingston 2 431 Riga 1 924 Kuwait City 14 927 Astana 997 515 New Delhi Population 811 549 1 098 1 705 70 273 99 313 46 858 Seoul 36 125 27 750 93 030 10 068 Budapest 97 740 22 145 10 991 64 589 17 818 Area (sq. km) (000) 122 762 23 414 Pyongyang 236 800 198 500 214 969 103 000 112 492 108 889245 857 11 088 Guatemala City 377 855 126 750 Tokyo 580 367 29 410 Nairobi 438 317 22 797 Baghdad 301 338 57 646 Rome DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY 313 658 424 212 8 550 4 244 6 880 27 133 38 345 47 399 13 948 76 600 91 400 83 000 10 714 39 769 43 433 35 919 42 042 94 926 37 738 24 938 Area 742 308 1 922 570 207 022 145 891 224 081 169 235 636 296 1 648 000 62 977 116 346 IE GW KR KP HK KW KG LA KI GY HT KZ 1 049 150 2 717 300 INID 1 269 219 3 287 263 IS HN HU GT GN JO JP IL JM GP ISO LV code (sq. m) KE IQ IR GU IT Lao, PDR Korea, Rep. (South) Kuwait Latvia Korea, PDR (North) Kyrgyzstan Kiribati Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Kazakhstan Kenya India Indonesia Iceland Honduras Hungary Guatemala Guinea Jordan Ireland, Republic of Hong Kong S.A.R. Japan Iraq Iran Israel Guam Jamaica English name Guadeloupe Italy

260 Countries of the World b LRDA MGFA MZM A NAD A MAD A EUR C (Fr) MUR A USDMRO A A MTL A MYR A LBP A XCD C (UK) MMK A USD A MNT A MXN A EURMKD A A MWK A LTL A LSL A CHF A XOF A LYD A EUR C (Fr) EUR A MDL CIS MVR A MOP C (China) ZAR ISO/ Political IATA status code Kyat (K) = 100 Pyas Euro = 100 Cents Metical (MT) = 100 Centavos N. Dollar (N$) = 100 Cents M. Dirham (DH) = 100 Centimes Leu = 100 Bani Mauritius Rupee = 100 Cents Tughrik = 100 Möngö Ouguiya (UM) = 5 Khoums M. Peso = 100 Centavos Maltese Lira (LM) = 100 Cents US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents Kwacha (K) = 100 Tambala Euro = 100 Cents Denar = 100 Deni Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Litas = 100 Centas Loti = 100 Lisente Ringgit (M$) = 100 Sen Lebanese Pound (£L) = 100 Piastres EC Dollar (EC$) = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents M.Rufiyaa = 100 Laari Pataca = 100 Avos Swiss Franc (SF) = 100 Rappen Libyan Dinar (LD) = 1000 Dirhams Currency also Rand (R) = 100 Cents Malagasy Franc = 100 Centimes Liberian Dollar (L$) = 100 Cents Mexico City Bamako Capital a 51 Majuro 32 Monte Carlo 32 Vaduz 381 Fort-de-France 379 Valetta 140 Dzaoudzi 116 Pohnpei 269 Male 434 Macau 432 Luxembourg-Ville 1 701 Windhoek 2 378 Ulan Bator 1 174 Port Louis 4 281 Kishinev 2 598 Nouakchott 2 021 Skopje 3 044 Monrovia 3 699 Vilnius 2 105 Maseru 4 271 Beirut 5 000 Plymouth 5 419 Tripoli Population COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD 2 24 316 180 102 374 700 298 160 2 040 1 100 2 586 33 800 25 713 97 754 65 301 30 355 10 452 Area (sq. km) (000) 799 380 17 299 Maputo 676 552 45 029 Yangon (Rangoon) 824 292 710 850 28 238 Rabat 118 484 10 788 Lilongwe 587 041 15 051 Antananarivo 329 733 22 710 Kuala Lumpur 1 9 70 40 62 788 425 122 144 270 115 999 9 928 4 036 13 050 45 747 37 743 25 213 11 720 Area 308 641 318 261 274 461 603 909 1 564 116 754 120 1 953 162 96 586 397 950 1 030 700 478 841 1 240 192 10 584 226 658 127 311 685 524 1 775 500 MH MZ MM 261 218 NA MA MN MC MS MX MD MR MU YT FM MW MQ ML MK MG MV MY LU MT LR LT LS MO LI LB ISO code (sq. m) LY Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Morocco Mongolia Monaco Montserrat Mexico Moldova Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Micronesia Malawi Martinique Mali Macedonia Madagascar Marshall Islands Maldives Macau S.A.R. Malaysia Luxembourg Malta Liberia Lithuania Lesotho Libya Liechtenstein English name Lebanon

261 Countries of the World b RUR CIS AUD C (Aus) XPF C (Fr) ANG B (Neth) NIO A NZD A NOK A NPR A PKR A PAB A PGKPYG A A PHP A USD B (US) RWF A USD B (US) AUD A OMR A XOF A EUR A EUR C (Fr) QAR A NZD B (NZ) PLN A ROL A USD B (US) PES A WST A EUR A ISO/ Political NGN A IATA status code ) = 100 Kobos – Franc CFP = 100 Centimes Kina (K) = 100 Toea P. Peso = 100 Centavos Rouble (R) = 100 Kopeks Aus. Dollar ($A) = 100 Cents NA Guilder (NA Fl) = 100 Cents Cordoba (C$) = 100 Centavos NZ Dollar ($NZ) = 100 Cents Naira (N Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Norwegian Krone (Kr) = 100 Ore Nepalese Rupee (NR) = 100 Paisa P. Rupee (RB) = 100 Paisa Balboa (B) = 100 Cents Guarani (G) = 100 Centimos Zloty = 100 Groszy Euro = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents Leu = 100 Bani Rwanda Franc = 100 Centimes US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents Aus. Dollar ($A) = 100 Cents Omani Rial (RO) = 1000 Baizas Q. Riyal (QR) = 100 Dirhams NZ Dollar ($NS) = 100 Cents Nuevo Sol = 100 Centimos Tala = 100 Sene US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents Currency Euro = 100 Cents Niamey Lima Saipan Amsterdam and The Hague Capital a 2 Kingston 2 Alofi 69 12 Yaren 19 Koror 209 Noumea 215 Willemstad 706 Saint-Denis 565 Doha 169 Apia 4 705 Port Moresby 3 811 Wellington 4 460 Oslo 4 919 Managua 2 811 Panama City 5 359 Asunción 9 989 Lisbon 3 890 San Juan 8 310 Kigali 2 348 Muscat 146 200 Moscow Population 35 21 457 800 508 263 2 507 8 959 2 831 16 575 41 528 15 805 75 517 92 345 26 338 11 437 Area (sq. km) (000) 462 840 300 000 74 259 Manila 270 534 323 759 120 254 923 768 123 897 Abuja 796 095 134 790 Islamabad 147 181 23 384 Kathmandu 406 752 312 685 38 654 Warsaw 238 391 22 458 Bucharest 309 500 DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY 8 13 177 309 968 196 101 7 172 3 459 4 416 1 093 46 430 16 034 56 827 29 157 35 655 92 043 10 169 Area 178 704 115 831 125 004 489 191 1 267 000 10 496 104 454 356 669 307 374 157 048 120 728 496 225 1 285 216 25 230 NC NF AN PG PH RU 6 592 850 17 075 400 NI NE NO NZ NL NG NP PK NR PA PW ISO PY PL PT PR RE RO RW code (sq. m) NU OM 119 500 PE QA WS Mariana Islands MP Northern Norway New Zealand New Caledonia Norfolk Island Nicaragua Niger Oman Netherlands Antilles Pakistan Netherlands Niue Nigeria Panama Palau Nepal Papua New Guinea English name Nauru Paraguay Peru Poland Philippines, The Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa

262 Countries of the World b XCD A SBD A TZS A TWD A SYP A XCD A SCR A SOS A STD A SIT A EUR C (Sp) SGD A SKK A SAR A SRGSZL A A CHF A SDD A SHP C (UK) EUR C (Fr) XCD A EUR A XOF A SLL A THB A TJS CIS LKR A SEK A EUR A ZAR A ISO/ Political IATA status code EC Dollar (EC$) = 100 Cents SI Dollar (SI$) = 100 Cents Syrian Pound (£S) = 100 Piastres Tanzanian Shilling = 100 Cents EC Dollar (EC$) = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents S. Rupee (SR) = 100 Cents S. Shilling (So. Sh) = 100 Cents Dobra (DB) = 100 Centimos Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Tolar (Slt) = 100 Stotins S. Dollar (S$) = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents Slovak Koruna (Sk) = 100 Hallers Saudi Riyal (SR) = 100 Halalah Leone (Le) = 100 Cents SL Rupee = 100 Cents S. Guilder (Sf) = 100 Cents S. Krona (Kr) = 100 Ore Lilangeni (E) = 100 Cents Swiss Franc (SF) = 100 Centimes Baht = 100 Satangs Somoni = 100 Diram New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) = 100 Cents S. Dinar (SD) = 100 Piastres St Helena Pound (£) = 100 Pence EC Dollar (EC$) = 100 Cents Euro = 100 Cents Currency Rand (R) = 100 Cents et al. Pretoria Riyadh Khartoum Capital a 6 Saint Pierre 7 Jamestown 80 Victoria 43 Baseterre 26 San Marino 111 Kingstown 429 Honiara 154 Castries 145 São Tome 130 Ceuta and Melilla Euro = 100 Cents 413 Paramaribo 9 388 Mogadishu 4 949 Freetown 9 285 Dakar 1 986 Ljubljana 5 396 Bratislava 8 857 Stockholm 1 0197 136 Mbabane Berne 6 237 Dushanbe 3 952 Singapore City Population COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD 32 61 389 616 242 455 122 262 660 1 101 27 556 71 740 20 253 65 525 18 985 Colombo 49 034 17 363 41 284 36 000 22 034 T’aipei Area (sq. km) (000) 185 180 15 711 Damascus 637 657 196 722 504 782 39 410 Madrid 449 964 163 265 945 087513 115 32 923 60 246 Dar es Salaam/Dodoma Bangkok 143 100 93 12 47 24 150 238 387 176 101 255 7 820 6 704 10 639 71 498 75 955 18 932 27 699 25 299 63 037 15 940 55 251 13 900 Area 246 201 470 689 1 219 080 42 106 864 869 2 240 000 20 198 194 897 967 500 2 505 813 28 993 173 732 364 900 198 115 SB ES SY LC ISO SH KN SM SO ZA SA SN SI ES SK SC SL SG LK SD SR SZ SE CH TZ TH TJ TW code (sq. m) St Pierre and Miquelon PM St Lucia English name St Helena St Kitts and Nevis St Vincent and Grenadines VC San Marino São Tome and Principe ST South Africa Saudi Arabia Somalia Senegal Sierra Leone Slovenia Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Spanish North Africa Spain Slovakia Seychelles Singapore Syrian Arab Republic Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Thailand Tajikistan Taiwan

263 Countries of the World b USD C (US) USD C (UK) USD A USD C (UK) GBP A TTD A VEB A UGS A TOP A AED A TND A NZD B (NZ) ZWD A XPF C (Fr) AUD A TMM CIS UYU A TRL A ZMK A YER A VND A UAH CIS YUM A UZS CIS XOF A VUV A ISO/ Political IATA status code US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents US Dollar (US$) = 100 Cents Pound Sterling (£) = 100 Pence Dirham (Dh) = 100 Fils T & T Dollar (TT$) = 100 Cents Franc CFP = 100 Centimes Bolivar (B) = 100 Centimos Dong = 100 Xu U. Peso = 100 Centesimos U. Shilling = 100 Cents Manat = 100 Tenge Kwacha (K) = 100 Ngwee Vatu Pa’anga ($T) = 100 Cents Sum = 100 Teen T. Dinar (TD) = 1000 Milliemes NZ Dollar ($NZ) = 100 Cents Z. Dollar (Z$) = 100 Cents Y. Riyal = 100 Fils Aus. Dollar ($A) = 100 Cents New Dinar = 100 Para Hryvna = 100 Kopiykas Turkish Lira (TL) = 100 Kurus Franc CFA = 100 Centimes Currency Capital a 2 (No capital) 17 Grand Turk 20 Road Town 14 Mata-Utu 11 Funafuti 120 Charlotte Amalie 193 Port Vila 100 Nukualofa 2 815 Abu Dhabi 1 293 Port of Spain 9 881 Lusaka 3 313 Montevideo 4 779 Askhabad 9 457 Tunis 4 567 Lomé Population 26 12 430 347 153 161 748 5 128 77 700 12 190 56 785 Area (sq. km) (000) 242 910 59 501 London 752 614 331 114 77 515 Hanoi 912 050 23 707 Caracas 241 139 21 479 Kampala 176 215 603 700 49 950 Kiev 488 100 447 400 24 406 Tashkent 163 610 390 757 11 904 Harare 536 869 17 048 San’a 102 173 10 616 Belgrade 779 452 64 385 Ankara 9 809 155 278 230 Washington, DC DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY 5 59 62 10 166 134 289 1 980 4 707 30 000 93 788 93 104 68 037 63 170 21 925 39 449 Area 127 844 352 144 233 090 188 456 290 586 172 740 150 872 207 286 300 948 WF VI GB TT VN VE UG UY UA TM ZM VU TV UZ TN TG ZW TO ISO TK YE code (sq. m) YU TR c Wallis and Futuna Yemen Yugoslavia Virgin Islands (US) Virgin Islands (British) VG United Arab Emirates AE Vietnam Venezuela Uganda United States of AmericaUruguay US 3 787 319 Ukraine United Kingdom Turks and Caicos Islands TC Turkmenistan Zambia Vanuatu Tuvalu Turkey Uzbekistan Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia English name Togo Zimbabwe Tonga Tokelau

264 Countries of the World lavia comprises Serbia and Montenegro. COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD for areas, capitals, currencies, political status and populations. , September 2001, for currencies and currency codes. for populations. , December 2001, for country codes. A = independent countries. B = self-governing countries which are under protection of another country for defence and foreign affairs purposes. C = colonies and dependencies of other countries and Special Administrative Regions of China. Former republics of the USSR, which form the Commonwealth of Independent States, are labelled CIS. Abbreviations: Aus. Dollar = Australian Dollar ($A). EC Dollar =Franc CFA = Eastern Caribbean Dollar (EC$). Franc CFP = Franc de la Communauté financière africane (African Franc). Franc des Comptoirs français du Pacifique (Pacific Franc). Notes: (a)(b) Population figures refer to 1999. Political status is indicated in the last column as follows: (c) Yugoslavia: Following declarations of independence by Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia in 1991, Yugos Sources: OAG Flight Atlas OAG Flight Guide Supplement The Europa World Year Book 2001 World Bank Atlas 2001

265

Part 7 Bibliography

Bibliography

Dictionaries

Abercrombie, N., Hill, S. and Turner, B.S. Metelka, C.J. (1990) The Dictionary of Hospitality, (2000) The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 4th Travel and Tourism, 3rd edn, Albany, NY: edn, London: Penguin Books Delmar Publishers

Baker, M.J. (ed.) (1990) Macmillan Dictionary of Pallister, J. and Isaacs, A. (1996) Oxford Marketing and Advertising, 2nd edn, London: Dictionary of Business, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford The Macmillan Press University Press

Beaver, A. (1993) Mind Your Own Travel Parry, M. (1997) Chambers Biographical Business, A Manual of Retail Travel Practice. Dictionary, Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Volume 3: Cyclopaedia of Travel & Tourism Publishers Terminology, Sponsored by Barclays Merchant Services Pass, C., Lowes, B. and Davies, L. (2000) Collins Dictionary of Economics, 3rd edn, Glasgow: Clark, A.N. (1990) The New Penguin Dictionary Harper Collins Publishers of Geography, London: Penguin Books Reber, A.S. (1995) Penguin Dictionary of Collin, P.H. (1994) Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism Psychology, 2nd edn, London: Penguin Books and Catering Management, Teddington: Peter Collin Publishing Small, J. and Witherick, M. (1989) A Modern Dictionary of Geography, 2nd edn, London: Crystal, D. (ed.) (1994) The Cambridge Edward Arnold Biographical Encyclopaedia, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press Sullivan, E. (1992) The Marine Encyclopaedic BIBLIOGRAPHY Dictionary, 3rd edn, London: Lloyds of London Dervaes, C. (1994) The Travel Dictionary, 7th Press edn, Tampa, FL: Solitaire Publishing Torkildsen, G. (1994) Leisure Management A to Goldblatt, J. and Nelson, K.S. (eds) (2001) The Z: A Dictionary of Terms, Harlow: Longman International Dictionary of Event Management, New York: Wiley Vernoff, E. and Shore, R. (1987) The International Dictionary of 20th Century, London: Hall, R.J. and Campbell, R.D. (1991) Dictionary Sidgwick & Jackson of Aviation, Oxford: BSP Professional Books Youell, R. (1996) Complete A–Z Leisure Travel Harris, R. and Howard, J. (1996) Dictionary of and Tourism Handbook, London: Hodder & Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Terms, Stoughton Melbourne: Hospitality Press

Hart, N.A. (1996) The CIM Marketing Dictionary, 5th edn, Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann

269 Bibliography

Directories and Yearbooks

Bord Fáilte, Tourism Directory & Diary (annual) Office for National Statistics, UK 2002: Official Yearbook of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Columbus Press, World Travel Atlas (annual) (annual)

Europa Publications, The Europa World Year Travel Trade Gazette, Travel Trade Directory Book (annual) (annual)

OAG Worldwide, OAG Flight Atlas (biannual) Union of International Organizations, Yearbook of International Organizations (annual) OAG Worldwide, OAG Flight Guide (quarterly) J Whitaker and Sons, Whitaker’s Almanac OAG Worldwide, OAG Guide to International (annual) Travel (quarterly)

Manuals

Buglear, J. (2000) Stats to Go: A Guide to Office for National Statistics (1992) Standard Statistics for Hospitality, Leisure and Tourism Industrial Classification of Economic Activities Studies, Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann 1992, London: The Stationery Office

Eurostat (1990) General Industrial Classification Office for National Statistics (2000) Standard of Economic Activities within the European Occupational Classification, London: The Communities (NACE), Luxembourg: Office for Stationery Office Official Publications of the European Community Scarrott, M. (ed.) (1999) Sport, Leisure and DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Tourism Information Services, A Guide for Frechtling, D.C. (2001) Forecasting Tourism Researchers, Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann Demand: Methods and Strategies, Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann Smith, S.L.J. (1989) Tourism Analysis: A Handbook, Harlow/New York: Longman/ Huan, T.C. and O’Leary, J.T. (1999) Measuring Wiley Tourism Performance, Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing Statistical Office of the United Nations (1990) International Standard Industrial Classification of International Association of Hospitality All Economic Activities (ISIC), 3rd revision, New Accountants (1996) A Uniform System of York: United Nations Accounts, 9th rev. edn, New York: Hotel Association of New York City Inc. Syratt, G. (1995) Manual of Travel Agency Practice, 2nd edn, Oxford: Butterworth– International Labour Organisation (1993) Heinemann International Standard Classification of Occupations, Geneva: ILO

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Theobald, W. and Dunsmore, H.E. (2000) Veal, A.J. (1997) Research Methods for Leisure and Internet Resources for Leisure and Tourism, Tourism, 2nd edn, London: Pitman Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann

United Nations/World Tourism Organization (1994) Recommendations on Tourism Statistics, New York: United Nations

Sources of International Statistics

American Express, World Tourism Overview Pannell Kerr Forster, EuroCity Survey (annual) (annual) Pannell Kerr Forster, Europe, Middle East and Caribbean Tourism Organization, Caribbean Africa Trends (annual) Tourism Statistical Report (annual) Pannell Kerr Forster, Middle East and Africa City Eurostat, Distributive Trade, Services and Survey (annual) Transport (monthly) World Bank, World Bank Atlas (annual) Eurostat, Statistics in Focus: Distributive Trade, Services and Transport (quarterly) World Tourism Organization, Compendium of Tourism Statistics (annual) Eurostat, Tourism: Annual Statistics (annual) World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Horwath International, Worldwide Hotel Tourism Statistics (annual) BIBLIOGRAPHY Industry (annual)

Pacific Asia Travel Association, Annual Statistical Report (annual)

Sources of UK Statistics

British Tourist Authority, Digest of Tourist English Tourism Council, Sightseeing in the UK Statistics (annual) (annual)

British Tourist Authority, Tourism Intelligence Office for National Statistics, First Release – Quarterly (quarterly) Overseas Travel and Tourism (monthly)

British Tourist Authority, Visits to Tourist Office for National Statistics, Overseas Travel Attractions (annual) and Tourism MQ6 (quarterly)

English Tourism Council, English Heritage Office for National Statistics, Travel Trends Monitor (annual) (annual)

271 Bibliography

Office for National Statistics, Labour Market TRI Hospitality Consulting, United Kingdom Trends (monthly) Hotel Industry (annual)

Office for National Statistics, Social Trends UK National Tourist Boards, The UK Tourist (annual) (annual)

Other Books

Boniface, B.G. and Cooper, C.P. (2001) Jeffries, D. (2001) Governments and Tourism, Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann and Tourism, 3rd edn, Oxford: Butterworth– Heinemann Khan, M., Olsen, M. and Var, Turgut (1993) VNR’s Encyclopaedia of Hospitality and Tourism, Brown, F. (2000) Tourism Reassessed: Blight or New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Blessing? Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann Lockwood, A. and Medlik, S. (eds) (2001) Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert, D. and Wanhill, Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century, S. (1993) Tourism: Principles and Practice, Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann London: Pitman Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1982) Tourism: Davis, B., Lockwood, A. and Stone, S. (1998) Economic, Physical and Social Impacts, Harlow: Food and Beverage Management, 3rd edn, Oxford: Longman Butterworth–Heinemann Medlik, S. (1997) Understanding Tourism, Gee, C., Makens, J. and Choy, D. (eds) (1997) Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann The Travel Industry, 3rd edn, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Medlik, S. and Ingram, H. (2000) The Business of Hotels, 4th edn, Oxford: Butterworth– Goeldner, C.R., Brent Ritchie, J.R. and Heinemann McIntosh, R.W. (2000) Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies, 8th edn, New York: Middleton, V.T.C. and Clarke, J.R. (2001)

DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Wiley Marketing in Travel and Tourism, 3rd edn, Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann Graham, A. (2001) Managing Airports: An International Perspective, Oxford: Butterworth– Page, S.J. (1994) Transport for Tourism, London: Heinemann Routledge

Hanlon, P. (1999) Global Airlines: Competition in Swarbrooke, J. (2001) The Development and a Transnational Industry, 2nd edn, Oxford: Management of Visitor Attractions, 2nd edn, Butterworth–Heinemann Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann

Holloway, J.C. (1998) The Business of Tourism, Swarbrooke, J. and Horner, S. (1999) Consumer 5th edn, Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman Behaviour in Tourism, Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann Jafari, J. (ed.) (2000) Encyclopedia of Tourism, London: Routledge

272 Bibliography

International Journals

Annals of Tourism Research Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing quarterly from Elsevier Science Ltd (UK) quarterly from Haworth Press Ltd (USA) [http://www.elsevier.nl:80/inca/ [http://web.spectra.net/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/ publications/store/6/8/9/] cgi-bin/haworth/jtittle_search?U+haworth+]

Current Issues in Tourism Journal of Travel Research bimonthly from Channel View Publications quarterly from Sage Publications (UK) (UK) [http://bus.colorado.edu/BRD/JTR.htm] [www.channelviewpublications.com] Journal of Vacation Marketing International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality quarterly from Henry Stewart Publications Management (UK) 7 issues p.a. from MCB University Press Ltd [www.henrystewart.com] (UK) [http://www.mcb.co.uk/cgi-bin/journal/ Tourism and Hospitality Research ijchm] quarterly from Henry Stewart Publications (UK) International Journal of Hospitality Management [www.henrystewart.com] quarterly from Elsevier Science Ltd (UK) [http://www.elsevier.nl:/inca/publications/ Tourism Economics store/6/5/9/] quarterly from In Print Publishing Ltd (UK) [www.ippublishing.com] Journal of Ecotourism

quarterly from Channel View Publications Tourism Management BIBLIOGRAPHY (UK) bimonthly from Elsevier Science Ltd (UK) [www.channelviewpublications.com] [http://www.elsevier.nl:80/inca/ publications/store/3/0/4/7/2/] Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing quarterly from Haworth Press Ltd (USA) Tourist Review/Revue de Tourisme/Zeitschrift für [http://web.spectra.net/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/ Fremdenverkehr cgi-bin/haworth/jtitle_search?U+haworth+] quarterly from International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism (Switzerland) Journal of International Hospitality, Leisure and [www.aiest.org] Tourism Management quarterly from Haworth Press Ltd (USA) Travel and Tourism Analyst [http://web.spectra.net/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/ bimonthly from Mintel International (UK) cgi-bin/haworth/jtitle_search?U+haworth+ojq /http://www.t-ti.com/ 3050+] TTI Country Reports Journal of Sustainable Tourism quarterly from Mintel International (UK) quarterly from Channel View Publications (UK) /http://www.t-ti.com/ /www.channelviewpublications.com/

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