Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality By the same author Britain – Workshop or Service Centre to the World? The British Hotel and Catering Industry The Business of Hotels (with H. Ingram) Europeans on Holiday Higher Education and Research in Tourism in Western Europe Historical Development of Tourism (with A.J. Burkart) Holiday Surveys Examined The Management of Tourism (with A.J. Burkart eds) Managing Tourism (ed.) A Manual of Hotel Reception (with J.R.S. Beavis) Paying Guests Profile of the Hotel and Catering Industry (with D.W. Airey) Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century (with A. Lockwood eds) Tourism and Productivity Tourism Council of the South Pacific Corporate Plan Tourism Employment in Wales Tourism: Past, Present and Future (with A.J. Burkart) Trends in Tourism: World Experience and England’s Prospects Trends in World Tourism Understanding Tourism Your Manpower (with J. Denton) Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality S. Medlik Third edition OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803 First published 1993 Reprinted (with amendments) 1994 Second edition 1996 Third edition 2003 Copyright © 1993, 1996, 2003, S. Medlik. All rights reserved The right of S. Medlik to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 7506 5650 6 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.bh.com Printed and bound in Great Britain Composition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent, UK Contents Preface vii Part 1 Dictionary of Terms 1 Part 2 International Organizations 187 Part 3 National Organizations 201 Australia and New Zealand 203 North America 206 United Kingdom and Ireland 210 Part 4 Biographical Dictionary: Who Was Who 221 Part 5 Abbreviations 231 Part 6 Countries of the World 255 Part 7 Bibliography 267 Comments on earlier editions ‘An authoritative new resource ... deserving a place on many bookshelves.’ Travel & Tourism Programme News ‘... this important contribution to the literature of the world’s biggest industry.’ Tourism Management ‘His dictionary will, I predict, be an essential reference book on the shelves of all tourism teaching academics, and for many of their students it will be that invaluable support at critical moments of confusion and uncertainty. Professor Medlik’s unique Dictionary is very simply a good buy ...’ Tourism, The Bulletin of the Tourism Society ‘... it will become a very useful source of reference for the industry for years to come.’ Hotel, Catering & Institutional Management Association ‘Excellent compendium for all tourism students.’ Swansea Institute of Higher Education ‘... it will provide a real service for the industry.’ University of Nevada, Las Vegas ‘This book is recommended to those in the fields of travel, tourism and hospitality throughout the world, including those who perceive dictionaries as dull things. This one is certainly not.’ Annals of Tourism Research ‘... an exceptional dictionary of current terms used in travel, tourism and hospitality ... besides being an excellent authority on tourism terms today, browsing this dictionary is a treat.’ Journal of Travel Research ‘Easy to read, well expressed, extensive, accurate.’ British Hospitality Association ‘It fills a real need ... we will certainly recommend it to students on our business and operational management programmes.’ Hotel & Catering Training Company Preface ‘When I use a word’, Humpty Dumpty said in confined to what nobody would exclude. a rather scornful tone, ‘it means just what I Moreover, most accepted definitions go choose it to mean – neither more nor less.’ beyond the concept of tourism as a leisure or ‘The question is’, said Alice, ‘whether you holiday activity. According to the World can make words mean different things.’ Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism ‘The question is’, said Humpty Dumpty, comprises ‘the activities of persons travelling ‘which is to be the master – that’s all.’ to and staying in places outside their usual Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland environment ... for leisure, business and other purposes’. The view taken in this Dictionary is Of the three broad related fields covered by that conceptually tourism denotes a temporary this volume, travel is the most common activ- short-term movement of people to destinations ity for most people. It includes any journey outside their normal environment and their from one place to another, over short or long activities; within this broad concept ‘technical’ distances; to, from and as part of one’s work, definitions are formulated for particular during leisure and for any purpose; using any purposes, to include or exclude particular trips mode of transport by air, land or sea. Those and visits, mainly by reference to purpose, who travel are tourists, but also commuters, time and distance criteria. diplomats, migrants, nomads, refugees, as well Hospitality, too, is used by different people as other travellers. All tourism includes some in different ways. Common usage of the term travel but not all travel is tourism. is reflected in dictionaries as, for example, ‘the For most people tourism has a connotation act or practice of being hospitable; the recep- of leisure travel and tends to be synonymous tion and entertainment of guests or strangers with holidays (vacations). This is also reflected with liberality and goodwill’ [The Shorter in dictionaries, which commonly refer to Oxford English Dictionary]. In more recent years tourism as travel for pleasure. By contrast, a particular use of the term has become tourist boards and others concerned with the evident, which denotes hospitality that is the development, marketing and coordination of concern of the hospitality industry, also tourism in their countries tend to take a sometimes referred to as ‘commercial’ or broader view; for them tourism means travel ‘professional’ hospitality: the provision of for most purposes, with such exceptions as accommodation, food and drink for people travel to work, to migrate and as part of local away from home for reward. This is broadly in and neighbourhood activities. Between these line with the concept and practice of travel and ends of the spectrum lies business usage, the tourism in this volume, which indicates the language of those who earn their living from scope of the book in this direction. serving the tourists; most of them see tourism This book was conceived in the early 1990s in terms of the products they sell and the to provide first and foremost clear explanations markets they serve. Academics are not a of the meaning of the commonly used words homogenous breed, and between them proba- and phrases in travel, tourism and hospitality bly cover the whole spectrum. for those concerned with these fields in one Travel for pleasure with an overnight stay way or another. This aim seemed to be appears to be the lowest common denominator reinforced by an increasing need for a common of most perceptions of this activity. However, language in which, as in other walks of life, the the final test of any definition cannot be its same words mean the same things when the apparent harmony with its usage in everyday accuracy of expression matters, as well as by speech or, for that matter, that the definition is the apparent need to promote a greater under- vii Preface standing of what travel, tourism and hospital- for other reasons. Dictionary entries extend ity are about. beyond basic definitions to include further This revised and expanded edition includes explanations, when considered appropriate, more than 4000 entries. The major part and extensive cross-referencing (indicated in explains terms, acronyms and abbreviations. bold type). Other sections describe some 300 international Where the lexicographer’s task is the impar- and national organizations, profile 100 tial recording of usage, however illogical it outstanding individuals connected in some may be, the province of a technical dictionary way with travel, tourism and hospitality, and is the selection and definition of terms with give key data for well over 200 countries. such ends in view as contributing to more What is included in the Dictionary of Terms effective communication and promoting was selected from words used in the study of greater uniformity in terminology. This, these fields, by those who work in them and especially when combined with explanations by those who take part in them as consumers. beyond basic definitions, also offers an oppor- The selection process reflects for whom the tunity of enhancing the understanding of the book is intended. First, it is for academics, who subject area. are the main propagators and communicators Various types of organizations ranging from of definitions, and for students, their principal tourist boards to trade unions are explained in audiences; as lecturers appear to follow the Dictionary of Terms and international and increasingly their own paths rather than national organizations are listed with concise particular texts, this volume may also be used descriptions in the separate sections that by students as a flexible textbook.