Trading Glossary
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Synthetic Collateralised Debt Obligation: Analysing the Super-Senior Swap Element
The Synthetic Collateralised Debt Obligation: analysing the Super-Senior Swap element Nicoletta Baldini * July 2003 Basic Facts In a typical cash flow securitization a SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle) transfers interest income and principal repayments from a portfolio of risky assets, the so called asset pool, to a prioritized set of tranches. The level of credit exposure of every single tranche depends upon its level of subordination: so, the junior tranche will be the first to bear the effect of a credit deterioration of the asset pool, and senior tranches the last. The asset pool can be made up by either any type of debt instrument, mainly bonds or bank loans, or Credit Default Swaps (CDS) in which the SPV sells protection1. When the asset pool is made up solely of CDS contracts we talk of ‘synthetic’ Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs); in the so called ‘semi-synthetic’ CDOs, instead, the asset pool is made up by both debt instruments and CDS contracts. The tranches backed by the asset pool can be funded or not, depending upon the fact that the final investor purchases a true debt instrument (note) or a mere synthetic credit exposure. Generally, when the asset pool is constituted by debt instruments, the SPV issues notes (usually divided in more tranches) which are sold to the final investor; in synthetic CDOs, instead, tranches are represented by basket CDSs with which the final investor sells protection to the SPV. In any case all the tranches can be interpreted as percentile basket credit derivatives and their degree of subordination determines the percentiles of the asset pool loss distribution concerning them It is not unusual to find both funded and unfunded tranches within the same securitisation: this is the case for synthetic CDOs (but the same could occur with semi-synthetic CDOs) in which notes are issued and the raised cash is invested in risk free bonds that serve as collateral. -
Understanding the Z-Spread Moorad Choudhry*
Learning Curve September 2005 Understanding the Z-Spread Moorad Choudhry* © YieldCurve.com 2005 A key measure of relative value of a corporate bond is its swap spread. This is the basis point spread over the interest-rate swap curve, and is a measure of the credit risk of the bond. In its simplest form, the swap spread can be measured as the difference between the yield-to-maturity of the bond and the interest rate given by a straight-line interpolation of the swap curve. In practice traders use the asset-swap spread and the Z- spread as the main measures of relative value. The government bond spread is also considered. We consider the two main spread measures in this paper. Asset-swap spread An asset swap is a package that combines an interest-rate swap with a cash bond, the effect of the combined package being to transform the interest-rate basis of the bond. Typically, a fixed-rate bond will be combined with an interest-rate swap in which the bond holder pays fixed coupon and received floating coupon. The floating-coupon will be a spread over Libor (see Choudhry et al 2001). This spread is the asset-swap spread and is a function of the credit risk of the bond over and above interbank credit risk.1 Asset swaps may be transacted at par or at the bond’s market price, usually par. This means that the asset swap value is made up of the difference between the bond’s market price and par, as well as the difference between the bond coupon and the swap fixed rate. -
Can Pairs Trading Act Like Arbitrage to Enforce the Law of One Price?
This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia Can pairs trading act like arbitrage to enforce the law of one price? Keith R L Godfrey BE(Hons) MFinMath December 2012 Financial Studies Business School The University of Western Australia Abstract This thesis confirms empirically that a pairs trading strategy can act to enforce a market price ratio between two closely-related securities, thereby behaving like arbitrage enforcing the law of one price. Any empirical study of arbitrage and pairs trading is difficult because security exchanges report trades anonymously. Trades in two securities cannot be identified as originating from the same trader, nor can the entry and exit trades of a strategy be matched. Much of this thesis is spent designing a methodology for detecting pairs trading through statistical techniques and testing its accuracy in situations where pairs trading can be anticipated. The approach works pleasingly despite being imprecise. It can isolate closely-related pairs in pseudo-random sets of similarly-traded pairs and locate fundamentally similar pairs among large sets formed by pairing index constituents. It can even detect pairs involved in merger arbitrage many months ahead of company mergers. The evidence then shows pairs trading in the twin depositary receipts of BHP Billiton (the world’s largest mining conglomerate with dual-listed company structure) act to push the prices apart when the difference falls below a recent measure, instead of reinforcing their trend towards equality. The detected pairs trades enforce the price difference: reducing it when it becomes too large and increasing it when too small. -
Pairs Trading the Commodity Futures Curve
1-0 FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ANTTI NIKKANEN PAIRS TRADING THE COMMODITY FUTURES CURVE Master’s thesis Finance Department August 2012 1-1 UNIVERSITY OF OULU ABSTRACT OF THE MASTER'S THESIS Oulu Business School Unit Finance Author Supervisor Antti Nikkanen Hannu Kahra Title Pairs trading the commodity futures curve Subject Type of the degree Time of publication Number of pages Finance M.Sc October 2012 64 Abstract I create a pairs trade on the commodity futures curve, which captures the roll returns of commodity futures and minimizes the standard deviation of the returns. The end results is a strategy that has an annualized arithmetic return of 6,04% and an annualized standard deviation of 2,01%. Transaction costs and liquidity are also accounted for. The goal was to create and backtest a trading strategy that tries to capture the roll return component of commodity futures returns. In order to reduce the very high spot price volatility of commodity returns a market neutral systematic arbitrage was introduced through a pairs trade. The pairs trade involves taking a counter position relative to the position that is designed to capture the roll return, with as small of a negative expected return as possible. In practice capturing the roll return component means taking a long position into the largest dollar difference of a backwarded futures curve. And the pairs trade component is then a short position into the same curve, but with the smallest dollar difference. If the commodity futures curve was in contango, the procedure was reverts. It can be concluded, that both of the targets of this research were reach; capturing the roll returns of the commodity futures and minimizing volatility through a statistical arbitrage pairs trade. -
Graham & Doddsville
Graham & Doddsville An investment newsletter from the students of Columbia Business School Issue XXVI Winter 2016 Inside this issue: 25th Annual Craig Effron of Scoggin Capital Graham & Dodd Management Breakfast P. 3 Craig Effron P. 5 Craig Effron is the co-portfolio manager of Scoggin Capital Management, which he founded with partner Curtis Schenker in Jeff Gramm P. 19 1988. With approximately $1.75 billion in assets under management, Scoggin is a global, opportunistic, multi-strategy Shane Parrish P. 30 Craig Effron event-driven fund. Scoggin focuses on identifying fundamental Jon Salinas P. 39 long/short investments through three primary strategies including event driven equities with a catalyst, special situations, and distressed credit. Mr. Student Ideas P. 47 Effron began his career as a floor trader on the New York Mercantile Exchange and New York Commodity Exchange. Mr. Effron received a BS in Economics from the (Continued on page 5) Editors: Brendan Dawson Jeff Gramm ’03 Shane Parrish MBA 2016 of Bandera of Farnam Scott DeBenedett Partners MBA 2016 Street Anthony Philipp Jeff Gramm manages Shane Parrish is MBA 2016 Bandera Partners, a the curator behind Brandon Cheong value hedge fund based Shane Parrish the popular Jeff Gramm in New York City. He Farnam Street MBA 2017 teaches Applied Value Blog and founder Eric Laidlow, CFA Investing at Columbia Business School of the Re:Think Workshops on MBA 2017 and wrote the upcoming book “Dear Innovation and Decision Making. (Continued on page 19) (Continued on page 30) Benjamin Ostrow MBA 2017 Jon Salinas ’08 of Plymouth Lane Capital Management Visit us at: www.grahamanddodd.com Jonathan Salinas founded RolfPlymouth Heitmeyer Lane in April 2013 and acts www.csima.info as sole portfolio manager to the Fund. -
ENLS 202(SUM2021) 1 Will Accrue with Effect from 15 June 2021
Supplementary Guidance Notes on the Extended Non-means-tested Loan Scheme 2020/21 Academic Year (Only Applicable to Students of Hong Kong Metropolitan University Studying in the 2021 Summer Term) Applications under the Extended Non-means-tested Loan Scheme (ENLS) are now open for students of Hong Kong Metropolitan University (HKMU) studying courses offered in the 2021 Summer Term. This information sheet is a supplement to the Application Guidance Notes of the Extended Non-means-tested Loan Scheme [ENLS 140]. You should study the Application Guidance Notes in conjunction with this Supplementary Guidance Notes before you submit your ENLS application. 2. Administrative fee Before submitting your ENLS application, you must pay the administrative fee of HK$180 in cash at any branch of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (the Bank) and keep the original transaction advice/receipt. You may also transfer the administrative fee to the Student Finance Office (the SFO)’s account no. 044-171635-001 through automatic teller machines (ATM) of the Bank. During the ATM transaction, please choose "Transfer" service and press “Yes” for “Do you need to take a transaction advice?”. Payment by cheque or PPS is NOT acceptable. If you fail to produce the original transaction advice/receipt for the paid administrative fee during your submission of ENLS application, you have to apply for a bank statement from the Bank showing the transaction concerned. Administrative fees paid are neither refundable nor transferable. 3. How to apply 3.1 You can apply for the ENLS loan to cover your tuition fees for the 2021 Summer Term after you have received the debit note(s) for the tuition fees issued by HKMU. -
Forward Contracts and Futures a Forward Is an Agreement Between Two Parties to Buy Or Sell an Asset at a Pre-Determined Future Time for a Certain Price
Forward contracts and futures A forward is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a pre-determined future time for a certain price. Goal To hedge against the price fluctuation of commodity. • Intension of purchase decided earlier, actual transaction done later. • The forward contract needs to specify the delivery price, amount, quality, delivery date, means of delivery, etc. Potential default of either party: writer or holder. Terminal payoff from forward contract payoff payoff K − ST ST − K K ST ST K long position short position K = delivery price, ST = asset price at maturity Zero-sum game between the writer (short position) and owner (long position). Since it costs nothing to enter into a forward contract, the terminal payoff is the investor’s total gain or loss from the contract. Forward price for a forward contract is defined as the delivery price which make the value of the contract at initiation be zero. Question Does it relate to the expected value of the commodity on the delivery date? Forward price = spot price + cost of fund + storage cost cost of carry Example • Spot price of one ton of wood is $10,000 • 6-month interest income from $10,000 is $400 • storage cost of one ton of wood is $300 6-month forward price of one ton of wood = $10,000 + 400 + $300 = $10,700. Explanation Suppose the forward price deviates too much from $10,700, the construction firm would prefer to buy the wood now and store that for 6 months (though the cost of storage may be higher). -
Sales Representatives Manual 2020
Sales Representatives Manual Volume 4 2020 Volume 4 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Overview of Derivatives Transactions ………… 1 Chapter 2 Products of Derivatives Transactions ……………99 Derivatives Transactions and Chapter 3 Articles of Association and ……………… 165 Various Rules of the Association Exercise (Class-1 Examination) ……………………………………… 173 Chapter 1 Overview of Derivatives Transactions Introduction ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 3 Section 1. Fundamentals of Derivatives Transactions ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 10 1.1 What Are Derivatives Transactions? ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 10 Section 2. Futures Transactions ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 10 2.1 What Are Futures Transactions? ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 10 2.2 Futures Price Formation ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 14 2.3 How to Use Futures Transactions ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 17 Section 3. Forward Transactions ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 24 3.1 What Are Forward Transactions? ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 24 Section 4. Option Transactions ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 25 4.1 What Are Options Transactions? ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 25 4.2 Options’ Price Formation ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 32 4.3 Characteristics of Options Premiums ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 36 4.4 Sensitivity of Premiums to the Respective Factors ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 38 4.5 How to Use Options ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 46 4.6 Option Pricing Theory ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 57 Section 5. Swap Transactions ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 63 5.1 What Are Swap Transactions? ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 63 Section 6. Risks in Derivatives Transactions ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 72 Conclusion ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 82 Introduction Introduction 1. History of Derivatives Transactions Chapter 1 The term “derivatives” is used for financial instruments that “derive” from financial assets, meaning those that have securities such as shares or bonds as their underlying assets or financial transactions that use a reference indicator such as interest rates or exchange rates. Today the term “derivative” is used widely throughout society and not just on the financial markets. Although there has been criticism that they amplify financial risks and have a harmful impact on the Chapter 2 economy, derivatives are an indispensable requirement in supporting finance in the present age, and have become accepted as the leading edge of financial innovation. -
Calls, Puts and Select Alls
CIMA P3 SECTION D – MANAGING FINANCIAL RISK THE PUTS, THE CALLS AND THE DREADED ‘SELECT ALLs’ Example long form to OT approach Here is my favourite long form question on Interest rate risk management: Assume you are the Treasurer of AB, a large engineering company, and that it is now May 20X4. You have forecast that the company will need to borrow £2 million in September 20X4 for 6 months. The need for finance will arise because the company has extended its credit terms to selected customers over the summer period. The company’s bank currently charges customers such as AB plc 7.5% per annum interest for short-term unsecured borrowing. However, you believe interest rates will rise by at least 1.5 percentage points over the next 6 months. You are considering using one of four alternative methods to hedge the risk: (i) A traded interest rate option (cap only); or (ii) A traded interest rate option (cap and floor); or (iii) Forward rate agreements; or (iv) Interest rate futures; or You can purchase an interest rate cap at 93.00 for the duration of the loan to be guaranteed. You would have to pay a premium of 0.2% of the amount of the loan. For (ii) as part of the arrangement, the company can buy a traded floor at 94.00. Required: Discuss the features of using each of the four alternative methods of hedging the interest rate risk, apply to AB and advise on how each might be useful to AB, taking all relevant and known information into account. -
Aditya Birla Sun Life Special Opportunities Fund an Open Ended Equity Scheme Following Special Situations Theme
Aditya Birla Sun Life Special Opportunities Fund An open ended equity scheme following special situations theme NFO Opens: 5th Oct 2020 | NFO Closes: 19th Oct 2020 Aditya Birla Sun Life AMC Ltd. ‘ Every challenge, every adversity,‘ contains within it the seeds of ‘‘ opportunity and growth ~ Roy T. Bennett (Author of The Light in the Heart) Aditya Birla Sun Life AMC Ltd. Equity creates wealth over the long term… Equity has grown 10X in last 25 years! 13000 10500 8000 5500 3000 500 Nifty 50 TRI has been considered as proxy for equity. Source: Bloomberg Aditya Birla Sun Life AMC Ltd. However, journey of Wealth Creation is never smooth… US China COVID-19 Trade War 13000 BREXIT Announcement Global Financial Eurozone 10500 Crisis Debt Crisis BJP lost in Election 8000 Dotcom Bubble + 5500 SARS Asian Financial Kargil 9/11 D War Outbreak Crisis Demonetization 3000 Taper Tantrum Great Fall of China 500 Nifty 50 TRI has been considered as proxy for equity. Source: Bloomberg Aditya Birla Sun Life AMC Ltd. Different Countries, Industries or Businesses face challenges at different times… Silver lining of these challenges create Special Situations Opportunity for those who dare to see it. Source: Newspapers Reports Aditya Birla Sun Life AMC Ltd. Regulatory Changes Industry Specific Macro-Economic Events Changes Special Company Specific Situations Global Events can arise from… Events The above list is illustrative and not exhaustive; there are several other opportunities that may give rise to special situations Aditya Birla Sun Life AMC Ltd. Case Study: -
Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Chicago Board of Trade, New York
Sean M. Downey Senior Director and Associate General Counsel Legal Department March 15, 2013 VIA E-MAIL Ms. Melissa Jurgens Office of the Secretariat Commodity Futures Trading Commission Three Lafayette Centre 1155 21st Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20581 RE: Regulation 40.6(a). Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc./ The Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, Inc./ The New York Mercantile Exchange, Inc./ Commodity Exchange, Inc. Submission # 13-066: Revisions to CME, CBOT and NYMEX/COMEX Position Limit, Position Accountability and Reportable Level Tables Dear Ms. Jurgens: Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. (“CME”), The Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, Inc. (“CBOT”), The New York Mercantile Exchange, Inc. (“NYMEX”) and Commodity Exchange, Inc. (“COMEX”), (collectively, the “Exchanges”) are self-certifying revisions to the Position Limit, Position Accountability and Reportable Level Tables (collectively, the “Tables”) in the Interpretations & Special Notices Section of Chapter 5 in the Exchanges’ Rulebooks. The revisions will become effective on April 1, 2013 and are being adopted to ensure that the Tables are in compliance with CFTC Core Principle 7 (“Availability of General Information”), which requires that DCMs make available to the public accurate information concerning the contract market’s rules and regulations, contracts and operations. In connection with CFTC Core Principle 7, the Exchanges launched a Rulebook Harmonization Project with the goal of eliminating old, erroneous and obsolete language, ensuring the accuracy of all listed values (e.g., position limits, aggregation, diminishing balances, etc.) and harmonizing the language and structure of the Tables and product chapters to the best extent possible. The changes to the Tables are primarily stylistic in nature (e.g., format, extra columns, tabs, product groupings, etc.). -
Half-Yearly Financial Report at 30 June 2019
Half-Yearly Financial Report at 30 June 2019 Contents Composition of the Corporate Bodies 3 The first half of 2019 in brief Economic figures and performance indicators 4 Equity figures and performance indicators 5 Accounting statements Balance Sheet 7 Income Statement 9 Statement of comprehensive income 10 Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity 11 Statement of Cash Flows 13 Report on Operations Macroeconomic situation 16 Economic results 18 Financial aggregates 22 Business 31 Operating structure 37 Significant events after the end of the half and business outlook 39 Other information 39 Notes to the Financial Statements Part A – Accounting policies 41 Part B – Information on the balance sheet 78 Part C – Information on the income statement 121 Part D – Comprehensive Income 140 Part E – Information on risks and relative hedging policies 143 Part F – Information on capital 155 Part H – Transactions with related parties 166 Part L – Segment reporting 173 Certification of the condensed Half-Yearly Financial Statements pursuant to Article 81-ter of 175 CONSOB Regulation 11971 of 14 May 1999, as amended Composition of the Corporate Bodies Board of Directors Chairperson Massimiliano Cesare Chief Executive Officer Bernardo Mattarella Director Pasquale Ambrogio Director Leonarda Sansone Director Gabriella Forte Board of Statutory Auditors Chairperson Paolo Palombelli Regular Auditor Carlo Ferocino Regular Auditor Marcella Galvani Alternate Auditor Roberto Micolitti Alternate Auditor Sofia Paternostro * * * Auditing Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers