DOCSLIB.ORG

Detection of the Geothermal Alterations and Thermal Anomalies by Processing of Remote Sensing Data, Sabalan, Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Detection of the Geothermal Alterations and Thermal Anomalies by Processing of Remote Sensing Data, Sabalan, Iran DETECTION OF THE GEOTHERMAL ALTERATIONS AND THERMAL ANOMALIES BY PROCESSING OF REMOTE SENSING DATA, SABALAN, IRAN Tohid NOURI, Majid Mohammady Oskouei Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran, Tel:+984123459299 Email: [email protected], [email protected] KEYWORDS: ASTER, linear spectral unmixing, geothermal, hydrothermal alteration, thermal anomaly. Abstract: Geothermal energy is directly related to radioactive elements inside of the earth. In geothermal areas thermal gradient is higher than vicinity regions. Extraction of thermal energy is therefore more beneficial in these areas. The Sabalan, Damavand, Sahand, Taftan, and Bazman regions have been proved as good potentials for geothermal energy in Iran. This study aims assessment of capability of remote sensing technology for detection of geothermal resources in Sabalan geothermal area. To do this task, processing of two datasets of Advanced Spaceborn Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) data were used for alteration detection. Two ASTER scenes from the study area were therefore merged and processed. The applied method for mineral detection in this research is linear spectral unmixing. The important alterations (carbonate, borate, iron oxides, and clay minerals) were successfully detected and mapped. Besides that, the thermal anomalies were also investigated and mapped with the use of ASTER thermal channels. The resultant maps were then validated with comparing to the results of geophysical surveys available from SUNA organization. According to their works, the anomaly maps resulted from ASTAR data processing are able to illuminate the geothermal potential in the study area. INTRODUCTION Geothermal energy originates from collapsing of existing radioactive elements inside of the earth. In geothermal areas this source of heat energy, in the form of magma, is closer to the surface than other places. This kind of energy is one of the clean energy types and could be used directly for electricity generating. Detection of geothermal resources, therefore, has been much of interest for earth scientists. Considering the alteration caused by magma and hydrothermal fluids in surrounding rocks particularly around faults and fractures, a diversity of geochemical methods have been applied to geothermal resources explorations. Sinters, the chemical precipitates of hydrothermal systems, generally consist of mineral dominated by silica, carbonate, borates, metallic sulfides and oxides, and clay minerals (Hellman etal. 2004, Coolbaugh etal. 2006, Kratt etal. 2006). Therefore, areas that show anomalies of above mentioned minerals will be good targets for planning more detail exploration. Detection of such regions can be easily done by processing of remote sensing data. Exploration of Geothermal energy with remote sensing technology is useful in the early stages of exploration (Fernández etal. 2001). For a long time, geological remote sensing researchers have focused on the use of spectral signatures for rock type discrimination and mineral mapping, especially hydrothermal alteration minerals (Rowan etal. 2003). The use of remote sensing data analysis for geothermal exploration has been investigated in previous researches (e.g Coolbaugh etal. 2006,2007, Kratt etal. 2006,2009,2010, Eneva etal. 2007,2009). Recent developments in processing of both multi and hyperspectral data have led to the extensive application of those data in mineral detection. ASTER is one of the spaceborn multispectral satellite imagery systems that have been used for mineral exploration and it has better spectral resolution both in SWIR and thermal regions comparing to LANDSAT imagery (Azizi etal. 2010). As a result, on the basis of spectral characteristics of minerals, different alteration minerals are detected and mapped using ASTER data (Tangestani etal. 2008). Because of vicinity of geothermal systems to land surface, detection of geothermal related thermal anomalies could be another technique for underground geothermal systems exploration and thermal channels of ASTER data are also applied for surface temperature assessments and analysis. In this study, surface indicators (alteration minerals and thermal anomalies) of geothermal resources in Sabalan Mountain were detected. To do this task, the clay minerals, silica, borates, carbonates, and iron oxides were selected as indicator. Spectral image processing techniques including endmembers detection and unmixing algorithm were performed on the ASTER data. Finally we processed thermal bands of ASTER for extraction of geothermal related surface thermal anomalies. DATA ACQUISITION AND PREPROCESSING In this study two georeferenced scenes of ASTER level 1B data were merged to achieve necessary coverage of the region. In figure 1 time of acquisition and position of data is illustrated. The data was then atmospherically and topographically corrected using FLAASH and Lambertian (Riaño etal. 2003) method respectively before running the unmixing and thermal procedures. Figure 1: position an d time of acquisition the ASTER data. LINEAR SPECTRAL UNMIXING ALGORITHM (LSU) In this study geothermal related minerals were detected using unmixing algorithm. In LSU algorithm, as indicated in equation 1, an unknown pixel usually consisted of different materials and the total reflection of a pixel is considered as a linear mixings of reflections of the materials (Chang. 2007, Borengasser etal. 2008) where X is pixel spectrum, is coefficient of ith reference spectrum (endmember), is ith reference spectrum, and is noise. Unmixing algorithm determines contribution of different materials in all pixels of data with decomposition of their spectrums. Before implementation of Unmixing algorithm four steps needs to be done including: 1) minimum noise fraction (MNF), 2) pixel purity index (PPI), 3) n-dimensional visualization (n- DV), 4) spectral analysis. (1) MINIMUM NOISE FRACTION (MNF) MNF is statistical method similar to PCA (Azizi etal. 2010) that separates noise from data and gives estimation about actual dimensionality of data and reduces latter computations. After preprocessing, the MNF algorithm was implemented for noise whitening and preparing the data for Pixel Purity Index (PPI). In the MNF derived image there is no correlation among bands and its first band reflects main part of information, as indicated in the figure 2 due to its higher eigenvalue comparing to following bands (figure 3). Figure 2: MNF image of the study area. (a) band. 1 and (b) band. 2. Figure 3: Eigenvalues of MNF image bands 1 to 9 PIXEL PURITY INDEX (PPI) Recently many algorithms were developed for extraction of pure pixels of remote sensing multi and hyperspectral data and PPI is one of efficient algorithms for this task. PPI is the method that determines relative purity of pixels using the convex geometry argument (Qiu etal. 2006). In the PPI algorithm n random unit vectors are generated in m-dimensional data space (m is the number of MNF image bands in this case) and all pixels are projected to these random vectors. After predefined iterations, pixels that their projections fall far from mean projection by a certain threshold are marked as pure pixels. PPI algorithm was therefore implemented over MNF image for detection of purest pixels. Most of the pure pixels of the study area are in the western and eastern parts as indicated in figure 4. N-DIMENSIONAL VISUALIZATION In the PPI algorithm pixels are evaluated in terms of purity and characteristics of pure pixels are not recognized. They were plotted in an n-dimensional space for grouping of pure pixels. This is done by ENVIs N- Dimensional Visulizer and 5 classes were detected by visual interpretation (Figure 5). For determination of mineralogy of detected classes the mean spectrum of each of them were calculated. Figure 4: Pure pixels of the Figure 5: clouds of pure pixels in 3D view and 5 distinguished classes. study area (red pixels). SPECTRAL ANALYSIS Spectral analysis is used to identify different mineral types based on their spectral features (Qiu etal. 2006). The spectral analysis was applied for determination of mean spectrums (endmembers) using Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Spectral Feature Fitting (SFF), and Binary Encoding (BE) algorithms and USGS mineral spectral library as references spectra. To do this task, the reference library was resampled according to ASTER channels (figure 6). Finally the minerals of the spectral library having higher matching score to the endmembers based on the total scores of the three comparison methods were selected. The matching of absorption features on the reference and endmembers spectral profile were then visually checked to select best matches to the endmembers.The minerals Calcite, Montmorillonite, Tincalconite, Silica, and Hematite were therefore detected as representatives of 5 classes (table 1, figure 7). Table 1: assigned minerals to the detected classes. Class No Mineral type SAM SFF BE Class1 Calcite 0.902 0.704 0.778 Class2 Montmorillonite 0.865 0.843 0.889 Class3 Tincalconite 0.929 0.692 0.889 Class4 Quartz 0.814 0.763 0.778 Class5 Hematite 0.888 0.990 0.889 Figure 6: resampled montmorillonite and its original spectral profile. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 7: absorption features of the mean spectrum of 5 classes (red lines) and their best fit from library (black li nes). (a) montmorillonite (b) calcite (c) tincalconite (d) quartz (e) hematite. After detection of endmembers, LSU algorithm was applied for computing of the abundances of detected minerals. The results were then integrated
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review and Updated Checklist of Freshwater Fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status
    Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2017), 4(Suppl. 1): 1–114 Received: October 18, 2016 © 2017 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: February 30, 2017 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.7508/iji.2017 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status Hamid Reza ESMAEILI1*, Hamidreza MEHRABAN1, Keivan ABBASI2, Yazdan KEIVANY3, Brian W. COAD4 1Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran 3Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran 4Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada *Email: [email protected] Abstract: This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic and zoogeographical research on the Iranian inland ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of J.J. Heckel (1846-1849), the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. This article lists 288 species in 107 genera, 28 families, 22 orders and 3 classes reported from different Iranian basins. However, presence of 23 reported species in Iranian waters needs confirmation by specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960S and 1970S
    Podoces, 2008, 3(1/2): 1–30 Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960s and 1970s DEREK A. SCOTT Castletownbere Post Office, Castletownbere, Co. Cork, Ireland. Email: [email protected] Received 26 July 2008; accepted 14 September 2008 Abstract: The 12-year period from 1967 to 1978 was a period of intense ornithological activity in Iran. The Ornithology Unit in the Department of the Environment carried out numerous surveys throughout the country; several important international ornithological expeditions visited Iran and subsequently published their findings, and a number of resident and visiting bird-watchers kept detailed records of their observations and submitted these to the Ornithology Unit. These activities added greatly to our knowledge of the status and distribution of birds in Iran, and produced many records of birds which had rarely if ever been recorded in Iran before. This paper gives details of all records known to the author of 92 species that were recorded as rarities in Iran during the 12-year period under review. These include 18 species that had not previously been recorded in Iran, a further 67 species that were recorded on fewer than 13 occasions, and seven slightly commoner species for which there were very few records prior to 1967. All records of four distinctive subspecies are also included. The 29 species that were known from Iran prior to 1967 but not recorded during the period under review are listed in an Appendix. Keywords: Rare birds, rarities, 1970s, status, distribution, Iran. INTRODUCTION Eftekhar, E. Kahrom and J. Mansoori, several of whom quickly became keen ornithologists.
    [Show full text]
  • See the Document
    IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways
    [Show full text]
  • Data Collection Survey on Tourism and Cultural Heritage in the Islamic Republic of Iran Final Report
    THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IRANIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE, HANDICRAFTS AND TOURISM ORGANIZATION (ICHTO) DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON TOURISM AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FINAL REPORT FEBRUARY 2018 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY JTB CORPORATE SALES INC. INGÉROSEC CORPORATION RECS INTERNATIONAL INC. 7R JR 18-006 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON TOURISM AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FINAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ v Maps ........................................................................................................................................ vi Photos (The 1st Field Survey) ................................................................................................. vii Photos (The 2nd Field Survey) ............................................................................................... viii Photos (The 3rd Field Survey) .................................................................................................. ix List of Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................ x 1. Outline of the Survey ....................................................................................................... 1 (1) Background and Objectives .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Rare Birds in Iran, 1860S–1960S
    Podoces, 2009, 4(1): 1–27 Review of Rare Birds in Iran, 1860s–1960s CEES S. ROSELAAR 1* & MANSOUR ALIABADIAN 2 1. Zoological Museum & Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam PO Box 94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS 2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IRAN * Correspondence Author. Email: [email protected] Received 27 March 2009; accepted 7 October 2009 Abstract: Based on original literature reports covering the period 1860 –1969, details of 362 records of 102 bird species considered rare in Iran are presented. This fills a gap in knowledge of Iran’s birds from a period between research by Gmelin and Hablizl in the 1770s (reviewed by Mlikovsky 2008) and an overview of the observations of rare birds in Iran in the 1960s and 1970s (presented by Scott 2008). Attention is drawn to two new species for Iran (Eastern Marsh Harrier Circus spilonotus and Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus ). Published details validate the records of Light-bellied Brent Goose Branta hrota , Upland Buzzard Buteo hemilasius , Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris , and Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus , formerly considered as of dubious occurrence in Iran. Information on six species (Yellow-breasted Tit Cyanistes cyanus flavipectus , Falcated Duck Anas falcata , Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus , Güldenstädt’s Redstart Phoenicurus erythrogaster , Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus and Eurasian Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes) was considered insufficient or unreliable and the occurrence of these species in Iran has been rejected. We recommend that these species be omitted from the last revised checklist of the birds of Iran (Scott & Adhami 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Iran in Botanical Perspective Mehdi Zarrei
    Iran in Botanical Perspective Mehdi Zarrei Iran, with an area of about 1.65m square kilometers, has some of the most varied and interesting flora in the region. Topographical, climatic and edaphic conditions have made it rich to the extent of more than 7,000 species. There are two main mountain chains: the Alburz range, extending from the northwest to the northeast of Iran, acts as a barrier preventing clouds moving from the Caspian towards the central basin of Iran. The Zagros range, running from the north-west to the south, prevents the eastward movement of clouds coming from the Mediterranean area. This is the reason why the eastern slopes of the Zagros and the southern parts of the Alburz are dryer than the opposing slopes. The Hyrcanian area (the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and the northern slopes of the Alburz Mountains) is the most humid area in Iran, with an annual precipitation of about 2,000 mm in the western parts around Bandar-e Anzali. In contrast, the annual precipitation in the central basins, particularly the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts, is less than 100 mm; there is sometimes no rain for several years. Most parts of Iran belong to the Holoarctic phytogeographical kingdom, and only the southern regions (north of a line from the Persian Gulf to the Oman Sea) belong to the Paleotropic kingdom. The Hyrcanian area is mainly covered by forests. In the Hyrcanian forest Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.) K.Koch, Celtic australis L. and Zelkova carpinifolia Dippel are endemic Arcto-Tertiary elements.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Iffr' Mw \JU L.C Introduction: the Shi-Ahmad Wildlife Refuge in Iran Is Established 10 Years Back to Maintain Biodiversity
    Chapter I 10 n %h' 'iffr' mW \JU l.C Introduction: The Shi-Ahmad wildlife refuge in Iran is established 10 years back to maintain biodiversity. However, it is facing problems due to conflict between local people and Department of Environment in Iran. It can be resolved with proper conflict management technique. Can ecotourism be a solution for this issue? To what extent it would be useful to benefit local people? Is it feasible in the gi\en circumstances'.' With these researcli questions in mind the present study entitled. "Feasibility oF ecolourism for conservation of environment and economic incentives. A case study: The Shir-Ahinad wildlife relugc has been undertaken. It is an attempt to find out answers to such questions on the basis of infomiation gathered from various sources and the data collected by the researcher himself It may be quite in place to review meaning, definition and practices of ecotourism, tourism and their impact on protected areas in the beginning of the study. 1.0.1 Tourism and Ecotourism: Ecotourism has become popular industry in the world over last 15 years not only in the service sector, but also in the government sector and academic areas (Kitzinger. 1995; Blarney, 1997). Proposed detlnitions vary from very general to highly specific. The most accepted definition was introduced by Honey (1998) in her book; "Ecotourism and Siistainable Development; Who owns the paradise", is the most comprehensive oxerview of -.vcrkfAide ecoto^^rism practices today. There a''c several other considerations ot ecotourism detlnitior^.s some of whicii are listed below: Hetzer (1965) c!a;;ri that ecotourism is tounsm based principally uDon natural and archaeological resources '-ucli as birds and other wildlife, scenic areas, reefs, caves, fossil sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Altitudes and Summits
    Iran Altitudes and Summits Alvand Summit, Hamadan The mountainous region of Alvand embraces the important summits of the province. The Quri chay and Qarah Chay Rivers take their sources in the northern slopes, and the Yujari Chay and Khoram Abad Rivers take their sources in the south western skirts. The most suitable route to the Alvand peak is from the Ganj Nameh route (Hamadan) in Abbas Abad. In the skirts of Alvand Mountains, 'Kallaq Lan', 'Chal Qibleh' and 'Chal Nabaleqan' are equipped with facilities to accommodate visitors. Damavand Summit, Damavand This peak with an attitude of 5,678 m. is located 75 km southeast of Tehran. Besides the natural beauty of Mount Damavand, the Esk and Gol-e- Zard Caves are also placed in the ascending route to Plure. Besides these, other attractive sight-seeing areas of the region are the thermal spring of Larijan, the vicinity of Vararoo with 8 m. of snow in the winter season, and the Lar Lake, are worth mentioning. Dena Mountain, Hafshejan, Shahr-e-Kord The track to the said peak begins at Hafashjan. After crossing Kollak garden and lower and upper Kamar Qarchi gardens, mountain climbers ascend the flat rocks on skirts of this mountain and finally by passing through that, they reach Dena peak. Taftan Summit, Khash The mountainous area and Taftan peak is located in the southeast of Iran, and within a distance of 50 km. southeast of Khash city. This mountain embraces the Taftan volcano and is the tallest mountain of Baluchestan, with several peaks. Its famous volcanic summit known as 'Chehel Tan' lies 380 km.
    [Show full text]
  • Crust and Upper Mantle Structures of the Makran Subduction Zone In
    Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Solid Earth Discuss., 6, 1–34, 2014 Open Access www.solid-earth-discuss.net/6/1/2014/ Solid Earth doi:10.5194/sed-6-1-2014 Discussions © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Solid Earth (SE). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in SE if available. Crust and upper mantle structures of the Makran subduction zone in south-east Iran by seismic ambient noise tomography M. Abdetedal1, Z. H. Shomali1,2, and M. R. Gheitanchi1 1Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Iran 2Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Received: 29 September 2013 – Accepted: 12 December 2013 – Published: 2 January 2014 Correspondence to: Z. H. Shomali ([email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 1 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract We applied seismic ambient noise surface wave tomography to estimate Rayleigh wave empirical Green’s functions from cross-correlations to study crust and uppermost man- tle structure beneath the Makran region in south-east Iran. We analysed 12 months 5 of continuous data from January 2009 through January 2010 recorded at broadband seismic stations. We obtained group velocity of the fundamental mode Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves from empirical Green’s functions between 10 and 50 s periods by multiple-filter analysis and inverted for Rayleigh wave group velocity maps. The final results demonstrate significant agreement with known geological and tec- 10 tonic features. Our tomography maps display low-velocity anomaly with south-western north-eastern trend, comparable with volcanic arc settings of the Makran region, which may be attributable to the geometry of Arabian Plate subducting overriding lithosphere of the Lut block.
    [Show full text]
  • PROJECT REPORT Pakistan Investigations (IR)PK-27
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROJECT REPORT Pakistan Investigations (IR)PK-27 RECONNAISSANCE OF THE GEOLOGY AND ORE MINERALIZATION IN PART OF THE CHAGAI DISTRICT, PAKISTAN \ OPEN FILE REPORT This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards or nomenclature Prepared under the auspices of the Government of Pakistan and the Agency for International Development U. S. Department of State 1975 RECONNAISSANCE OF THE GEOLOGY AND ORE MINERALIZATION IN PART OF THE CHAGAI DISTRICT, PAKISTAN, 1964 by Raymond H. Nagell U. S. Geological Survey CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT.................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................. 2 Location and accessibility........................... 2 Climate and vegetation. ........................ »...... 4 Scope of the report.................................. 5-6 Previous work........................................ 7 Acknowledgments...................................... 8 GEOLOGY................................................... 9 Physiography......................................... 11 Igneous rocks........................................ 12 Sinjrani Volcanic Group*........................ 13 Chagai intrusions*.............................. 16 Dikes........................................... 18 Koh-i-Sultan Volcanic Group ..................... 19 Age of igneous rocks............................ 19 Sedimentary rocks.................................... 20 Humai Formation*..........
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Affecting the Qajar-Era Fort Settlements in Iran's Sistan Region Due to Hydrographic Changes in the Hirmand River
    Zarei, M, E and others ______________________ Intl. J. Humanities (2016) Vol. 23 (4): (106-132) Factors Affecting the Qajar-Era Fort Settlements in Iran's Sistan Region Due to Hydrographic Changes in the Hirmand River Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei1, Seyyed Rasool Mousavi Haji 2 Naghmeh Behboodi3 Received: 2016/12/26 Accepted: 2017/9/29 Abstract Locating fort settlements in Iran's Sistan region during different historical periods have always been associated with changes in the direction of Hirmand River which often occurred due to various natural and human factors. One of the most important determining factors in locating the aforementioned settlements is changes in hydrographic network. This study aims to identify the relation between the Iranian province of Sistan hydrographic networks and the fort settlement during the Qajar era. The research method applied, here, is descriptive-analytical, historical- comparative, documentary, library and the field study in Iran's Sistan area. The main focus of the study is on the issue of changes in the hydrographic network of the Hirmand River. The main question is to what extent have the changes in the direction of the hydrographic network of Hirmand played a role in locating fort settlements of the Qajar era in Iran's Sistan region. Records, documents, data and historical information related to the Qajar era were collected and comprehensively compared and analyzed regarding the current and the past situations in the geographic information system (GIS) using ArcGIS software. The results show that the highest number of the locating and the density of fort settlements during Qajar are related to the hydrographic basin of the Sistanriver.
    [Show full text]
  • Visitor's Guide to Inyo County
    Visitor’s G u ide to ININYOYOCOCOUNTYUNTY Main Street, ca.1930 Bishop, California Courtesy of Eastern California Museum SESQUICENTENNIAL ISSUE www.TheOtherSideOfCalifornia.com DEATH VALLEY AND THE EASTERN SIERRA INYOCOUNTY SESQUICENTENNIAL ISSUE Made possible with a Grant from The County of Inyo Table of Contents Inyo County Celebrates CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE Its Sesquicentennial OF INYO COUNTY 2 Lone Pine Chamber of Commerce 120 South Main Street P.O. Box 749 The Owens River Lone Pine, California 93545 (760) 876-4444 River of Many Uses www.lonepinechamber.org 7 Bishop Area Chamber of Commerce and Visitors Bureau The Owens Lake 690 N. Main Street Bishop, California 93514 Bird Festival 760-873-8405 • 888-395-3952 11 wwwBishopVisitor.com Death Valley Chamber of Commerce P.O. Box 15 Beauty of Tecopa, California 92389 The Bishop Murals (888) 600-1844 www.deathvalleychamber.org 12 [email protected] Government Agencies: The Old Spanish Trail Winds Its Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Way Into Inyo County’s History (760) 872-5000 16 County of Inyo (760) 878-0366 This Is My Inyo Death Valley National Park (760) 786-3200 19 Manzanar National Historic Site My Life As An Outdoorsman (760) 878-2194 Eastern Sierra Interagency Visitors A Comedy In Several Acts Center 21 (760) 876-6222 Inyo National Forest-Supervisor PUBLISHED BY: Golden Gate Media Group • [email protected] (760) 873-2400 ADVERTISING SALES David Carrillo (909) 224-8167 Mt. Whitney Ranger Station The information in this Visitors Guide was gathered and carefully compiled to insure maximum accu- racy. Golden Gate Media Group cannot guarantee the correctness of all information furnished them, (760) 876-6200 nor the complete absence of errors or omissions, hence, no responsibility for the same can be, nor is, assumed.
    [Show full text]