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Pathogens (Penicillin, Tumor Suppression) Food (Cheese and Soy Sauce) Fig Fungi General Characteristics • Primarily terrestrial • Filamentous • __________Hyphae • Coenocytic (aseptate) • septate • mycelium • Haustoria – specialized parasitic hyphae Fungal Hyphae General Characteristics (animal-like) • Heterotrophic • absorption (saprobes) • parasitic • mutualistic • Cell Wall:______Chitin • Store sugar as glycogen Fungal Reproduction • Asexual • haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) • Sexual • hyphae (haploid) • Syngamy (diploid) – (like us) • Plasmogamy______________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon) • karyogamy (diploid) Fugal Reproduction Fungal Classification Division: Chytridiomycota • Have _______Flagella (rare in fungi) • Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular • Cell wall: chitin • Saprobes or parasites • May be most primitive fungi Division: Zygomycota Division: Zygomycota • Coenocytic Fungi • Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material) • Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) • Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring (enzymes) Fig. 31-13-4 Key Essay! – probably at least Haploid (n) one fungi one plant life Heterokaryotic (n + n) cycle! Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating Gametangia with type (+) Mating haploid nuclei type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium Rhizopus (heterokaryotic) growing SEXUAL on bread REPRODUCTION Dispersal and Zygosporangium germination Sporangia KARYOGAMY Spores Sporangium Diploid nuclei ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium Division: Zygomycota • Microsporidia • Parasitic • Loss of organelles • Cause disease in people with immune deficiency • Used as pest control Division: Glomeromycota • Arbuscular mycorrhizae • Coenocytic Fungi • Mutualistic________ - associated with plant roots • increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients Division: Ascomycota Divison: ________Ascomycota • Septate fungi (sac fungi) • Saprobes, mutualistic • Examples: Dutch Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds • Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce) Fig. 31-17-4 Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating ASEXUAL type (+) REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus Conidiophore (dikaryotic) Mycelia Dikaryotic Mycelium hyphae Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus Asci Eight (zygote) Ascocarp ascospores Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS Division: Basidiomycota Division: Basidiomycota • Septate Fungi (Club fungi) • Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic • Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi • Uses: Food Division: Basidiomycota • Fairy Rings Fig. 31-19-4 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating Gills lined type (+) Haploid with basidia mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with Basidia four basidiospores Basidium (n+n) Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Diploid Dikaryotic (n+n) 1 µm Basidiospore nuclei Diploid (2n) Division: Deuteromycota • Imperfect_________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae • Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi • Stachybotrys chartarum Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist Lichen • Mutualistic - association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota • Pioneer organisms Ecological Impacts • Decomposers • Pathogens (30% of species…most plant pathogens). • 10-50% worlds fruit lost due to Fungi • Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD) • Food Production – recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles • Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth • Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline • 60% human diseases originate from animals 9/5/18 24 End of Lecture info related to pract I Plant Diversity I Highlights of Plant Evolution Gymnosperms Alternation of Generation Both a __________Multicellular haploid and __________Multicellular diploid stages in the life cycles. Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) • Nonvascular Seedless • Vascular Seedless plants plants Bryophyta • _____________ • Lycophyta • Mosses • Club mosses • Hepatophyta • Psilophyta • Liverworts • Whiskferns • Anthocerophyta • Spenophyta • Hornworts • Horsetails • _____________Pterophyta • Ferns Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos) We will treat all of these as “divisions”! Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants • Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) • no true leaves, roots, stems • __________________/___________________:Gametophyte Sporophyte • Gametophyte • (antheridium and archegonium) • sporangium (produces spores) Hepatophyta • Liverworts • Two forms • __________Leafy (80%) • __________Thalloid (20%) Hepatophyta • Liverworts • Reproduction • Asexual (_______________)Gemma Cups • sexual Anthocerophyta • Hornworts Sporophyte • Similar to liverworts except for _____ sporophytes _____ • Most closely related __ to higher plants Bryophyta Mosses Bryophyta Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally Essay! Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants • Formation of vascular tissue • __________Xylem (water) • __________Phloem (food) • True leaves, roots, and stems • Lignin (chemical in cell wall) • Sporophyte generation dominate • Sperm with flagella Lycophyta • Lycophytes • true leaves • Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein. • true stems • true roots • ____________Sporophylls • leaves that produce spores Psilophyta • Whisk Ferns • True stems • no true leaves • no true roots Sphenophyta • Horsetails • true leaves • microphylls • true stems • silica • true roots Division: Pterophyta Division: Pterophyta Fern Life Cycle Essay!.
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