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Analysis of Arthur Upham Pope's Viewpoint in Relation to the Persian

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Analysis of Arthur Upham Pope's Viewpoint in Relation to the Persian 15 quarterly, No. 30| Winter 2021 DOI: 10.22034/jaco.2020.215353.1134 Persian translation of this paper entitled: تحلیل دیدگاه آرتور اپهام پوپ در رابطه با معماری ایران با تأکید بر نوشتار کتاب »سیری در هنر ایران« is also published in this issue of journal. Original Research Article Analysis of Arthur Upham Pope’s Viewpoint in Relation to the Persian Architecture A Systematic Review on the Book Entitled “A Survey of Persian Art” Sindokht Rezaei Lipaee1, Hossein Soltanzadeh2, Reza Askarizad*3 1. Ph.D. Candidate, in Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. 2. Associate Professor of Architecture Department, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3. Department of Architecture, ACECR, Rasht Branch,Iran. Received; 11/01/2020 revise; 2020/09/17 available online; 2021/01/01 Abstract Arthur Pope was one of the greatest scholars who introduced Persian culture and architecture to the world. This study aims to study the writing of Arthur Pope in his famous book entitled “A Survey of Persian Art”. This book is one of the most important encyclopedias of Persian art before and after Islam and the most detailed and authoritative reference book on the history of Iranian art. This book is the richest resource of Persian art with the illustrations in which it has been published. In 1926, Pope began writing A Survey of Persian Art for the first time, after the first congress in Philadelphia, shortly after his return to the United States. In his research, he introduced any building using an image; Like the method that archaeologists use to present the results of their excavations. Pope’s view of the history of Persian architectural art is positivist, influenced by the teachings of Kant’s philosophy and the modern view of history. Relying on different types of resources, focusing on political and diplomatic history, this approach deals with the classification of documents, and with an empirical perspective, pays attention to objective spaces. The results indicated that the sub-criteria of Persian art that according to Pope, are effective in regulating the spatial system of Iranian architecture are: continuity, abstraction, symbolism, clarity and accuracy, social and traditional character of Iranian art history and the relationship and impact of Persian architecture and other civilizations and their influence on each other. Keywords: Arthur Upham Pope; History of Iranian Architecture; A Survey of Persian Art; Islamic Architecture. Introduction in Phoenix, Rhode Island, and died in 1969. He was Arthur Upham Pope was born in 1881 into a purely the first student and later a colleague and friend of religious and military family of Puritan Englishmen the philosopher Alexander Meiklejohn, one of the * Corresponding Author: [email protected] , +989112343203 16 quarterly, No. 30| Winter 2021 ten winners of the American Medal of Freedom. holding of numerous exhibitions and his connection Despite his keen interest in classical music and with corporations, museums and libraries. After a short piano playing, Pope preferred a professional focus time, he started working as a carpet expert (Kadoi, on the philosophical sciences. From 1911 to 1917, 2012). From 1924 to 1924, he was an advisor to Islamic shortly after arriving in Berkeley, California as an Art and an art curator at the Art Institute of Chicago, associate professor of philosophy, Pope presented an art consultant and a member of the board of trustees works to aesthetic students after meeting with Phoebe of the Columbia Museum of Textiles (Pope, 1964), Apperson Hearst, an Oriental carpet collector, and and an adviser to Persian artisans at the Pennsylvania has since studied and published articles on Persian Industrial Institute (Sahab, 1977, 282 quoted by Mir art and archeology (O’Kane, 2016); (Fig. 1). After Saeedi, 2000). During his lifetime, Pope made twenty World War I, he began working exclusively as an trips to Iran during his 50 years of professional work art consultant. After a failed marriage to his friend (Rizvi, 2007, 46). Pope who was a very eloquent Bertha Louise Clark (June, 1909), he remarried Phyllis speaker has delivered hundreds of important lectures Ackerman, a prominent mathematics student (Pope, on Iran around the world throughout his career. For 1964, 3229-3340). Influenced by Pope’s masterful example, in the same year that he became a member role, Phyllis Ackerman was in one of his philosophy of the Iranian Academy, he traveled to French higher classes at Berkeley and was able to look at philosophy education institutions for a year on behalf of Harvard from a mathematical perspective as a colleague in the University to deliver a lecture on the impact of Persian Department of Philosophy. In 1917, he completed his architecture on European architecture, giving a doctoral dissertation on Hegel and pragmatism (Smith, lecture entitled “Iranians’ Contribution to the Gothic 1957, 217). Architecture” (Kadoi, 2012). Pope was a specialist in a field that was not taught in According to his will, in 1969, he was buried next to American universities, and this ability was due to the • Brown University of • Teaching philosophy • 1904-1906 Rhode Island • Continuing education • 1907-1908 • Kozel University • Archeology and • 1909-1911 • Harvard University architecture • 1911 • Brown University • Teacher of philosophy • 1911-1917 • University of California, • Associate Professor of • 1917 Berkeley Philosophy • 1918 • University of California, activities Professional • Aesthetic education • 1919 Berkeley • War Ethics Committee Years of professional professional lifeof Years • 1923 • Serve in the Army • End of teaching • 1924-1932 Place of service and teaching and service of Place • Departure to the east • Director of the California • 1920-1930 • San Fransisco Museum of Art • 1925-1935 • Chicago Art Institute • Islamic Art Consultant • 1935 • Paris, France • Iranian Art Association • 1936 • Iran • Iranian Art Consultant • 1946 • France • Academy of Iran • 1951 • University of Tehran • Honorary Professor of Art • University of Tehran History • 1964 • Iran • Receive a scientific award • Iran • Receive the crown badge • Receive Royal badge Fig. 1. Arthur Upham Pope’s professional biography. Source: authors. Sindokht Rezaei Lipaee, et al. 17 Zayandehrood, Isfahan, in the municipal garden, east on the fact that the history of Persian architecture of Khajoo Bridge. Engineer Foroughi designed a tomb should be studied not only in the evolution of forms for him and his wife in the style of a fifth century AH but also in the political, social and cultural context of (Seljuk) architects on his tomb. His wife, who died its time and context (Wilber, 1976). However, most in 1976, was also buried next to the Pope (Mazaheri, of Pope’s fame is due to holding and organizing the 2008, 11; Heydari, 2011, 115). The purpose of this most important international congresses of Persian art study was to identify and study the theoretical realm and archeology, and following the exhibitions about of Arthur Upham Pope’s works with emphasis on his Iranian art, many books and references have been famous book “A Survey of Persian Art”. The results of published by him. His activities in these congresses this research can be fruitful for creating an analytical had a significant impact on the Iranian handicrafts and approach to the history of Persian art for researchers arts market (Sedigh, 1973, 55); (Table 1). in this field. The largest works of art in Iran, which are owned by different countries of the world, including Iran Material and Methods itself, came together to study the impact of Iranian The main method adopted in this research is art on the arts of other countries. Coinciding with the qualitative analysis. Accordingly, the collection of Congress, an exhibition in London called the General data in this research has been done using library Exhibition of Persian Occupied Industries opened resources and documents that have been done with with the Great Exhibition of Persian Art at Burlington tools such as taking notes. The research method House in London and in addition to the exhibition, was also based on using content analysis method. a collection of Pope’s photographs was displayed According to studies, Pope’s approach to Persian in February of the same year at the Royal Institute art and architecture has been interpretive due to his of Architecture in Britain (Rizvi, 2007, 50). One explicit attitude towards identifying phenomena. of the achievements of the second congress was the Accordingly, his phenomenological viewpoint, which formation of the International Association of Persian is based on the philosophical study of structures and Art and Archeology in Britain (Heydari, 2011, 108). derived from experience and comprehension, has A model of one-third of the large entrance of the Shah also subconsciously been effective in the type of Mosque was built by the Pope during a visit to Isfahan methodological approach of the authors’ research. and transported by land to London and unveiled at the Accordingly, by carefully and substantively studying Royal Academy (Rizvi, 2007, 50); (Fig. 2). the book “A Survey of Persian Art”, an attempt was made to study the intellectual philosophy and The presence of Arthur Upham Pope in Iran theoretical realm of Arthur Pope’s works in relation and the beginning of documentation to Persian art. By the time Pope entered Iran, Iran’s image had changed politically. The Qajar government was extinct Research in the field of Persian art and and was replaced by the Pahlavi government. The architecture temporal context in which Pope began his career in Iran Regarding the history of studies conducted by renowned was strongly influenced by the nascent history of Iran. Iranologists, we can mention the works of Arthur Pope Despite the lack of public awareness in the valuation and Donald Wilber, who have studied their field outside of historical monuments, the nationalist interests of the of archeology, and in particular the study of Persian art Pahlavi government provided a platform for research and architecture.
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