The Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained by Canoeists During the 2006 Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon
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The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES SUSTAINED BY CANOEISTS DURING THE 2006 ISUZU BERG RIVER CANOE MARATHON Town Richard Feher This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the award of the degree of M.Phil (Sports Physiotherapy) atCape the University of Cape Town of Su pervisors: Theresa Burgess UniversityRomy Parker Cape Town 2009 ii Abstract Aim: To establish the incidence of injuries sustained by canoeists during the 2006 Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon. Methods: Male canoeists who qualified to compete in the race and were registered for the 2006 Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon were asked to volunteer for the study. Subjects were healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 65 years. Fifty-seven participants met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. A baseline questionnaire was administered during race registration. A daily injury questionnaire was administered at the end of each stage of the 4-day event. Results: Forty-eight of the study participants reported injuries (84.2%). Injuries were classified according to site and type. The most common sites of injury were the hands (25%), the shoulder girdle (17.1%) and the lumbar spineTown (11.4%). The most common types of injury were muscle strains (30%), blisters (25%) and muscle cramps (20%). Factors contributing to injury were analysed under intrinsic and extrinsic headers. The intrinsic factor of age was found to be associated with muscle strains. Canoeists who reported muscular strains were significantly Capeyounger than those who did not (33.8 yrs ± 10.78 vs. 40.2 yrs ± 10.76; P = 0.03).of With regard to extrinsic factors, there was an association between weightlifting training and injury. Almost half of the participants (n = 57) used weightlifting training in the six months prior to this event (47.36%). Several types of weight training exercises were found to be associated with incidence of injury including; incline fly's (p = 0.001), chin-ups with a weight belt (p = 0.014), chin-ups without a weight belt (p = 0.018) supine fly's (p = 0.026) one arm rows (p = 0.044), and triceps dips without a weight belt (p = 0.045). Conclusion: CanoeistsUniversity participating in long distance multi-stage events appear to be at high risk for sustaining soft tissue injuries. Younger canoeists appear to be at particular risk for muscle strains. The use of certain weightlifting training exercises may be associated with soft tissue injury provocation. Keywords Canoe/Kayak injuries, Incidence, Questionnaire, Multiple day events/Marathons iii Acknowledgements Special thanks to Theresa Burgess, Romy Parker and Professor Jelsma for their constant advice and support. Additional thanks to the 2006 Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon Organising committee, canoeists and UCT physiotherapy students. Town Cape of University iv Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... iii Contents .............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ....................................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem and Research 9uestion .............................................. 2 1.2 Aims and Objectives ............................... :............................................................ 2 1.3. Signifiance of the Study ....................................................................................... 2 2 Literature Review ..................................................................................... 4 2.1 Epidemiology ....................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Canoeing-Specific Injuries ................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Sites of injuries .................................................................•..•..................... 7 2.2.2 Types of injuries ......................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Non specific lower back pain ...................................................................... 8 2.2.4 Shoulder injuries ...................................................................................... 11 2.2.5 Wrist and elbow tenosynovitis ..................................................................Town 14 2.2.6 Blisters ..................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Causes of Injuries .............................................................................................. 15 2.3.1 Extrinsic factors ................................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Intrinsic factors .................................................................................................. 21 2.4. Research Setting ...............................................................................................Cape 26 2.5 Measurement Instrument. ................................................................................ 286 2.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................of 27 3 Methodology ........................................................................................... 28 3.1 Subjects ..................................... , ...................................................................... 28 3.1.1 Inclusion criteria ....................................................................................... 28 3.1.2 Exclusion criteria ...................................................................................... 28 3.1.3 Informed consent ..................................................................................... 28 3.2 Measurement Instruments .. : .............................................................................. 29 3.3 Procedure ......................................................................................................... 30 3.4 StatisticalUniversity Analysis ............................................................................................. 31 3.5 Ethical Considerations ....................................................................................... 31 3.5.1 Risks ........................................................................................................ 32 3.5.2 Benefits .................................................................................................... 32 3.5.3 Confidentiali~y .......................................................................................... 32 4 Results .................................................................................................... 33 4.1 Descriptive Characteristics ................................................................................ 33 4.2 Injuries Sustained .............................................................................................. 35 4.3 Extrinsic Characteristics .................................................................................... 37 4.3.1 Pre-Race Training and Previous Racing ....................................................... 37 v 4.3.2 Warm-up ................................................................................................... 39 4.3.3 Equipment ................................................................................................ 40 4.3.4 Environment ............................................................................................. 40 4.4 Factors Related to Different Types of Injury ...................................................... .41 4.5 Summary of Results .......................................................................................... 43 5 Discussion .............................................................................................. 44 5.1 Injuries sustained .............................................................................................. 44 5.2 Factors contributing to injury .............................................................................. 48 5.3 Limitations ............................................................................. ' ........................... 51 5.4 Recommendations ............................................................................................ 52 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 53 7 References ............................................................................................. 54 Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Town Cape of University vi LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 ............................................................................................................. 34 Table 4.2 ............................................................................................................