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GPS-Based Mobility Management for Efficient Handover in 5G

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GPS-Based Mobility Management for Efficient Handover in 5G WASEDA UNIVERSITY MASTER’S THESIS GPS-based Mobility Management for efficient Handover in 5G Author: Supervisor: Anosha MOHAMMADI Prof. Takuro SATO Research guidance: Research on Ubiquitous Communication System A thesis submitted to the Department of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, the Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering of Waseda University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering Student ID: 5117F086-5 February 1st, 2019 ii WASEDA UNIVERSITY Abstract Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering Department of Computer Science and Communications Engineering Master of Engineering GPS-based Mobility Management for efficient Handover in 5G by Anosha MOHAMMADI For the next wireless communication systems, the major challenges are to pro- vide ubiquitous wireless access abilities, and maintain the quality of service and seamless handover for mobile communication devices in heterogeneous networks [8]. Due to rapid growth of mobile users, this demand becomes more challeng- ing where the users always require seamless connectivity while they move to other places at anytime.As the number of users increase , the network load also increases, the handover process needs to be performed in an efficient way. How- ever in many situations, the handover blocking, and unnecessary handover fre- quently happen, then affect the network and reduces its performance. The prob- lem arises with the movement of mobile user between base stations while the link connectivity becomes weaker and the mobile node tries to switch to another base station to have a better link quality during a call for higher QoS. In this thesis we aim to reduce the blocking error using the position of mobile node (MN) at the cell boundary, and the handover operation is performed by using geolocation information provided by a GPS system. Particularly, use the GPS system to calculate handover blocking probability. This thesis focuses on reducing the blocking error of handover at the cell boundary of the base stations. We use the two signals of GPS including PN(Pseudo Noise) code and carrier signal to find the error that causes at the cell boundary while performing han- dover. First, we obtain the doppler shift to identify the timing error for each of iii the signals. Then, we calculate the area of cell, and the area of each GPS signal to determine the area that blocks error occur. Keywords: Handover blocking probability, GPS signal, Wireless communica- tion systems, Timing error iv Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude and thank my supervisor, Prof. Takuro Sato, for his patient guidance, and advice he has provided throughout my Mas- ters program and through the process of thesis work. I would also thank all my lab members, friends and colleagues for their warm support and encouragement during my stay in Japan. In particular, I would like to thank Quang Nguyen who gives valuable suggestions for my research. TI also would like to thank the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for their enormous help in both study and life and financial support and the government of Afghanistan for providing me an opportunity to join the PEACE Project for my Masters program study at Waseda University. Finally, I thank my beloved family for their love and encouragement through my years of studies, specially my parents who have raised me and supported me in all of my pursuits. Anosha Mohammadi Waseda University 1st February, 2019 v Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv 1 Mobility in IP Networks 1 2 What is Mobility Management? 5 2.1 Location Management .......................... 5 2.2 Handover Management ......................... 6 2.2.1 Handover Types ......................... 7 2.2.2 Handover Based on the Network Involved .......... 7 2.2.3 Handover Based on the Mobile Terminal ........... 9 2.2.4 Controller based handover ................... 10 2.3 Vertical Handover Process ........................ 10 3 Handover Management in Heterogenous Wireless Networks 12 3.1 Analysis of Handover Algorithm .................... 13 3.2 RSS Based Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Network ..... 15 3.3 Related Works ............................... 16 4 Mobility Management in Wireless Networks 18 4.1 Mobility Management in Cellular Networks ............. 18 4.2 Mobility Management in 3G Networks ................. 18 4.3 Mobility Management in LTE Networks ................ 19 4.4 Mobility Management in 5G Networks ................. 20 vi 5 GPS-based Mobility Management 22 5.1 GPS Doppler Processing ......................... 23 5.2 GPS-based Handover Management ................... 24 5.2.1 The Proposed Approach ..................... 25 5.3 Numerical Results ............................. 25 5.3.1 Handover Blocking Probability ................ 27 6 Conclusion and Future Work 30 vii List of Figures 1.1 Movement of Mobile Node in a heterogeneous environment. .... 2 2.1 Classification of Handover. ....................... 7 2.2 Horizontal and Vertical Handover. ................... 8 2.3 Soft and Hard Handover. ......................... 9 3.1 RSS based vertical handover in WiMAX networks .......... 14 3.2 RSS vs Distance .............................. 16 5.1 illustrates a simple example of distance resolution improvement using the two types of GPS signal. ................... 23 5.2 Timing error inside and outside of the cell boundary ......... 26 5.3 The Timing Error of Carrier signal and PN code signal versus Speed (m/s) ................................ 27 5.4 Probability density function graph ................... 29 viii List of Tables 5.1 Doppler Shift Frequency Notation ................... 24 5.2 GPS-based blocking handover Notation ................ 28 ix List of Abbreviations 3G ThirdGeneration 4G Fourth Generation 5G Fifth Generation 3GPP ThirdGenerationPartnership Project IP Internet Protocol VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol GPRS General Packet Radio Service RAN Radio Access Network WLAN Wireless Local Area Network LTE Long Term Evolution WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for MMicrowave Access GSM Global System for Mobile UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System WiFi Wreless Fidelity MIMO Multi Input Multi Output OFDM Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiple FDD Frequency Division Duplexing TDD Time Division Duplexing UDN Ultra Dense Network RAT Radio Access Technology MN Mobile Node MU Mobile User RNC Radio Network Controller HA Home Agent AP Access Point BLER Blocking Error Rate x AS Active Set BS Base Station QoS Quality of Service RSS Radio Signal Strength SINR Ssignal to Interference Noise Rtio GPS Global Positioning System PN Pseudo Noise HD Handover Decision xi List of Symbols ∆f Doppler Shift Frequency f1 Carrier Frequency C Speed of light d Distance of Mobile terminal from Base Station Vsi Velocity of Satellite Vvi Velocity of Vehicle Cbv Clock bias variation 1 Chapter 1 Mobility in IP Networks Introduction When it comes to data networks the de-facto standard [1] that represented by the TCP/IP stark, with Network layer that dominated by the Internet Protocol (IP), in both IPV4 and IPV6. Mobility Management protocols aim to enable IP connectivity and maintain the mobile node location updated. There are several mechanisms and protocols for changing the access point between IP networks. The known mobility protocol is Mobile IP [2]. Where the mobile nodes (MN) are able to change the attachment point to the network and the location could be tracked. There are two different types of Mobile IP, such as IPv4 and IPv6. For both the key point is home agent (HA) it is located in the mobile nodes home network, the HA is the node which always know the current location of MN. Mobility in IP-based networks is a crucial step to provides connectivity for mo- bile users. When a MN changes its point of access (AP), it has the IP address con- figured by the host, the routing infrastructure establish the data path towards the new location. The IP address is an identifier, as it names a node in a network, as it allows the routing infrastructure to deliver packets to the node. So, for a mov- ing MN, it would be necessary to change the location and keep the same name. If the IP address is changed during the connection to a new network, without any notification for the host name, the connectivity is maintained, but ongoing sessions need to be restarted, as these changes of IP address without producing any interruption and possibility of keeping active ongoing sessions in a seamless 2 Chapter 1. Mobility in IP Networks manner for the user is called Mobility [1]. There are several different access technologies are available in heterogeneous network environment, including WLAN, 3G, GPRS, LTE. To access these dif- ferent technologies, the devices need a vertical handover [2] support, a mech- anism between the technologies. The below Figure illustrates states in a het- erogeneous networks where mobile user moves between different environment such as WLAN, GPRS. The ongoing active sessions run during handover with- out any disconnectivity in the service.Where this mechanism is called Seamless handover. FIGURE 1.1: Movement of Mobile Node in a heterogeneous envi- ronment. Chapter 1. Mobility in IP Networks 3 Motivation First and second generation of mobile wireless networks are based on non-IP in- frastructure where these networks support voice and low data rate services such as short message service (SMS). The next generation wireless networks are envi- sioned to have an IP based infrastructure [4] with the support of different
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