Fall 1987 Volume Forty-nine Number Four

Published for Members of the Yosemite Association

Draining A WATER AND POWER STRUGGLE

Henry Berrc ' acres in the northwest part of Yo- ing cities, water for 2,000,000 it." The mayor also was quoted semite National Park . An Interior residents, was not thrilled with as saying, "I think the dam is On August 1, 1987, daily pa- Department spokesman said the idea. beautiful. It fits right in its pers, mainly those in the San This is not a plan, not a proposal. Plan, proposal, idea or what- setting." Francisco Bay Area . but elsewhere This is an idea." ever, her honor responded So a 74-year old squabble as well, reported that Interior San Francisco's Mayor Dianne promptly, stating -I regard this, between the conservation Secretary Donald Hodel had a Feinstein . whose city stands to frankly, as the worst thing since groups and San Francisco's notion to study the removal of lose some $50,000.000 in re- selling arms to the Ayatollah. It's water and power interests has the O'Shaughnessy Dam and the venues from the sale of electric one administration idea that truly been reignited. draining of Hetch Hetchy reser- power generated below the dam. belongs in 011ie North 's shredder. voir which occupies about 400 and. along with several neighbor- and I'll do all in my power to fight The face of the O'Shaughnessy Dam .

PAGE T vvO YOSEMITE ASSOCIATION, FALL 1HH ' "I could not help wondering if there wasn 't some way we might be able to start movement toward the eventual removal of the dam and reservoir. What an incredible, irreplaceable addition to the National Park System." —INTERIOR SECRETARY DONALD P. HODEL . IN REFERENCE TO THE REMOVAL OF THE OSHAUGHNESSY DAM AND THE HETCH HETCHY RESERVOIR FROM YOSEMITE.

Mr. Hodel, successor to the was announced, there have been of the Longmont Dams in Rocky drals and churches, for no holier controversial Interior Secretary attempts to associate the Hetch Mountain National Park. In that temple has ever been consecrates James Watt, not revered for his Hetchy matter with the incom- case, however, the aim was to re- by the heart of man." stance on environmental matters, plete and sidetracked Auburn move unsafe dams rather than to On the other was Gifford Pir-- appears to have boggled the con- Dam—that if the Secretary pur- restore a flooded valley. chot, head of the U.S. Forest Ser- servationists, one of whom J. sued his Hetch Hetchy ambition, Hetch Hetchy Valley 's trou- vice and allied with the San Fran- Michael McCloskey, Sierra Club the various private and public in- bled history and the later life of cisco water developers . He fa- National Chairman, called the terests concerned with water and the much loved conservationist vored a °utilitarian" conservation Secretary's idea a welcome "bolt power would get together and re- are inalterably linked. approach, and told Congress in out of the blue . We had no inkling surrect the Auburn Dam project. It is thought that Muir 's vigorous 1913: "I am fully persuaded that . he was interested in the subject ." This perception is said by Mr. but futile campaigning against the . the injury . . . by substituting a The Sierra Club has long con- Hodel 's people to be faulty, and damming of the Tuolumne River lake for a swampy valley (Hetch tended that Hetch Hetchy is "a has no basis in fact; the two mat- and the subsequent flooding of Hetchy) is altogether unimpor- great blot on the National Park ters would be evaluated quite the Valley may have contributed tant compared with the benefits System" ever since Congress ap- separately. Furthermore Mr. to his death. Muir died a year to be derived from its use as proved it in 1913 . Most environ- Hodel contends that Hetch after President Wilson, in 1913, a reservoir." mentalists have considered Mi. Hetchy is not to be considered a signed into law the Raker Bill, giv- One of the benefits of the darn Hodel as more interested in de- bargaining chip for any Interior ing San Francisco the go-ahead on was the provision of an adequate veloping public lands for eco- Department activity. the dam. water supply for the city of San nomic growth and energy It is thought that the idea for Most quoted of Muir 's impas- Francisco, which had become supplies than preserving areas for the Hetch Hetchy project arose sioned outbursts was "Dam scenic beauty and recreation. in the Secretary's mind after he Hetch Hetchy! As well dam for The famous valley before it was Since the Secretary's proposal attended the decommissioning water-tanks, the people 's cathe- dammed and, inset, John Muir . :'OSEMITE ASSOCLTION, FALL 1937 PAGE THREE

A WATER AND POWER STRUGGLE serious in its quest for additional ite Valley, Hetch Hetchy has The floor of the valley before deal of study." water sources as early as 1901 and many of its striking natural fea- its flooding was meadowlike, Yosemite Superintendent Jack singled out the Tuolumne River tures, both gorges having been covered with grasses and wild- Morehead greeted Mr. Hodel's as a possibility. The disastrous sculpted by the grinding of flowers. and with stands of tall idea with enthusiasm . "From the 1906 earthquake and fire found glaciers and erosion by rivers— pines and massive oaks. park's standpoint, it would be :he existing water supply in- the Tuolumne in Hetch Hetchy, Josiah Whitney, more than a another spectacular glacial granite adequate to subdue the flames, the Merced in Yosemite . The hundred years ago, called Hetch valley lined with waterfalls. " so the city pressed Congress hard walls of both are of gray granite Hetchy "'almost an-exact counter- Both senators were :o authorize the dam, (now the and Hetch Hetchy's Kolana group part of the Yosemite . It is not somewhat vague in discussing only one of any significance in a of crags—2,300 feet in height— quite on so grand a scale . but if the proposal that could divide in- National Park). are a counterpart to Yosemite 's there were no Yosemite, the terest groups and constituencies The dispute raged along, with Cathedral Rocks . On the opposite Hetch Hetchy would be fairly en- in their state . Democratic Senator the opponents . principally the wall is a sheer 1,800 foot vertical titled to world wide fame ." Cranston said reclaiming Hetch Sierra Club, pretty well holding wall, similar to . Hetch National Park Service Director Hetchy Valley sounds like "John their own until December 1913 Hetchy's waterfalls, Tueeulala William Penn Mott has expressed Muir's dream come true, how- when Mr. W R. Hearst's San Fran- and Wapama, parallel Yosemite a positive but perhaps cautious ever, any plan must fully compen- :iscoExa,nmr'r produced a 16 page Falls in height and volume . Ran- opinion on his boss 's proposal. sate San Francisco and provide edition supporting the project. cheria Creek spills into the Valley "The National Park Service of the city with the equivalent water That seems to have done it—for not unlike Creek into Yo- course would like to have two Yo- and power." on that day the Raker Bill passed semite, while the Tuolumne semite Valleys . Whether this is a the Senate and President Wilson plunges in at the east end some- solution that can be achieved The dam under construction in 1914. promptly signed it. thing like though not economically and feasibly is Elevation numbers are marked on Though not as large as Yosem- so high. something that will take a great the rockface .

PAGE FOUR Y OSEMITE ASSOCIATION, FALL 1y ."-

Republican Senator Pete Wil- If Mr. Hodel is sincere about Michael McCloskey some- national parks and the standards son said, "I don't think Secretary his intentions and the whole af- what cautiously allowed that Mr. for their protection. Hodel's proposal can be taken fair isn't a political red-herring as Hodel's current proposal to re- Among other conservation- seriously until . . . we find an alter- some have suggested, designed store the Hetch Hetchy Valley oriented groups there was not native source of water for San to make the administration look was a welcome one . Mr. McClos- complete agrement with Secre- Francisco ." better in the eyes of conser- key claims that San Francisco tary Hodel 's idea. National Parks But Democratic Congressman vationists, there are scores of won't go thirsty or without and Conservation head Paul Richard Lehman, whose district questions to be answered and power, having storage rights in Pritchard stated that his group ini- includes , considerations to be reckoned Don Pedro Dam downstream on tially had opposed the idea, but called it a "visionary idea" and with in the assessment of the Tuolumne and the ability to after meeting with Mr. Hodel de- said he believed the Secretary was whether or not to raze take its drinking water from the cided that the Secretary was sin- sincere in proposing it . 'This is O'Shaughnessy Dam. Politicians reservoir which is close to the cere. Mr. Pritchard plans to start something environmentalists may do a little backing and filling city's aqueduct. He states that building a constitutency among have wanted since the dam went and jockeying for attention, but power is no problem, since north- the members. up: tear it down . How do you op- there 's no room for compromise. ern California utilities are awash George Frampton, Jr. of the pose him [Mr. Hodel] just explor- The dam stays or goes. in co-generated electricity from Wilderness Society claims that his ing it if there 's a chance you could Not surprisingly. the Sierra factories . It should not be forgot- organization's reactions were mitigate the awful damage at Club immediately expressed ela- ten, Mr. McCloskey said, that the negative. "The idea is interesting' Hetch Hetchy?." tion over Mr. Hodel's unexpected O'Shaughnessy and Lake Eleanor he said, "but given Secretary Congressman Tony Coehlo, statement. It has long fretted over Dams represent a monumental Hodel's miserable record to date. Democrat-Merced : "It's some- the presence of Hetch Hetchy and embarrassment for the nation there is no real evidence that he's thing that is rather intriguing but nearly 80 years ago the Club 's that orginiated both the idea of sincere." unrealistic ." As majority whip, President William Colby said that Peter Coppelman of the Wil- Mr. Coehio's support would be it was a fight that the organiza- derness Society states that the important in moving such a plan tion would pursue " if it shall take The north wall of Hetch Hetchy at Hetch Hetchy proposal is so in- along . until doomsday." the turn of the century. consistent with the secretary's other anti-environmental policies there's doubt that he 's serious. A group of 100 outdoor- oriented organizations, the Amer- ican Recreation Coalition, of which Derrick Crandall is head. feels Secretary Hodel has thrown out an idea that attracts many of his members because it breaks down preconceived notions and has created a positive target for those who care about natural resources. David Brower, highly regarded conservationist, called upon "San Francisco Mayor Feinstein, The Board of Supervisors and all San Franciscans to correct the biggest environmental mistake ever com- mitted against the National Park Service ." Certainly the image of a sec- ond magnificent Valley in Yosem- ite National Park is an appealing one. With public access and ap- propriate low-key visitor facilities, there can be no doubt that tourist pressures on would be relieved. And with seventy years ofYc- semite experience on the books. the National Park Service could do an even more noteworthy jot in managing Hetch Hetchy.

A Rare Basket Collection Returns

by Marion Steinbach several years later. The Indian Cultural Museum The Atkinson collection has has recently been rearranged to been installed in its own case in accommodate the Atkinson the Indian Cultural Museum to family collection of Yosemite replicate George Fiske 's photo- baskets. This early collecton of graph . This intact collection is Indian baskets, collected in invaluable as it typifies basket Yosemite Valley over 80 years collections made in the region at ago, has been loaned to the the turn of the century. It includes Yosemite Museum by Marion a good selection of utilitarian bas- Steinbach. kets as well as others that provide These baskets are particu- important insights into the larly significant to Yosemite development of Yosemite bas- because the original collectors, ketry and how it changed in Charles and Nellie Atkinson, response to Anglo collecting are noted figures in Yosemite's activities. One basket displays a new design style, manifesting English words such as "gir' and "cow" and pictorial representa- tions, but also shows a blending of Owens Valley and Mono Lake Paiute technology and materials. Other baskets are among the ear- Nellie befriended local The Atkinson basket collection. liest from Yosemite with black Indian women and traded Captain Dick 's basket is the globular- and red weaving materials baked goods to them for their shaped basket with a stepped- diagonal design in the center, and appearing in the same pattern— a beadwork . She became an the basket with English words and departure from earlier one-color enthusiastic collector of Indian pictures is directly in front ofit. designs. baskets, reflecting the growing Unfortunately not much public interest in Indian arts Atkinson home, were acquired specific informaton about indi- Charles and Nellie Atkinson, that took place at the end of the primarily as gifts from her vidual baskets has survived with circa 1893 . Geo :ge Fisk: . YM last century. Her baskets, which Indian friends or in exchange the collection . Marion Steinbach almost filled one room of the for kindnesses. Nellie was also relates one interesting story that history. Nellie Crockett Rivers interested in art, and she col- has been passed down in the came to Yosemite from Peta- lected paintings, statuary and Atkinson/Bardsley family. Cap- luma in 1889 at the age of 25, photography. When Yosemite tain Dick, a Miwok leader living following the death of her first When Yosemite Valley's in Yosemite Valley, became ill husband in 1887. She worked as administration was ceded from and was expected to die . His a waitress at the Stoneman the State of California to the fed- prized basket was to be buried House in the summer of 1889, eral government in 1905, Charles with him, as was customarily sold photos at the Stoneman Atkinson was without a job . He done with valued possessions. House, and worked for photog- moved with his family to Soquel, Although Captain Dick 's case rapher George Fiske developing, near Santa Cruz, in 1906 where seemed hopeles to Miwok sha- printing and retouching photo- be beame a rancher. When mans who had attempted to cure graphs. Charles Atkinson, 15 Charles died in 1912, Nellie him, Nellie Atkinson reportedly years Nellie 's senior, had come moved in with her daughter nursed him back to health. In to Yosemite in 1878 in the em- Dorothy. Nellie died in Santa accordance with Miwok custom, ploy of J . M. Hutchings. He Cruz in 1917 Captain Dick gave her his trea- subsequently worked for the The Atkinson basket col- sured basket just as he would state-administered Yosemite lection, intact as it was photo- have paid a Miwok shaman for Valley Commission and per- grahed by George Fiske for his cure . Captain Dick lived until formed various services for 's 1904 edition of 1911, when he died at an esti- local residents. Charles and Nel- Indians of the Yosemite, was in- mated age of 100 years. lie were married on October 18, herited by Nellie 's daughter, Marion Steinbach and her 1892. The Atkinsons had three Dorothy Atkinson Bardsley. husband Hank have been long- children : Dorothy (1893–1963), After her death in 1963, the bas- Dorothy and Ned Atkinson on `"Plum time advocates of Yosemite . They Charles Edward `"Ned" (1894– Duff," 1897 . Copied from Dorothy kets were stored in an attic by have donated numerous items to 1964) and William Bonney Atkinson 's autograph book, courtesy her husband, Leonard, from the Yosemite Museum and they (1898–1902). of Bonnie Douthit. whom they were purchased Continued on page 6

PAGE SIX YOSEMITE ASSOCLkTION, FALL 19t' Members' Meeting Shortened but Sweet

The skies wept, but all else was Conference of National Park and effectively educated visitors convivial for the Yosemite Associ- Cooperating Associations. The about the program and solicited ation's 12th Annual Members ' "Yosemite Fun Book " has been donations. Meeting at published, and the limited edition Board Nominations : The on September 12. Because of the book entitled "Such A Landscape " nominating committee of the weather, the business portion of will be available in November. Board of Trustees recommended the meeting was cut short, but The Cart Sharsmith biography is that the two incumbents whose not before poet Gary Snyder had h expected by next spring. terms are expiring, Dr. Harvey delivered a thoughtful and inspir- Other Programs : Y.A. oper- Rhodes and Ms . Anne Schneider. ing address. ated the Ostrander Lake Ski Hut be re-elected. Given the various factors at with success for another year, had Next year's Members ' Meet- work in early September, it 's Gary Snyder spent the weekend in a good year with its Yosemite ing will be at Wawona on Sep- somewhat remarkable that the relaxed and outgoing style. Theater program, and co-spon- tember 9 and 10, 1988. meeting was even held . Large sored the Art Activity Center The Yosemite Association Forest fires raged throughout Cali- taxed and outgoing style was per- with the Yosemite Park & Curry would like to express its apprecia- fornia, and for a time . both High- fect for the event. Co. From revenues generated tion to the following individuals ways 120 and 140 into Yosemite Because several items of busi- throughout the year, Y.A. was and companies who generously were closed. With cold and wet ness were not discussed as able to donate almost $110,000 to donated prizes for the Members weather at Tuolumne, conditions planned. a summary of the report the National Park Service. Meeting raffle this year. : The fundrais- looked bleak. that would have been delivered Yosemite Fund American River Touring Associa- Nevertheless, the approxi- follows: ing program has been well- tion; ANCAL; Bank of America, Yo- mately 300 members in atten- Membership: Current mem- received and is thriving. Through semite Valley; California Data Mar- dance seemd undaunted . Sun bership of the Association stands the end of July, about $500,000 keting ; Copy Center ; Crown Printing shone on the luncheon, but was at 3,800 and growing . During had been raised for the year. Dumont Printing ; El Portal Market: gone from sight by the time summer, 1987, N .P.S. naturalists Exemplary corporate support has Erna's Elderberry House ; Fresno Office Supply ; David Gaines; everyone assembled for the for- were asked to write interpretive been received from Chevron and Heubner Sports; Merced Canyon mal meeting . When it began to articles for publication in icsemite, Polaroid, and two major projects, Committee ; Mono Lake Committee rain in earnest, an exodus for shel- and the resulting stories should the demolition and removal of Narrow Gauge Inn: William Neill; ter took place. bring a stronger "Nature Notes " the Bridalveil sewage treatment OARS. Inc; Scope Enterprises; Un- To the pleasure of the group, flavor to the publication. facility and the restoration of isource : Wagon Wheel Restaurant: Stoneman Meadow, will be un- Whitewater Voyages : Yosemite Insti- Gary Snyder spoke about his per- Seminars: The seminar pro- tute: Yosemite Mountain/Sugar Pine sonal experiences in Yosemite, gram continues as a healthy activ- dertaken this fall. Seventeen vol- Railroad ; Yosemite Park & Curry Cc read several of his "Yosemite " ity of Y.A. Expanded course offer- unteers staffed two fundraising Yosemite Postmaster ; Zephyr River poems, giving fascinating back- ings were available the past year, koisks in the park this summer Expeditions, Inc. ground information for each, and and new study topics are being discoursed on the importance of considered. wilderness in Yosemite and else- Sales/Publications : The new which was temporarily changed where. Throughout the weekend, El Portal warehouse has been Road Blocked by to two-way traffic. Snyder mingled with Y.A. mem- completed and occupied, and Y.A. Rock Slide Reopens Although Northside is the bers, signed his books of poetry received two publishing awards main artery for leaving the Valle ;: and answered questions . His re- at the biennial meeting of the Northside Drive, the main exit via Highways 41, 140 and 120, road from Yosemite Valley, has there were no major traffic prob- reopened to traffic . The road had lems that resulted beside a mode :- Yosemite, and spent many years been closed by a rock slide in ate increase in congestion . While Baskets researching the history of the Yo- March, and park officials had the road was closed, continuing Continued front rage > semite area . The Schlichtmanns feared additional rock fall. smaller slides delayed clearing of were active in the formation of Once it was determined that the debris. NPS officials and repre- have placed many other objects the Pioneer Yosemie History all was stable on the east face of sentatives of the US Geological on loan to Yosemite. Marion has Center in Wawona, and donated the Middle Brother (one of the Survey monitored the slide area made her extensive research most of the furnishings to the granite outcroppings of the Three and conducted aerial surveys be- notes on Yosemite Indians, based Park, a total of over 1000 items. Brothers formation), NPS crews fore the decision was made that on interviews conducted over the The Yosemite Museum owes cleared tons of debris and rock it was safe to clear the roadway. past 30 years, available to a great debt of gratitude to donors which had been strewn through- To insure the safety of the pus- Museum staff. The Steinbachs and active supporters such as out the area. lie, monitoring of the rock face follow in the footsteps of Mar- these. The installation of the After the original slide, Yosem- will continue, particularly at ion's parents, Emil and Margaret Atkinson baskets in the Indian ite Valley traffic had been routed times of heavy storms, freeze and Schlichtmann, the largest single Cultural Museum brings a large for two miles around the closed thaw cycles and earthquakes. donors to the Yosemite collec- turn-oE-the-century collection roadway to Southside Drive, Each of these situations could tions. Mrs. Schlichtmann co- back to Yosemite once more for which was temporarily changed result in new rock fall activity. authored The Big Oak Flat Road to everyone to enjoy and learn from . to two-way traffic .

YOSEMITE ASSOCIATION . FALL 1987 PAGE SEVEN The Mystery of the High Sierra Sunset

David Balogh (red) to .4 micron (violet). (A Rayleigh scatter. (At night the sky Canyon's red rocks absorb all micron is one-millionth of a is black because there is no sun- wavelengths of sunlight except for It was supper time on an Au- meter). Colors on either end seem light to scatter). If the dirt inthe the ones which they reflect i.e. gust evening in 1957 in the dining to "balance" each other and if one air is larger in size, i .e. 30 times a rusty-red . Granite reflects almost tent at Vogelsang High Sierra could selectively remove the shor- wavelength in diameter, the scat- all colors equally but not 100% Camp. My introduction to Yo- ter wavelengths (blue, indigo and ter is non-selective— and the scat- efficiently, thus the rock looks semite was a trip around the violet) from the sun 's direct beam, ter is white . That's the reason grey instead of white . The impor- High Sierra Loop. and to a 14 year the color of the sun would appar- why the sky may appear "pow- tant thing is that the rock has no old everything was new and ex- ently change from white to a der" or light blue . This non-selec- intrinsic color of its own ; thus, citing. As I finished dessert. I shade of yellow since the longer tive scatter is called Mie scatter. when the sun sets, the rocks of noticed that the canvas covered 'warmer' colors would be left, The "blue" (Rayleigh) scatter Yosemite will show any subtle ceiling was turning orange. Was it i.e. red, orange, yellow and some is not"lost" to space. It arrives at changes in the colors remaining a fire' No odor of smoke was de- green. the earth's surface as indirect or in the solar beam which is re- tectable . I excused myself and stepped outside . Thirty years later, the sight that met my eyes is as memorable and awe inspir- ing as it was then . The dining tent, Fletcher Lake. Mt. Vogel- sang, the rocks at my feet . even my hands were glowing the most vivid orange I had ever seen . I was astonished, mesmerized . I even forgot to take a picture. Orange became red and then the mountains began to glow a deep salmon color as if they were at- tempting to relive their molten heritage from 100 million years before. I had no idea what had caused the color, nor was I really to un- derstand it for years to come. Fishermen returning to camp, and the Vogelsang staff were no doubt amused at my astonishment. They had all seen it before . but If you were an astronaut in diffused light, but it is separate flected from them. none could explain to me irin' the space, the sun would look essen- from the direct solar beam . Ray- As the sun drops toward the color came and changed and tially white. On the earth 's sur- leigh scatter also accounts for western horizon, the direct beam ended so quickly. face the sun looks yellow (unless why distant mountains appear radiation from the sun must pass Fifteen years and a college you live in a large city, then it may bluer than ridges near the ob- through more atmosphere than education later, I knew why. appear orange) . Why? server. "The purple mountains" at mid-day. There are therefore, What 's more it became my duty Our atmosphere contains majesty above the fruited plain"— increasing amounts of Rayleigh to explain it to a current genera- many particles of dirt, some of from America the Beautiful, the scatter subtracting wavelengths tion of park visitors, as a park nat- which are very small . The small- 'Blue Ridge Mountains of Vir- (color) from the solar beam . The uralist at . In later est are higher in the atmosphere, ginia,'or the "Blue Ridge Park- remaining light reflects from land- years I explained it in depth to the larger and heavier are nearer way," all refer to this occurence. marks like Half-Dome, back to new naturalists as they prepared, the earth's surface . Those smaller Finally, the sky appears "hazier" the eyes of the observer and is in turn, to present a sunset talk. particles whose diameter is in the morning and afternoon seen as a color equal to all of What follows is my explanation around' Ao of a wavelength of than at midday because back and the remaining colors in the of the phenomenon. light, about .06 micron, will scatter front scatter is more efficient than solar beam. Our star. the sun . is essentially (like a richocheting bullet) the side scatter. The reasons for that Simply stated, when the green white hot, with a surface temper- shorter wavelengths of light about are complex, and are not explored light is scattered, ature of about 10,000° C . If this 4 times more effectively than in this article. looks yellow ; when the yellow is white light were broken up into they will the larger wavelengths. scattered, Half Dome looks more its parts, as it is in a rainbow, the The scattering of blue . indigo, Sunset Colors orange; when the orange is scat- following colors are seen : red, and violet makes the sky blue and In midday, the granite rocks tered, all that is left is the longest orange, yellow, green, blue, in- the remaining longer wave- of Yosemite look grey because and least eaily scattered red, and digo, and violet, in orderfrom the lengths make the sun appear they have no dominating pig- Half Dome then looks red ; when longest wavelengths .72 microns yellow This phenomena is called ment in them . The Grand Continued on page 15

PAGE EIGHT YOSEMITE ASSOCLATION, FALL 198' Past and Future Changes in Yosemite's Vegetation

Jeffrey Schaffer due to a high Sierra crest creating creeks, and alders, willows and a rain shadow that prevents most cottonwoods on creek banks. In 1986, the author derived a plate- precipitation from reaching the Thus, although the east-side tectonic model for Sierra Nevada eastern lands. vegetation differs greatly from uplift. In the Spring 1987 issue of this This lack of a pre-Ice Age rain the west-side vegetation, this periodical, he briefly described his shadow perplexed me for years, difference is not reflected in the working model and applied it to past and it wasn 't until I reviewed my pollen record. and future elevations in the Park . In 1986 vegetation transects in the The model preferred by many the Spring 1987 issue he presented Carson-Iceberg Wilderness, just Sierran geologists is similar. It his stream-piracy theory on the origin north of Yosemite, that I discov- states that the Sierra was uplifted of Yssemite Valley. This theory and ered a possible solution. I realized along its east side and tilted west the plate-tectonic model were devel- that in Carson-Iceberg today, as a rigid block. However, in this oped independently yet they seem to which has a two-mile-high Sierra model the period of uplift was complement each other. In Schaffer's crest, and a high-desert environ- much longer. Minor uplift may final article, he discusses the past and ment east of the crest, a pollen have begun before 25 million future distribution of some of the analysis fails to truly represent years ago, but with time, uplift Park's plants as implied by the model. the respective species of each continued at an increasing rate. environment. Why' Because This theory, if extrapolated into If one's information on Sierra some species are wind-pollinated the future, projects a Sierra Nevada uplift is inaccurate, then while others are insect-pollinated, Nevada of possibly Himalayan one's conclusions on the origin and it's the wind-pollinated, usu- height in the Southern Sierra and Golden draba (Draba aureola) . This and development of Sierran plant ally streamside species that are alpine plant grows on the summit of of unknown height in the north- (and animal) populatons will also most likely to have their pollen 11,000-year-old Lassen Peak ern Sierra. be inaccurate . I believe botanists blown into streams and then (10,475 '). The nearest population of This model, which hasn't (and zoologists) have been mak- transported to a sedimentary golden drabas is on Diamond Peak, changed much in over a century basin. And these wind-blown 210 air miles to the north, in central ing erroneous conclusions in the Oregon. Quite likely, Lassen Peak is, in my opinion, inappropriate biogeography of Sierran species species are quite similar on both got draba seeds transported in the for biogeographic studies because because they've been using the sides of the crest : white firs and digestive systems of southward- it has what I perceive to be a fatal wrong models of Sierran uplift. Jeffrey pines on slopes just above migrating birds . flaw: it fails to take into account There a two models in particular, one largely accepted by geologists, the other, discredited by geolo- gists but accepted by botanists. Two Other Views of Uplift The latter, proposed by a paleontologist in the 1960s, states that the Sierra was uplifted along its east side and tilted west as a rigid block all in the last million years (the duration he thought represented the "Ice Age," which we know today was more like 2½ million years). Becaue of his ties to botanists, his model quickly became popular with them, and is still cited today. Most of the fossil pollen collected east of the Sierra crest indicated that before the "Ice Age" the crest was low. The fossil pollen gave no indication of high-desert species like today's, which are

Diamond Peak (8,744') in the central part of Oregon 's Cascade Range . It is one of the few summits supporting golden drabas. The next southern summit with these alpine plants is Lassen Peak, 210 miles to the south.

YOSEMITE ASSOCIATION, FALL 1987 PAGE NINE

that during the entire period of 2½ million years ago. Back then, supposed uplift, the Juan de Fuca alpine plants didn 't have to exist plate was opposite the range, off above 9,000 or 10,000 feet, as they the California coast, and migrat- do today; 7,000 feet would have ing northward. easily sufficed. My model sug- Imagine a lake with some gests that the average height of rowboats that are arranged in a the Sierra crest at the onset of south-north line (representing uplift was about 6,500 feet, or the north-south Sierra crest). marginally alpine. However, the Now imagine a speedboat (repre- crest back then had considerable senting the north-migrating Juan variation, as it does today, and de Fuca plate and its impact on much of it would have exceeded the Sierra), just west of this line, 7,000 feet, while certain peaks, racing north past boats and rock- such as the precursors of Mts. ing each one . Obviously the Dana and Lyell, would have southernmost boat is rocked first exceeded 8,000 feet. Thus, if my and the northernmost boat is model is correct, an alpine envi- rocked last, as the plate-tectonic ronment should have existed model implies . By analogy, the uninterrupted in the Sierra in the traditional geologic model implies Sierra for at least 25 million years. all boats would be rocked simul- taneously, although those at the Future Alpine Vegetaton north end of the lake would be Near that south part of the rocked less violently than those Park my model suggests that the at the south end. Sierra crest will rise about 1,250 feet before leveling off in about 3 Alpine Plants million years, while near the My model suggests that uplift north part of the Park, the crest began in the southern Sierra and will rise about 2,600 feet before that that area — basically Sequoia Ieveling off in about 4 million National Park—has risen about years. Obviously, the Park will as high as it will go. The model become more alpine in character. also states that in the northern Half Dome will nudge into the Sierra, uplift has just begun, and alpine realm, while nearby in about 8 million years that Clouds Rest will advance farther area — the Feather River coun- into it, though there is the possi- try—will reach heights similar to there were sizable volcanoes, just After the end of major volcanism in bility that extensive glacial ero- those in the southern Sierra. as there are in the Cascade Range the Yosemite area and before any sion could remove either summit Yosemite National Park lies today (its existence is due to the significant uplift, alpine plants may in the next few million years . The have existed in shady recesses on Buena Vista crest should fare bet- between the two extremes, and diving Juan de Fuca plate, which eroding volcanoes, such as on the model predicts it has had a few million years ago was div- today's Three Fingered Jack (7,841'l, ter. It will evolve into a " Clark about 5 million years of uplift ing beneath the Sierra and pro- in the central part of Oregon 's Range," with similar alpine and has about 3 million years left. ducing similar volcanoes) . The Cascade Range. vegetation. The model appears to suggest southernmost major volcano in But over the last 2½ million that in our area, the Sierra crest that range today is Lassen Peak, Nevada during the entire volcanic years, the Park has been, more has been high enough to support which provides a haven for some period . The implication is that often that not, in a glacial period, alpine plants for about the last alpine plants . It is only about alpine plants didn't have to evolve not in a "warm" interglacial 1½ million years, because before 11,000 yars old, so its population in the last million years, but period, such as today's. This pat- then, most of the crest may have of alpine plants can't be any older. rather had at least 25 million years tern is likely to last millions of been below 10,000 feet in However, the peak is only the (and possibly much more time) years into the future . So we can elevation. most recent in a series of major to do so. ask, what will be the extent of However, alpine plants may volcanoes, each one capable of After the major volcanism alpine vegetation in the Park 4 have been evolving along the supporting a population of alpine stopped in the Sierra Nevada, the million years from now when Sierra crest for tens of millions of plants . I suggest that during the situation for alpine plants looked the topography has reached its years. There are two reasons to Sierra's volcanic phase, there were bleak, due to the eroding, inactive zenith? The model suggests that believe this . First, major vol- always at least several major vol- volcanoes . However, a fortunate the 7000' contour—the pre- canism has occurred in the area canoes, either active or eroding, event happened : the earth 's cli- sumed lower level of alpine vege- from at least 25 milion years ago which provided alpine habitats. mate began to cool. This began tation during glacial times —will until just a few million years ago. Thus, alpine plants could have about 5 million years ago, but run from the Cherry Lake vicinity Quite likely during this time, existed continuously in the Sierra really took off in earnest about south-southeast to Chowchilla

PAGE TEN YOSEMITE ASSOCIATION . F,.\LL

From about 25 to 5 million years ago, the eastern Sierra could have had a few major volcanoes, each supporting alpine flora . They may have looked like today 's Glacier Peak (10,541 '), in Washington's North Cascades.

significant because of a unique event. For likely millions of years the Middle Fork San Joaquin River flowed down a major can- yon, but came to a halt about 3 .2 million years ago, when it was dammed by massive outpourings of lava. (The eruptions probably occurred at the same time as the initial development of the local Sierra crest .) The migrating sequoia populaton would have had to pass through the area before this time, because later, migration would have been very improbable. Does my model bear this out' Today's Mariposa and Nelder groves, despite being only a few miles apart, are at significantly different elevatons . Trees of the , which is on southwest-draining slopes. lie at about 6.000 to 7,000 feet eleva- tion; trees of the Nelder grove, which is on warmer, south- draining slopes, lie anornaloiuslp lower at about 5,000 to 6 .000 feet elevation. Hence, today 's eleva- tions range in this part of the Sierra Nevada from at least 5,000 to 7,000 feet. When was Minaret Summit area at those two eleva- tions? Today, it is over 9,000 feet. but if one removes the volcanic Mountain, both features just Over the last 2 1/2 million years, the Sierra before the developing rocks deposited in the last 3 .2 beyond the Park's western bound- glaciers and snowfields may have crest blocked further migration. million years, then the elevation ary. Thus, virtually the entire Park existed on many moderate-height peaks in the eastern Sierra, these These lucky sequoias then mig- is more like 8,400 feet . With the will be covered either in glacial looking like today's Old Snowy rated southwest across the range model we can determine that the ice or alpine vegetation . Such a Mountain (7,930') in southern and ultimately gave rise to today's crest was 5,000 feet elevation prognostication does not bode Washington's Goat Rocks 75 or so groves. about 2.2 million years ago, when well for giant-sequoia groves, Wilderness. There are two sets of groves the migrating populations should which could be forced down into in the Yosemite area: the Tuol- have been entering the area, and the hostile habitats of the major, umne and Merced groves west of it had risen to 7.000 feet elevation low-elevation, steep-walled can- sequoias migrated to their present Yosemite Valley, and the Mari- about 1 .3 million years ago, when yons. In previous glacial times, locatons from Great Basin lands. pose and Nelder groves south of the population should have been the Park 's groves probably suf- About 3–4 million years ago, as it. I believe each set is the result leaving it. fered attrition from such migra- the Sierra Nevada was rising, of a distinct migratory path, the But this time slot contradicts tions, but future migratons will these lands to the east began to first through a canyon in the Vir- the constraint that the grove had be even more detrimental. sink, and today 's Sierra crest ginia Pass- area, and to be west of Minaret Summit by developed. The eastern lands the second through a canyon in 3.2 million years ago. Is the mode: Giant sequoias became increasingly arid, and the Minaret Summit area. I'll deal wrong? There are at least several Its widely believed that sequoias became established in only the the latter area, which is alternative explanations, and each

YOSEMITE ASSOCIATION . FALL 19E7 PAGE ELEVEN Yosemite Viewpoints

Valley Pollution It is unfortunate that such a a problem nevertheless that n ill Please keep me informed of beautiful spot is so polluted . The have to be dealt with some day. all The Fund's progress, and any Yosemite is just about our favorite cars have been banned from parts Problem or solution, the restora- progress regarding Hetch Hetchy spot on earth ; however I am no of the Valley ; cannot the smoke tion of the Hetch Hetchy Valley especially. I would be extremely longer able to stay in the Valley be controlled tool I would love to it's natural state should be the interested in volunteering my for any length of time because of to be able to spend some time in priority for Yosemite's future. services for a Hetch Hetchy the smoke pollution from the Yosemite Valley again. Having been a visitor to Yosemite project. numerous campfires. Marilyn Trankle for thirty years, and a seasonal Thank you so much for your In 1982 I visited Yosemite Val- Honolulu resident for several more, I can hard work! ley with my family. After three see that such a project will only Jennifer Harris Fosgate days I was forced to leave : the be accomplished through the Davenport smoke made it virtually impossi- A New Objective for the Fund' combined efforts of the National ble for me to breathe . Since then I I was extremely pleased to learn Park Service . The San Francisco have tried again with the same of The Yosemite Fund . For many Water Department . and most Opposing Sequoia Fires results and now my family visits years I've felt that just such an importantly, through a strong I would just like to express my Yosemite without me. organization was needed in private organization such as the opinion on the issue of the burn- I cannot be the only one with the Park. Yosemite Fund. ing Sequoias taking place in the this problem . I am highly allergic I'm enclosing this letter with As a supporter of The Yosem- Mariposa Grove . I was just visit- to smoke but I am not a handicap- my contributin because I wanted ite Fund, I hope to see added alter- ing Yosemite when I first saw the ped person. I have run seven to add one more thought to the natives which could lead to a fires, and I thought it was terrible. marathons, one just two weeks list of important objectives the Hetch Hetchy Valley, not a Hetch I'm sure that Mr. Steve Botti prior to my aforementioned Fund has lined out thus far. It's an Hetchy reservoir, for future can find other means of ridding 1982 visit. old idea, enormous in scope, but generations. the litter in the park . According to the Summer 1987 edition of panied by a vast array of plants, losemite there are negative after- animals and microorganisms. effects that become the conse- The composition of this assem- quence of a poorly set-up system blage undoubtedly changed as on the part of the Resources the sequoias migrated from west- Management. ern Nevada to their present loca- As a member, I would like to tions, and with the change came know if there is a way to change changes in environmental and this arrangement . Any further biological constraints . We can information would be greatly determine what these are today, appreciated . but are very much in the dark Lorrie A. Spurgat about what they were several N. Hollywood predicts a different course of The Ritter Range, viewed from the million years ago. We need to events for the fate of sequoias. volcanic Sierra crest . Giant sequoias know much more about these First, the population could may have gotten established on the species before we can accurately Excellent Field Classes slopes of this range before major have migrated past the location volcanism and down-faulting along reconstruct the sequoia 's migrat- Thanks for offering the Grass of today's crest during a period of the crest prevented further west- ory history. and Sedge field class this sum- intense cold that occurred about ward migration of the trees about As you can see. we know very mer with Carl Sharsmith . I 5 million years ago. After the cli- 3.2 million years ago. little about the tree's migration, speak for the others in the class mate warmed, the population although naturalists from John as well as myself when I say could have survived on suitable often that not, subjected to the Muir onward have confidently that we appreciated the oppor- slopes of the Ritter Range . just influences of Ice Age climates. given their accounts. One thing is tunity to take a field class in west of the crest, which back What we discern about the almost certain : the tree is headed for such an important aspect of then may have stood over 9,000 sequoia's responses to today 's extinction . However, with man's botany that is only rarely feet elevation. climate may be dangerously inac- help, the tree can be planted in offered by an organization. Second, we have to remember curate. As I mentioned above, the the proper environments to I also took the Alpine Botany that sequoias prefer slopes to can- location of the Nelder grove is ensure an added few tens of mil- class the following week with yon bottoms or ridgecrests . So . 3 anamalous : located on a south- lions of years to its existence . But Steve Botti. In spite of this being to 4 million years ago, when the facing slope . it should be higher to optimize the success of trans- an exceptionally dry year this San Joaquin canyon 's bottom than the Mariposa grove, not planting, we need to understand, class was (as it was last year) was too warm for the trees, the lower. Perhaps the trees are among other things, the past and excellent . If circumstances per- higher slopes — particularly the operating under rules more appro- future topography of the Sierra- mit I hope to make more field north-facing ones — may have priate for Ice Age climates than Cascades . Perhaps a new plate- botany classes that the Associa- been just right. today's climate. tectonic model such as I have tion offers in the future. Third, over the last 2½ million Fourth, the sequoias didn't proposed will serve to promote Harry Spilman years, these trees have been, more migrate alone, but were accom- that understanding . South Pasadena

PAGE TWELVE Y OSEMITE ASSOCIATION . FALL 1 E Books of Interest IFORM 'AL PARKS I

The following selection of A map and photographs: books are works which chronicle General information, includ- the wide and varied scope of Yo- ing addresses and telephone num- semite and the High Sierra region, bers for obtaining information or the national parks generally. All directly From the park ; and can be purchased from the Associ- 1t .1(II) Peterson A special section of color ation at the Yosemite Valley Vis- First‘1 ooi (,ur: FirstGuidcs photographs depicting some of itor Bookstore, or by mail order, our parks' wildflowers. using the order form on page 14 Author George P. Perkins of this issue . Members of the As- spent two years researching this sociation are entitled to a 15% dis- project and writing his book. He count off retail prices. visited all the parks but two and most of them several times . He The Penguin Dictionary personally stayed in many of the of Botany it easy to get started in the field, previous books is The Trailblaz- campgrounds, toured most, and Blackmore/Tootill and easy to graduate to the full- ers, an account of the exploration hiked a considerable number of Penguin Books, 1984 fledged Peterson Guides . Each of western North America in trails during his visits. All the #9365, paper, $7.95 book features the most common Time-Life 's Old West Series. photographs, except those for This is a new dictionary of and conspicuous species, each il- whom credit is given, were take: botany which covers both the lustrated in full-color. along with Yosemite Trails by the author. pure and applied aspects of the concise descriptions . The Peter- Exploring the High Sierra subject, and such related fields as son Identification System, which J. Smeaton Chase agriculture and horticulture . En- uses arrows on the illustrations Tioga Publishing Company, 1987 California's National Parks cyclopaedic in form, it contains and italics in the descriptions to #2001, paper, $9 .95 Jim Murfin substantial articles (200—250 show you exactly what to look J. Smeaton Chase, a British visitor Arch Cape Press, 1987 words) on major terms and con- for, is featured throughout the turned resident of young and un- #6678, cloth. $19.95 cepts as well as shorter articles books. crowded California, explored the There are six national parks in and cross-reference type defini- state by burro and horseback be- California, four in incredibly tions, ranging from physiology to Westering Man: tween 1911 and 1918 . His lyrical beautiful mountains and two cell biology, microbiology to hor- The Life of Joseph Walker word paintings of the natural overlooking the sea. ticulture and genetics to plant Bil Gilbert landscape and careful observation Two of them, Redwood and pathology. University of Oklahoma Press, of the native flora are inter- Sequoia National parks, contain The Penguin Dictionary of 1985, weaved with stories of pioneer- almost all of the remaining stands Botany will be a useful reference #17845, paper, $9 .95 ing settlers . This is early century of the giant trees that are as much source for students whose sub- Joseph Walker (1798—1876) had travel literature at its best. a symbol of California as any jects have a bearing on botany: it probably the longest and most Smeaton Chase 's descriptions man-made landmark. The list in- will also be useful to the informed distinguished career of any fron- are in the tradition of the writings cludes Lassen Volcanic National layman with an interest in this tiersman in American history. ofJohn Muir. Tioga Press 's re-issue Park at the edge of the Cascades. topic, and an important aid to This first biography of this great includes a -new introduction and a wonderland of forests and study for A-level students and frontier hero is based on years of plant list by Carl Sharsmith, long- lakes, and the Channel Islands off first year students studying bot- research and many previously un- time NPS naturalist in Yosemite. the coast of Southern California. any or biology. published and neglected sources. where seabirds and seals can be It gives a rousing and authorita- Visiting Our Western watched from 500-foot cliffs as Peterson First Guides: tive picture of Walker—his National Parks the wild ocean crashes far below A Simplified Field Guide to the pioneering heritage, his many ac- A Guidebook to the Parks West But the main event, as every Common Species of North complishments, and his excep- of the Continental Divide Californian knows, is Yosemite. America : Birds; Insects; tional personality. The book Excluding Alaska the second-oldest national park Mammals chronicles Walker 's many explora- George P. Perkins in America and considered by Sponsored by the Roger Tory tions including his sighting of Yo- Lorraine Press, 1987 many to be the most beautiful in Peterson Institute semite Valley in 1833. #17620, paper, $12.95 the world. Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Bil Gilbert is an award- Visiting Our Western National Ralph Waldo Emerson said of #10028 (Birds), paper, $3.95 winning journalist whose articles Parks is a guide to assist travelers it "the greatest wonder is that we #10030 (Insects), paper, $3.95 have appeared in Smithsonian, in planning a trip to one or several can see this and not wonder #10035 (Mammals) paper, $3 .95 Audubon, Sports Illustrated, and. of our western national parks. more." And all the wonders of Yo- These guides are the first books many other important publica- This unique little book has the fol- semite, Sequoia National Park, the beginning naturalist needs. tions. A graduate of Georgetown lowing information on each park: Kings Canyon National Park, Las- Abridged versions of the famous University 's School of Foreign Ser- Detailed descriptions of camp- sen, Redwood and the Channel Peterson Field Guides, the First vice, he has been a Visiting Profes- ing and lodging facilities: Islands may be savored in the Guides focus on the species you sor of Journalism in the Univer- Summaries of hiking trails and striking color photographs in the are most likely to see . They make sity of Missouri . Among his five a brief history ; pages of this book.

YOSEMITE ASSOCIATION . FALL 1957 FAGETHIRTEEN YosetNte

Custom Compact Binoculars. 11 The 1988 Yosemite Calendar. A A high-quality. lightweight This beautiful full-color wall model by Bushnell with excellent calendar has become a favorite of clarity. 7 x 26, long eye relief, Yosemite lovers . 15 stunning field of view 368 ; center focus, photographs are included, and the porro prism. weight 11 oz., exit calendar measures 10 " x 13 ". For pupil 3 .7 #50451 . $239 .95 — 1988, the writings of naturalists now $190 .00. and pioneer environmentalists are featured . #4180. $8 .95. Black Bear Hand-puppet . With B soft. moveable head and legs ou will find something to allow him to participate in the most meaningful of conversations more in woods than in and enough stuffing to allow him books. Trees and stones to join your stuffed animals when you're not around, this realistic will teach you that which charmer is ready to entertain young and old alike . 11" tall, hand you can never learn from washable . #50200 . $28 .00— —ST. BERNARD now $22 .00. masters.

No-Frills Bear. This bear is C strictly "back-to-basics " —no plush. no frills, just plain wrap! In fact, he carries the "No Frills Seal of Approval" on his chest for all to see . 10 inches tall. #50230. D YOSEMITE $8.00—now $6 .50 . 1933 L'1LEN1MR

Images of Yosemite Notecards. E Eight classic Ansel Adams views entitled "Images ofYosem- ite " create a stunning black and white notecard collection . The duotone process has allowed a remarkably high quality repro- duction of the photographs. These distinguished cards come boxed in a set of 8 different scenes printed on folded 5 " x 7" cards with en- velopes . #50101 . $8 .50.

Christmas Card Assortment. F Send your holiday wishes this Christmas on tasteful cards by Ansel Adams . Eight striking black and white images are boxed in each Christmas assortment. The 5 " x 7" cards feature an inscription reading "Season's Greetings " in red ink ; envelopes included. #50110 . $8 .50 .

PAGEFOURTEEN YOSEMITE ASSOCIATION, FALL 198- Yosemite Association Mug. HThis distinctive and func- YoseAMte tional white ceramic mug has our C A T A L O G logo and name imprinted in Yosemite brown. Holds eight ounces of your favorite beverage. #1625, =g Yosemite Association Cap. $5.00. Assn in G Complete your outdoor wardrobe with this trendy item Yosemite Fund Mug . This mug from the Association collection! I is decorated with the newly- L It's the perfect hat for a hot, sunny designed scratchboard logo for use day in the great outdoors—mesh in conjunction with Yosemite As- fabric to keep a cool head, a gener- sociation 's fundraising effort. ous bill to shade your face, and ad- White with black design, eight Yosemite Enamel Pin . Designed justable strap in the back to insure ounce capacity. #1626, $5 .00. especially for the Association, dark brown and white Yosemite a good fit for everyone our enamled metal pin is a work . All of this of art. Each of the 10 different Association patch, the Pelican plus the Yosemite Association glazes is hand placed and sep- Pouch measures 8 x 5 x 2½ patch to let everyone know what inches. #1690, $11 .95. your favorite organization is! arately fired. The result, from Brown with white accent. William Spear Design, is an eye- Yosemite Association Decals #1600, $6.00. catching and colorful piece . The L and Patches. Our association metal enamel pins are relief logo, depicting Half Dome is of- engraved in a '/ x 2" size. fered to our members in these two #1695, $11.95. useful forms. Help announce your affiliation with our organization '(Pelican Pouch . Wilderness Belt to others by purchasing and using \Bag. The Pelican Pouch is not Yosemite Association patches and only perfect for carrying field decals . Patch #1635, $1 .50; Decal guides, but also offers instant #1636, $1 .00. access to all the small items that are usually buried in your pack— n AYosemite AssociationT- pocket camera, lenses, maps, or hirts. Comfortable, 100 0 0 your favorite trail mix! The Pouch cotton, light tan colored Hanes 's designed with front snap fasten- "Beefy-7 shirts are printed with :rs on the straps. This allows com- the Association's Half Dome logo fortable positioning on your in brown. belt—even between belt loops; no Child sizes (short sleeve) : small, need to take your belt off first . The #1650, medium #1651, and large material is high quality Cordura #1652, $7.05. pack cloth with a waterproof coat- Adult sizes (short sleeve) : small ing on one side. Beige with the #1653 . medium #1654, large ------#1655 and extra-large #1656. $9.40: (long sleeve) : small #1657, credit card orders call: medium #1658. large #1659 and Order Form extra-large #1660 . $11.75. (209) 379 2648 Monday—Friday. 8:30am–4:30pm Price hem # Qtµ Size Description Each Total 11 2

3 4 ' 5 6 7 8 9 Subtotal: 1 Less 15% Member's Discount: Subtotal A: 6% Sales Tax (CA customers only) °I o Shipping charge $ 1 .50 Total enclosed Ordered by: Name: Address: City: State: Zip: Membership Number Yosemite Association, P .O . Box 230, El Portal. CA 95318 YOSEMITE ASSOCL,TION . FALL 1797 PAGE FIFTEEN Sierra Sunset seen at all depending on the day when the atmospheric dirt is high sierra, and 3) the "clear" amount of Mie scatter (from held at lower levels in the atmo- Contained from page - grey-blue color below the pink. larger particles in the air) . Mie sphere and the air over the Sierra This is the earth 's shadow being the red is gone (scattered), the scatter also results in sunsets that is at its cleanest. cast out into space (it even ap- show is over (almost). create more subdued colors on pears to be curved) . One really the rocks . That is . the more pollu- The Earth's Shadow Alpine Glow cannot " see " a shadow unless it is tion (dirt) in the air over the cen- A seldom noticed, but interest- cast on something, but the lack of Alpine glow is a phenomenon tral valley of California, and the ing final treat on a clear night, direct beam radiation indicates its of refracted light and scattering. higher the inversion layer (which when one has an unobstructerd presence, and it is easily seen The atmosphere acts like a lens allows the dirt to rise), the weaker eastern horizon is the earth's when pointed out. that is lying on its side . After the will be the sunset colors . There shadow. It can be "seen " after the Learning and explaining why direct beam radiation of the sun will still be the same order of color alpine glow lifts off of the moun- the colors change have not is no longer striking the rocks, the change, but the colors will be less tain peaks. spoiled my enjoyment of the Yo- extraneous light from the sun is intense if there is a lot of Mie scat- As you look at the part of the semite sunset. For 15 summers I bent through the atmosphere ter or atmospheric absorption of sky opposite (180 0 from) the setting have had the pleasure of speaking leaving the impression of a sal- the solar beam . Obviously, the place of the sun (i.e .) east, you at the sunset program at GIacier mon colored afterglow on the best (most vivid) sunset colors will see : 1) the blue sky above . 2) Point. Every time that I do, for a mountains . This afterglow may will be seen after an afternoon the pink or salmon color of the al- brief moment, I am 14 years old last for quite a while or not be thunderstorm, or on a cold winter pine glow as it ''lifts" off of the at Vogelsang High Sierra Camp.

Gromnis . Clark Louis Grussin, Price . June Prowell . Suzette M Prue. Laemmle . William H Lanehart . Don New Members Deborah & Richard Gunther. Kay Henry S Puga. Donna R Pugh . Jeffrey & Juanita Leatherman . Jay C Leff. Jef- We would like to welcome to the Yo- Guptill. Robert Hagen. Thomas Mark Rininger. Nancy Roberts . Tracy fery P Lodewick. Jennifer Macarone, semite Association the following fine & Mary Haldorse, Leslie Haness. Roberts . Christine Rucker. Donna & Richard Magoteaux . Thomas Marrs. persons who became members Michael Hansen . Ann Hardy. Robert Steve Russell . John & Lou Ann William McNeil . Joseph L Medeiros, within the past three months . Your A Harriman . Norma Harris . Dr & Mrs Sabiesti, Marion Sachdeva. Jim & Virginia Meyer, Mrs Barbara Mohler, support is greatly appreciated. Robert Harwood . Jack & Jackie Haw- Shirely Salisbury. Cherie Ann San- Howard & Susie Neilson. Virginia kins . Jason Heine . George Heller, chez . Randy Sautner. Harold Schapel- Niedraier. Theresa O'Brien, Michael Regular Members Amber Hen-el . Nicolette Hightower. houman . Alfred Schmidt, Robert & W Pandos . Edmond Pendleton Jr. Maribet Hilario. Henry Hill . William Delores Schoen, Dana Schwartz. Dave & Polly Pistole. Mondra Ran- Laura Abrams. Tom Accardo . Rakesh Larry Hodge . George & Karen Laura Sefchik, Harry Selling . Susan dall . Vera Rosanke . Peter J Sapienza. Agarwal . Margaret Ahrendt . June Hoekstra . Ben Holt . C J Hormann. Shallenberger. Harold & Sandra Sha- Laverne Schnare . Richard Simonetti. Albano, Augustas Anderson . Kathryn Cherry Payne & Bob Howard . Mar- piro. Robert Bruce Sherman. S A Maritza A Solono-Valdez . Mr Kurt Anderson. Robert Ashley. Gordon jorie Howard-Jones . Jody Hudec, Siegel . Wm & Marsha Silveira, Lillian Stevens . Michael & Linda Traux . R Vil- Austman Rod & Gayle Baker. Robert Stephanie Hughs . Carol Huhn. Sherry Simmons . Beth Simon . Howard D larreal . Lynn Daily & john Vondrecek. Bangham Arthur Barabas . Lesley Hull . Philip Hung. Ken Ingram, Sirak MD . Phil H Smith Jr. Gary Gayle Wayne . Jude Williams, Mr & Barncard . George Barr. John B Barra. Annette Irvine . Mrs Arvella Jackson. Snyder. Diana Spagnoli . Robert Mrs James Yost, Sandra Zackaray. Samuel Barron Jr. Francis Behan, Dennis & Kate James, Keith Johnson, Spenser. Lorraine Spooner. Dan Stan- Donald L Bell Judith Bell . Rick Signe Johnson . Opal Jones . Margaret zione . Anne Stark. Richard Steen- Contibuting Members Beltran, William Bender. Arthur Jose, J J Kaiser, Richard & Patricia strop . Katrina Steer. Jerrolyn J & Jane Bergen. Steve Bernbach. Kaylor. James Kelch. April Keley. Stephenson . Craig Sutton . Len Svinth, Noel Applebaum . Charles Avitt. Muriel Beroza, Juliann Blake . Daniel Joyce Keller. Linda Kelly. Joseph & Gerry Swan. Alan Sweger. John & Ronald Biduk. Thomas H Brown. & Judith Bloom. Frederick & Julie Elaine Kilanowski . John Kirkendall. Sherryl Taft . Gary E Talbot. Walter Todd Cameron . Mr & Mrs Frank Bohmfalk . Pamela Bowers . Bonni Harry & Karen Kisseleff . Gloria & Mavis Taylor, Stephan & Nancy Doting, Ray & Jackie Doumanian . Dr Renee Bredesen . Eugene & Julia I iaparda . Stella A Klein . Everett Klipp. Terrel . BettyThanos, Tom & Diane & Mrs W E Gregory. Cliff Hutson . Ms Breitenstein. David Allen Breninger. Jean Klohe, Dale Knox . Elliott Kolker. Thompson, CherThompkins, John F Audrey Jerpbak . John Johnson . Doug Robert Brister. Ellen Broach . Jan Michaelene Krey, Fay Krooth . Wanda Tripoli, Trudy Triscari. Jean Tweedie. & Nancy Jones, Mr & Mrs M Mana- Brown, Capt Timothy & Mai Linda Kuenzil, Patricia Kurtz, Keith Kuss- Pamela Valleni, Mary P Van Nort. han . Albert & Joyce Mineta . Dr & Brown . Pat Brunch . Phillip Dean & mal. Kathleen LaFleur. Steven Laine. Celeste Varas de Valdes, Mario Ven- Mrs Ralph Newton, Mrs Jeanne Over- Patti Pepper Buck . Gary & Diana Robert J Lang . Tini Lanfield, Francis & eroso, Christino Vicerra Jr. Judith A street . Jerry E Prochazka . Sue Reinold. Bulanti . George Burwell. Donald But- Joanna I.aVallee . Kay & Gary Leach, Waeschle, Allan Wagman. Christine Skye Sloan, Dr Martin & Laura Tobin, will. Annette Catamec . Gary Christy. David Leonardo. Howard Level, Jack Walcoff. Patricia Wallen, Rupert John H Tyler. Valerie Vanaman . David Janet Claypoole . Valerie & Brian Cole. Leon Lewis MD. Patricia Lobner. Ber- Wandel. Z JWanski, Daniel James & Marie Widup . Carolyn Wright. Mr & Mrs Robert Courtney. Sanda nie Lumm . Josah & Mary Maresca, Watkins . William M . Watkins . Joe Ronald M Zaller. Craiu . John & Betty Creger. Jane Brad Mating . Mike & Elena Mariscal. E Weigand . Ken & Trish Werner. Bon- Cross . Deborah Crouse . James & Marina Martinez . Mr & Mrs Harry nie West . Richard Wheelock, Robert Sustaining Members Cynthia Cullen . Billie Cushway. Matlock. James & Irene Maxwell, Whitford . Steve Wilhite . Wendy M Marilyn DAmico . Joan Davis . Jackie Michelle D Mazure . Randolph Williams . Corrine K Windman . Bur- Mr & Mrs Ragnar Anderson . James De Camp, Tony & Joan deBellis. McCreight, Dorothy McGinnis . Beth key Word . Cathy Wright . Kenneth & Geraldine Block, Bruce Cullen. Kenneth Densley Gerald & Martha McGuire . Christine Meleg . Dr & Mrs Yale . Stevin I . Zarbin . Doug Zimmer- Sharon Dannecker, Charlotte McDuf- DeRuntz. John Diefenderfer. Mr & Lawrence Meredith, Gene Merlin. man, Alan Zucker. fee . Emmett Purcell . David & Shirley Mrs R J Dolchanczyk . Chris Dresden. Timothy & Jeanne Mestaz . Jennifer Rower, Susan & Mark Stanley. Inge Dresden . Franklin DuMonlin. Milano, Carla B Miles . Logan & Betty Supporting Members Audrey Dye . Patricia Eastwood. Miles. Chris Miller, Henry Miller, Richard Eckert. Kenneth & Julia Keith and Kristin Miller. Steven R S Y Adler,: Frank & Marilyn Allen. Edwards, Jennifer Engstrand . Marian Miller. Dorothy Mlcoch . Delia Moon- Trish Bredie . Susan M Bishop . Gail Life Members Ensor. Gilbert Erickson . Marjorie rider. Karen S Moore, John Morehead, Blattenberger . M E Brand . Dinese Car- Lakin Erickson . Becky Erlandson. Lil- Jeff Morris, Ron & Cathie Mullin, dinell . Dr & Mrs Lewis Chasin . Bar- June Bilisoly, Helen Graziano . D J lian Estrada . Lori Evans, Jonathan Leonard Muni . Jane Murray. Kristine bara Christiani . Leo & Deana Collins. Heronen . Norman L Hill, C R Hutch- Everett . Burley Johnson Family. Judy Nardello . Donald Nelson, Ruth Nel- Barbara Crane . Ana Maria De Alvare. inson . Pat & Jerry Irish . Ben Kudo. Fessenden . S A & Margaret Foletta. son . Nina Nigh . Donald North, Kath- J DeCarlo . Ray & Carole Derbas. Janet Foote, Jeffrey Fraley. Mr & Mrs leen Orr. Charles Osterlind, Judy Denise A Dickson. Esther Dudgeon. John R Freeman . Mr & Mrs Gordon J Palmer. Rebecca Palton. Toni Parnell, Betty Ellsworth . Kristi Engstrom. Frey, Norma A Fritsche . Mrs Jinn Melba Pastre . Alec & Marilyn Penny, Wendy Rae Fisch . Cdr & Mrs R D Fruin, Jeff & Diane Galyen. Jean L. Mike & Anne Petrovich . Roland Flynn . Rose Mary Forehand . Scott L Participating Garner . Loraine Gaulke, Denise Pfeifer, Sherry Piatt . Kenneth Pinnon. Galloway. Gary & Elaine Gibbons, Life Members Murphy Gedrimas . Richard M Anne M Pitta. Don Place . Virginia Norman & Helen Guerber. Andrew Georges . Winifred Gibson . George Plattner. Peter Pollaczek . Mr & Mrs & Geraldine Hartman . Eilna Hoist. Don & Joan Clucas Family, John K Giddings . John & Lydia Gomez . Alice E G Pomeroy. Vera Poste, Frank Joan M Kardis . J Michael & Mary Patricia Helton. Fritz & Betty Keil. T Greenwald . B J Griffin. Mary Kay Paulsen, Mary K Prentice . Felice S Kozos . Charles A King, Rabbi Susan Lawrence Reinecke .

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Join the Yosemite you join us in our effort to make A Yosemite Association decal; Yosemite Association Yosemite an even better place- and Member Benefits Special membership gifts as Association follows: Board of Trustees You can help support the work As a member of the Yosemite President of the Yosemite Association by Association, you will enjoy the Supporting Members : Matted print Thomas J Shepharci. Steven P Medley following benefits: from an illustration by Jane Gyer Chairman becoming a member. Revenues Harvey Rhodes, Sales in "Discovering Sierra Trees "; generated by the Association's A Yosemite, the Association bulle- Vice-Chairsnan Patricia Wight. activities are used to fund a vari- Contributing rldembers : Full color Beverly Barrick Acrrng .11anagc tin, published on a quarterly Barbara DeWitt ety of National Park Service pro- basis; poster of Yosemite's wildflowers Fundraising Carlo S Fowler Coordinator grams in Yosemite . Not only does by Walter Sydoriak; Edward C Hardy A 15% discount on all books, Karen Cobb the Yosemite Association publish Sustaining Members: A colorful E H McLaughlin and sell literature and maps, it maps, posters, calendars and pub- William J Popejoy Seminar lications stocked for sale by the enameled pin depicting a Yosem- sponsors field seminars Lennie Roberts Coordinator ; the Association; ite waterfall by William Spear, David Robertson park's Art Activity Center, and Penny Orwell Life Member: Anne Schneider the Ostrander Lake Ski Hut. A A 10% discount on most of the Matted color photo- Phyllis Weber Bookkeeper/ A critical element in the suc- field seminars conducted by the graph by Howard Weamer of a Daniel Wolfus Office Manager Association in Yosemite National Yosemite scene ; and Leonard W McKenzie Claire Haley cess of the Association is its mem- Ex o /5de bership. Individuals and families Park; Panicipatiug Life Member: Ansel Membership John M Morehead, Coordinator throughout the country have long AThe opportunity to participate Adams Special Edition print, achi- Ex office supported the Yosemite Associa- vally mounted. Elvira Nishkian. Gail Pyle in the annual Members' Meeting Fr officio tion through their dues and their Secretary/Cashi¢ held in the park each fall, along Membership dues are tax-deducti- Richard C Otte , personal commitments . Won't with other Association activities ble as provided by law Fr ofbxo Lorelei Beck Richard H Peterson. Consultant Exoffc,o Henry Berrey Please enroll me in the Yosemite Association as a Northern Califorar . . . Development q Regular Member $20 .00 q Contributing Member q Life Member Mary Lou Edmon $50.00 $500.00 q Supporting Member $35 .00 q Sustaining Member q Participating Life Member $100.00 $1,000.00 q Spouse add $5.00

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