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U Ottawa L'univcrsitfs Canndicnne Canada's University FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES 1=1 FACULTY of GRADUATE and ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES

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U Ottawa L'univcrsitfs Canndicnne Canada's University FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES 1=1 FACULTY of GRADUATE and ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES u Ottawa L'UnivcrsitfS canndicnne Canada's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES 1=1 FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'University canadienne Canada's university Crystal Si££Lons TOTEWDEIATHISEIMHOR'OHHESTS" Ph.D. (History) GRADE/DEGREE Department of History "FA'cD[TE"rfcolEVblwSfiel^FAM^ Elsie Gregory MacGill: Engineering the Future and Building Bridges for Canadian Woman, 1918-1980 TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Ruby Heap DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE / THESIS EXAMINERS Amy Bix Eda Kranakis Jeffrey Keshen Cynthia Toman Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies ELSIE GREGORY MACGELL: ENGINEERING THE FUTURE AND BUILDING BRIDGES FOR CANADIAN WOMEN, 1918-1980 by Crystal Sissons Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in History Universite d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa © 2008 Crystal Sissons Ottawa, Canada Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50755-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50755-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada i I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, Brian and Sandi Sissons my brother Darren Sissons. ii Abstract Elsie Gregory MacGill: Engineering the Future and Building Bridges for Canadian Women, 1918-1980 Crystal Sissons Supervisor University of Ottawa 2008 Professor Ruby Heap This thesis is a feminist case study of the public life and experiences of pioneering Canadian woman engineer, Elsie Gregory MacGill. Earning her undergraduate degree in electrical engineering at the University of Toronto in 1927, she then became the first woman in North America to obtain a Master's degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan in 1929. In 1938, she was appointed Chief Aeronautical Engineer at Canadian Car and Foundry in Fort William, Ontario (presently Thunder Bay), achieving celebrity status during the war for her work at the company. MacGill later established herself as a key social reformer and feminist activist. Between the 1950s and 1980s she was actively involved in the Canadian Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs (CFBPWC), served on the Royal Commission on the Status of Women (RCWS), and was a founding member of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC). This thesis discusses MacGill's training and career in engineering at a time when women's access to this male-dominated profession was extremely limited. She devoted years of dedicated service to her profession. She strongly believed that engineers needed to reach out beyond their field and interact with the larger Canadian society. However, MacGilFs firm belief in the principle of equality led her to challenge her profession's iii ability to attract and retain women; after the war, she thus became a public advocate for women in the profession, and served as a role model and mentor. This thesis also examines MacGill's multidimensional feminism, which is difficult to label. It was certainly shaped by her experiences as a professional engineer. In this respect, this thesis offers important insights into the links between engineering and feminism. Acknowledgements This thesis was first contemplated while discussing the possibilities of exploring the MacGill Fonds at the National Library and Archives of Canada with Dr. Ruby Heap in the spring of 2003. At the time, I was still residing in Thunder Bay, Ontario, which in fact, has an interesting link to Elsie MacGill, as she worked there during the Second World War, at which time it was known under the names of Fort William, Ontario and Port Arthur, Ontario respectively. It was thus with enthusiasm that I contemplated the opportunity to further elaborate on the life of a Canadian woman who had also been a temporary resident of the region. In September 2003,1 began work and research with Dr. Heap towards a Masters degree on Elsie MacGill's work on the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, and in September 20041 began work on the current doctoral dissertation with Dr. Heap. To Dr. Heap I owe immense gratitude for her guidance, support and motivation and friendship throughout the duration of my graduate studies at the University of Ottawa. Dr. Heap also allowed me the opportunity to work concurrently as the Program Manager of the University of Ottawa's Women in Engineering Research Group (UOWERG). This opportunity allowed for additional training and experience as well as financial aid to my studies. Moreover, the opportunity allowed for important interdisciplinary work and an opportunity to link historical studies to contemporary research problems. I would also like to thank Professors Ann Denis, Janice Ahola-Sidway, and Monique Frize for their encouragement throughout my studies and work with the team. Thanks also to Debra Hauer for her support and friendship. This thesis would not have been possible without the generous financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS), and the University of Ottawa's entrance scholarship and subsequent conference funding. To these three institutions I would like to express my sincere gratitude. Thanks are also due to the University of Ottawa's Department of History, which has also been a source of strength throughout my studies. My thanks go out especially to Professors Jeffery Keshen and Eda Kranakis for the stimulating discussions during field studies and continuing support. Thanks also to Professor Corrine Gaudin for her advice early on in my graduate work. A special thank you to the academic support staff at the department, especially Suzanne Dalrymple, and Francine Larame for their kindness and help in guiding me through the various administrative steps over the course of my studies. Thanks also to my colleagues and friends both at the University of Ottawa and Carleton University who were willing to offer debate and resources, but also friendship. I was also fortunate to retain strong academic ties to my alma matter, Lakehead University, throughout my studies. To Professors Helen Smith and Pam Wakewhich I owe special thanks for continued meetings and discussions pertaining to my topic and progress. I would also like to extend thanks to Professors Ron Harpelle, Patricia Jasen, V and Victor Smith. While my graduate studies required a long-distance move to Ottawa, the strong support from the Lakehead University's History Department eased the transition and provided a needed lifeline. The research for my thesis took place mainly at the National Library and Archives of Canada. The staff in the reading rooms and the archivists provided much needed assistance which made the work possible in the first place. To the Commissionaires I also owe thanks - their conversation and help when needed made long hours of research much more enjoyable. Thanks is also due to the archival staff at the University of Toronto Archives. I also owe my gratitude to the many people who agreed to sit for interviews, and/or provide information about Elsie MacGilFs life in the form of email reminiscences. Special thanks MacGilFs remaining family Ann Soulsby and Elizabeth Schnewind who both provided in-depth insights on MacGill, and shared photographs. I would especially like to dedicate this work to Ann Soulsby who was eager to see the completed work and passed away before it could be finished. Thanks also to Dr. Monique Begin, Dr. Naomi Black, Dr. Dormer Ellis, Dr. Ursula Franklin, Wendy Lawrence, Dr. Lorna Marsden, Cathleen Morrison, Liz Neville, Brigid O'Reilly, and Victor Stevenson. In addition the support and interest from MacGiH's former colleagues in the Canadian Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs of Canada has been a special asset. In relocating from Thunder Bay to Ottawa I was also fortunate to have the receive unexpected support from Heather and Jean Marc Maxwell and Linda and Thomas Dean who provided me with places to live, and acted as my family away from home.
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