Turfgrass & Ornamental Field

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Turfgrass & Ornamental Field TURFGRASS & ORNAMENTAL FIELD DAY Division of Plant Science - CAFNR - University of Missouri South Farm Research Center Columbia, MO July 19, 2016 Faculty Dr. Bruce Barrett – Entomology Dr. Brad Fresenburg – Turfgrass Research & Extension Dr. Lee Miller – Turfgrass Pathology Dr. David Trinklein – Floriculture Dr. Xi Xiong – Turfgrass Management & Physiology Tim Moloney - Landscape Design Research Specialists Daniel Earlywine – Turfgrass Pathology Patti Hosack - MU Plant Diagnostic Clinic Director Graduate Research Assistants Naba Amgain Matt Fleetwood Waana Kaluwasha John Koehler Michael Patterson Kyle Robertson Enzhan Song Find us on the web: Brought to you by: turf.missouri.edu turf.missouri.edu/stat turfpath.missouri.edu motoc.org Editor’s Note Table of Contents e would like to express our gratitude to our industry sponsors for Sponsors and Contributors ......................................................................................................................................................................................4 their incredible support of the Mizzou Turfgrass & Ornamental Field Day Sponsors ..................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Field Day Vendors ....................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Programs. Without this assistance, we would not be able to build Schedule of Events Calendar ..................................................................................................................................................................................7 Wupon our programs, nor be able to function at the research and extension level that this great state of Missouri needs and deserves. We would also like to thank our wonderful colleagues at the MU Agronomy Research Center at Field Day Presentations Bradform Farm and those at South Farms for assisting us with the logistics and set up of this event. Stops* We have listed our contributors on the first page of this booklet to signify our appre- 1 Evaluation of Herbicide Formulations for Control of Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) - Matt Fleetwood & Dr. Xi Xiong ...........................8 ciation of their support. While we strive to make this list as comprehensive as pos- 2 Dollar Spot: Got it, now how quickly can I get rid of it? - Daniel Earlywine ..................................................................................................10 sible, please let me or another faculty member know if your organization should be 3 Evaluating Hot Herbaceous Ornamentals that are Cool Under Summer Pressure - Dr. David Trinklein .....................................................13 on this list. If an error has occurred, please accept our sincere apology, and we will 4 MU Plant Diagnostic Clinic—2016 Common Diseases and Things to Watch Out For - Patti Hosack ..........................................................14 correct it in the future. 5 Mizzou’s Landscape Design Education-A Professional Approach - Tim Maloney....................................................................................................... 18 6 What’s Bugging You? Troubleshooting/Bring your Question Session - Dr. Brad Freesenburg ...................................................................23 In addition to our program sponsors, I’d also like to thank our numerous sponsors 7 Localized Dry Spot: Can Wetting Agents Remove Hydrophobic Coatings From USGA Sand? - Steve Song & Dr. Xi Xiong ......................25 and vendors at this 2015 field day. These companies are also listed and recognized 8 Nitrogen & Large Patch: When, Where, and Why? - John Koehler .............................................................................................................35 on these opening pages, because their participation and support has played an inte- 9 Integrating Management Strategies for Spring Dead Spot and Large Patch Control - Dr. Lee Miller ..........................................................39 gral part in facilitating this event. 10 The Vital Role of Pollinators for Human Health and Wildlife, & How to Support them in the Landscape - Carol Davit ................................43 Inside this booklet, we hope you will find valuable research and insights that you can bring back to your operation to make it more successful. Whether your operation * STOP Number is referenced on farm map on the back cover of this booklet. is a lawn, landscape, golf course, sod farm, nursery, athletic field, (etc.), we would like to assist with your plant health issues. If there is a concern you feel needs to be Other Reports covered more fully, please don’t hesitate to let us know, or email me at turfpath@ missouri.edu or phone at (573) 882-5623. Please enjoy your day of discussion, learn- 1. National Turfgrass Evaluation Program Trials of Cool Season Turfgrasses .................................................................................................46 ing and camaraderie, and we hope you take something back that is useful. 2. National Turfgrass Evaluation Program Trials of Warm Season Turfgrasses...............................................................................................58 3. Evaluation of Preventative Fungicide Applications for Fairy Ring Control on a Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green ....................................65 Sincerely, 4. Evaluating Fungicide Efficacy for Dollar spot and Brown Patch Control on a Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green ......................................67 5. Evaluation of Multiple Fungicide Programs for Summer Disease Control on Fairway and Putting Height Creeping Bentgrass ..................73 Dr. Lee Miller 6. Detection of Chemical Hormesis Caused by DMI Fungicides on Sclerotinia homoeocarpa ........................................................................80 Extension Turfgrass Pathologist 7. Effect of Calcium Fertilizer and Water Status on Tolerance of Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) University of Missouri to Dollar Spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Bennett) .......................................................................................................................................83 Division of Plant Sciences 8. Evaluation of EH1601, NB39020 and NB39051 for Control of Cinquefoil (Potentilla spp.) .........................................................................87 9. Evaluation of EH1587 and EH1545 for Control of Cinquefoil (Potentilla spp.) ............................................................................................89 10. Evaluation of Herbicide Formulations for Control of Wild Violet (Viola spp.) ...............................................................................................91 11. A Study of Billbug Biology............................................................................................................................................................................94 12. Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Billbug on Zoysiagrass Fairway ....................................................................................................97 Note: Reference to products in this booklet is intended to convey objective, unbiased information and not an 13. Evaluate EH1587 for Control of Common Chickweed ...............................................................................................................................100 endorsement of the product over other similar products with similar results. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services does not imply endorsement by University of Missouri or 14. Differential Responses of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) Genotypes to AOPP Herbicide..................................................103 discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Other brand names may be labeled for use 15. Efficacy of Specticle FLO on Control of Lespedeza on a Bermudagrass Lawn .........................................................................................106 on turfgrasses. Individuals who use pesticides are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with 16. Performance of Micronutrient Fertilizer MicroPel® ® for Improving Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) Growth........................108 current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regula- tions and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your county’s Cooperative Extension agent. 3 Sponsors & Contributors to the 2016 2016 Field Day Sponsors Mizzou Turfgrass & Ornamental Research Program Agrologics* FMC Corporation* Ozark Turf Association* St. Louis, Missouri Philadelphia, PA Branson, Missouri MU Ag Research Center* Gateway Chapter (STMA) ** Ozarks Chapter STMA** Columbia, Missouri St. Louis, Missouri Springfield, Missouri Harrell’s, LLC Agrotain* Pennington Seed* GR Robinson Seed & Service Co GreensPro, Inc.* 720 Kraft Rd, Lakeland, FL 33815 St. Louis, Missouri Greenfield, Missouri 10747 Trenton Ave, St. Louis, MO 63132 Fenton, Missouri Contact: Mickey Lovett Contact: Glenn Kraemer [email protected] A.L. Gustin Golf Course* Harrells LLC* PBI Gordon** [email protected] Columbia, Missouri Kansas City, Missouri 863-687-2774 Lakeland, FL 314-427-0300
Recommended publications
  • DOLLAR SPOT on Norwegian Golf Courses
    Risk of DOLLAR SPOT on Norwegian golf courses By Tatsiana Espevig (NIBIO, Norway), Karin Normann (Asbjørn Nyholt ApS, Denmark) and Marina Usoltseva (Botanical Analysis Group, Sweden) Popular Scientific Articles - STERF, January 2020 Photo 1. Dollar spot symptoms on a golf green. Photo: T. Espevig Risk of dollar spot on Norwegian golf courses Dollar spot was officially docu- for this disease in Scandinavia and focus of research through the projects mented in Norway in 2013 and in there is no available information on funded by STERF and other actors Sweden in 2014. In Denmark, the resistance to dollar spot in turfgrass (www.sterf.org ). disease has been seen for at least species and cultivars that are used 10 years. As far as we know, the on Scandinavian golf courses. In Dollar spot is caused by a fungus disease exists on at least 20 golf Norway (also in Denmark), the use that in 1937 was defined as Scleroti- courses in the Nordic countries. On of fungicides against dollar spot is nia homoeocarpa. After 75 years of some Nordic courses and for some not permitted, so it is important arguing that the fungus may have been years the damage from dollar spot to have knowledge and experience misplaced and where it really belongs, is severe (up to 70-80% dead grass about the most effective cultural US scientists have recently published on greens and fairways). Even in the methods against dollar spot. a scientific work showing thatS. ho- cases when disease pressure is low, moeocarpa is not a species of Scle- the diseased turf is repaired very rotinia but of Clarireedia which was slow and this leads to uneven play- introduced as a new genus (Salgado- ing surface and a significant reduc- About the disease Salazar et al., 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • EVALUATION of ORGANIC INPUTS for REDUCING DOLLAR SPOT DISEASE on COOL-SEASON TURFGRASSES Cody James Be
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: EVALUATION OF ORGANIC INPUTS FOR REDUCING DOLLAR SPOT DISEASE ON COOL-SEASON TURFGRASSES Cody James Beckley, Master of Science, 2018 Thesis Directed By: Assistant Professor, Dr. Joseph A. Roberts Plant Science and Landscape Architecture Lolium perenne, Poa annua, and Agrostis stolonifera are turfgrass species commonly grown on golf course fairways; however, they are susceptible to dollar spot (Clarireedia spp.). Field studies were conduction to assess: 1) the effects of organic fertilizer treatments and fungicide programs on dollar spot severity; and 2) the impact of organic amendments on dollar spot severity and residual fungicide efficacy. Alternating applications of organic and conventional fungicides reduced seasonal dollar spot severity to the same degree as conventional fungicides. Dollar spot was more severe in Lolium perenne and Poa annua treated with organic fungicides. On A. stolonifera, organic biosolids compost, biochar, and vermicompost amendments suppressed dollar spot to the same degree as conventional fertilizer in year one of the trial, while dollar spot was more severe on A. stolonifera fertilized with organic biosolids compost in year two. Fertilizer treatments had no effect on residual fungicide efficacy on A. stolonifera. EVALUATION OF ORGANIC INPUT EFFECTS FOR REDUCING DOLLAR SPOT DISEASE ON COOL-SEASON TURFGRASSES By Cody James Beckley Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2018 Advisory Committee: Assistant Professor Joseph A. Roberts, Chair Associate Professor Mark J. Carroll Associate Professor Thomas R. Turner Associate Professor Stephanie A. Yarwood © Copyright by Cody James Beckley 2018 Dedication I would like to dedicate this work to my fellow turfgrass managers in the Mid- Atlantic region.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Antifungal Activity of Lolium-Associated Epichloë Endophytes
    microorganisms Article Novel Antifungal Activity of Lolium-Associated Epichloë Endophytes Krishni Fernando 1,2, Priyanka Reddy 1, Inoka K. Hettiarachchige 1, German C. Spangenberg 1,2, Simone J. Rochfort 1,2 and Kathryn M. Guthridge 1,* 1 Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia; [email protected] (K.F.); [email protected] (P.R.); [email protected] (I.K.H.); [email protected] (G.C.S.); [email protected] (S.J.R.) 2 School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61390327062 Received: 27 May 2020; Accepted: 19 June 2020; Published: 24 June 2020 Abstract: Asexual Epichloë spp. fungal endophytes have been extensively studied for their functional secondary metabolite production. Historically, research mostly focused on understanding toxicity of endophyte-derived compounds on grazing livestock. However, endophyte-derived compounds also provide protection against invertebrate pests, disease, and other environmental stresses, which is important for ensuring yield and persistence of pastures. A preliminary screen of 30 strains using an in vitro dual culture bioassay identified 18 endophyte strains with antifungal activity. The novel strains NEA12, NEA21, and NEA23 were selected for further investigation as they are also known to produce alkaloids associated with protection against insect pests. Antifungal activity of selected endophyte strains was confirmed against three grass pathogens, Ceratobasidium sp., Dreschlera sp., and Fusarium sp., using independent isolates in an in vitro bioassay. NEA21 and NEA23 showed potent activity against Ceratobasidium sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Management of Dollar Spot Disease of Creeping Bentgrass Using Soil Conditioners
    Integrated Management of Dollar Spot Disease of Creeping Bentgrass Using Soil Conditioners by Eslin Duygu Oztur A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Agriculture Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Eslin Duygu Oztur, December, 2020 ABSTRACT INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF DOLLAR SPOT DISEASE OF CREEPING BENTGRASS USING SOIL CONDITIONERS Eslin Duygu Oztur Advisor: University of Guelph, 2020 Dr. Katerina Serlemitsos Jordan Dollar spot, caused by the fungus Clarireedia jacksonii, can lead to considerable damage to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) on golf course greens. This one-year study assessed management strategies that integrated soil conditioners (fish emulsion, fish hydrolysate, worm castings, and spent mushroom compost) with a rolling treatment to reduce dollar spot severity. None of the soil conditioners reduced dollar spot in the greenhouse or field studies, nor was there any improvement in turf color, clippings, root dry weight or tissue N content. The rolling treatment had a significant effect on turf color and reduced dollar spot severity at one location and only when disease pressure was high. The results indicated that the use of soil conditioners would not be a recommended practice for dollar spot when disease pressure is high but rolling could be included as a management practice to suppress dollar spot. DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my beloved mother Aysegul Kivanc, whose profound love, support and encouragement made it possible for me to complete this work. I admire the effort and sacrifice you made for my career in supporting my study abroad. You gave me the strength to make it through another day.
    [Show full text]
  • Home Lawn Problems & Solutions for ND
    H1553 (Revised) Home Lawn Problems and Solutions for North Dakota Alan Zuk, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Sciences Janet Knodel, Extension Entomologist, Department of Entomology Ron Smith, Professor Emeritus, Department of Plant Sciences Contents 2 Introduction 3 Weed Problems in Lawns 3 Broadleaf Weeds 7 Perennial Grassy Weeds 8 Annual Grassy Weeds 10 General Nonchemical Control of Lawn Weeds 11 Using Herbicides to Control Weeds 12 Turfgrass Diseases North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 23 Turfgrass lnsects 31 Additional References Reviewed and reprinted August 2017 hile an attractive lawn can complement an equally attractive landscaping with trees and shrubs, one that is unkempt and Wweedy will be a major distraction. Indeed, a good looking lawn is as important to the total landscape picture as a shined pair of dress shoes is to formal attire. The two just naturally go together. In response to the many inquiries about home lawn care and problems, the intent of this NDSU Extension publication is to assist the homeowner first in identifying these problems and, secondly, providing advice on actions they can take to solve these problems. Our initial emphasis will be to adjust or modify cultural practices to minimize or, in some cases, eliminate the pest. We also provide options for chemical use in case the problem has not been solved. Each author has contributed to this publication based on his or her expertise: Alan Zuk on typical diseases observed on home lawns, Janet Knodel on insect problems; and Ron Smith in dealing with distractive weeds. In surveying the retail market, we noted the wide availability of combination products, with herbicides and fertilizer being the most common.
    [Show full text]
  • Turfgrass Disease Identification Guide for Golf TABLE of CONTENTS
    Turfgrass Disease Identification Guide for Golf TABLE OF CONTENTS TURFGRASS DISEASE IDENTIFICATION Ectotrophic Root Infecting Fungi Necrotic Ring Spot ......................................................... 4 Spring Dead Spot ........................................................... 6 Summer Patch ............................................................... 8 Take-all Patch .............................................................. 10 Fairy Rings Fairy Ring ..................................................................... 12 Superficial Fairy Ring .................................................... 14 Mildew Diseases Yellow Tuft (Downy Mildew) .......................................... 16 Powdery Mildew ........................................................... 18 Pythium Diseases Pythium Blight .............................................................. 20 Pythium Root Rot (Root Dysfunction) ........................... 22 Rhizoctonia Diseases Brown Patch, cool-season turf ..................................... 24 Large Patch, warm-season turf .................................... 26 Rust and Smut Diseases Rusts (Crown, Leaf, Stem, and Stripe) ......................... 28 Stripe Smut .................................................................. 30 Syngenta would like to acknowledge the following individuals for their contribution to the development of this turf guide: Pete Dernoeden, PhD, University of Maryland, and Bruce Clarke, PhD, Rutgers University. 2 Snow Molds Gray Snow Mold............................................................32
    [Show full text]
  • Fungicide-Induced Hormetic Effects in Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes
    FUNGICIDE-INDUCED HORMETIC EFFECTS IN PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI AND OOMYCETES By SUMIT PRADHAN SHRESTHA Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology Purbanchal University Biratnagar, Nepal 2011 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 2015 FUNGICIDE-INDUCED HORMETIC EFFECT IN PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI AND OOMYCETES Thesis Approved: Dr. Carla D. Garzon Thesis Adviser Dr. Nathan Walker Dr. Hassan Melouk ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Carla Garzon for helping me throughout my graduate career. She has been a consistent source of encouragement and I will always be grateful to her for encouraging and supporting me in every aspect of my graduate study. I also thank my committee members Dr. Hassan Melouk and Dr. Nathan Walker for their professional guidance, technical assistance and input into this thesis. Thanks to Dr. Miller (University of Missouri) and Dr. Gary Moorman (Pennsylvania State University) for providing the Sclerotinia homoeocarpa and Pythium isolates. I am very thankful to Francisco Flores, Andres Espindola, Patricia Garrido, Vanessa Marcillo, Alejandra Oviedo and other lab members for their assistance whenever needed. Thanks to Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology for creating such a good working atmosphere. I would also like to thank my Father H.B Shrestha, brother Rajendra, sister Sunita and brother in-law Nitendra for their moral support. I owe a significant debt of gratitude to my mom Kamala Devi Shrestha. It is largely because of her encouragement and the effort that she channeled into my education that I have had the opportunity to pursue this degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Azoxystrobin on Turfgrass Phyllosphere
    EFFECT OF AZOXYSTROBIN ON TURFGRASS PHYLLOSPHERE MICROBIAL POPULATIONS AND DISEASE ENHANCEMENT A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by DANIEL BENEDETTO In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science January, 2008 © Daniel Benedetto, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-41797-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-41797-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Rolling and Dollar Spot Inci- Dence
    research Why lightweight rolling decreases dollar spot Daily rolling can result in significant dollar spot reductions regardless of the time of day the practice is implemented. Dollar spot, caused by the fungal pathogen to increase disease severity. However, more recent Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, is the most economically research has found that rolling multiple times per important disease on golf courses (13). Dollar week actually reduces diseases such as dollar spot spot has been managed mainly through chemical and anthracnose (2,4,7,8,11). These research proj- means, but because of concerns about pathogen ects, among others, have shed light on some of the resistance and governmental restraints on pesticide benefits of lightweight rolling in relation to disease use, alternative measures for controlling this dis- management on high-maintenance turfgrass. ease are being explored. Decreased disease occurrence through rolling Researchers have examined the efficacy of many has spurred hypotheses related to possible disease cultural practices in reducing dollar spot (2,4,8,11). suppression mechanisms (10). One hypothesis is Rolling — which superintendents use primarily that rolling, which typically is conducted imme- to increase ball roll speed and to enhance unifor- diately after morning mowing, removes excess mity of the green’s surface — was once thought dew or guttation fluid exuded by the plant. Dew removal and other related practices that reduce leaf wetness duration are widely accepted tech- niques used to decrease disease incidence on turf- grass. Many studies have revealed the benefits of early morning mowing, syringing and other dew removal methods in order to decrease leaf wetness duration (4,12), ultimately reducing disease inci- dence or severity.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Pathology in Ohio, Chapters 7-13
    Chapter 7 Advancing Ohio State Plant Pathology to National Prominence (1984–2005) Just as the attainment of a separate Department of At this same time, new leadership came to the Plant Pathology in 1967 finally came only as part of Department of Plant Pathology. Ira Deep stepped a series of administrative decisions made at college down as the department’s first chairperson in 1984. and university levels, so the further development of After a nationwide search, Charles Curtis, chairperson the department took place in a climate of continual of Plant Science at the University of Delaware, was change at The Ohio State University. During the first attracted to lead the department. He arrived at the dozen years of its existence, the department received height of the whirlwind created by Max Lennon and good financial support from Dean Roy Kottman, who threw himself into leading the department in these new at that time, “wore three hats” as Dean of the college directions. He strongly stressed that the faculty had to and Director of both the OARDC and the Extension engage more fully in biotechnology and the molecular service. He had championed the department from its revolution that was taking place in the biological beginning and facilitated its considerable growth in the sciences. In a time of declining allocated resources, early years under Ira Deep’s leadership. However, the he pushed the faculty to place increased emphasis on financial position of the state began to decline by the writing grant proposals to obtain outside support for late 1970s and things changed considerably by the early their research.
    [Show full text]
  • Curative Dollar Spot Control on a Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Putting Green, 2012. This Trial Was Conducted at the J
    CREEPING BENTGRASS (Agrostis stolonifera ‘L-93’) J. Popko and G. Jung ANNUAL BLUEGRASS (Poa annua) Stockbridge School of Agriculture Dollar Spot; (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 Curative dollar spot control on a creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass putting green, 2012. This trial was conducted at the Joseph Troll Turf Research Center in South Deerfield, MA to evaluate fungicide treatments for curative control of dollar spot under natural disease conditions. The plot consisted of 90% creeping bentgrass and 10% annual bluegrass maintained under putting green conditions. Mowing was performed five times per week (0.156-inch cutting height) and clippings were collected. 19-3-19 fertilizer was applied at a rate of 0.5 lb nitrogen (N)/1,000 sq ft on 19 July. Tupersan 50WP was applied on 23 May to control crabgrass at a rate of 24 lb/A. Sevin SL was applied at a rate of 4.0 fl oz/1,000 sq ft on 6 Jul to control cutworms. The trial area was irrigated as needed to prevent drought stress. Individual plots measured 3 ft × 6 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were initiated on 1 Jun and continued through 29 Jun. All individual treatments were applied at a nozzle pressure of 40 psi using a CO2-pressurized boom sprayer equipped with two XR TeeJet 8004VS nozzles in the equivalent of 2 gallons of water per 1,000 sq ft. Very high initial disease severity (200-300 infection centers per plot) was observed and dollar spot severity was rated by using a 1 to 9 rating scale (9=no dollar spot, 6=acceptable, less than 3% dollar spot).
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT PUTMAN, ALEXANDER IVAN. Worldwide Population
    ABSTRACT PUTMAN, ALEXANDER IVAN. Worldwide Population Biology of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa from Common Turfgrass Hosts and Mating Systems of the Pathogen and Closely Related Fungi. (Under the direction of Dr. Ignazio Carbone and Dr. Lane Tredway). Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett causes dollar spot, the most economically important disease of turfgrass throughout the world. Reasons that managing this pathogen is a persistent challenge include its broad host range and the widespread development of fungicide resistance. New or improved options to manage dollar spot are needed, but basic information on this pathosystem is lacking. Here we present an analysis of the mating type genes and the population genetic structure of S. homoeocarpa to improve knowledge of the population biology of this fungus. There is conflict in the literature between reports of fertile sexual reproduction of S. homoeocarpa obtained from the United Kingdom and the apparent sterility of S. homoeocarpa obtained worldwide. We sequenced and characterized the mating-type (MAT) locus of several recently-collected ‘modern’ strains causing dollar spot, historical type strains used to describe the fungus, and selected close relatives of the pathogen, and also developed a multiplex PCR assay to screen 1,019 modern isolates for mating-type. The modern strains have a heterothallic MAT locus organization, suggesting these strains are required to encounter an individual of the opposite mating type to sexually reproduce. However, while three of four historical type strains were previously reported to undergo sexual reproduction from single-ascospore cultures, we found that only one of the four had a homothallic MAT locus organization. Some isolates collected from southern California and Italy contained both MAT idiomorphs, providing additional evidence that S.
    [Show full text]