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Science Reporter- Nov- Dec 1988.Pdf . , . SCIENCE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF S.P.AMBASTA REPORTE-R . EDITORS VOL 25 NO . 11 NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1988 BIMAN BASU C.B. SHARMA Publications and Information Directorate (C .S.I.R .) DILIP M. SALWI • RESEARCH FELLOW HASAN 4AWAID KHAN SENIOR SALES '& DISTRIBUTION OFFICER 1 G.E. SALPEKAR PRODUCTION OFFICER V.S. CHATURVEDI , I Special on Raman Phones Editorial : 573-0146 Sales & Production : 573-0147 60~ The Phenomenon of Raman Science Reporter is published G.H. Keswani monthly. Publications and lnformatiqn Di.rectorate (CSIR) 612 Research With Style : the story of Raman's assumes no responsibility for statements and opinions study of light scattering · advanced by contributors · S. Ramaseshan and the editorial staff. Annual Subscription 618 Raman Effe-ct-discovery and after lnla.nd Rs . 30.00 · R. S. Krishnan Foreign (By surface mail) US $8.00 625 Professor Sir C.V. Raman-reminiscences R.S. Krishnan 630 The Colours of Roses Sir C.V. RamiJn 632 The Colours of Gemstones Sir C. V. Raman 634 Raman-the teacher extraordinary A. Jayaraman 639 Raman's Humour . Main Article 644 · Leprosy : the great puzzle of the Nocardia from Cover: Photograph cour­ the soil . , tesy A. Jayaraman. A.N. Chakrabarty, Sujata G. Dastidar Artwork by K.B. Dhingra Departments 604 Letters P. 640 Fats in our foods e Aluminium utensils • Diet and cancer . • Avoid ·cancer • Diatom not me.ntionede Algae pnd food additives • Poisonous mushrooms • Perfect numbers • A . • suggestion 643 Stars and Planets JANUARY 1989 ... 650 Science Spectrum · P. 652 Body's invisible so ldiers e Indicator plants-a tool for mineral prospecting+ Beware of tannin-rich animal feed • Aqqres sive behaviour e "Fail-fin in fishes e ~ow water balance is maintained in plants • In Brief 663 Science for the Young Barbara McCiintock-an American karmayogi e Trees and their importance • Interesting properties of 65 670 News and Notes INSA Awards for young scientists 671 For HEn Facts about premenstrual tension syndrome P. 656 I 673 ' Technology for Villages Improved red palm weevil detector 674 · Book Reviews Progress for a Small Planet • Science Technology and Rural Development • Interferons-Their Impact in Biology and Medicine • Introductory Histologye Colour Television­ Principles and Practice • Digital Control Eng ineering e • Gt' llt :l .II Sc lt! nce e The Eye of the Queen e Text Book on PhySICS P. 663 THE PHENOMENON OF RAMAN G.H.I<ESWANI AMAN was-one of the greatest experimental physicists believed in letting those who were capable of looking after Rof the cel")ti.Jry, a physicist of light, sound and crystals. themselves todo so .... during the whole of my· two years' Let me quote Lord Rutherford. While presenting Raman . · work for the M.A. degree, ·I remember attending cinly one the Hughes Medal of Royal Society of Londo·n in 1929, even lecture, and that was on the Fabry-Perot interferometer by before Raman got the Nobel prize, Rutherford said, "The . Prof. Jones himself." Prof. Max Born, a leading physicist o.f Raman Effect must rank among· tbe best three or four Quantum-Mechanics and a Nobel prize winner, talked ofthe discoveries in experimental physics of the last decade". The . "European intensity" of Ramari. Raman himselfrecalled at winners of.the Nobel prize for work in experimental physics · the age of 75 years, " 1.... do not recollect any time during in the preceding decade were.: Millikan (charge and mass of this long period when I took my mind off from my sci~ntific the electron and the photoelectric effect). Siegbahn (X-ray interests". spec t rosco~ y). Frank an_d Hertz (collisions of electrons with · Raman was, therefore, a phenomen'on, almost in the atoms), Perrin (Brownian motion), Compton (for the effect. same class as Ramanujan. Both were completely home ~ known by his name), C.T.R. Wilson (cloud chamber for made and self-educated and pro~uced work Which will be making visible the· track of very small charged particles) and remembered fcir centuries. Richardson (thermionic emission of electrons). So, it was . So, after Raman got the Nobel P,rize in physics in the year quite a thing for the Raman effect to be among ttie best 1930, almost every thinking Indian felt, "We can do it' '. This three or four discoveries. spirit must be regenerated, particularly among our · scientists. Indeed, such 'is the fecundity cif the Raman effect that Raman (scattering) figures more often in current experi- · mental research papers than the names mentioned above Raman, the aesthete including Rutherford's, all put together! Raman loved colour, beauty, form and rhythm in nature He collected thousands of specimens of butterflies .. He Raman was not only an.adept experimentalist with light, purchased after personal inspection, hundreds of diamonds in the tradition of Young, Fresnel and Rayleigh, but he also of different forms and fire for his studies. He was so much fostered an active school of research in our poor country for bewitclcled by the physical properties of the di'amond, that at almost half a century in the grand manner of German one time every researcher in his laboratories was working spet<troscopists of the nineteenth century-Fraunhofer, on the physics of this simplest of crystal structures-its Bunsen and Kirchoff: His own work extended to some _360 properties of absorption, birefringence, Faraday ·effect, papers and four books .. Among Indians, only the chemist, flu~rescence, luminescence, magnetic susceptibility, photo­ Prof. Seshadri, F.R.S ., excelled him in the number of conductivity, specific heat, ultraviolet transparency, etc. But, publications, so far as I know. Raman initiated into research also, no great secrets of•nature were thus revealed, although !)early 150 students. He was also a charming speaker, Ra man believed that diamond had ·"char.acteristic properties holding his listeners spell-bound. of the solid state in a superlative degree". He wrote ·extensively ·on the colours of ·foliage and It is diffi~ult to ·. explain his enorri-wus intellectual flowers, and of gemstones describing thEl physics of it all, in develop,ment. He was taught by himself alone. fle dared to words which conjure up the colours and lights of Turner's pub\ ish his first paper in the year 1906 in the Phflosophii:al paintings .' He gave a theory of the blue of the sea , correcting Magazine of London, then the foremost journal of physics, Lord Rayleigh's conjecture. This was the starting point and at the age of 18 years, o.n diffraction patterns due to a inspiration of his main work, on the scattering of light, as rectangular apertu·re. ' Raman told us in his Nobel Lecture in Stockholm on 11. Prof. R.L . .)ones who had worked in the Cavendish December, 1 930. ' Laboratory, was Raman' s teacher in physics at the Madras Incidentally, he regarded Rayleigh' as his . " teacher": University, but Raman recollected : " Professor Jones Works of Rayleigh signed by Raman are, I suppose, still kept in the library of the Raman .lnstitute at Bangalore, (I saw Mr. Keswanl IS a Jawaharlal Nehru Fellow and biographer of C.V. Raman . He has a deep interest in physics, applications .them there about ten year's'- ago.) · of mathematics to problems of life, and history· and He made a scientific study of the drums and the violin. His philosophy of science: Address B6 / 17, Safdarjung interests and papers in this field, published in Nature and Enclave, New Delhi -11 0029. the Philosophical Magazine of England went so deep thilt 606:1 SCIENCE 'REPOR't-ER NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1988 he was invited _by the editor of the prestigious German postulated in the year 1900 by Max Planck of Germany . Handbuch der Physik in 1927 to write. an article f~r the Now consider a highly purified transparent material Handbuch on musical instruments. It was a singular through which a beam of light of one frequency or colour honour, a salutation to his experimental work ih this field. (monochromatic) is made to pass. Most of the light will pass ·through but a small amount of it will be scattered in various Matter, light and their interaction directions by the atoms and molecules lying in the•path of To understand Raman's work one must know something the beam .. Lord Rayleigh had studied this phenomenon of about the structure of matter and the nature oflight. The scattering in the last century and found that for many liquid following description should suffice here. scatterers about one-thousandth part of the incident light energy is scattered, and this light has the s'ame wave­ Matter consists of atoms· which can also aggregate irito length as the incident radiation. (However, the. amount of molecules, as the basic bricks of the structur~ of matter. energy scattered varies with the wave-length of the Each atom consists of a nucleus with a positive electric incident light.) charge in integral multiples of a unit of charge equal td the A German physicist, E. Lommel, had shown in 1878 from charge ·on an electron which however is negative or his theory of scattering, that the scattered light should opposite (a small·er unit of . charge has not beeri contain, in addition, some light which combined the . experimentally encountered so far, although fractional frequency of the incident light with the frequency of charges liave been postulated in the quark theory of internal oscillations of the scattering rriedium but his work matter}. The nucleus is surrounded by one or more received little notice. Another German physicist, A Smekal electrons which have the same total electrical charge as the in 1923, and H_.A Kramers and W .. Heisenberg in 1925 also nucleus but opposite in sign. The electrons and nuclei of the theoretically predicted that the scattered light would atoms, constituting a molecule (such as hydrogen and contain other frequencies besides the frequency of the oxygen in a water molecule), interact in a way such that the incident radiation and that the changes in the frequencies atcimal)d the molecule hold together.
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