ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Togaviridae
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Evaluation of the Tetracore Orthopox Biothreat® Antigen Detection Assay
Journal of Virological Methods 187 (2013) 37–42 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Virological Methods jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jviromet ® Evaluation of the Tetracore Orthopox BioThreat antigen detection assay using laboratory grown orthopoxviruses and rash illness clinical specimens a,∗ b a a a Michael B. Townsend , Adam MacNeil , Mary G. Reynolds , Christine M. Hughes , Victoria A. Olson , a a Inger K. Damon , Kevin L. Karem a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-06, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Immunization Division, CGH, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-06, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States a b s t r a c t ® Article history: The commercially available Orthopox BioThreat Alert assay for orthopoxvirus (OPV) detection is piloted. Received 5 December 2011 This antibody-based lateral-flow assay labels and captures OPV viral agents to detect their presence. Serial Received in revised form 23 August 2012 dilutions of cultured Vaccinia virus (VACV) and Monkeypox virus (MPXV) were used to evaluate the sensi- Accepted 30 August 2012 tivity of the Tetracore assay by visual and quantitative determinations; specificity was assessed using a Available online 5 September 2012 small but diverse set of diagnostically relevant blinded samples from viral lesions submitted for routine ® OPV diagnostic testing. The BioThreat Alert assay reproducibly detected samples at concentrations of Keywords: 7 6 10 pfu/ml for VACV and MPXV and positively identified samples containing 10 pfu/ml in 4 of 7 inde- Monkeypox Orthopoxvirus pendent experiments. -
Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana
Sampling and Testing Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana Please click on the species of interest: Cattle Deer and Small Ruminants The Louisiana Animal Swine Disease Diagnostic Horses Laboratory Dogs A service unit of the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine Adapted from Murphy, F.A., et al, Veterinary Virology, 3rd ed. Cats Academic Press, 1999. Compiled by Rob Poston Multi-species: Rabiesvirus DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 1 Cattle Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 2 Deer and Small Ruminants Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral disease Respiratory viral disease Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 3 Swine Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 4 Horses Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Neurological viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Abortifacient/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 5 Dogs Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. -
Seroprevalence of TORCH Infections in Children
Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal Volume 17, Issue 1, January 2018 Original Article Seroprevalence of TORCH Infections in Children Sanjoy Kanti Biswas1* Abstract 2 Md. Badruddoza Background : The acronym “TORCH” was introduced to highlight a group of Nahid Sultana1 pathogens that cause a congenital and perinatal infections: Toxoplasma gondi, rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). These pathogens are often associated with congenital anomalies. Congenital malformations 1 Department of Microbiology have a direct impact on the family. This study was undertaken to detect the Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Chittagong, Bangladesh. serological evidence of TORCH infections in children, by establishing the presence of specific IgM antibodies. Methods: During the period 1st June 2016 to 30th May 2 Department of Paediatrics 2017, 58 suspected TORCH infection cases were included from Paediatrics Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Chittagong, Bangladesh. Department of CMOSH for TORCH antibody detection. The children were in the age of 0 day to 1 year with an average age of 3.3±2.59 months. The serum samples were tested forIgM and IgG antibodies against TORCH agents by using enzyme linked immunoassay method (ELISA). Results: Among the 58 children, seropositivity was found in 55 (94.82%) cases. Of the 55 seropositive cases serological evidence for combination of IgM and IgG with any one of the TORCH agents was detected in 25 (43.10%) and IgG alone was detected in 30 (51.72%) children. IgM/IgG antibody positivity to Toxoplasma, Rubella, CMV and HSV was 21(36.21%), 50(86.21%), 52(89.66%) and 8(13.79%) respectively. -
Characterization of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Domain and Its Cleavage Site
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, July 1996, p. 4707–4713 Vol. 70, No. 7 0022-538X/96/$04.0010 Copyright q 1996, American Society for Microbiology Characterization of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Domain and Its Cleavage Site 1 2 2 1 JUN-PING CHEN, JAMES H. STRAUSS, ELLEN G. STRAUSS, AND TERYL K. FREY * Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,1 and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 911252 Received 27 October 1995/Accepted 3 April 1996 The region of the rubella virus nonstructural open reading frame that contains the papain-like cysteine protease domain and its cleavage site was expressed with a Sindbis virus vector. Cys-1151 has previously been shown to be required for the activity of the protease (L. D. Marr, C.-Y. Wang, and T. K. Frey, Virology 198:586–592, 1994). Here we show that His-1272 is also necessary for protease activity, consistent with the active site of the enzyme being composed of a catalytic dyad consisting of Cys-1151 and His-1272. By means of radiochemical amino acid sequencing, the site in the polyprotein cleaved by the nonstructural protease was found to follow Gly-1300 in the sequence Gly-1299–Gly-1300–Gly-1301. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that change of Gly-1300 to alanine or valine abrogated cleavage. In contrast, Gly-1299 and Gly-1301 could be changed to alanine with retention of cleavage, but a change to valine abrogated cleavage. Coexpression of a construct that contains a cleavage site mutation (to serve as a protease) together with a construct that contains a protease mutation (to serve as a substrate) failed to reveal trans cleavage. -
Validation of the Easyscreen Flavivirus Dengue Alphavirus Detection Kit
RESEARCH ARTICLE Validation of the easyscreen flavivirus dengue alphavirus detection kit based on 3base amplification technology and its application to the 2016/17 Vanuatu dengue outbreak 1 1 1 2 2 Crystal Garae , Kalkoa Kalo , George Junior Pakoa , Rohan Baker , Phill IsaacsID , 2 Douglas Spencer MillarID * a1111111111 1 Vila Central Hospital, Port Vila, Vanuatu, 2 Genetic Signatures, Sydney, Australia a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract Background OPEN ACCESS The family flaviviridae and alphaviridae contain a diverse group of pathogens that cause sig- Citation: Garae C, Kalo K, Pakoa GJ, Baker R, nificant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diagnosis of the virus responsible for disease is Isaacs P, Millar DS (2020) Validation of the easyscreen flavivirus dengue alphavirus detection essential to ensure patients receive appropriate clinical management. Very few real-time kit based on 3base amplification technology and its RT-PCR based assays are able to detect the presence of all members of these families application to the 2016/17 Vanuatu dengue using a single primer and probe set. We have developed a novel chemistry, 3base, which outbreak. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227550. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227550 simplifies the viral nucleic acids allowing the design of RT-PCR assays capable of pan-fam- ily identification. Editor: Abdallah M. Samy, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University (ASU), EGYPT Methodology/Principal finding Received: April 11, 2019 Synthetic constructs, viral nucleic acids, intact viral particles and characterised reference Accepted: December 16, 2019 materials were used to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the assays. Synthetic con- Published: January 17, 2020 structs demonstrated the sensitivities of the pan-flavivirus detection component were in the Copyright: © 2020 Garae et al. -
Bornavirus Immunopathogenesis in Rodents: Models for Human Neurological Diseases
Journal of NeuroVirology (1999) 5, 604 ± 612 ã 1999 Journal of NeuroVirology, Inc. http://www.jneurovirology.com Bornavirus immunopathogenesis in rodents: models for human neurological diseases Thomas Briese1, Mady Hornig1 and W Ian Lipkin*,1 1Laboratory for the Study of Emerging Diseases, Department of Neurology, 3101 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, University of California, Irvine, California, CA 92697-4292, USA Although the question of human BDV infection remains to be resolved, burgeoning interest in this unique pathogen has provided tools for exploring the pharmacology and neurochemistry of neuropsychiatric disorders poten- tially linked to BDV infection. Two animal models have been established based on BDV infection of adult or neonatal Lewis rats. Analyis of these models is already yielding insights into mechanisms by which neurotropic agents and/or immune factors may impact developing or mature CNS circuitry to effect complex disturbances in movement and behavior. Keywords: Borna disease virus; neurotropism; humoral and cellular immune response; Th1 ±Th2 shift; apoptosis; dopamine; cytokines Introduction Borna disease virus (BDV), the prototype of a new disorders and schizophrenia (Amsterdam et al, family, Bornaviridae, within the nonsegmented 1985; Bode et al, 1988, 1992, 1993; Fu et al, 1993; negative-strand RNA viruses, infects the central Kishi et al, 1995; Waltrip II et al, 1995), others have nervous system (CNS) of warmblooded animals to not succeeded in replicating these ®ndings (Iwata et cause behavioral disturbances reminiscent of au- al, 1998; Kubo et al, 1997; Lieb et al, 1997; Richt et tism, schizophrenia, and mood disorders (Lipkin et al, 1997). Here we review two rodent models of al, 1995). -
Alphavirus Vectors for Therapy of Neurological Disorders Kenneth Lundstrom* Pantherapeutics, Rue Des Remparts 4, CH1095 Lutry, Switzerland
ell Res C ea m rc te h S & f o T h l Journal of Lundstrom, J Stem Cell Res Ther 2012, S4 e a r n a r p u DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.S4-002 y o J ISSN: 2157-7633 Stem Cell Research & Therapy Review Article Open Access Alphavirus Vectors for Therapy of Neurological Disorders Kenneth Lundstrom* PanTherapeutics, Rue des Remparts 4, CH1095 Lutry, Switzerland Abstract Alphavirus vectors engineered for gene delivery and expression of heterologous proteins have been considered as valuable tools for research on neurological disorders. They possess a highly efficient susceptibility for neuronal cells and can provide extreme levels of heterologous gene expression. However, they generally generate short-term transient expression, which might limit their therapeutic use in many neurological disorders often requiring long-term even life-long presence of therapeutic agents. Recent development in gene silencing applying both RNA interference and microRNA approaches will certainly expand the application range. Moreover, alphaviruses provide interesting models for neurological diseases such as demyelinating and spinal motor diseases. Keywords: Alphaviruses; Gene delivery; Neuronal expression; Gene injections into the caudate nucleus showed strong neuronal expression silencing. throughout the 6 month study. No expression was observed in astrocytes and oligodendroglial cells. SV40-based delivery caused no Introduction evidence of inflammation or tissue damage. Both viral and non-viral vectors have provided interesting novel Despite these encouraging results obtained with both non-viral approaches in research on neurological disorders with a great potential and viral vectors described above alternative gene delivery methods for future therapeutic applications too [1,2]. -
Investigation of Poxvirus Host-Range and Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells
ABSTRACT Title: INVESTIGATION OF POXVIRUS HOST-RANGE AND GENE EXPRESSION IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. Jorge David Méndez Ríos, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014. Directed By: Dr. Bernard Moss, Chief, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH; Adjunct Professor Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland; Members of the Poxviridae family have been known as human pathogens for centuries. Their impact in society included several epidemics that decimated the population. In the last few centuries, Smallpox was of great concern that led to the development of our modern vaccines. The systematic study of Poxvirus host-range and immunogenicity provided the knowledge to translate those observations into practice. After the global vaccination campaign by the World Health Organization, Smallpox was the first infectious disease to be eradicated. Nevertheless, diseases such as Monkeypox, Molluscum contagiosum, new bioterrorist threads, and the use of poxviruses as vaccines or vectors provided the necessity to further understand the host-range from a molecular level. Here, we take advantage of the newly developed technologies such as 454 pyrosequencing and RNA-Seq to address previously unresolved questions for the field. First, we were able to identify the Erytrhomelagia-related poxvirus (ERPV) 25 years after its isolation in Hubei, China. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics identified ERPV as an Ectromelia strain closely related to the Ectromelia Naval strain. Second, by using RNA-Seq, the first MOCV in vivo and in vitro transcriptome was generated. New tools have been developed to support future research and for this human pathogen. Finally, deep-sequencing and comparative genomes of several recombinant MVAs (rMVAs) in conjunction with classical virology allowed us to confirm several genes (O1, F5, C17, F11) association to plaque formation in mammalian cell lines. -
Producing Vaccines Against Enveloped Viruses in Plants: Making the Impossible, Difficult
Review Producing Vaccines against Enveloped Viruses in Plants: Making the Impossible, Difficult Hadrien Peyret , John F. C. Steele † , Jae-Wan Jung, Eva C. Thuenemann , Yulia Meshcheriakova and George P. Lomonossoff * Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; [email protected] (H.P.); [email protected] (J.F.C.S.); [email protected] (J.-W.J.); [email protected] (E.C.T.); [email protected] (Y.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † Current address: Piramal Healthcare UK Ltd., Piramal Pharma Solutions, Northumberland NE61 3YA, UK. Abstract: The past 30 years have seen the growth of plant molecular farming as an approach to the production of recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical and biotechnological uses. Much of this effort has focused on producing vaccine candidates against viral diseases, including those caused by enveloped viruses. These represent a particular challenge given the difficulties associated with expressing and purifying membrane-bound proteins and achieving correct assembly. Despite this, there have been notable successes both from a biochemical and a clinical perspective, with a number of clinical trials showing great promise. This review will explore the history and current status of plant-produced vaccine candidates against enveloped viruses to date, with a particular focus on virus-like particles (VLPs), which mimic authentic virus structures but do not contain infectious genetic material. Citation: Peyret, H.; Steele, J.F.C.; Jung, J.-W.; Thuenemann, E.C.; Keywords: alphavirus; Bunyavirales; coronavirus; Flaviviridae; hepatitis B virus; human immunode- Meshcheriakova, Y.; Lomonossoff, ficiency virus; Influenza virus; newcastle disease virus; plant molecular farming; plant-produced G.P. -
Rubella ! PROTOCOL CHECKLIST
Rubella ! PROTOCOL CHECKLIST Enter available information into Merlin upon receipt of initial report, ideally by the next business day Review background on disease, case definition, and laboratory testing Contact health care provider Contact reporting laboratory and request that specimens be sent to the Bureau of Public Health Laboratories (BPHL) for testing Interview patient or guardian Review disease facts Modes of transmission Incubation period Symptoms Ask about exposure to relevant risk factors Immunization history Travel Contact with a known infected or symptomatic person(s) Recent visit to a healthcare setting Identify settings where exposures may have occurred and all known contacts (Sections 6 and 7) Determine evidence of immunity to rubella for contacts Recommend health care provider consultation for exposed women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. Monitor contacts for the duration of the incubation period Determine whether patient, symptomatic contacts, or susceptible contacts have exposures in sensitive situation (e.g., school, child care, college dormitory, military, other congregate living settings, health care workers, etc.) Ensure isolation of symptomatic contacts Identify those at-risk with unknown immune status (susceptible persons) for vaccination as indicated Provide education on prevention through vaccination Address patient’s questions or concerns Follow-up on special situations, including persons in sensitive situations and pregnant women Enter additional data obtained from interview into Merlin Rubella Guide to Surveillance and Investigation Rubella 1. DISEASE REPORTING A. Purpose of reporting and surveillance 1. To prevent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). 2. To assure that children with suspected CRS are tested to confirm or rule out the diagnosis in a timely manner, to assure prompt treatment, and prevent spread of the disease. -
Risk Groups: Viruses (C) 1988, American Biological Safety Association
Rev.: 1.0 Risk Groups: Viruses (c) 1988, American Biological Safety Association BL RG RG RG RG RG LCDC-96 Belgium-97 ID Name Viral group Comments BMBL-93 CDC NIH rDNA-97 EU-96 Australia-95 HP AP (Canada) Annex VIII Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus (Grp 2 Absettarov, TBE 4 4 4 implied 3 3 4 + B Arbovirus) Acute haemorrhagic taxonomy 2, Enterovirus 3 conjunctivitis virus Picornaviridae 2 + different 70 (AHC) Adenovirus 4 Adenoviridae 2 2 (incl animal) 2 2 + (human,all types) 5 Aino X-Arboviruses 6 Akabane X-Arboviruses 7 Alastrim Poxviridae Restricted 4 4, Foot-and- 8 Aphthovirus Picornaviridae 2 mouth disease + viruses 9 Araguari X-Arboviruses (feces of children 10 Astroviridae Astroviridae 2 2 + + and lambs) Avian leukosis virus 11 Viral vector/Animal retrovirus 1 3 (wild strain) + (ALV) 3, (Rous 12 Avian sarcoma virus Viral vector/Animal retrovirus 1 sarcoma virus, + RSV wild strain) 13 Baculovirus Viral vector/Animal virus 1 + Togaviridae/ Alphavirus (Grp 14 Barmah Forest 2 A Arbovirus) 15 Batama X-Arboviruses 16 Batken X-Arboviruses Togaviridae/ Alphavirus (Grp 17 Bebaru virus 2 2 2 2 + A Arbovirus) 18 Bhanja X-Arboviruses 19 Bimbo X-Arboviruses Blood-borne hepatitis 20 viruses not yet Unclassified viruses 2 implied 2 implied 3 (**)D 3 + identified 21 Bluetongue X-Arboviruses 22 Bobaya X-Arboviruses 23 Bobia X-Arboviruses Bovine 24 immunodeficiency Viral vector/Animal retrovirus 3 (wild strain) + virus (BIV) 3, Bovine Bovine leukemia 25 Viral vector/Animal retrovirus 1 lymphosarcoma + virus (BLV) virus wild strain Bovine papilloma Papovavirus/ -
The Togavirus RNA Replication Complex
The Togavirus RNA Replication Complex Pekka Kujala Institute of Biotechnology Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry and Viikki Graduate School in Biosciences University of Helsinki, Finland ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Science of the University of Helsinki, for public criticism in the auditorium 1041 at Viikki Biocenter (Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki) on June 21st, 2000, at 12 o’clock noon. Helsinki 2000 Supervised by: Professor Leevi Kääriäinen Institute of Biotechnology University of Helsinki Reviewed by: Professor Carl-Henrik von Bonsdorff Department of Virology, Haartman Institute University of Helsinki and Docent Vesa Olkkonen Department of Biochemistry National Public Health Institute Helsinki Opponent: Docent Anu Jalanko Department of Human Molecular Genetics National Public Health Institute Helsinki ISBN 951-45-9443-6 Helsinki 2000 To the memory of my father THE TOGAVIRUS RNA REPLICATION COMPLEX ABBREVIATIONS ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1. Togaviruses 2 1.1 Alphaviruses 2 1.1.1. Semliki Forest virus 3 1.1.2. SFV virion structure 4 1.2. Rubiviruses 4 1.2.1. Rubella virus 4 1.2.2. RUB virion structure 5 2. Replication cycle of togaviruses 5 2.1. The alphavirus replication cycle 7 2.1.1. Alphavirus entry 7 2.1.2. Alphavirus replication and translation of the nonstructural polyprotein 7 2.1.3. Translation of alphavirus structural proteins and virus maturation 8 2.1.4. SFV in cell culture 9 2.2. The rubella virus replication cycle 11 2.2.1. RUB entry and translation of the nonstructural polyprotein 11 2.2.2. Translation of RUB structural proteins and virus maturation 11 2.2.3.