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The Odyssey of the Move Remains

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The Odyssey of the Move Remains THE ODYSSEY OF THE MOVE REMAINS REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATION INTO THE DEMONSTRATIVE DISPLAY OF MOVE REMAINS AT THE PENN MUSEUM AND PRINCETON UNIVERSITY August 20, 2021 Prepared By TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive Summary ...................................................................................................3 II. MOVE in the City of Philadelphia ......................................................................10 A. The History of Philadelphia Police Brutality ..............................................10 B. Frank Rizzo’s Police Department ...................................................................14 C. The Founding and Devolution of MOVE .....................................................17 D. The Original Sin: The Excavation of 6221 Osage Avenue ........................34 III. Why The Demonstrative Display of the MOVE Remains Matters ................40 A. The Samuel Morton Cranial Collection ........................................................41 B. Anthropology, Scientific Racism and Repatriation ....................................45 C. The Origins of the MOVE Remains Controversy .......................................46 IV. The Odyssey of the MOVE Remains: Findings and Conclusions .................56 A. Custody and Storage of the Remains .............................................................56 B. Efforts to Identify and Return the Remains .................................................63 C. Use and Display of the Remains .....................................................................66 D. Museum Policy, Ethical Standards and Legal Provisions .........................69 V. Recommendations....................................................................................................83 VI. Interviews ..................................................................................................................86 VII. Tucker Law Group Profile .....................................................................................87 VIII. Exhibits ......................................................................................................................92 2 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. Introduction The University of Pennsylvania (the “University”) retained the Tucker Law Group (“TLG”) to conduct an independent investigation into the circumstances under which the unidentified remains of a MOVE member killed by the City of Philadelphia on May 13, 1985 on Osage Avenue came to be stored -- four miles away, for 36 years -- at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (“Penn Museum” or “Museum”), and subsequently used as a demonstrative exhibit in a 2019 Princeton Online course taught by one of its anthropologists. The remains were obtained in early 1986 by Dr. Alan Mann, a physical anthropology professor at the University, who was retained by the City Medical Examiner’s Office (“MEO”) as a private consultant to assist in the identification of the remains. Mann was assisted in this effort by Dr. Janet Monge, a graduate student at the time, who later became an associate curator at the Penn Museum. Mann stored the remains in his office at the Penn Museum until he retired in 2001 and joined the faculty at Princeton. Mann left the remains with Monge who then stored them in her office and in the Physical Anthropology Lab (the “Lab”) at the Penn Museum for the next twenty years. During this time Monge showed the remains to different individuals and groups on at least ten occasions before the demonstrative exhibit in the online video course in 2019. After consultation with some MOVE members, and unsuccessful attempts to reach possible relatives, the Penn Museum arranged to have the remains that were displayed in the video returned to MOVE members on July 2, 2021. B. Objectives Our primary objectives in this inquiry have been descriptive and prescriptive, that is: to make findings and conclusions of the facts relating to the demonstrative display of the MOVE remains; ascertain the storage and use of those remains at the Penn Museum; determine whether the possession and use of the remains conformed to the Penn 3 Museum’s policies, or violated any relevant professional, ethical, or legal standards; make recommendations to the University relating to the MOVE remains; and suggest other actions and initiatives that the University might undertake relating to this current controversy and beyond. C. Why The Demonstrative Display of the Remains Matters Given the widespread public controversy that this matter has engendered, we thought it important that our inquiry also determine how this controversy arose and provide an interpretive perspective on why the display of the MOVE remains matters at this moment in time. As a preliminary matter, we note that much of the critical commentaries from a congeries of sources about this controversy are based, in part, on three inaccurate factual premises: (1) that the remains used in the video were indisputably those of a specific MOVE child killed in the bombing,(2) that the remains of a second MOVE child were housed at the Museum, and (3) no effort was ever made to identify and return any of those remains to MOVE family members. In fact, the identity of the remains used in the video is still a matter of legitimate dispute, and all that we could conclude, with a reasonable degree of certainty, is that the remains displayed in the video were of a MOVE member. We found no credible evidence that the remains of a second child were ever housed at the Museum. And finally, we also found that efforts were indeed made to identify the remains used in the video with the goal of returning them to MOVE family members. We point this out, not because it was outcome determinative in our investigation, because one of our objectives was to examine the ethical and legal propriety of the custody and display of any MOVE remains, identified or not. Rather, we do so to illustrate the potency of carefully crafted and widely disseminated misinformation to shape public opinion and inflame passions. Not surprisingly, that inaccurate narrative circulated with warped speed across print and electronic media and the internet and fueled much of the resulting public expressions of outrage and condemnation. Notwithstanding this misleading narrative and how it arose, we believe that this issue matters because of the fortuitous confluence of the lingering sense of injustice 4 relating to MOVE’s treatment by the City of Philadelphia; the current era of racial reckoning relating to the role of university anthropologists in the development of scientific racism; and the international movement to repatriate human remains from museums—especially those of Black and Indigenous People. First, the City of Philadelphia’s deadly confrontations with MOVE in 1978 and 1985 are just contemporary examples of the Philadelphia Police Department’s long and sordid history of the use of excessive and deadly force against Black people. In 1978, after five years of conflicts with and numerous arrests of MOVE members, the City of Philadelphia blockaded the MOVE compound in Powelton Village and then waged a military style assault on the building, which contained women and children, to arrest members of MOVE for housing code violations. During the shootout that followed, a police officer was killed, and nine MOVE members were tried, convicted, and sentenced to 30-100 years in prison for his death. Many Philadelphians have never comprehended how nine people were convicted of killing one officer who died from a single bullet wound. On the other hand, the three police officers who kicked and stomped a MOVE member, after he surrendered, in full view of cameras and dozens of spectators, were tried for assault but acquitted by a judge who removed the decision from the jury. In 1985, eleven men, women and children were killed when the City, after a 12- hour military style assault to arrest MOVE members for misdemeanor offenses, bombed the Osage Avenue MOVE house causing a fire that that they purposefully allowed to burn, which destroyed it along with sixty other homes. The only person convicted of a crime was the lone adult survivor of the bombing who was tried and sentenced to seven years in prison for riot and conspiracy. Not a single City official was ever held criminally liable for the deaths of the MOVE adults and innocent children, or the destruction caused by the City’s deadly confrontation. Second, this current period of racial reckoning, coupled with the repatriation of human remains movement of the last several years, demand an acknowledgement that many universities and museums were complicit in creating the scientific justifications for slavery resulting in the dehumanization of Black people in life and the desecration of 5 their bodies after death. It also raises the moral and human dignity implications of the continuing possession and use of human remains by universities and museums, of which the Samuel Morton Cranial Collection at the Museum is emblematic. D. Investigative Methodology TLG interviewed forty people who included: members of the MOVE organization and displaced residents of Osage Avenue; current and former Penn Museum employees; faculty, graduate students, and graduates of the University; anthropologists, academics, community members, clergy, elected officials, and journalists. We reviewed thousands of pages of documents, including archival records of the MOVE Commission and their experts that investigated the 1985 bombing, which are located at Temple University;
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