i1.nd17 17 gi412.indd 1* stratigraphical scheme. Pleistocene of the Middle Western European Russian stratigraphical scheme correspond to Neopleistocene ofthe andMiddle The Early Interglacial (about0,135mln.BP). (=Mikulian) Pleistocene fallsto thebeginning ofEemian (~0.8 mln.yrs. BP)andtheendofMiddle palaeomagnetic epochsMatuyama–Brunhes of Pleistocene corresponding to theboundary scheme thebeginning oftheMiddle stratigraphical scheme. According this we usethe thisarticle In Western European Pleistocene, Europe, correlation scheme for thewholeEurope. to present thepossiblebiostratigraphical Pleistocene smallmammaldataand Middle towould discussalltheseproblems like using ofEurope.different thispaperwe In parts ofmammalappearancein the incongruity there are with somedifficultiesconnected them.However,out thecorrelation between and of Eastern Western Europe andcarried Pleistocene geologicalthe Middle sequences decades. to divide These newdatapermit of Europe were discovered thelast during Pleistocene smallmammallocalities Middle 2 MarkovaAnastasia K. e-mail: [email protected]: Tel.: +31(0)715272640,Fax: +31(0)715272429, The Netherlands, Reuvensplaats 3-4,2311BELeiden; E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +7-495-9590033 Staromonetny per., 29,119017Moscow, Russia; Tel.: +7-495-9590016, MATERIALS AND METHODS KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT. EUROPE: CHRONOLOGY, CORRELATION FAUNAS OF EASTERN AND WESTERN MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE SMALL Faculty ofArchaeology, P.O. Leiden University; Box 9515,2300RALeiden, Leading ofGeography scientist,Institute oftheRussianAcademy ofSciences; Many new very important important Many newvery

small , Middle 1* , Thijs van Kolfschoten (Corresponding author) (S.) gregalis, with soil, synchronous Interglacial to Likhvin covered fossil thehorizon oftheInzhava theloessdepositslieothers; 3)uppermost gregalis (archaic and morphotype), Interglacial. Fauna includesLagurustransiens fauna whichiscorrelated withtheMuchkap the Vorona fossil soilwithsmallmammal thehorizon ofthe Dniester underlies River others; 2)above thefluvialdepositsof ratticepoidesMicrotus (=oeconomus) , hintoni-gregaloides Lagurus transiens, (Stenocranius) Microtus with Horizon ofRussian 1971] whichcorrespond to theIl’inkian [Alexandrova, 1976;Pleistocene of Tiraspol, of Tiraspolian mammaliancomplex these fluviallayers asthestratotype describe deposits ofdifferent facies. The faunaof mammal faunawere found inthefluvial the lowest 3layers withsmallandlarge mammal faunaswere discovered here: in thisoutcrop. The several layers with Pleistocene arewhole Middle openedup basin). The depositscorresponding to the near the Tiraspol town Dniester (Moldova, section Balka Pleistocene istheKolkotova oftheMiddle the mostcomplete sections Dniester, andPrut Danube basins. Europe Eastern 2 Mimomys savini,ProlagurusMimomys posterius– Lagurus transiens –L. lagurus Microtus exgr Microtus . agrestis идр. Microtus arvaloides, Microtus stratigraphical , Microtus Microtus scheme One of and 41.029:10:39 9:10:39 24.12.2012

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18 GEOGRAPHY 1 8 [Markova, 1982](Fig.1).[Markova, bank issituated ontheright Chigirin locality the are bankofDnieper; situated ontheleft Dnieper. and Pivikha The localitiesGunki of with thefluvialdepositsof IVterrace ofbasin. the middlepart They are connected from theDnieperbasin,mostlyfrom known Pleistocene localitiesofsmallmammalsare basin. Dnieper 1992]. Markova, Russian Plain andtheBlackSea[Mikhailesku, depositsofthe the continentalandmarine outthestraightcorrelation between carry to molluskswhatpermits brackish-water include notonlymammalremains butalso found depositsand inthelimanand lake high.Alloftheselocalitieswere also isvery significance for ofthesematerials stratigraphy Interglacial. the faunaofLikhvin The Interglacial. oftheminclude Most Kamenka Interglacial Interglacial, and Likhvin Muchkap Interglacial, Pleistocene: Il’inka of Middle only onestage localities asarulecharacterize Plavni andmany otherslocalities. These inNagornoe, Suvorovo,described Ozernoe, basins.and DanubeRiver The faunaswere on thesouth-west ofthe RussianPlain inPrut Pleistocene smallmammallocalitiessituated Middle There principal are several othervery what couldbeexplainedbytheirtaphonomy. (or itsancestor form include theremains ofwater fossil thefluvialdepositsdidn’t soilsoverlying found influvialolderdeposits. The different Mimomys therootedthe transitionbetween voles of deposits andfossil soils)didn’t to reveal permit mainhorizons (fluvial Balka of Kolkotova gregalis (Stenocranius) –M.(S). hintoni-gregaloides Arvicolidae: changes indifferent phylogenetic linesof faunas expressed thesignificant evolutional Pleistocene (Fig. oftheMiddle part 1). These reflected thenaturalevents ofthemost section 2007]. Sothefaunasofthiskey 1992;Markova, Markova, [Mikhailesku, Arvicola . Alllocalitieswith and others. The different taphonomy genus (the ancestral form of water genus(theancestralform ofwater ) andtheun-rooted voles of Prolagurus –Lagurus, Microtus There are several Middle Mimomys intermedius Mimomys Mimomys Arvicola were were )

include theteeth ofrooted voles alluvium closebyage. faunadidn’tThe rich remains were discovered inthe3faciesesof and mammaliandata. The smallmammal bythepalynological Interglacial the Likhvin aredeposits ofIVterrace correlated with below theloess-paleosolsequence. The fluvial below theDniepertill. occurred Fluvial thickness paleosolswere described Romny andKamenka The Dnieper(=Zaalian)tillisregistered here. The Pleistocene andtheUpperPleistocene. Middle ofincludes thedepositsofsecondpart the etal., 1982]. been done[Velichko This outcrop palaeomagnetic investigation ofdepositshad logical, malacological methods).Alsothe methods (geological, pedological, palyno- wasstudiedbytheseveral locality Gunki as archaic voles (with “” such triangles) and presented bytheremains of (Stenocranius) gregaloides interglacial and cooling which is next after interglacial after andcoolingwhichisnext related whichfollows to interval, Muchkap archaic last years thesmallmammalfaunas with In Glaciation andDnieperGlaciation). so toGlaciation,Oka theglaciations(Don relatedmaterials aswell asto theinterglacials 2007]. al., 2008;Markova, The smallmammal Dnieper (=Saalian)Glaciation[Agadjanian et Pleistocene,Middle thelatest isreferred to the of themare correlated withthebeginning of basins.faunas from andDesna Don The earliest Pleistocene smallmammal ofMiddle materials bythe mammalian successionwasdescribed basins. andDesna Don 2006]. by thespeciescomposition[Markova, Chigirin includesimilarsmallmammalfaunas 1982]. data [Markova, and The localitiesPivikha by thecompleteness ofthepalaeontological isauniqueone section mollusk fauna.Gunki Euksinianageof showonEarly materials the deposits[Gubonina,1982].Malacological palynological age of dataindicate theLikhvin with are more abundant)and arvalis, M.oeconomus The Microtus () arvaloides arvaloides (Terricola) Microtus Microtus Borsodia Lagurus transiens Arvicola genusincludesthevoles . There are noalso remains of were found inthedeposits and morphotypes (which (which morphotypes . Steppe are . Steppe lemmingsare Lagurus lagurus M.(S.) The complicated Lagurus

and gregalis Mimomys Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus genus genus ones. ones. . The . The 224.12.2012 9:10:39 4 . 1 2 . 2

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1 9 Fig. 1. Middle Pleistocene biostratigraphical scheme of Europe 224.12.2012 9:10:39 4 . 1 2 . 2 0 1 2

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20 GEOGRAPHY 2 0 with more progressive morelocality) evolved faunawasdescribed and others transiens-lagurus, Clethrionomysrufocanus fauna includes higher inthissection. Sloboda The Rybnaya fossil2004]. soilislocated The Kamenka of Volga) tributary (right River [Markova, situated nearthemouthofKama section Sloboda the fluvialdepositsofRybnaya basins) wasfound by Dr. V.P. in Udartsev (Danube, Prut, Dniester, DnieperandDon from otherriverbasinsoftheRussianPlain Interglacial numerous faunasoftheLikhvin similar bythespeciescompositionto the Volga basin Russian Plain [Iosifova etal., 2009]. from bythesenewmaterials described the Arvicola representatives ofarchaic un-rooted voles of remains of others). These faunasdon’t’ containthe Gand Kä Kärlich Miesenheim, (Mosbach, in earlier described Western Europe The faunasofthisevolutional level were glaciation. localities) andOka Shekhnan-1 Ikorets, (Mastuzhenka, Muchkap East Eifel volcanic fielddating from thelate volcanoes located intheneighbouring (ashes, pumices)whichoriginate from extinct andslopedepositstephrasloess-like, ofloess, riversandanalternation Moselle depositsgravels and oftheRhine Quaternary (Germany), withontop ofthe Tertiary clays located intheNeuwiedBasin in aquarry sequence, exposed exception istheKärlich Long An sequences are almostnon-existent. West Runton (England)[Maul, 2010]. Parfitt, localities suchas Voigtstedt (Gemany) and Pleistocene assemblagesareMiddle from early isolated well-known localities. Rich, geographically scattered, inmany cases mammal record isfrom anumberof The Central and Western European small Europe Western in themiddle Volga 2007]. basin[Markova, mammals wasfound village near Spasskoe [Alexandrova, 1976].Similarfaunaofsmall genus. was Interglacial The Ikoretzk . Mimomys In lower In Volga basin(Chernyi Yar . The smallmammalfauna, Arvicola сantiana,Lagurus Arvicola genus, butincludethe Arvicola and Lagurus Middle Pleistocene relicts( Middle ofearly the presence (inalowquantity) rich. by is very This faunaischaracterised the secondinterglacial theElsterian, after Interglacial (locallydefined), called Reinsdorf rather poor. The mammalfaunafrom theso- a Holsteinian age;however, thisassemblageis assemblage from thissite mostprobably has age [vanKolfschoten, 2012]. The oldest mammal remains dated to post-Elsterian ofsmall yielded anextensive collection faunas. (Germany) The Schöningenlocality The sameappliesto theHolsteinian (Likhvin) Glaciation are known. poorly (Oka) Elsterian Central European faunasdatingto the age. with apre-Elsterian I) are referred to different two interglacials as well asthe arvalis –Microtus arvaloides (Terricola) gregaloides –M.(S).gregalis Both the [van Kolfschoten, 1990]. (Germany) canbecorrelatedand Mosbach to whichfaunassuchasMauer faunal history a reference Pleistocene for Middle theearly form region IandAriendorf) (Miesenheim together with thefaunasfrom thesame sequence assemblages from theKärlich G. faunafromin therich Kä The faunal terrestris cantianaArvicola oldest representatives ofthewater vole, by thepresence of C–Fare characterised older faunasKä pit. A–H)exposedintheKärlich The Kä – mainsection Pleistocene sequence(Kärlich transition occurs, were from collected the faunas, withinwhichthe Frechen, 2001].Several stratifiedmammalian PleistoceneEarly to theHolocene[Boenigk, Two Two unitwith is theuppermost Fcorrelated Glaciation withtheDon of Kärlich Glaciation). (=Oka Elsterian The loessdeposits Arvicola Pleistocene faunasandthatthe savini Mimomys sequences indicate thatinCentral Europe, and theCentral European faunas. The faunal offer to correlate thepossibility theEastern Arvicola Arvicola transitionoccurslongbefore the Microtus (Stenocranius)Microtus hintoni- faunas (Kärlich G and Miesenheim GandMiesenheim faunas (Kärlich occurs in the earliest Middle Middle occursintheearliest Mimomys-Arvicola Mimomys savini Mimomys Mimomys –Arvicola Mimomys Mimomys Mimomys , were recovered and the Talpa minor Mimomys – – Mimomys lineage Microtus Microtus remains. lineage lineage ;

224.12.2012 9:10:39 and 4 the . 1 2 . 2

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2 warm phase.warm Possibly itcouldbesynchronous to theyounger InterglacialthenHolsteinian only inthisregion). This fauna corresponds Interglacial (thisInterglacilwas distinguished Schöningen issynchronous to theReinsdorf stratawithsmallmammalsin The rich contains onlyfew smallmammalbones. Interglacial. thislocality Unfortunately Schöningen, possiblyrelated to Holsteinian layerearliest withsmallmammalremains in corresponding to post-Elsterian deposits. The ofsmallmammal remains collection rich (Germany) includesthe Schöningen locality ofEurope. rare inthispart very are Interglacial the Holsteinian (=Likhvin) in unknown Western Europe. The faunasof to Glaciation,are theElsterian practically time. pre-Elsterian The faunas, synchronous interglacials. Bothofthemare related to I)are referredand Miesenheim to different two Two localitieswitharchaic sediments with EuropeGlaciation ofEastern andare thelatest Fare correlated withtheDon of Kärlich Glaciation. (=Oka) The loessdeposits in Western Europe longbefore theElsterian The vered inear liest indicates qu en Pleistocene mammalianse- of theMiddle ce ofCentral and Western Europe cene smallmammalfaunas. The analysis correlation and ofEastern Western Pleisto- lis arva- –Microtus arvaloides (Terricola) Microtus ni us) The phylogenetic lines Drepanosorex Arvicola Kolfschoten, 1985]withamore advanced [van Netherlands) Maastricht-Belvédère (The as (Germany) andWeimar-Ehringsdorf Pleistocene late faunassuch Middle known the ageoffaunapredates many well- water vole DISCUSSION 1 and Mimomys –Arvicola Mimomys hintoni-gregaloides –M.(S).gregalis,hintoni-gregaloides Mimomys –Arvicola Mimomys record andwithrelicts. that Arvicola )

as well asratherprimitive Mimomys savini Mimomys Mimomys Middle Pleistocene faunas.Middle molarsindicatingthat transitionwasfound remains (Fig. 1). Microtus (Stenocra-Microtus are thebasefor the Arvicola wasdisco- (Kärlich G (Kärlich Prolagurus phylogenetic line of themostimportant themammalsofoneUnfortunately of Central Europe. also for basins River theNeuwiedand Rhine basinsof theRussianPlain River and and Don fullest picturewasrevealed to theDniester Russian Plain andin Western Europe. The bothonthe mammalian faunasare known the significant successionofheterochronous Pleistocene with few sections fullMiddle European regions. nowonly Unfortunately the large stratigraphical divisionsindifferent Pleistocene faunasbelongedto of theMiddle mammal faunasindicates significant similarities of Europe. The revealed successionofsmall have thesimilartrends inthedifferent parts phylogenetic lines. These transformations the morphological changesinthedifferent Pleistocene Europe basedon Middle during of smallmammalfaunasin Western andEastern Thus, we canreveal theevolutional succession Kolfschoten, 1990]. with more progressive water voles [van Maastricht-Belv@édère (theNetherlands) faunas of (Germany) and Weimar-Eringsdorf Pleistocene fauna are thenlate Middle earlier cantianus important well-known mammallocalities well-known important there arefaunas. several Onthecontrary cantianus Arvicola Elster Glaciation.Onlyarchaic water voles synchronous toGlaciation andthe theDon thecoldstage between complicated interval Mimomys Central European faunaswithun-known in Western Europe. andEastern So, there are first appearanceofnewsmallmammaltaxa We needto mentionsomedifferences inthe Microtus to baseonlyon are absentin Western Europe. So, we need Europeanposition oftheEastern faunas, information aboutthestratigraphical and Pleistocene – first halfofMiddle faunaincludes few relics ofthe The Reinsdorf Europe. ofEastern Interglacial to theKamenka Drepanosorex members. . to concludethatthis That permits remains whichcorrespond to the – Lagurus andalsoarchaic were discovered inthese Mimomys –Arvicola Mimomys , whichgives alotof Talpa minor Arvicola Arvicola and 224.12.2012 9:10:39 4 . 1 2 . 2 0 1 2

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22 GEOGRAPHY 2 2 11. Maul L.C., Parfitt, S.A. (2010). Micromammals from Excavation S.A.(2010). Micromammals L.C., Parfitt, the1995Mammoth Maul at West 11. from Excavation S.A.(2010).Micromammals L.C.,Parfitt, the1995Mammoth Maul at West 10. (2007).Pleistocene Interna- Europe. mammalfaunas ofEastern A.K. Quaternary Markova 9. Europe. smallmammalfaunasofEastern Interglacial (2006).Likhvin A.K. Markova 8. Slobodalocality faunaofsmallmammalsfrom theRybnaya (2006).Likhvin A.K. Markova 7. (1982).Pleistocene oftheRussianPlain. 182pp. Moscow, A.K. Nauka. Markova 6. Iosifova Yu. Ratnikov V.Yu., I.,Agadjanian A.K., suite Sycheva S.A.(2009).AboutIkoretsk 5. GuboninaZ.P. (1982).Palynological horizons ofloessandpaleosols studiesofprincipal 4. Boenigk W., Frechen, geowissen- Mainzer Hauptwand. M.2001.ZurGeologie derKärlich 3. Alexandrova L.P.2. (1976).Anthropogene ofUSSR.Moscow, rodents ofEuropean part Iosifova Agadjanian A.K., andits /UpperDon/ Yu.I., section ShikS.M.(2008).Mastyuzhenka 1. from thedifferent regions ofEurope andalso The future studiesofsmallmammalfaunas basins) withevolved Europein Eastern (intheDniester andDon phase wasrevealed basin. onlyintheDon Interglacial. theIkoretsk during Till nowthis endofthiscomplicated interval in thevery water voles Glaciations. andOka Don The firstun-rooted took the This Interglacial placebetween Interglacial.which related to theMuchkap REFERENCES Quaternary International. International. V.Quaternary 228,N1–2.P. 91–115. data,biostratigraphy andtaxonomic Morphometric reappraisal. UK: Runton, Norfolk, International. V.Quaternary 228,N1–2.P.91–115. data,biostratigraphy andtaxonomic Morphometric reappraisal. UK: Runton, Norfolk, tional. V.160. Issue1.P. 100–111. International nary P.Gumanistika. Russian). 137–141(In mammal faunas. Anthropogene ecology. andmodern Nature S-Petersburg. andMan. Pleistocene sequenceofEuropean anditspositioninMiddle River) (the mouthofKama Russian). (In oftheRussianPlain. Moscow, arts Southern RAEN, V. 4.P. Russian). 89–104(In region). BulletinofRegionaltion (Voronezh inter-institutions commissiononCenter and sec- oftheLowerand horizon intheupperpart Neopleistocene intheMastyuzhenka regions.periglacial Russian). (In Moscow, Nauka oftheRussianPlain. Regional andgeneralpaleogeography part southern ofloessand 30.P. Mitteilungen. schaftliche 123–194. 98pp. Russian). (In Nauka. of Russianscientificconference. Moscow. P. Russan). 20–24(In graphy Geological Congress, anditsdiscussiononthe33International Norway, Materials significance for regional stratigraphy. strati- problems Actual ofNeogeneandQuaternary Arvicola cantianus Arvicola , Volume 149,Issue1:67–79. Mimomus (M.savini Mimomus appeared only ) in the different parts ofEurope.in thedifferent parts evolution inArvicolidae and un-similarities whole Europe andto reveal thesimilarities of Pleistocene forof Middle theterritory reconstruct andto date thenaturalevents small mammalfaunascouldhelpto Pleistocene analysisoftheMiddle Described mammal faunas of Eastern and mammal faunasofEastern Western Europe. Pleistocenereliable correlations small ofMiddle to establishmost with mammallocalitiespermit the correlation ofmainstratigraphical horizons  Quater- 224.12.2012 9:10:40 4 . 1 2 . 2 0 1 2

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2 1. V 17. vanKolfschoten T. (2012). The Palaeolithic record fromSch@öningen(Germany) thelocality 16. vanKolfschoten T. (1990). andthe The evolution ofthemammalfaunainNetherlands 15. vanKolfschoten T. (1985). Pleistocene (Saalian)andLateThe Middle Pleistocene (Weich- 14. Pleistocene of Tiraspol. 1971.Kishinev, Shtiintsa.187pp. Russian). (In 13. (1992).Paleogeographical C.D., A.K. stagesofAnthropogene fauna Markova Mikhailesku 12. 3 and member of the editorial boardand memberoftheeditorial oftheFrench-language journal International Quaternary since1994. He isregionalAssociation (EuroMam) editor and itssecretary (Europe) of 2003. ResearchThijs vanKolfschoten Mammal isfounder oftheEuropean Quaternary Stratigraphy.Subcommision ofQuaternary HeisPresident ofINQUA-The since Netherlands Commission onStratigraphy oftheICS/IUGS andChronology andsince2001issecretary on European Stratigraphy (SEQS)1995–2003andsince2003is oftheINQUAVice-president more than120scientificpapers. Prof. Kolfschoten wasPresident oftheINQUA-Subcommission monographs andthechapters in4palaeogeographical atlases. published more than200scientificpapersincluding4monographs; chapters in8collective boardmember ofeditorial ofthejournal “Stratigraphy. Geological correlation”. Markova A.K. on European Stratigraphy, Commission andthe thememberofRussianQuaternary Paleogeography andstratigraphy. Moscow, ofGeography Institute RAS.P. Russian). 60–79(In Loess-paleosol section. formation European oftheEastern Chepalyga A.L.(1997).Gunki Plain. rence Palaeolithic“European Middle MIS8–MIS3”. during Wolbrom, Poland. P. 49. in abiostratigraphical andarchaeozoological confe- to perspective. International Abstract Geol.Dienst. 43/3.P. 1–69. Pleistocene. thelate Germany) Middle during Meded. Rijks Areamiddle Rhine (Western Meded. Rijks Geol.Meded. Rijks Dienst selian) mammalfaunasfrom Maastricht–Belvédère, Limburg, Southern The Netherlands. Kishinev,development inthesouthofMoldova. Shtiintsa.311pp. Russian). (In elichko A.A., Gribchenko A.A.,Gribchenko elichko Yu.N., GuboninaZ.P., Morozova A.K., Markova T.D., Pevzner M.A., , the Journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research, Unionfor oftheInternational Quaternary , theJournal Thijs van Kolfschoten Markova AnastasiaK. results oftheseand previous research projects he publishedin investigated inclosecollaborationwithRussiancolleagues. The oftheAlpsare Holoceneecosystems inEuropeand early north Pleistocene Holocene. untiltheearly Changes inLate Pleistocene focuses oncontinentaldepositsranging from theEarly biostratigraphy andpalaeoecology. palaeontological research His mammals, mainfieldsofinterest His areNetherlands). Quaternary position attheFaculty ofArchaeology, Leiden (The University biostratigraphyarchaeozoology andhasresearch andQuaternary Eurasia.SheisthememberofINQUA-SubcommissionNorthern ofLate Pleistocenedistribution andHolocenemammalfaunasof collective, and whichstudythespeciescomposition,biodiversity their palaeoecology. Sheleadedtheintra-institutionalscientific small mammals, theirgeographical inthepastand distribution of interests focused onevolutional ofPleistocene peculiarities Biogeography ofGeography oftheInstitute RAS.Hermainfields of biogeographyand historical intheLaboratory andworks . V. 39.N1.P. 45–74. is specialist in Quaternary palaeontology isspecialistinQuaternary isprofessor and inmammalianpalaeo- Quaternaire 224.12.2012 9:10:40 4 . 1 2 . 2 0 1 2

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