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Middle Pleistocene Small Mammal Faunas of Eastern and Western Europe: Chronology, Correlation

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Middle Pleistocene Small Mammal Faunas of Eastern and Western Europe: Chronology, Correlation Anastasia K. Markova1*, Thijs van Kolfschoten2 1* Leading scientist, Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Staromonetny per., 29, 119017 Moscow, Russia; Tel.: +7-495-9590016, Fax: +7-495-9590033 E-mail: [email protected] (Corresponding author) 2 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University; P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, Reuvensplaats 3-4, 2311 BE Leiden; Tel.: + 31 (0)71 527 2640, Fax: + 31 (0)71 527 2429, e-mail: [email protected] GEOGRAPHY MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE SMALL MAMMAL 17 FAUNAS OF EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPE: CHRONOLOGY, CORRELATION ABSTRACT. Many new very important Eastern Europe Middle Pleistocene small mammal localities Dniester, Danube and Prut basins. One of of Europe were discovered during the last the most complete sections of the Middle decades. These new data permit to divide Pleistocene is the Kolkotova Balka section the Middle Pleistocene geological sequences near the Tiraspol town (Moldova, Dniester of Eastern and Western Europe and carried basin). The deposits corresponding to the out the correlation between them. However, whole Middle Pleistocene are opened up there are some difficulties connected with in this outcrop. The several layers with the incongruity of mammal appearance in mammal faunas were discovered here: different parts of Europe. In this paper we the lowest 3 layers with small and large would like to discuss all these problems using mammal fauna were found in the fluvial Middle Pleistocene small mammal data and deposits of different facies. The fauna of to present the possible biostratigraphical these fluvial layers describe as the stratotype scheme for the whole Europe. of Tiraspolian mammalian complex [Alexandrova, 1976; Pleistocene of Tiraspol, KEY WORDS: small mammals, Middle 1971] which correspond to the Il’inkian Pleistocene, Europe, correlation Horizon of Russian stratigraphical scheme with Mimomys savini, Prolagurus posterius – Lagurus transiens, Microtus (Stenocranius) MATERIALS AND METHODS hintoni-gregaloides, Microtus arvaloides, In this article we use the Western European Microtus ratticepoides (=oeconomus) and stratigraphical scheme. According this others; 2) above the fluvial deposits of scheme the beginning of the Middle the Dniester River underlies the horizon of Pleistocene corresponding to the boundary of the Vorona fossil soil with small mammal palaeomagnetic epochs Matuyama–Brunhes fauna which is correlated with the Muchkap (~0.8 mln. yrs. BP) and the end of Middle Interglacial. Fauna includes Lagurus transiens Pleistocene falls to the beginning of Eemian (archaic morphotype), Microtus gregalis and (=Mikulian) Interglacial (about 0,135 mln. BP). others; 3) uppermost the loess deposits lie The Early and Middle Neopleistocene of the covered the horizon of the Inzhava fossil Russian stratigraphical scheme correspond to soil, synchronous to Likhvin Interglacial the Middle Pleistocene of Western European with Lagurus transiens – L. lagurus, Microtus stratigraphical scheme. (S.) gregalis, Microtus ex gr. agrestis и др. gi412.indd 17 24.12.2012 9:10:39 [Mikhailesku, Markova, 1992; Markova, Gunki locality was studied by the several 2007]. So the faunas of this key section methods (geological, pedological, palyno- reflected the natural events of the most logical, malacological methods). Also the part of the Middle Pleistocene (Fig. 1). These palaeomagnetic investigation of deposits had faunas expressed the significant evolutional been done [Velichko et al., 1982]. This outcrop changes in different phylogenetic lines of includes the deposits of second part of the Arvicolidae: Prolagurus – Lagurus, Microtus Middle Pleistocene and the Upper Pleistocene. (Stenocranius) hintoni-gregaloides – M. (S). The Dnieper (=Zaalian) till is registered here. The gregalis and others. The different taphonomy Romny and Kamenka paleosols were described GEOGRAPHY of Kolkotova Balka main horizons (fluvial below the Dnieper till. Fluvial thickness occurred deposits and fossil soils) didn’t permit to reveal below the loess-paleosol sequence. The fluvial 18 the transition between the rooted voles of deposits of IV terrace are correlated with Mimomys genus (the ancestral form of water the Likhvin Interglacial by the palynological vole Arvicola) and the un-rooted voles of and mammalian data. The small mammal Arvicola genus. All localities with Mimomys were remains were discovered in the 3 facieses of found in fluvial older deposits. The different alluvium close by age. The rich fauna didn’t fossil soils overlying the fluvial deposits didn’t include the teeth of rooted voles Mimomys include the remains of water voles Arvicola and Borsodia. There are no also remains of (or its ancestor form Mimomys intermedius) archaic voles (with “pitymys” triangles) such what could be explained by their taphonomy. as Microtus (Terricola) arvaloides and Microtus (Stenocranius) gregaloides. Steppe lemmings are There are several other very principal Middle presented by the remains of Lagurus genus Pleistocene small mammal localities situated with Lagurus transiens morphotypes (which on the south-west of the Russian Plain in Prut are more abundant) and Lagurus lagurus ones. and Danube River basins. The faunas were The Microtus genus includes the voles Microtus described in Nagornoe, Suvorovo, Ozernoe, arvalis, M. oeconomus and M. (S.) gregalis. The Plavni and many others localities. These palynological data indicate the Likhvin age of localities as a rule characterize only one stage the deposits [Gubonina, 1982]. Malacological of Middle Pleistocene: Il’inka Interglacial, materials show on Early Euksinian age of Muchkap Interglacial, Likhvin Interglacial and mollusk fauna. Gunki section is a unique one Kamenka Interglacial. Most of them include by the completeness of the palaeontological the fauna of the Likhvin Interglacial. The data [Markova, 1982]. The localities Pivikha and significance of these materials for stratigraphy Chigirin include similar small mammal faunas also is very high. All of these localities were by the species composition [Markova, 2006]. found in the liman and lake deposits and include not only mammal remains but also Don and Desna basins. The complicated brackish-water mollusks what permits to mammalian succession was described by the carry out the straight correlation between materials of Middle Pleistocene small mammal the continental and marine deposits of the faunas from Don and Desna basins. The earliest Russian Plain and the Black Sea [Mikhailesku, of them are correlated with the beginning of Markova, 1992]. Middle Pleistocene, the latest is referred to the Dnieper (=Saalian) Glaciation [Agadjanian et Dnieper basin. There are several Middle al., 2008; Markova, 2007]. The small mammal Pleistocene localities of small mammals are materials related as well as to the interglacials known from the Dnieper basin, mostly from so to the glaciations (Don Glaciation, Oka the middle part of basin. They are connected Glaciation and Dnieper Glaciation). with the fluvial deposits of IV terrace of Dnieper. The localities Gunki and Pivikha In last years the small mammal faunas with are situated on the left bank of Dnieper; the archaic Arvicola were found in the deposits Chigirin locality is situated on the right bank related to interval, which follows Muchkap [Markova, 1982] (Fig.1). interglacial and cooling which is next after ggi412.inddi412.indd 1188 224.12.20124.12.2012 99:10:39:10:39 GEOGRAPHY 19 Fig. 1. Middle Pleistocene biostratigraphical scheme of Europe ggi412.inddi412.indd 1199 224.12.20124.12.2012 99:10:39:10:39 Muchkap (Mastuzhenka, Ikorets, Shekhnan-1 Early Pleistocene to the Holocene [Boenigk, localities) and Oka glaciation. Frechen, 2001]. Several stratified mammalian faunas, within which the Mimomys – Arvicola The faunas of this evolutional level were transition occurs, were collected from the described earlier in Western Europe Pleistocene sequence (Kärlich main section – (Mosbach, Miesenheim, Kärlich Kä G and Kä A – H) exposed in the Kärlich pit. The others). These faunas don’t’ contain the older faunas Kä C – F are characterised remains of Mimomys genus, but include the by the presence of Mimomys savini; the representatives of archaic un-rooted voles of oldest representatives of the water vole, GEOGRAPHY Arvicola genus. The Ikoretzk Interglacial was Arvicola terrestris cantiana, were recovered described by these new materials from the in the rich fauna from Kä G. The faunal 20 Russian Plain [Iosifova et al., 2009]. assemblages from the Kärlich sequence together with the faunas from the same Volga basin. The small mammal fauna, region (Miesenheim I and Ariendorf) form similar by the species composition to the a reference for the early Middle Pleistocene numerous faunas of the Likhvin Interglacial faunal history to which faunas such as Mauer from other river basins of the Russian Plain and Mosbach (Germany) can be correlated (Danube, Prut, Dniester, Dnieper and Don [van Kolfschoten, 1990]. basins) was found by Dr. V.P. Udartsev in the fluvial deposits of Rybnaya Sloboda Both the Microtus (Stenocranius) hintoni- section situated near the mouth of Kama gregaloides – M. (S). gregalis and the Microtus River (right tributary of Volga) [Markova, (Terricola) arvaloides – Microtus arvalis lineage 2004]. The Kamenka fossil soil is located as well as the Mimomys-Arvicola lineage higher in this section. The Rybnaya Sloboda offer the possibility to correlate the Eastern fauna includes Arvicola сantiana, Lagurus and the Central European faunas. The faunal
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