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BIPS 10 High Performance Based Design for the Building Enclosure Buildings and Infrastructure Protection Series High Performance Based Design for the Building Enclosure A Resilience Application Project Report BIPS 10/November 2011 Homeland Security Science and Technology Prepared by the National Institute of Building Sciences Buildings and Infrastructure Protection Series High Performance Based Design for the Building Enclosure A Resilience Application Project Report BIPS 10 /November 2011 Prepared by the National Institute of Building Sciences Homeland Security Science and Technology The views, opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations ex- pressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and other federal agencies. The publication of these views by DHS does not confer any individual rights or cause of action against the United States. Users of information from this publication as- sume all liability from such use. Any appearances of hyperlinks do not constitute endorsement by DHS of the website or the information, products, or services contained therein. For links outside DHS, DHS does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. Users must adhere to any intellectual property rights contained in this publication or in mate- rial in linked websites. BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION SERIES Executive Summary his Technical Report describes a project performed by the National Institute of Building Sciences (Institute) in partnership with the T U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to address High Performance Based Design for the Building Enclosure (HPBDE). The Institute convened an expert team to develop a method for analyzing multiple performance objectives early in the project planning process. This method allows building owners to optimize their investments in building security, along with safety, energy conservation, environmen- tal footprint and durability, in addition to evaluating the resulting risk and resilience of a proposed project. The model of performance developed by the Project Team was integrated within an online soft- ware program specifically focused on establishing Owner Performance Requirements (OPR).The OPR Tool provides project planners with a previously unavailable resource for selecting and documenting perfor- mance goals for a project. This first-phase effort, limited to enclosure systems for new office buildings, lays the technical foundation and soft- ware framework for expanding the approach in later phases to address retrofit of enclosure systems, as well as moving on to cover the whole building and additional building types. HIGH PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN FOR THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE i Foreword and Acknowledgments Background he Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA-2007)1 defines a high-performance building (HPB) as one that “integrates T and optimizes on a life-cycle basis all major high-performance attributes, including energy conservation, environment, safety, secu- rity, durability, accessibility, cost-benefit, productivity, sustainability, functionality, and operational considerations.” EISA-2007 also established an aggressive plan for achieving energy independence (e.g., zero- A high-performance net-energy) in the nation’s building stock by the building (HPB) year 2030. integrates and optimizes on a life-cycle basis all The U.S. Department of Homeland Security major high-performance attributes, (DHS), Science and Technology Directorate’s In- including energy conservation, frastructure and Disaster Management Division (IDD) entered into a partnership with the National environment, safety, security, Institute of Building Sciences (Institute) to devel- durability, accessibility, cost- op an Owner Performance Requirements (OPR) benefit, productivity, sustainability, Model that establishes high-performance opera- functionality, and operational tional, resilience and risk targets and identifies the considerations. parameters that allow project owners to identify 1 Review of the Department of Homeland Security’s Approach to Risk Analysis, The National Research Council, The National Academies Press, 2010 HIGH PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN FOR THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE iii FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS their goals for a project, including type, size and The OPR Tool is designed location, and then evaluate alternative scenarios. to help building owners in the public or private The model is strictly performance-based and does not identify prescriptive solutions for building sys- sector that are evaluating tems to achieve performance objectives, leaving this the feasibility of a new construction to the subsequent work of the design team. The project. model, through the interactive OPR Tool, is useful for preparing scenario analysis during the planning and conceptual design phases of a prospective proj- ect. The OPR Tool is designed to help building owners in the public or private sector that are evaluating the feasibility of a new construction proj- ect. The tool is intended to be used by financial analysts, designers or developers familiar with building technology and planning. Its use fits with the recommendations of the ASTM E06.55.09 Standard Practice for Build- ing Enclosure Commissioning, which was recently balloted and for which the OPR Tool is expected to be an adjunct component. The use of the OPR Tool in the planning process and its function are discussed in Chapter 4 of this Report. The logic used in the OPR Model and the methodology employed in its development are discussed in detail in Chapter 6 of the Report. The OPR Tool is available for public use at www.oprtool.org. The OPR Model extends the high-performance building objectives to cover security performance for blast resistance, ballistic protection and chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) protection as key evaluated elements along with the other EISA attributes. It is important to note that the Act defines high performance as the “integration and optimization on a life-cycle basis of all major high-performance attributes.” Attention to the linkages between attributes provides an opportunity to incorpo- rate blast, ballistic and CBR protection technologies with the new and innovative building enclosure technologies being developed to address the aggressive agenda laid down by EISA 2007. In order to support achieving the goals of EISA 2007 and meeting the mission of DHS IDD to improve the security of critical infrastructure, the model employs multi-attribute analysis and performance modeling that includes evaluating interactions between the attributes of building design. The need to accommodate such interactions while performing risk analysis has been recommended by the National Research Council to achieve accurate results. The team of technical experts, assembled by the Insti- The OPR Tool is available for tute for their knowledge of risk and resilience-based public use at www.oprtool.org modeling, multivariable analysis, performance- based design and decision making, created the iv BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION SERIES FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS model and the information that populates it. They es- tablished four levels of performance for developing The OPR Model extends results: Current Practice (Baseline),Improved Per- the high-performance formance (P+), Enhanced Performance (P++) and building objectives High Performance (HP). Chapter 5, which address- es Technical Analysis, discusses the performance to cover security levels in detail and the Attribute-Performance Sum- performance for blast resistance, mary Tables in Appendix A summarize the full range ballistic protection and CBR. of performance results identified by the project. The HPBDE project in this phase initially evaluates the building en- closure (also commonly identified as the building envelope) for one building type – commercial office buildings. This limitation to the en- closure posed some challenges since the building enclosure interacts with other building systems. While those interactions were investigated for this project, especially in the case of the structural and mechanical systems, every effort was taken to isolate the evaluation to only the enclo- sure. Goals for future phases of the project are to expand evaluation to the complete structural, mechanical and electrical services systems (the whole building), retrofit (an enclosure retrofit version has been devel- oped and will be included in the phase I release of the OPR Tool. The process employed to develop it will be documented in a forthcoming supplement to this report) and additional building types. Organization and Content The information is arranged in sections in the following order: n Chapter 1: Introduction n Chapter 2: Project Approach n Chapter 3: The Owner Performance Requirements(OPR) Process n Chapter 4: The OPR Tool in the Planning and Design Process n Chapter 5: Technical Analysis n Chapter 6: OPR Model Algorithms and Decision-Making Methodologies n Chapter 7: Validation and Verification of Results n Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations Appendices n Appendix A: Attribute Performance Summary Tables n Appendix B: EnergyPlus Simulation Analysis n Appendix C: Detailed Mechanical Analysis HIGH PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN FOR THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE v FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgements The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T), Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division (IDD) produced this publication in partnership
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