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6.3 Land Use Policies' Impacts On Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2017 Urban Growth Patterns and Drivers in Florida, the United States: Parcel-Based New Measures and Modeling of Multi-Scale Factors Guang Xing Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PUBLIC POLICY URBAN GROWTH PATTERNS AND DRIVERS IN FLORIDA, THE UNITED STATES: PARCEL-BASED NEW MEASURES AND MODELING OF MULTI-SCALE FACTORS By GUANG XING A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Geography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Guang Xing defended this dissertation on June 19 2017. The members of the supervisory committee were: Tingting Zhao Professor Directing Dissertation Richard Feiock University Representative Xiaojun Yang Committee Member Christopher Uejio Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii This dissertation is dedicated to my parents. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Tingting Zhao. She is a great mentor and has always been smiling no matter how silly the questions I asked. Her knowledge, patience and warm- hearted personality make me enjoying my PhD time at FSU. This manuscript would have been impossible without Dr. Zhao’s guidance and support. I want to acknowledge Dr. Xiaojun Yang, Dr. Richard Feiock, Dr. Christopher Uejio on my committee for providing additional guidance and associated training through taking courses with them. I want to give sincere thanks to Dr. Tim Chapin, Dr. David C. Folch and Dr. James B. Elsner for many fruitful class discussions related with my dissertation. In addition, I want to thank my friends at FSU, Fang Zhang, Di Shi, Xinyu Gao, Yingru Liu, Holly M Widen, AmirSasan Mahjoor, Karen Wertz, Sarah Strazzo, Luis Santiago and many others. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and my husband. They have always been there to support and encourage me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Significance of the dissertation ............................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND/LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 11 2.1 Defining urban sprawl ........................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Measuring urban sprawl ...................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Spatial/landscape metrics .................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Urban growth driving forces ............................................................................................... 20 2.5 Analysis/modeling of growth forces ................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3 STUDY AREA AND DATA ................................................................................. 25 3.1 Metro Orlando and its principal cities ................................................................................ 25 3.2 MSAs in Florida .................................................................................................................. 27 3.3 Florida cities ....................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 38 4.1 Measuring urban sprawl within a metropolis ..................................................................... 38 4.2 Measuring and comparing urban sprawl across metropolitan areas ................................... 44 4.3 Global OLS and local GWR analyses of urban growth factors .......................................... 48 v 4.4 Multilevel analysis of urban growth drivers ....................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 61 5.1 Urban sprawl in Metro Orlando .......................................................................................... 61 5.2 Urban sprawl across Florida’s four metropolitan statistical areas ...................................... 72 5.3 Urban growth drivers across Florida cities: A study at city scale ...................................... 82 5.4 Urban growth drivers examined with multilevel modeling approaches ............................. 88 CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 97 6.1 The urban sprawl measures ................................................................................................. 97 6.2 Parcel data ......................................................................................................................... 102 6.3 Land use policies’ impacts on urban growth .................................................................... 107 6.4 Multilevel modeling .......................................................................................................... 110 6.5 Future works ..................................................................................................................... 111 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................... 113 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 117 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...................................................................................................... 129 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Description of physical and demographic characteristics of four MSAs in Florida ..... 30 Table 3.2 Data sources used in the studies and their brief descriptions ....................................... 35 Table 3.3 Description of urban growth related variables at multiple levels ................................. 36 Table 4.1 Cities’ classification scheme by population range and buffer radius ........................... 50 Table 4.2 Description of variables in multilevel model ................................................................ 56 Table 5.1 Summary of sprawl indices of density, mixed use and accessibility and overall sprawl index for the cities of Orlando, Kissimmee and Sanford .............................................................. 67 Table 5.2 Means and standard deviations of average livable space per residential unit .............. 72 Table 5.3 Means and standard deviations of land use diversity ................................................... 75 Table 5.4 Means and standard deviations of accessibility to business hubs................................. 79 Table 5.5 Sprawl Z scores and ranking ........................................................................................ 81 Table 5.6 T test results for the three city groups in terms of four land use policy actions ........... 83 Table 5.7 OLS global model results for the three city groups ...................................................... 84 Table 5.8 T test results at block group level for three city groups regarding four land use policies .......................................................................................................................................... 89 Table 5.9 Testing for city variation effects of three groups of cities ............................................ 92 Table 5.10 Multilevel models with block-group level variables for three groups of cities .......... 93 Table 5.11 Multilevel models with both block-group level and city level variables for three ..... 94 Table 6.1 Comparison of our sprawl ranking (2012) with Ewing’s sprawl ranking (2010) for the four studied Florida metropolitan areas ...................................................................................... 102 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Geographic location of Metro Orlando, and its three principal cities ......................... 26 Figure 3.2 Geographic locations of the studied metropolitan areas ............................................. 29 Figure 3.3 Geographic location of Florida state and the surveyed cities ...................................... 33 Figure 4.1 The multilevel model framework on local urban development .................................. 55 Figure 5.1 Spatial distribution of
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