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Imprima Este Artículo 158 REFLEXIONES SOBRE DOS DIBUJOS DE LA TORRE DE LOS ESCIPIONES DE TARRAGONA. LA PARADOJA DE LA CONCEPTUALIDAD DEL DIBUJO ARQUEOLÓGICO REFLECTIONS ON TWO DRAwings of scipios’ TOWER IN TARRAGONA. THE PARADOX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DRAWING CONCEPTUALITY Josep Mª Puche, Josep Mª Macias, Pau Solà-Morales, Josep Mª Toldrà doi: 10.4995/ega.2015.3673 La arqueología, la disciplina que It is impossible to conceive of permite conocer las sociedades archaeology –the discipline that tells humanas históricas a partir de sus us of the societies of our history by restos materiales, no se puede studying their material remains– concebir sin el dibujo. No hay labor without the drawing. There is no area vinculada a ella que no implique of archaeology –from fieldwork to una participación activa del dibujo, technical and administrative reports desde el trabajo de campo hasta la and publications– in which the publicación, pasando por los informes drawing does not play an active role. técnicos y administrativos. A partir de Based on two drawings of the Tower dos dibujos, uno de Mouliner i el otro of the Scipios in Tarragona that are del DAI, sobre la Torre dels Escipions separated in time and concept, one de Tarragona, separados en el tiempo by Mouliner and the other from the y conceptualmente diferentes se DAI, we reflect on the suitability of the realiza una reflexión sobre cual archaeological drawing, its purpose tendría que ser el concepto de bondad and its functionality. del dibujo arqueológico, a que sirve y cual tiene que ser su funcionalidad. KEYWORDS: ARCHAEOLOGY. DRAWING. HERITAGE PALABRAS CLAVE: ARQUEOLOGÍA. DIBUJO. PATRIMONIO expresión gráfica arquitectónica Se es consciente de la relevancia del Desde el punto de vista historiográ- When you are aware of the importance of the 159 dibujo en arqueología, por eso sor- fico sorprende este desinterés, ya que sketch in archaeology, you cannot fail to be prende la poca atención académi- se podría asegurar que, sensu stricto, surprised by how little academic attention is paid ca que se le da. Son inexistentes los el dibujo arqueológico nace antes que to it. There are no graphic arts departments in departamentos de expresión gráfica la arqueología adquiera su estatus de faculties where archaeology is studied, and there are almost no teaching curricula offering suitable en las facultades en donde se estudia disciplina científica, a partir de los tra- training in that field. The most you can expect is arqueología y prácticamente no hay bajos de Winckelman (1717-1768), el a few credits focusing mainly on sketching in the ningún currículum docente para for- inicio de las excavaciones en Pompeia field and, above all, illustrating findings. mar adecuadamente en este campo. (1748) y la expedición napoleónica a This situation is reflected in the limited Como mucho se pueden realizar algu- Egipto (1802). availability of basic volumes on the nos créditos centrados, básicamente, Encontramos dibujos arqueológi- archaeological-architectural drawing in the en el dibujo de campo y, sobretodo, cos, en el sentido de dibujos con in- specialist libraries of Spain. Thus, in the en el dibujo de materiales. tencionalidad científica, a partir del CCUC 1 catalogue there are only two copies of “Archeologia, documentazione grafica” Esta situación se refleja en la ac- siglo XV, cuando nace la necesidad de (Giuliani C. F., 1983) –the historical manual par cesibilidad que hay en las bibliote- captar la esencia de la cultura clásica. excellence– and only one copy is listed in the cas especializadas españolas a los tí- Giorgo Martini (1432-1502) (Fig. 1) National Museum Libraries Network. We find a tulos fundamentales sobre el dibujo y Giuliano Sangallo (1452-1516) son similar situation with more recent publications, arqueológico-arquitectónico. Así, del los primeros en dibujar científicamen- such as the books by Medri (Medri, 2003) and manual histórico por excelencia, “Ar- te restos arqueológicos. Siendo, los su- Bianchini (Bianchini 2008), which are unarguably cheologia, documentazione grafica” yos, bocetos sintéticos, que les sirven indispensable manuals. There is only one copy of (Giuliani C. F., 1983) , solo hay dos de estudio de formas y proporciones each in the CUCC catalogue, none in the national ejemplares en el catálogo del CCUC 1, con la idea de captar la “esencia de lo libraries and a single copy of each among all the universities of Madrid. y en la red de Bibliotecas de Museos clásico” 2. Al mismo tiempo aparecen It is obvious that this lack of academic interest Nacionales solo uno. Lo mismo suce- imágenes ilustrativas cuya finalidad can only lead to distortions in the perception of de con títulos más modernos, como esencial es la de acercar las ruinas a archaeological drawing concept, its objectives los libros de Medri (Medri, 2003) y todo aquel que no pueda verlas, sien- and what the parameters of “suitability” and Bianchini (Bianchini 2008) que son, do los ejemplos más antiguos conoci- “correctness” should be. Far from resolving sin duda, manuales imprescindibles. dos los Codex Escurialensis 3 (Fig. 2) this deficit, the current evolution towards new De estos títulos solo hay un ejemplar y Codex Barberini, de Giuliano San- technologies augurs an uncertain future, in which de cada uno en el catálogo del CUCC, gallo. Surge así la dualidad entre ima- the precision and flexibility of digital software is ninguno en las bibliotecas nacionales gen analítica e imagen ilustrativa que progressively distancing archaeologists from the y un ejemplar de cada uno entre todas ha caracterizado el dibujo arqueoló- in situ analysis of heritage remains. This disinterest is surprising from a las universidades de Madrid. gico hasta el siglo XX, cubriendo las historiographical point of view, as it could be Este desinterés académico, obvia- dos necesidades de la ilustración del asserted that, sensu stricto, the archaeological mente, sólo puede ocasionar distor- patrimonio histórico-arquitectónico: drawing dates from a time before archaeology siones en la percepción del concepto conocer y entender esa realidad 4 ma- acquired its status as a scientific discipline, de dibujo arqueológico, en cuales han terial, mostrarla y divulgarla. with the publications of Winckelmann (1717- de ser sus objetivos y cuales tendrían Dentro de esta línea, la mayor par- 1768), the beginning of the excavations at que ser los parámetros de “bondad” te de ilustradores de los siglos XVII-XIX Pompeii (1748) and the Napoleonic expedition y “corrección”. Lejos de solucionar combinan en sus obras imágenes toma- to Egypt (1802). este déficit, la evolución actual ha- das desde perspectivas pictóricas (las We find archaeological sketches –in the sense th cia las nuevas tecnologías plantea un famosas “vedute”) con otras más analí- of those with a scientific purpose– from the 15 century, when the need arose to capture the futuro incierto donde la precisión y ticas y conceptuales. El punto culminar essence of the classical culture. Giorgo Martini la ductilidad del programario digital de esta situación se da a finales del siglo (1432-1502) (Fig. 1) and Giuliano Sangallo aleja, progresivamente, al arqueólo- XVIII e inicios del siglo XIX con las obras (1452-1516) were the first to produce scientific go del análisis in situ de los restos de Piranesi y con el trabajo titánico de drawings of archaeological remains. Their brief patrimoniales. la expedición científica francesa a Egip- sketches allowed the forms and proportions 1. Dibujo de S. Stefano Rotondo (Roma) de Giorgio Martini (1432-1502) 1. Draw of S. Stefano Rotondo (Roma). Giorgio Martini (1432-1502) 160 to be studied with the idea of capturing the “essence of the classical” 2. At the same time, publications began to appear with illustrations of the ruins for all those unable to visit them in person; the earliest known examples of these are the Codex Escurialensis 3 (Fig. 2) and Codex Barberini by Giuliano Sangallo. Thus arose the duality between analytic and illustrative picture that characterised the archaeological drawing until the 20th century. These illustrations met the two requirements of illustrating historical- architectural heritage: to allow people to become acquainted with and understand the material reality 4 and to show and disseminate it. Along the same lines, the majority of illustrators from the 17th to the 19th centuries combined images drawn from pictorial perspectives (the famous vedute) with others that were more analytical and conceptual. This situation culminated in the late 18th and early 19th centuries with the works of Piranesi and the titanic undertaking of the French scientific expedition to Egypt (1798-1801). It was not in vain that Gaspard Monge (1746-1818), the father of analytical geometry, was appointed to lead the expedition. From the mid-19th century –as part of a growing rationalist trend– the archaeological sketch began to take on an increasingly pictorial nature, with artists attempting to describe the object of their study as objectively as possible. Thus, illustrations appeared that we could almost define as “hand-drawn photographs”, in which it was attempted to reproduce the actual site as accurately as 1 possible. At the same time architectural plans were simplified to the point that the majority were simple sketches. Conceptual contributions –such as those to (1798-1801). No en vano, la direc- ta reproducir lo más fielmente posible incorporated by Choisy (Choisy A. , 1873)– ción de esta expedición fue encomen- la realidad. De forma paralela, las that introduced axonometric projections dada a Gaspard Monge (1746-1818), plantas arquitectónicas se simplifican into archaeological drawings were not successful and were relegated to the status of padre de la geometría analítica. hasta convertirse, mayoritariamente, historiographical singularities (Fig. 3). A partir de mediados del siglo XIX, en simples croquis. From the second half of the 20th century, y dentro de una creciente corriente ra- Aportaciones conceptuales como particularly with the emergence of new cionalista, el dibujo arqueológico va las que icorpora Choisy (Choisy A.
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