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Proquest Dissertations Marine scenic resource assessment: An international perspective Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Mills, Louis Van Orden, 1949- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 17:06:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282537 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UME films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fece, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 MARINE SCENIC RESOURCE ASSESSMENT- AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE by Louis Van Orden Mills Jr. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial FullfUlment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES STUDIES In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1997 t 'i. DMI Nxanber; 9814432 UMI Microform 9814432 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committeej we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Louis Van Orden Mills entitled Marine Scenic Resource Assesment- An International Perspective and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Renewable Natural Resources ^ • H- ckson Date ±4 rd Rarrrai!^ Gimblett Date 1'^ Ervin H. Date '^7 Er^ Matt Date Terry Dan/el Date•-nun. Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recoimDend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. • ^1/ -1 Dissertation Direci^or Date Mark Frederickson STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Attempting to complete Ph.D. requirement's in one's late forties is a daunting endeavor, unlike anything experienced during a Master's Program, or any other educational challenge. One's normal life, in essence, goes on hold until the projea is completed. However, on the other hand, the new opportunities, new locales, wonderfiil people and new experiences that were never before contemplated become the joys of the doaoral journey. Without question, this journey could not have been made possible without continual support from educators, colleagues, friends, and family. In some way, the idea of this journey was planted long ago, by close friends and families. It is for them that I am eternally grateful. In particular, I would like to thank my wife for an always positive attitude, support, and love in this endeavor; without her optimism, patience, and encouragement, I don't think I could have garnered the energy to complete this projea. Special thanks to my wife's family, George and Luba Chelakian, for always being positive and to Tanya Hahn for advice and funding assistance. Many thanks to my parents, Louis and Roberta. Many thanks to Bruce and Winnie Earle for great hospitality in Key Largo; Carol and Larry Mulvehill, for computer support, photographic assistance,and random humor; Alastair and Gillie Sharp-Paul for wonderful hospitality in Australia; Peter Waterman for environmental insight,diving support, superb curried soup,and great Jervis Bay acimien, Lawrence Levine for help on the Internet; Harry Johnson, Robert Itami, Kate Bowler, and Caroline Owen for getting some "victims" for the survey in Melbourne, Freddie Isseks and Tom Harlach for rounding up other "victims" in Middletown for the survey, Nick Shifken for being a dive buddy in Jervis Bay, and Henry O.D. Thompson for being a great companion and dive buddy in St. Croix; Pat Siciliano for donating some great underwater photos of Jervis Bay; Alex Brooks and John Wolbeck for assistance with the statistics. I can't forget to mention some good government folks, non-profit organizations and other similar resource people, such as Ed Lindelof, Paul Moen, and the other staff members at NOAA's Sanctuaries and Reserves office in Washington, and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary office. Thanks for the help in the National Marine Sanctuaries Manager's survey, and donating some of the Key Largo photos; Charles Jacoby from CSIRO, Marmion Marine Lab, Western Australia for the air photos of Jervis Bay; Leigh Grey for insight into Jervis Bay water quality and bottom conditions; Ed Towle and Jean Pierre Bade at Island Resources Foundation for lending me the St.Croix air photos; Mary Soltero for getting me through the bureaucratic web at the Graduate College. Special thanks must be given to all my Dissertation committee members for their continuing support, positive criticism, and good cheer: Mark Frederickson(Chair), Randy Gimblett, Terry Daniel, Fred Matter, and lastly to Erv.Zube, who has been my mentor in this scenic field for over twenty years and probably the main reason I returned to school. Ji» 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Illustrations 7 List of Tables 8 Abstract 9 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO MARINE SCENIC RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Introduction 10 Opportunity for the Study 12 Purpose of the Study 14 Background - Coastal Zone Management, Aesthetic, Marine Parks 15 Research Methods - Q-Sort Photographic Survey 20 Scope / Lunitations 24 Dissertation Organization 26 CHAPTER TWO: THE DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNIQUES OF MARINE SCENIC RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Introduction 28 What is Scenic Resource Assessment 29 Federal Legislation Protecting Scenic Resources 30 Terrestrial Scenic Resource Assessment Techniques 34 Application to Coastal and Marine Scenic Resource Assessment 36 Environmental Survey of Managers of National Marine Sanctuaries 44 The Survey Design 46 Survey Results 47 National Marine Sanctuary Survey - Conclusions 50 Summary and Conclusions 51 CHAPTER THREE: A PROCEDURE AND METHODOLOGY FOR MARINE SCENIC RESOURCE ASSESSMENT UTILIZING USER SCENIC PREFERENCE TESTING Introduaion 55 Population and Sample 60 Questionnaire 62 Selection of Marine Scenic Character Dimensions 64 Statistical Techniques 69 Summary of Procedure 71 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS OF THE MARINE SCENIC RESOURCE ASSESSMENT - KEY LARGO, ST. CRODC, AND JERVIS BAY Introduaion 73 Sample Charaaeristics: Key Largo 74 St. Croix 76 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER FOUR:CONTINUED Sample Characteristics: Jervis Bay 77 Marine Scenic Resource Quality - Q-Sort Preference Test Results 78 Key Largo Preference Test Results 79 St. Croix Preference Test Results 87 Jervis Bay Preference Test Results 95 Extent of Agreement between Various User Groups 97 Subgroup Preference Rating Correlations 110 Influence of Seascape Dimensions on Preference Results 114 Jervis Bay - Coastal Scenic Preferences 118 Summary of Results 123 CHAPTER FIVE: RELEVANCE OF SCENIC RESOURCE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT TO MARINE SITE PLANNING Case Study Examples - Applying Scenic Resource Assessment in Site Planning 128 Dry Rocks / Grecian Rocks at Key Largo NMS 132 Turner Hole / Grapetree, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 136 Murray Beach, Jervis Bay, New South Wales 143 Relevance to Marine Site Design 147 Site Planning Sunmiary 150 CHAPTER SDC: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY Principal Research Findings 153 Review of Chapters 154 Suggestions for Future Research 163 APPENDIX A 168 National Marine Sanctuary Manager's Survey Key Largo Nautical and Benthic Charts Key Largo Marine Scenic Inventory and Scenic Quality Maps Turner Hole, U.S.V.I. Marine Scenic Inventory and Scenic Quality Maps Jervis Bay Benthic Maps, Marine Scenic Inventory and Scenic Quality Maps APPENDIX B Marine Scenic Resources Case Study of Momington Peninsula, Portsea, Viaoria Australia 186 REFERENCES 193 i 7 UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1.1 Case Study Area Maps 22 Figure 2.1 Principal Australian Coastal Legislation 32 Figure 2.2 St.
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