Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd: Volume 2 Pdf, Epub, Ebook
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11 Triple Loyd
TTHHEE PPUUZZZZLLIINNGG SSIIDDEE OOFF CCHHEESSSS Jeff Coakley TRIPLE LOYDS: BLACK PIECES number 11 September 22, 2012 The “triple loyd” is a puzzle that appears every few weeks on The Puzzling Side of Chess. It is named after Sam Loyd, the American chess composer who published the prototype in 1866. In this column, we feature positions that include black pieces. A triple loyd is three puzzles in one. In each part, your task is to place the black king on the board.to achieve a certain goal. Triple Loyd 07 w________w áKdwdwdwd] àdwdwdwdw] ßwdwdw$wd] ÞdwdRdwdw] Ýwdwdwdwd] Üdwdwdwdw] Ûwdwdpdwd] Údwdwdwdw] wÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈw Place the black king on the board so that: A. Black is in checkmate. B. Black is in stalemate. C. White has a mate in 1. For triple loyds 1-6 and additional information on Sam Loyd, see columns 1 and 5 in the archives. As you probably noticed from the first puzzle, finding the stalemate (part B) can be easy if Black has any mobile pieces. The black king must be placed to take away their moves. Triple Loyd 08 w________w áwdwdBdwd] àdwdRdwdw] ßwdwdwdwd] Þdwdwdwdw] Ýwdw0Ndwd] ÜdwdPhwdw] ÛwdwGwdwd] Údwdw$wdK] wÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈw Place the black king on the board so that: A. Black is in checkmate. B. Black is in stalemate. C. White has a mate in 1. The next triple loyd sets a record of sorts. It contains thirty-one pieces. Only the black king is missing. Triple Loyd 09 w________w árhbdwdwH] àgpdpdw0w] ßqdp!w0B0] Þ0ndw0PdN] ÝPdw4Pdwd] ÜdRdPdwdP] Ûw)PdwGPd] ÚdwdwIwdR] wÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈw Place the black king on the board so that: A. -
A Functional Taxonomy of Logic Puzzles
A Functional Taxonomy of Logic Puzzles Lianne V. Hufkens Cameron Browne Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering Maastricht University Maastricht, The Netherlands flianne.hufkens, [email protected] Abstract—There currently exists no taxonomy for the full range of puzzles including “pen & paper” Japanese logic puzzles. We present a functional taxonomy for these puzzles in prepa- ration for implementing them in digital form. This taxonomy reveals similarities and differences between these puzzles and locates them within the context of single player games. Index Terms—games, puzzles, logic, taxonomy, classification I. INTRODUCTION This work is part of a project on digitally implementing the full range of pen & paper puzzles for computer analysis. In order to model these puzzles, it is useful to devise a taxonomy to highlight differences and similarities between Fig. 1: A Sudoku challenge (left) and solution (right). them to facilitate their implementation. We define a puzzle as a problem with defined steps for books, with further examples and information on Nikoli-style achieving one or more defined solutions, such that the chal- logic puzzles obtained from online sources including [2], [3], lenge contains all information needed to achieve its own [4], [5] and [6]. solution. Puzzles are distinct from games as they lack the Some simple schemes for logically grouping logic puzzles adversarial element: ”Puzzles are solved. Games are won.”1 already exist. For example, our final taxonomy was inspired by We focus on the group of puzzles commonly known as the classification found at [2], and Nikoli [3] uses the following Japanese logic puzzles [1], of which Sudoku (Fig. -
Tatamibari Is NP-Complete
Tatamibari is NP-complete The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Adler, Aviv et al. “Tatamibari is NP-complete.” 10th International Conference on Fun with Algorithms, May-June 2021, Favignana Island, Italy, Schloss Dagstuhl and Leibniz Center for Informatics, 2021. © 2021 The Author(s) As Published 10.4230/LIPIcs.FUN.2021.1 Publisher Schloss Dagstuhl, Leibniz Center for Informatics Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129836 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Tatamibari Is NP-Complete Aviv Adler Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA [email protected] Jeffrey Bosboom Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA [email protected] Erik D. Demaine Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA [email protected] Martin L. Demaine Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA [email protected] Quanquan C. Liu Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA [email protected] Jayson Lynch Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA [email protected] Abstract In the Nikoli pencil-and-paper game Tatamibari, a puzzle consists of an m × n grid of cells, where each cell possibly contains a clue among , , . The goal is to partition the grid into disjoint rectangles, where every rectangle contains exactly one clue, rectangles containing are square, rectangles containing are strictly longer horizontally than vertically, rectangles containing are strictly longer vertically than horizontally, and no four rectangles share a corner. We prove this puzzle NP-complete, establishing a Nikoli gap of 16 years. -
Algorithmic Combinatorial Game Theory∗
Playing Games with Algorithms: Algorithmic Combinatorial Game Theory∗ Erik D. Demaine† Robert A. Hearn‡ Abstract Combinatorial games lead to several interesting, clean problems in algorithms and complexity theory, many of which remain open. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the area to encourage further research. In particular, we begin with general background in Combinatorial Game Theory, which analyzes ideal play in perfect-information games, and Constraint Logic, which provides a framework for showing hardness. Then we survey results about the complexity of determining ideal play in these games, and the related problems of solving puzzles, in terms of both polynomial-time algorithms and computational intractability results. Our review of background and survey of algorithmic results are by no means complete, but should serve as a useful primer. 1 Introduction Many classic games are known to be computationally intractable (assuming P 6= NP): one-player puzzles are often NP-complete (as in Minesweeper) or PSPACE-complete (as in Rush Hour), and two-player games are often PSPACE-complete (as in Othello) or EXPTIME-complete (as in Check- ers, Chess, and Go). Surprisingly, many seemingly simple puzzles and games are also hard. Other results are positive, proving that some games can be played optimally in polynomial time. In some cases, particularly with one-player puzzles, the computationally tractable games are still interesting for humans to play. We begin by reviewing some basics of Combinatorial Game Theory in Section 2, which gives tools for designing algorithms, followed by reviewing the relatively new theory of Constraint Logic in Section 3, which gives tools for proving hardness. -
{Download PDF} Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd: Volume 2
MATHEMATICAL PUZZLES OF SAM LOYD: VOLUME 2 PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Sam Loyd,Martin Gardner | 167 pages | 01 Jun 1959 | Dover Publications Inc. | 9780486204987 | English | New York, United States Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Martin Gardner Editor. Bizarre imagination, originality, trickiness, and whimsy characterize puzzles of Sam Loyd, America's greatest puzzler. Present selection from fabulously rare Cyclopedia includes the famous 14—15 puzzles, the Horse of a Different Color, and others in various areas of elementary math. Get A Copy. Paperback , pages. Published June 1st by Dover Publications first published More Details Original Title. Other Editions 6. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd , please sign up. Be the first to ask a question about Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Start your review of Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd. Jan 19, Jennifer rated it it was ok. I'm not all that fond of this style of puzzle. Apr 09, Lindsey Lubker rated it it was amazing Shelves: math. This is a book that has lots of mathematical puzzles. It has easy and tricky parts throughout the book. Mar 07, Julia marked it as to-read. -
By Prof. Mcgonagall Solution to STEPS TOLD: the Grid with The
By Prof. McGonagall weeks belong to a set, such that their an- swers form this meta. Those answers are Solution to STEPS TOLD: reproduced below for your convenience. Thegridwiththewhiteandblackcircles Especially now, without a title or flavor- (ignoring the letters for now) is the Nikoli text to give outright hints, it is important logic puzzle ‘‘Masyu’’. Solving that puzzle to keep in mind Rule 9: Always be on the yieldsapaththroughthegrid. Takingeach lookout for themes and patterns. Para- letteralongthatpathspellstheinstruction graph breaks in a block of text, repeated ‘‘MAKE A CRYPTIC CLUE BY USING THE words or letters, apparent typos or non- REMAINING LETTERS IN ORDER’’. standard word selections -- these all can When read left to right, top to bottom, point to clues. Keep your eyes open, and the unused letters in the grid spell the investigate anything that looks unusual. phrase ‘‘SILLY SEATS RING RED PEERS’’. Enjoy your last day of class, and as This is read as a cryptic crossword clue: always, if you think you have the answer, the definition is ‘‘peers’’, and the wordplay submit it on our website below. tells you to mix up the letters of ‘‘seats’’ We’ll see some of you this Sunday at and place them around the letter ‘R’ (for the Berkeley Mystery Hunt! red). This results in the answer, STARES. The title is another wordplay clue to the METAPUZZLE same answer -- ‘‘told’’ indicates a homo- phone of ‘‘stairs’’, a synonym of ‘‘steps’’. DOTING Congratulations to Jevon Heath and REDUB Melinda Fricke, who first submitted the COLORED correct answer to this puzzle. ONES STARTING This now brings us to the metapuz- REDSTAR zle, a new puzzle consisting solely of the COSTARRED answers to all previous puzzles. -
Integirls Guide to Puzzle Solving
The inteGIRLS Guide to Puzzle Solving Getting Started Strategies Puzzle Anatomy Reading the Puzzle While you're reading the flavor text of the body text of the puzzle, look out for Title Title - Weird words Flavor text: jaksdjfalkdsdf - Name of the puzzle - Awkward phrasing jdfjlkajdfklajdlfkjkfjs;aasdfa - Can be a clue - Things that seem out of place These are almost always part of the solution. Body Flavor text - Full of cryptic clues Look for patterns. Count items and try to - Read and review carefully match the number to other puzzle elements. Body Think about multiple approaches, including - Substance of the puzzle the obvious ones - With the internet, this is everything you need Use the internet to your advantage. If you get stuck on a puzzle, ask a teammate Finishing a Puzzle to look over the puzzle, or take a break. Direct Answer Methods Cryptic phrase Collaborate! - Index into words (look at Sometimes, puzzles Mechanics for more info) end with a phrase. - Change from a cipher to letters This can be... Solution - Look for missing letters, extra letters, or changed letters - A clue or riddle to Every puzzle answer is a Examples - Letters are images drawn in the the final answer word or phrase in English - Kermit the puzzle - Instructions on how Frog - Eliminate letters that are not part to use elements in the Every element of the - Zimbabwe of the puzzle or isolate indicated puzzle to find the final puzzle is involved in getting - Hydrogen letters answer the answer The inteGIRLS Guide to Puzzle Solving Some Mechanics Tools - Anagramming -
Klondike (Sam Loyd)
Back From The Klondike by Sam Loyd The original puzzle was in black and white and had 1 challange: Start from that heart in the center and go three steps in a straight line in any one of the eight directions, north, south, east or west, or northeast, northwest, southeast or southwest. When you have gone three steps in a straight line, you will reach a square with a number on it, which indicates the second day's journey, as many steps as it tells, in a straight line in any of the eight directions. From this new point when reached, march on again according to the number indicated, and continue on, following the requirements of the numbers reached, until you come upon a square with a number which will carry you just one step beyond the border, when you are supposed to be out of the woods and can holler all you want, as you will have solved the puzzle. Joseph Eitel!Page 1 of 6!amagicclassroom.com Back From the Klondike Version 2 This maze was among the many puzzles Loyd created for newspapers beginning in 1890. In this version some squares are yellow or green. This allowed better explanations how the puzzle worked. The numbers in each square in the grid indicate how many squares you can travel in a straight line horizontally, vertically, or diagonally from that square. For example, if you start in the red square in the center, your first move can take you to any one of the three yellow squares. The green squares are some of the possible squares you could land on for the second move. -
Lagrange 1 of 22 the Great Mathematical Puzzelist Samuel Loyd Was Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1841 (O'conner). He Wa
LaGrange 1 of 22 The great mathematical puzzelist Samuel Loyd was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ’Conner). He was the youngest of nine children. At the age of three, his family moved in 1841 (O to New York where he attended public school (Carter). Sam Loyd got his start in the puzzle business with chess. At 14 years of age, Loyd started attending chess club with two of his older “New brothers. On April 14th, that same year, Loyd had his first chess problem published in the ” In 1856, the “New York Clipper” published another of his chess York Saturday Courier. ’Conner). At first, all of Loyd’s puzzles were hobbies. problems for which he won a prize (O After school he studied engineering and earned a license in steam and mechanical engineering (Loyd). For a time, Loyd supported himself as a plumbing contractor and the owner of a chain of ’Conner). Plus, music stores. He was also a skilled cartoonist and a self taught wood engraver (O he was skilled in conjuring, mimicry, ventriloquism and silhouette cutting (Gardner). Eventually, Loyd left plumbing behind and focused on mathematical puzzles. He attended chess tournaments, wrote and edited mechanical journals along with his magazine “Sam Loyd’s Puzzle Magazine” (O’Conner). For a while, he also edited the magazine entitled “Chess Monthly” and the chess page of “Scientific American” (Gardner). P. T. Barnum’s Trick ’Conner). This sale alone Donkey was invented by Sam Loyd and sold to Barnum in 1870 (O grossed $10,000 for Loyd (Carter). In 1878 Loyd published his one and only hard cover book Chess Strategy, which included all the chess problems published in Scientific American plus ’Conner). -
X-Treme Sudoku by Editors of Nikoli Publishing
X-Treme Sudoku by Editors of Nikoli Publishing Ebook X-Treme Sudoku currently available for review only, if you need complete ebook X-Treme Sudoku please fill out registration form to access in our databases Download here >> Paperback:::: 405 pages+++Publisher:::: Workman Publishing Company (November 2, 2006)+++Language:::: English+++ISBN-10:::: 9780761146223+++ISBN-13:::: 978-0761146223+++ASIN:::: 0761146229+++Product Dimensions::::4 x 1 x 6 inches+++ ISBN10 ISBN13 Download here >> Description: The next step, like having a whole book of just Saturday Times crossword puzzles. Even more fiendish, even more fun, X-treme Sudoku proudly presents 320 puzzles rated Difficult to Very Difficult. These are the toughest, knottiest, most demanding Sudoku out there—prepare to have your brain cells crackle, your pencils melt, your mind obsessed with numbers and squares.No one is better than Nikoli at rounding up such a collection. A Japanese puzzle and game company that started the Sudoku craze over twenty years ago, Nikoli is known for creating the only handcrafted puzzles around. As Tim Preston, publishing director of Puzzler Media, Britains biggest seller of crossword and cryptogram puzzles, has said: It is a matter of great pride to get your puzzle into one of Nikolis magazines. Handmade puzzles are much better. It gives you the satisfaction that you are pitting your wits against an individual who has thought about what your next step would be and has tried to obscure the path.For X-treme Sudoku, the puzzle-makers at Nikoli went out of their way to obscure the path. There are puzzles with entire boxes empty. -
Metrics for Better Puzzles 1 Introduction
Metrics for Better Puzzles Cameron Browne Computational Creativity Group Imperial College London [email protected] Abstract. While most chapters of this book deal with run-time telemetry observed from user data, we turn now to a different type of metric, namely design-time metrics for level generation. We describe Hour Maze, a new type of pure deduction puzzle, and outline methods for the automated generation and solution of lev- els. Solution involves a deductive search that estimates a level’s iterative and strategic depth. This information, together with sym- metry analysis of wall and hint distributions, provides useful met- rics with which levels may be classified and described. Results from a user survey indicate that players’ enjoyment of computer- designed levels may be affected by their perception of whether those levels are indeed computer-designed or handcrafted by hu- mans. We suggest ways in which puzzle metrics may be used to increase the perception of intelligence and personality behind level designs, to make them more interesting for players. Keywords. Logic puzzle; Hour Maze; Nikoli; deductive search; quality metrics; procedural content generation. 1 Introduction The current crop of smart phones and handheld game devices are the ideal plat- form for logic puzzles, which are enjoying a surge in popularity due to the main- stream success of titles such as Sudoku and Kakuro. Such puzzles can be played easily on small screens without losing any of their appeal, and can provide a deep, engaging playing experience while being conveniently short and self-contained. Fig. 1 shows a new logic puzzle called Hour Maze currently under develop- ment for iOS devices. -
Synthetic Games
S\TII}IETIC GAh.fES Synthetic Garnes Play a shortest possible game leading tCI ... G. P. Jelliss September 1998 page I S1NTHETIC GAI\{ES CONTENTS Auto-Surrender Chess BCM: British Chess Magazine, Oppo-Cance llati on Che s s CA'. ()hess Amafeur, EP: En Part 1: Introduction . .. .7 5.3 Miscellaneous. .22 Passant, PFCS'; Problemist Fairy 1.1 History.".2 Auto-Coexi s tence Ches s Chess Supplement, UT: Ultimate 1.2 Theon'...3 D3tnamo Chess Thernes, CDL' C. D" I,ocock, GPJ: Gravitational Chess G. P. Jelliss, JA: J. Akenhead. Part 2: 0rthodox Chess . ...5 Madrssi Chess TGP: T. G. Pollard, TRD: 2. I Checknrates.. .5 Series Auto-Tag Chess T. R. Dar,vson. 2.2 Stalernates... S 2.3 Problem Finales. I PART 1 I.I HISTOR,Y 2.4 Multiple Pawns... l0 INTRODUCTIOT{ Much of my information on the 2.,5 Kings and Pawns".. l1 A'synthetic game' is a sequence early history comes from articles 2.6 Other Pattern Play...13 of moves in chess, or in any form by T. R. Dar,vson cited below, of variant chess, or indesd in any Chess Amsteur l9l4 especially. Part 3. Variant Play . ...14 other garne: which simulates the 3.1 Exact Play... 14 moves of a possible, though Fool's Mste 3 .2 Imitative Direct. l 5 usually improbable, actual game? A primitive example of a 3.3 Imitative Oblique.. " l6 and is constructed to show certain synthetic game in orthodox chess 3.4 Maximumming...lT specified events rvith fewest moves. is the 'fool's mate': l.f3l4 e6l5 3.5 Seriesplay ...17 The following notes on history 2.g4 Qh4 mate.