ﻛﺮﻳﻤﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ: ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ... ٤٧٥

ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﻠﺪ ٣٦، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ٢، ﺳﺎﻝ ١٣٨٤ (٤٨٤-٤٧٥)

ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ( dentinosa (Lep., ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ

ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﭙﻮﺭ١، ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﭘﻮﺭ٢، ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻲ٣ ﻭ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﻲ ﭘﻮﺭ٤ ١ ، ٢، ٣، ٤، ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﻳﺎﺭﺍﻥ ، ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ١٧/٤/٨٣

ﺧﻼﺻﻪ

ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ، Simyra dentinosa Freyer ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺗﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ . ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ (ﺳﺎﻝ١٣٨١-١٣٨٢) ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﮒ ، ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﮔﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺮﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ . ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ١٠ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ . ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ٢ ﺗﺎ ٤ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺟﻔﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﮒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﻤﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ . ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮒ ﺩﺭ ٤ ﺗﺎ ٨ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ٣٨١ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ٤٥±١٩٥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ . ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ٤٣±٥٢٠ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ١/١٤ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ٢١ ﺗﺎ ٢٥ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ . ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ٥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﻣ ﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ١/١٢ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩ ٢±٢٦ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻙ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻴﺪﻥ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺑﺮﻳﺸﻤﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻻﺑﻼﻱ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ . ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴ ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﮕﺲ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ: 1- Cotesia ofella Nixon (Hym., Braconidae) 2- Cotesia vanessae Reinhard (Hym., Braconidae) 3- Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hym., Braconidae) 4- Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) (Hym., Ichneumonidae) 5- Exorista larvarum (Linnaeus) (Dip., Tachinidae) 6- Pales pavida (Meigen) (Dip.,Tachinidae) ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﮕﺲ Exorista larvarum ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃ ﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ: ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، Simyra dentinosa ، ﺩﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ، ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ، ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ

ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ: ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﭘﻮﺭ e-mail: [email protected] ٤٧٦ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ، ﺟﻠﺪ ٣٦، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ٢، ﺳﺎﻝ ١٣٨٤

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ .Euphorbia L ﺍﺯ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ Euphorbiaceae ﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ . ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺀ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ، ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑ ﺎﻻﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ، ﭼﺮﺍﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ، ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ (٩). ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ (٧). ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﺣﺸﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﺭﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻒ E. esula ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ، ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮ ﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻱ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ، ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻛﻢ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ (١٠). ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ E. esula ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺷﺨﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ، ﭼﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻐﻮﻟﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺲ Euphorbia ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭ ﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ(٤). ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ Simyra dentinosa ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ .Euphorbia esula L ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻳﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ E. esula ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ (١٠، ١١، ١٦، ١٩، ٢٠ ﻭ ٢٢). ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑ ﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺶ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮﺯ، ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍ ﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﺰﺩ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ E. esula ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ (١٩). ﺭﺯﺍﻗﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ (ﺑﻪ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ، ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ٥) ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. ١٠ ﺗﺎ ١٠٠ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ (٢١) . ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ، ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ S. dentinosa ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﭼﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﺱ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ، ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ، ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺷﻤﻨ ﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ (٦). ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻮ ﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ: ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ... ٤٧٧

١٣٨١-١٣٨٢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﺭﻩ ﺷﻬﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ (ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ١٢٨٥ ﻣﺘﺮ )، ﺩﺷﺖ ﻧﺎﺯﻟﻮ (ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ١٢٩٣ ﻣﺘﺮ ) ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ، ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ٥٠×٥٠ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺷﭽﻲ (ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ١٣٤٧ ﻣﺘﺮ ) ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ . ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ٧٠ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ، ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ (ﺷﻜﻞ ١) ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ، ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ، ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ . ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻦ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ، ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺳﻴﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ، ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻳﻜﺼﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﻝ ١٣٨١ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺗﻮﺭﻱ ( ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ٢٥ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ) ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ٥٠×٥٠ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ٧٠

ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ١- ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺧﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﻝ ١٣٨١ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. (ﺍﺻﻠﻲ) ٢٠٠ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑ ﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻫﺸﺖ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺗﻮﺭﻱ ( ﻫﺮ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ٢٥ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ) ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ، ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ٥٠ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺷﺖ ﻧﺎﺯﻟﻮ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﮔﺮﺩﻳ ﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗ ﺨﻤﺮﻳﺰﻱ، ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺨﻢ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ، ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﻧﺮ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻩ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ٤٥٠ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻔﺲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﻳﻦ ١٣٨١ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻪ ﻗﻮﺷﭽﻲ، ﺩﺷﺖ ﻧﺎﺯﻟﻮ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻩ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻬﺪﺍ (ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ١٥٠ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ) ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ١٠ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ، ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻔﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭼﺴﺐ، ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪ . ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ، ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﻤﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ، ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ٣٠ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻤﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻣﺪ ﺭﺝ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺦ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ . ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ٤ ﻭ ٥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ١ ﺗﺎ ٣ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ، ﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ٢٥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ٤٧٨ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ، ﺟﻠﺪ ٣٦، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ٢، ﺳﺎﻝ ١٣٨٤

ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪ . ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭘﻴ ﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ٢٥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ، ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺤﺮ ﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ ﻲ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﮒ، ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﮔﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎﻱ Euphorbia ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ .Euphorbia boissiriana Prokh. ، macroclada Boiss ، ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ Euphorbia heteradena Jaub&Spach ﻭ Euphorbia ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪ . ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ .seguiriana Neck ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ١ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ E. macroclada ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ . ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧ ﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻻﺭﻭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ

ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ، ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻫﻮﺍﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺮ ﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﮒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺐﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺭﻭ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ Simyra dentinosa ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ، ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ . ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ٤٢ ﺗﺎ ٤٣ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ٢٠ ﺗﺎ ٢٢ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻧﺨﻲ، ﺗﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﺮﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ٥/٦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ٧ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ، ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ١±٢٥ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺍﺷ ﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺭﮔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ٤٠٠ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻻﺭﻭ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻃﺮ ﺍﻑ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ . ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ " ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻣﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ . ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ٥/٦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ٧ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺯﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ . ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺮ، ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ٣٥ ﺗﺎ ٣٧ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ . ﻧﻴﺰ ١٨ ﺗﺎ ٢٠ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ، ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺮ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ، ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺸﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺮ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻧﺪ: ﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ Braconidae ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ Jeno ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯﻩ، ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﻫﺎ

Papp ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ، ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ Ichneumonidae ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ Klaus Horstmann ﺩﺭ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﭘﻮﻟﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺭﺯﺑﻮﺭﮒ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﮔﻨﺒﺪﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﻼﻳﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ . ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ٣٠ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ Tachinidae ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ Hans–Peter Tschorsnig ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ . ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﻮﻝ ± ± ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻠﻴﭽﺰ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ . ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ١١/٠ ٩/٠ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ١١/٠ ٤/٠ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ: ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ... ٤٧٩

ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺨﻤﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻻﺑﻼﻱ ﺑﻘ ﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺑﺮﻳﺸﻤﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺩﺭﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ( ﺷﻜﻞ ٢). ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ١٠ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﺝ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ. ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ٣–٤ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻏﺮﻭﺏ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﺟﻔﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ . ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ١–٢ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯﺟﻔﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ٢ ﺗﺎ ٤ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ.

ﺷﻜﻞ ٢ ـ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺦ (ﺍﺻﻠﻲ)

ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ٥ ﺳﻦ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺯﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻛﻤﺮﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ٣ ـ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ (ﺍﺻﻠﻲ) ﺑﻪ ﺯﺭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﭘﺮﻣﻮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ

ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻫﺮﻧﮓ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺶ ﻣﻮﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺯﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ٧٧ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ٣٨١ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻛﻤﺮﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻬﻨ ﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮒ ﺩﺭ ٤ ﺗﺎ ٨ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ . ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ٢±٤٣ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ . ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ (ﺷﻜﻞ ٣). ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ٢١/٠±٣٨/٢ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ٤٣±٥٢٠ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ . ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ (ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ٩١/١ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ٢٨/٢ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ)، ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ١/١٤ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩ ٢±٢٣ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ

ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ١٢/٠±٠١/١ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ (ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ٧٢/٠ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ.

٥١/١ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ) ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺯﻥ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑ ﺎ ١٢/٠±٣٢/٠ﮔﺮﻡ (ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ٢٥/٠ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ٥٢/٠ ﮔﺮﻡ ) ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ . ﺟﻮﻳﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﻬﺎ ﻻﺭﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﮒ، ﮔﻞ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺷﻜﻢ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﻦ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ، ﺗﻨﻴﺪﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﺮﻳﺸﻤﻲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ . ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻦ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﺪ . ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺳﻴﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ . ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ، ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻭ ٥–٦ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﻙ ٤٨٠ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ، ﺟﻠﺪ ٣٦، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ٢، ﺳﺎﻝ ١٣٨٤

ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ . ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻘﺒﻲ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ١٢ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ٢±٢٦ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ . ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍ ﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻴﺪﻥ ﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﺮﻳﺸﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺯﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻢ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻻﺭﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ . ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ١٢±٤٣ﻋﺪﺩ (ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ٣٨ ﻭ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ٨٦ ﻋﺪﺩ ) ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ (ﺷﻜﻞ ٤). ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ(٣). ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ٢-ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ (Cotesia vanessae Reinhard (Hym., Braconidae ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ٦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ (٤ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﻭ ٢ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﮕﺲ ) ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ٢ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﻫﺎ ١٧ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ، ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ، ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ، ﺭﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻘﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ٥ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ . ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ، ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ: ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺪ ﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ١- ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ( Cotesia ofella Nixone ( Hym., Braconidae ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ . ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ Microgastrinae ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻻﺭﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ١٨±٤٣ ﻋﺪﺩ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . (ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ٤١ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ٨٢ ﻋﺪﺩ ) ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ٥/٢ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﻫﺎ ١٧ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ، ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ(٣).

ﺷﻜﻞ ٤- ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ: ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ... ٤٨١

٣- ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ (Cotesia plutellae ( Kurdjumov ) (Hym., Braconidae ٥-ﻣﮕﺲ (Exorista larvarum (Linnaeus) (Dip., Tachinidae ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ١/٠±٣ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ٢/٠±١/٦ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ١/٠±٥ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﻫﺎ ١٨ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ١/٠±٦/١ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﺳﺮ، ﻗﻔﺲ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻢ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻫﺮﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻻﺭﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻻﺭﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻦ ٢ ﻭ ٣ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﮕﺲ ﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻻﺭﻭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ، ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ٤ ﻭ ٥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻢ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ٧ ﺗﺎ ٩ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. (ﺷﻜﻞ٥) . ﭘﻴﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ، ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ١/٠± ٤ ﻭ ﻗﻄﺮﺷﺎﻥ ٦- ﻣﮕﺲ (Pales pavida ( Meigen) (Dip., Tachinidae ١/٠±٥/١ ﻣﻴ ﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ١/٠±١/٦ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ١/٠±٢/١ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﺳﺮ، ﻗﻔﺲ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﻫﺮﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻻﺭﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﮕﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻻﺭﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻻﺭﻭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻻﺭﻭ ﺳﻦ ٤ ﻭ ٥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ٦ ﺗﺎ ٨ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻇﺎﻫ ﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.

ﺑﺤﺚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ .Euphorbia spp ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ (١، ٤ ﻭ ١٠). ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ٥ ـ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ Cotesia plutellae ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﻮﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ (ﺍﺻﻠﻲ) (١٢) ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ (٤). ٤- ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ,.Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) (Hym ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ (Ichneumonidae ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ٣٣ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻫﺎ ٣٤ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ (٧). ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﭼﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻲ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ، ﻣﻔﺮﻁ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ، ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ٣/٠±٨/٦ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ٣/٠± ٧/١٠ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﺳﺮ، ﻗﻔﺲ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ٢ ﻭ ٣ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﻼﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ﻭ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ . ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺍﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ، ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ، ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ، ﺑﻮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ، ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻢ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ . ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﻃﻮﻝ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ٢١/٠±٧١/٦ ﻭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ١٥/ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺨﻮﺍﺭ ٠±١٢/٢ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻲ، ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺭﺍﻫﮕﺸﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ٤٨٢ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ، ﺟﻠﺪ ٣٦، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ٢، ﺳﺎﻝ ١٣٨٤

ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ S. dentinosa ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺗﻜﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ Cotesia plutellae ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﮒ، ﮔﻞ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻢ Plutellae ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ .xylostella Schr ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺭﻫﺎﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ (٨، ١٤ ﻭ ١٧). ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ E. ،E. boissiriana ،E. macroclada ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ Hyposoter didymator ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ seguiriana ﻭ E. heteradena ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ . ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ، ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﭘﻜﻮﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ (١٩) ﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ، ١١ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻟﻲ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ٢٤ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ Noctuidae ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ .H. virescens F. ،Heliothis armigera Hb ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ٢±٢٦ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ٣٠ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﻇﻬﻮﺭ .Spodoptera litoralis Bois ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ (١٥، ١٨ ﻭ ٢٤). ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﻣﮕﺲ Exorista larvarum ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ .Malacosoma ، Lymantria dispar L ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ، ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﻳﻦ .Mamestra oleracea L. ،neustria L ﻭ Spodoptera ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ . ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ .exigua Hb ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰ ﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ (٢). ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫ ﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ٤٩ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ . ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻛﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ (١٣) ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﺑﺮﻳﺸﻢ ﺑﺎﻑ ﻧﺎﺟﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ( ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ٦ ﺳﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ٢٥). ﻣﮕﺲ Pales pavida ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ٥ ﺳﻦ ﻻﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ Notodontidae ، ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﭘﻜﻮﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻫ ﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻣﺰﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ Lymantriidae ﻭ Satyridae ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ (١٣ ﻭ ٢٣). ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ E. esula ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﮕﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ J. Papp، ﺩﻛﺘﺮ .K .Exorista sp ﻭ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ .Cotesia sp ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ . ﺩﺭ Horstmann ﻭ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ H. P. Tschorsnig ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ

ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺻﻤﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.

ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ REFERENCES ١. ﺷﻤﺎﻉ، ﻡ. ﻭ ﻩ. ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻱ، ١٣٦٦ . ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ. ﭼﺎﭖ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ، ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ. ٢. ﺻﺎﻣﺖ، ﺥ.، ﺍ. ﻓﺮﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻡ. ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻱ. ١٣٥٥ .ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﮕﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ. ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ.٤ (١ﻭ٢):٨٣ – ٨٦. ٣. ﻛﺮﻳﻤﭙﻮﺭ، ﻱ .، ﻱ . ﻓﺘﺤﻲﭘﻮﺭ، ﻉ . ﺍ. ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺱ . ﻣﺤﺮﻣﻲﭘﻮﺭ. ١٣٨٠. ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ (Cotesia ofella (Nixon ﻭ (Hym.: Braconidae) Cotesia vanessae (Reinhard) ﺭﻭﻱ ﻻﺭﻭ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ :.Simyra dentinosa (Lep (Noctuidae ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ. ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ، ٢١(٢): ١٠٥-١٠٦. ٤. ﻛﺮﻳﻤﻲ، ﻩ . ١٣٦٩ . ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪﺍﺭﻱ، ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ . ٥. ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻭﻝ، ﻡ. ١٣٧٣ . ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ. ﭼﺎﭖ ﺍﻭﻝ، ﻣﺸﻬﺪ. ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ. ﻛﺮﻳﻤﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ: ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ... ٤٨٣

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Biology of Leafy Spurge Defoliator Moth Simyra dentinosa (Lep., Noctuidae ) and Determination of Its Parasitoids in Orumieh, Iran

Y. KARIMPOUR1 , Y. FATHIPOUR2, A. A. TALEBI2, AND S. MOHARRAMIPOUR2 1, 2, 3, 4, Former Graduate Student, and Assistant Professors, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarress University, Tehran, Iran Accepted. July. 7, 2004

SUMMARY

The leafy spurge defoliator moth Simyra dentinosa Freyer is a monophagous that eats on herbaceous species of Euphorbia. The biology as well as natural enemies of S. dentinosa were studied in field (during 2002-2003) as well as laboratory conditions in Orumieh. Field and laboratory observations showed that spurge defoliator moth feeds on leaves, buds and flowers of different spurge species in western parts of Orumieh lake. When daily mean temperature reached 10ºC, first adults emerged from pupae in early March to mid–May. During 2–4 days after emergence, adults mate and females oviposited in clusters on lower surfaces of the host plants. The eggs were placed in 4–8 regular rows depending upon the width of leaves. Maximum egg number in a cluster was 381 while mean number of eggs per cluster was determined as 195±45. Mean number of eggs laid per female was 520±43. At a mean daily temperature of 14.1ºC, the incubation period ranged from 21 to 25 days. The insect has five larval stages, young larvae (instars 1-3) being gregarious while the 4th and 5th instars solitary. At mean daily temperature of 12.1ºC, larval development required 26±2 days. Developed larvae left their host plant to pupate and overwinter in silken protective cocoons, made in cell – like spaces of twisted and dry leaves. Thus, in Orumieh weather conditions, leafy spurge defoliator moth has only one generation each year and overwinters as pupa. Study on natural enemies of S. dentinosa indicated that the larvae get parasitized by four species of parasitic wasps as well as two species of parasitic tachinid flies, the parasitoids being as follows: 1- Cotesia ofella Nixon (Hym., Braconidae) 2- Cotesia vanessae Reinhard (Hym., Braconidae) 3- Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hym., Braconidae) 4- Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) (Hym., Ichneumonidae) 5- Exorista larvarum (Linnaeus) (Dip., Tachinidae) 6- Pales pavida (Meigen) (Dip.,Tachinidae) With an exclusion of Exorista larvarum other species are new record from Iran. Key words: Biology, Simyra dentinosa, Parasitoids, Euphorbia, Orumieh