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Analysis of the Combine Header and Design for the Reduction of Gathering Loss in Soybeans Graeme Ross Quick Iowa State University

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Analysis of the Combine Header and Design for the Reduction of Gathering Loss in Soybeans Graeme Ross Quick Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1972 Analysis of the combine header and design for the reduction of gathering loss in soybeans Graeme Ross Quick Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Quick, Graeme Ross, "Analysis of the combine header and design for the reduction of gathering loss in soybeans " (1972). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5225. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5225 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing pagels) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company 72-19,999 QUICK, Graeme Ross, 1936- MALYSIS OF THE COMBINE HEADER AND DESIGN FOR THE REDUCTION OF GATHERING LOSS IN SOYBEANS. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1972 Engineering, agricultural i University Microfilms, A XERDK Company, Ann Arbor. Michigan © 1972 GRAEME ROSS QUICK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED Analysis of the combine header and design for the reduction of gathering loss in soybeans by Graeme Ross Quick A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subjects: Agricultural Engineering Mechanical Engineering Approved; Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Departments Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1972 Copyright © Graeme Ross Quick, 1972. All rights reserved, PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company li TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS iv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 4 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5 3.1 Historical Perspectives 6 3.2 Header Performance in Cereal Grains 13 3.3 "Open Vs Closed Fronts" in Cereals 15 3.4 Header Performance in Some Other Crops 16 3.5 Soybeans and Combine Header Performance 18 3.6 Modified Headers and Attachments for Soybeans 20 3.7 Summary 24 4. THE SOYBEAN CROP 27 4.1 Soybean Production and Usage 27 4.2 Economic Importance of Header Loss to the Farmer 32 4.3 Selection of Suitable Varieties 33 4.4 Row Spacing and Plant Population 39 4.5 Timeliness of Harvest 45 4.6 Crop Physico-Mechanical Characteristics 51 4.7 Mechanically Induced Shatter 55 5. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING THE HEADER 70 5.1 Operational Definitions 70 5.2 Breakdown of Soybean Losses by Causes 73 5.3 Response Variables 73 5.4 Pertinent Independent Variables 75 5.5 Field Testing Combine Headers 76 5.6 Lab Testing 81 5.7 Field and Lab Testing Compared 88 5.8 Presentation of Characteristic Equations 92 5.9 High-Speed Photographic Instrumentation 93 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STANDARD HEADER 107 6.1 Header Loss Vs. Speed and Stubble Length — Field Trial 107 6.2 Speed Vs. Header Loss — Lab Test Stand 109 6.3 Crop Moisture Content Vs. Header Loss 112 6.4 Influence of Field Practices on Header Loss with the Standard Header 114 6.5 Lab Test Enables Component Loss Analysis 117 6.6 Summary - the Standard Header 118 ill TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 7. HEADER COMPONENT ANALYSIS, EVALUATION AND RE-DESIGN 121 7.1 Row Dividers and Crop Lifters 121 7.2 The Reel 121 7.3 Kinematic Analysis of the Reel 128 7.4 Effect of Reel Parameters on Header Loss in Soybeans 140 7.5 The Vertical-Drum Reel 147 7.6 Operation at High Forward Speeds Without a Reel 154 7.7 Platform and Auger 154 7.8 Influence of Auger Speed on Header Losses 158 8. CUTTERBARS 160 8.1 Fundamentals of Cutting 161 8.2 Comparative Cutting Forces with Actual Counter-Edge Cutterbars 171 8.3 Impact Cutting Forces 173 8.4 Severed Stem Motion After Cutting 180 8.5 Stem Motion Before Severance with the Standard Reciprocating Cutterbar 183 8.6 Factors Influencing Stubble Length - Reciprocating Cutterbar 191 8.7 Influence of Cutterbar Speed on Header Losses 194 8.8 Influence of Guard Spacing on Header Losses 197 8.9 The Floating Cutterbar 200 8.10 Impact Cutting - Field Testing the "Machete" Cutterbar 204 9. SUMMARY 221 10. CONCLUSIONS 225 10.1 For the Standard Header Design 225 10.2 Management and Cultural Practices Affecting Header Loss 227 10.3 The Cutterbar Was the Prime Cause of Header Loss 228 10.4 The Floating Cutterbar Attachment 229 10.5 The Cutting Action 229 10.6 The High-Speed Continuous Belt Cutterbar 230 11. RECOWIENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 232 12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 234 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY 236 14. APPENDIX 243 iv LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS * denotes statistical significance, at the 5% level ("significant") ** denotes statistical significance at the 1% level ("highly significant") X the first derivative of x with respect to time X the second derivative of x with respect to time X _ denotes vector quantity x a acceleration ASAE American Society of Agricultural Engineers AOCV Analysis of covariance AOV Analysis of variance av. average Bui. Bulletin bu bushel (U.S.). (1 U.S. bu = 1.03 Imp. bu.) cm centimeter cpm cycles per minute dia. diameter diff. sig. at 10% level difference is significant at the 10% level ft foot, feet ft 2 square feet fpm feet per minute fps feet per second G gravitational constant (386 in./sec 2) g gram HP Horsepower V Hz Hertz (1 Hz = 1 cycle per second) in. inch(es) ISU Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa kg ("kgj) kilogram (weight or force) kw kilowatt lab laboratory lb. (=lb^) pound (weight or force) NIÂE National Institute of Agricultural Engineers (U.K.) n.s a d. no significant difference m mass (lb. sec^/in.) MC Moisture Content mm millimeter mph miles per hour pto power take-off pps pictures (or frames) per second framing rate s standard deviation SG Specific Gravity SP Self-Propelled r correlation coefficient R2 Coefficient of determination rad radian rpm revolutions per minute USDA United States (U.S.) Department of Agriculture ^he Force-Length-Time system of dimensions Is used consistently throughout this work. Other abbreviations, especially pertaining to mathematical expressions, will be defined as they occur. 1 1. INTRODUCTION Thà modern combine harvester^ Is the most complicated and expensive piece of equipment used on most farms. It Is probably also the least used. In order to Increase combine use and justify the expense of ownership, manufacturers have favored a universal design approach; they produce a standard model which will perform reasonably well, with only minor modifi­ cations, in a wide variety of crops and field conditions. The adaptation of the corn head as an attachment for the standard combine in 1954, for example, has increased combine harvested acreage in the U.S. over 20 percent (24). The standard combine design is often found wanting when judged by one or more of the following criteria; (a) field capacity, or throughput (b) harvesting efficiency, or level of seed recovery (c) degree of damage to the seed (d) reliability. Of these four, header throughput and recovery of seed (reduction of losses) will be dealt with in this work. Combine losses fall into the two categories of gathering or header loss and through-combine losses. The through-combine losses (threshing, ^The Australian expression "header" is descriptive of the same machine. Hereafter the more widely used term "combine" will be used for the grain harvesting machine, and "header" will be reserved for the gathering section of the combine.
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