National Football League Franchise Transactions
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Valuation of NFL Franchises
Valuation of NFL Franchises Author: Sam Hill Advisor: Connel Fullenkamp Acknowledgement: Samuel Veraldi Honors thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Graduation with Distinction in Economics in Trinity College of Duke University Duke University Durham, North Carolina April 2010 1 Abstract This thesis will focus on the valuation of American professional sports teams, specifically teams in the National Football League (NFL). Its first goal is to analyze the growth rates in the prices paid for NFL teams throughout the history of the league. Second, it will analyze the determinants of franchise value, as represented by transactions involving NFL teams, using a simple ordinary-least-squares regression. It also creates a substantial data set that can provide a basis for future research. 2 Introduction This thesis will focus on the valuation of American professional sports teams, specifically teams in the National Football League (NFL). The finances of the NFL are unparalleled in all of professional sports. According to popular annual rankings published by Forbes Magazine (http://www.Forbes.com/2009/01/13/nfl-cowboys-yankees-biz-media- cx_tvr_0113values.html), NFL teams account for six of the world’s ten most valuable sports franchises, and the NFL is the only league in the world with an average team enterprise value of over $1 billion. In 2008, the combined revenue of the league’s 32 teams was approximately $7.6 billion, the majority of which came from the league’s television deals. Its other primary revenue sources include ticket sales, merchandise sales, and corporate sponsorships. The NFL is also known as the most popular professional sports league in the United States, and it has been at the forefront of innovation in the business of sports. -
Nagurski's Debut and Rockne's Lesson
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 20, No. 3 (1998) NAGURSKI’S DEBUT AND ROCKNE’S LESSON Pro Football in 1930 By Bob Carroll For years it was said that George Halas and Dutch Sternaman, the Chicago Bears’ co-owners and co- coaches, always took opposite sides in every minor argument at league meetings but presented a united front whenever anything major was on the table. But, by 1929, their bickering had spread from league politics to how their own team was to be directed. The absence of a united front between its leaders split the team. The result was the worst year in the Bears’ short history -- 4-9-2, underscored by a humiliating 40-6 loss to the crosstown Cardinals. A change was necessary. Neither Halas nor Sternaman was willing to let the other take charge, and so, in the best tradition of Solomon, they resolved their differences by agreeing that neither would coach the team. In effect, they fired themselves, vowing to attend to their front office knitting. A few years later, Sternaman would sell his interest to Halas and leave pro football for good. Halas would go on and on. Halas and Sternaman chose Ralph Jones, the head man at Lake Forest (IL) Academy, as the Bears’ new coach. Jones had faith in the T-formation, the attack mode the Bears had used since they began as the Decatur Staleys. While other pro teams lined up in more modern formations like the single wing, double wing, or Notre Dame box, the Bears under Jones continued to use their basic T. -
OCR Document
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 14, No. 5 (1992) Hail to the real ‘redskins’ All Indian team from Hominy, Okla. , took on all comers By Arthur Shoemaker Buried deep in the dusty files of the Hominy ( Okla. ) News is this account of a professional football game between the Avant Roughnecks and the Hominy Indians played in October 1924: “Johnnie Martin, former pitcher for the Guthrie team of the Oklahoma State League, entered the game in the fourth quarter. On the first play, Martin skirted right end for a gain of 20 yards. However, Hominy was penalized 15 yards for Martin having failed to report to the referee. On the next three plays, the backfield hit the line for a first down. With the ball on the 20-yard line, Martin again skirted right end for the winning touchdown.” This speedy, high-stepping halfback was none other than Pepper Martin, star third baseman of the St. Louis Cardinals’ “Gas House Gang” of the 1930s. Pepper became famous during the 1931 World Series when the brash young Cardinals beat the star- studded Philadelphia Athletics four games to three. Nowhere is Pepper more fondly remembered than in the land of the Osage. For all his fame as a baseball star, he’s best remembered as a spectacular hard-running halfback on Oklahoma’s most famous and most colorful professional football team, the Hominy Indians. It was here that Pepper was called the “Wild Horse of the Osage.” The football team was organized in late 1923 at a time when Hominy was riding the crest of the fantastic Osage oil boom. -
Dodgers and Giants Move to the West: Causes and Effects an Honors Thesis (HONRS 499) by Nick Tabacca Dr. Tony Edmonds Ball State
Dodgers and Giants Move to the West: Causes and Effects An Honors Thesis (HONRS 499) By Nick Tabacca Dr. Tony Edmonds Ball State University Muncie, Indiana May 2004 May 8, 2004 Abstract The history of baseball in the United States during the twentieth century in many ways mirrors the history of our nation in general. When the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants left New York for California in 1957, it had very interesting repercussions for New York. The vacancy left by these two storied baseball franchises only spurred on the reason why they left. Urban decay and an exodus of middle class baseball fans from the city, along with the increasing popularity of television, were the underlying causes of the Giants' and Dodgers' departure. In the end, especially in the case of Brooklyn, which was very attached to its team, these processes of urban decay and exodus were only sped up when professional baseball was no longer a uniting force in a very diverse area. New York's urban demographic could no longer support three baseball teams, and California was an excellent option for the Dodger and Giant owners. It offered large cities that were hungry for major league baseball, so hungry that they would meet the requirements that Giants' and Dodgers' owners Horace Stoneham and Walter O'Malley had asked for in New York. These included condemnation of land for new stadium sites and some city government subsidization for the Giants in actually building the stadium. Overall, this research shows the very real impact that sports has on its city and the impact a city has on its sports. -
The Steam Roller
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 2, No. 3 (1980) THE STEAM ROLLER by John Hogrogian The state of Rhode Island sits squarely in the shadow of Boston as far as major-league professional sports is concerned. Ocean State residents generally take a rooting interest in the Red Sox, Patriots, Celtics, and Bruins. But more than half a century ago, in 1928, Rhode Island had its own National Football League champions, the Providence Steam Roller. The story of that team is the story of an era of professional football much different from that of today. In the Roaring Twenties, the American public found a host of popular heroes in its sporting greats. Standing with Charles Lindbergh on the pedestal of unalloyed admiration were such men as baseball player Babe Ruth, boxer Jack Dempsey, and tennis player Bill Tilden. College football players also shared in this adulation, with Red Grange of Illinois, Ernie Nevers of Stanford, and the Four Horsemen of Notre Dame national figures because of their gridiron exploits. College football was an immensely popular spectator sport, with teams such as Notre Dame, Stanford, Yale, and Dartmouth drawing huge followings both in person and through the newspapers and newsreels. Professional football, in stark contrast, was struggling to survive, a neglected stepchild in the sports boom. The National Football League was entering only its ninth season in the fall of 1928, and instead of roaring crowds in huge metropolitan stadia, small, intimate audiences in mostly smaller fields viewed the league's contests. Pro football held the same place in 1928 that pro track and field holds today, a fledgling professional sport living in the shadow of a popular collegiate version. -
Staley Journal Dec 1920
STALElj JOURI1AL no. DECEMBER, 1020 CONTENTS The Spirit of Christmas 1 Engineers, Civilization's Monu- ment Builders 2 (G. E. Chamberlain) Football 5 Safety Editorial 13 (M. P. O'Brien) First Impressions of South Amer- ica 14 Transportation Clnl) at Stalcys.... 15 Great Workers of 1-1 istory 18 The Household 22 (Miss "L. A. Harkins) riant Talk 24 Roasts 27 The Man in the Moon 32 Art Work Harry N. Stadler Published monthly in the interest of the em- ployes of tile A. I"-. Staley Mfg. t'o. Editor, NATHALIE HANKEMEYEK. lOc the cui'y. Subscription, $1.00 per yeai Constructive Co-operation •J Ten years ago the Printer was an order chaser—today he contributes constructive business ideas. <J Select your Printer on the basis of SER- VICE rather than price. Employ him on the same basis as you would a doctor or a lawyer. Give him the facts about your busi- ness policies and methods. Furnish him with a basis for constructive criticisms and suggestions, and then maintain a permanent business relationship with him. CJLet your Printer CO-OPERATE and work with you rather than merely work for you. 4J Be open minded to your Printer's advice. Hf The Printer is the one best qualified to se- lect the right paper for the particular job. He is in a position to help you effect real economies — improve quality — bring RE- SULTS. (f Our organization is built on the basis of furnishing just such service to our patrons. Employ us on this basis and have the benefit of our constructive co-op- eration. -
Annual Awards
ANNUAL AwARDS Rehan Muttalib ’09 TEAM AwARDS Coach bob blackman trophy Jake crouthamel award Kenneth t. young award To the player, selected To the junior or sopho- To the junior or sopho- by the coaching staff, more offensive player, more defensive player, who has contributed selected by the coaching selected by the coaching most to the success of staff, who has contrib- staff, who has contrib- the team . Gift of L . G . uted most to the success uted most to the success Balfour Company . of the team . Gift of Ken- of the team . Gift of Ken- neth Young ’48 . neth Young ’48 . Ian Wilson, SS Tim McManus, WR Peter Pidermann, FS 2008 Winner 2008 Winner 2008 Winner 1959 Bill Gundy, QB 1972 Rick Klupchak, HB 1978 Cody Press, DB 1960 Alan Rozycki, HB 1973 Tom Snickenberger, QB 1979 Jerry Pierce, LB 1961 Gary Spiess, HB 1974 Reggie Williams, LB 1980 Scott Hacker, LB 1962 Bill King, QB 1975 Pat Sullivan, OG 1981 Joe Moore, DB Don McKinnon, C-LB 1976 Sam Coffey, TB 1982 Steve Karol, LB 1963 Scott Creelman, E 1977 Jeff Hickey, LB 1983 Don Pomeroy, LB 1964 Jack McLean, DB 1978 Jeff Dufresne, TB 1984 Peter Kortebein, LB 1965 Ed Long, E 1979 Dave Shula, SE 1985 Tom Ramsey, DT 1966 Pete Walton, FB 1980 George Thompson, OG 1986 Brett Matthews, DB 1967 Steve Luxford, HB 1981 Wayne Ferree, OT 1987 Paul Michael, LB 1968 Randy Wallick, OE 1982 Jack Daly, WR 1988 Kevin Luensmann, DT 1969 Tom Quinn, HB 1983 Rich Weissman, TB 1989 Peter Chapman, DT 1970 John Short, HB 1984 Doug Keare, TE 1990 Sal Sciretto, DB 1971 Stuart Simms, FB 1985 Dave Gabianelli, QB Harry -
Goln' to the DOGS
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 20, No. 6 (1998) GOlN’ TO THE DOGS By Paul M. Bennett They're off and running excitedly and enthusiastically chasing that elusive rabbit. The long since departed and all but forgotten, All-America Football Conference was a professional football league that had "gone to the dogs." Literally! Some football fans, such as those dour National Football League diehards (you know who you are), would say that "going to the dogs" definitely had described the AAFC's level of play during the league's all too brief, four-year tenure as a fiery competitor to the established pro league. Their argument was further reinforced after the league finally called it quits following the end of the 1949 season, when three of its teams (Cleveland Browns, San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Colts) were absorbed, or merged (if one is kind), into the NFL commencing with the 1950 season. AAFC fans would simply say "pooh" to those NFL naysayers. What did they know? Haughtiness and arrogance seemed to have been their credo. Conservative to a fault. A new idea must be a bad idea! The eight-team AAFC had played football at a level that was both entertaining to the viewing public and similar in quality to that of the older, ten-team league. The only problem the AAFC seemed to have had was its overall lack of depth, talent-wise, and, more importantly, its lack of adequate team competition. The AAFC's chief asset had been the powerful and innovative Cleveland Browns, arguably one of professional football's most dominant franchises. -
1920 Akron Pros Ken Crippen
Building a Champion: 1920 Akron Pros Ken Crippen BUILDING A CHAMPION: 1920 AKRON PROS By Ken Crippen It’s time to dig deep into the archives to talk about the first National Football League (NFL) champion. In fact, the 1920 Akron Pros were champions before the NFL was called the NFL. In 1920, the American Professional Football Association was formed and started play. Currently, fourteen teams are included in the league standings, but it is unclear as to how many were official members of the Association. Different from today’s game, the champion was not determined on the field, but during a vote at a league meeting. Championship games did not start until 1932. Also, there were no set schedules. Teams could extend their season in order to try and gain wins to influence voting the following spring. These late-season games were usually against lesser opponents in order to pad their win totals. To discuss the Akron Pros, we must first travel back to the century’s first decade. Starting in 1908 as the semi-pro Akron Indians, the team immediately took the city championship and stayed as consistently one of the best teams in the area. In 1912, “Peggy” Parratt was brought in to coach the team. George Watson “Peggy” Parratt was a three-time All-Ohio football player for Case Western University. While in college, he played professionally for the 1905 Shelby Blues under the name “Jimmy Murphy,” in order to preserve his amateur status. It only lasted a few weeks until local reporters discovered that it was Parratt on the field for the Blues. -
Information to Users
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NFL 1926 in Theory & Practice
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 24, No. 3 (2002) One division, no playoffs, no championship game. Was there ANY organization to pro football before 1933? Forget the official history for a moment, put on your leather thinking cap, and consider the possibilities of NFL 1926 in Theory and Practice By Mark L. Ford 1926 and 2001 The year 1926 makes an interesting study. For one thing, it was 75 years earlier than the just completed season. More importantly, 1926, like 2001, saw thirty-one pro football teams in competition. The NFL had a record 22 clubs, and Red Grange’s manager had organized the new 9 team American Football League. Besides the Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers and New York Giants, and the Cardinals (who would not move from Chicago until 1959), there were other team names that would be familiar today – Buccaneers (Los Angeles), Lions (Brooklyn), Cowboys (Kansas City) and Panthers (Detroit). The AFL created rivals in major cities, with American League Yankees to match the National League Giants, a pre-NBA Chicago Bulls to match the Bears, Philadelphia Quakers against the Philly-suburb Frankford Yellowjackets, a Brooklyn rival formed around the two of the Four Horsemen turned pro, and another “Los Angeles” team. The official summary of 1926 might look chaotic and unorganized – 22 teams grouped in one division in a hodgepodge of large cities and small towns, and is summarized as “Frankford, Chicago Bears, Pottsville, Kansas City, Green Bay, Los Angeles, New York, Duluth, Buffalo, Chicago Cardinals, Providence, Detroit, Hartford, Brooklyn, Milwaukee, Akron, Dayton, Racine, Columbus, Canton, Hammond, Louisville”. -
National Pastime a REVIEW of BASEBALL HISTORY
THE National Pastime A REVIEW OF BASEBALL HISTORY CONTENTS The Chicago Cubs' College of Coaches Richard J. Puerzer ................. 3 Dizzy Dean, Brownie for a Day Ronnie Joyner. .................. .. 18 The '62 Mets Keith Olbermann ................ .. 23 Professional Baseball and Football Brian McKenna. ................ •.. 26 Wallace Goldsmith, Sports Cartoonist '.' . Ed Brackett ..................... .. 33 About the Boston Pilgrims Bill Nowlin. ..................... .. 40 Danny Gardella and the Reserve Clause David Mandell, ,................. .. 41 Bringing Home the Bacon Jacob Pomrenke ................. .. 45 "Why, They'll Bet on a Foul Ball" Warren Corbett. ................. .. 54 Clemente's Entry into Organized Baseball Stew Thornley. ................. 61 The Winning Team Rob Edelman. ................... .. 72 Fascinating Aspects About Detroit Tiger Uniform Numbers Herm Krabbenhoft. .............. .. 77 Crossing Red River: Spring Training in Texas Frank Jackson ................... .. 85 The Windowbreakers: The 1947 Giants Steve Treder. .................... .. 92 Marathon Men: Rube and Cy Go the Distance Dan O'Brien .................... .. 95 I'm a Faster Man Than You Are, Heinie Zim Richard A. Smiley. ............... .. 97 Twilight at Ebbets Field Rory Costello 104 Was Roy Cullenbine a Better Batter than Joe DiMaggio? Walter Dunn Tucker 110 The 1945 All-Star Game Bill Nowlin 111 The First Unknown Soldier Bob Bailey 115 This Is Your Sport on Cocaine Steve Beitler 119 Sound BITES Darryl Brock 123 Death in the Ohio State League Craig